THE GREEN REVOLUTION Defining the Green Revolution Walt Parks
UGA Crop & Soil Science
http://wparks.myweb.uga.edu/ppt/green/index. htm
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The Green Revolution: Criticisms
http://www.lastfirst.net/images/product/R004548.jpg Sources:
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Criticisms of the Green Revolution Food Insecurity of poor not
addressed Cash Crops: food flows from the poor and hungry nations
to the rich and well-fed nations Green Revolution not sustainable
destroys resource base on which agriculture depends
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Example: India Self-sufficient in grain due to Green Revolution
But 1/3 of people poor 5,000 children die each day Poor cannot
afford to BUY the food India
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Criticisms of the Green Revolution Early, poor had little
access to credit Could not buy seeds, fertilizer, irrigation to
make Green Revolution work Wealthy invested, got richer, drove out
poor Now, more emphasis on loans for poor
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There are still problems Need good land (wealthy own)
Agrochemicals bad for health, environment Expensive inputs: profits
to global chemical companies Rural people displaced from land
Mechanization reduces agricultural jobs Not ecologically
sustainable: depletes soil, pesticide race
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Farm Squeeze Fertilizer use increases by huge amount Yields do
not increase proportionally India: 6x rise in fertilizer use but
2/3 less production/ton fertilizer Need more fertilizer, pesticide
each year for same result Thus cost go up faster than yields:
cost-price squeeze
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Farm Squeeze U.S. true home of Green Revolution Yields up 3x
but prices down To survive, must expand acreage to make up for
lower per acre profit.
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U.S. Farm Squeeze Since WWII number of farms decreased 2/3
average farm size up rural communities gutted production costs up
from 50% of gross to 80%
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Soil Depletion Worldwide Dramatic increases in yields during
1970s, 1980s Soil now depleted, resulting in leveling off or
dropping yields 6% of Ag land in India now useless
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Profits Profits from Green Revolution go to Middlemen Banks
Chemical companies Biggest growers Grain prices fall Farms get
bigger Brazil
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Increased Dependency Poor countries must import: Seeds
Fertilizer Pesticides Herbicides Cost to India increased 600%
1960-1980 Biotechnology leads to more dependency
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Unsustainable Agriculture Industrial agriculture = mining land
to extract maximum output War between humans and weeds, insects and
disease Market dictates weapons: pesticides and chemical
fertilizers We are destroying our food- producing resources
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Destruction of Ag Resources Desertification Soil erosion
Pesticide contamination Groundwater depletion Salinization Urban
sprawl Genetic resources shrinking Fossil fuels depleting
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Genetic Engineering: The Next Green Revolution ?
http://www.businessweek.com/1999/99_15/b3624011.htm
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Next Green Revolution? Biotechnology will help developing
countries accomplish things that they could never do with
conventional plant breeding I believe genetically modified food
crops will stop world hunger. Norman Borlaug Nobel Peace Prize
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The Next Green Revolution? Biotechnology helps farmers produce
higher yields on less land. Technology allows us to have less
impact on soil erosion, biodiversity, wildlife, forests, and
grasslands To achieve comparable yields (1950-1999) with old
farming methods, would have needed an additional 1.8 Billion
hectares of land Norman Borlaug Nobel Peace Prize
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Biotechnology Critic Biotechnology development Same vision as
chemical industry: Short term goals Enhanced yields, profit margins
Nature should be dominated and exploited forced to yield more
Prefer quick solutions to complex ecological problems Reductionist
thinking about farming Instead of integrated systems Agricultural
success means Short term profits Not long term sustainability --
Jane Rissler, Union of Concerned Scientists
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Review History of theory in anthropology Unilinear, relativism,
symbolism, materialism, humanism Flat Earth Positive aspects of
globalization? Falling Flat Negative aspects of globalization?
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Systems Theory Originated in the 1940's Positivistic period in
sciences. What does positivism mean? Biologist Ludwig von
Bertalanffy (General Systems Theory, 1968) Ross Ashby (Introduction
to Cybernetics, 1956).
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Systems Theory Reaction to reductionism in science Attempted to
revive a unified theory in science What does this mean? General
Theory Holism Positivism
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Systems Theory, What is it? Systems are sets of covariant
entities no subset of which is unrelated to any other subset
Systems Theory is the trans-disciplinary study of the abstract
organization of phenomena, independent of their substance, type, or
spatial or temporal scale of existence
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Systems Theory, What is it? To be a system requires
organization and interdependence An grouping of functioning parts
that are not interdependent is described as a Heap
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Systems theory, what is it? Systems theory looks beyond
functional cause and effect models It portrays human adaptation in
terms of well- specified webs of mutual causality. Is a way of
looking at the relationships among variables
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Systems Analysis Systems analysis focuses on the meaningful
interactions of the parts with one another and with the whole as
they influence some process or outcome No elemental part of the
system can be understood only in terms of itself Systems can be
understood by studying the interactions of a functioning part with
the entire system Systems are shaped by both internal and
environmental processes and conditions over time
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Systems Analysis in Anthropology Excellent theory for
describing flows Excellent for describing closed systems Problems?
No closed cultural system What does this mean? Systems thinking
tends to be processual (time and space), conditional, and
probabilistic
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The Idea of a System System in its everyday sense Nervous
system Legal system Cooling/Heating system Automobile cooling
system Radiator Fan Water pump Thermostat Cooling jacket around the
cylinder head Hoses/clamps
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The Cow Cow, like all organisms, is a very complex system
Circulatory system Nervous systems Digestive system Study digestive
system to understand how cow lives on grass (total system) One we
use to turn grass into milk Also part of a number of larger systems
If kept with other cows, part of Herd = social organization of cows
Study cow as part of herd to understand herd OTHER EXAMPLES OF
SYSTEMS COWS ARE PART OF?
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Stable Systems? Collection of smaller parts more stable over
time than one large operational part Scientists made atoms of
bigger and bigger size, and they became more unstable the larger
they were
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What systems need Energy and information is needed to fuel
systems The more complex the system, the more energy and
information is needed Inputs and Outputs
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Feedback Systems can transform things Input / Output
Information about the result of a transformation is recorded If
this information affects the transformation in a positive way
positive feedback = leads to accelerate the transformation If this
information affects the transformation in a negative way negative
feedback = leads to system stabilization
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Wallerstein and the Global Economic System Emmanuel Wallerstein
U.S. sociologist Historical social scientist World-systems analyst
The Modern World- System, 1974, 1980, and 1989 Marx, history of
exchange networks, Dependency Theory
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Dependency Theory Before World Systems Theory, there was
Dependency Theory Social science theories predicated on the notion
that resources flow from a "periphery" of poor and underdeveloped
states to a "core" of wealthy states, enriching the latter at the
expense of the former.
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World Systems History The late 18th and early 19th centuries
marked a great turning point in the development of capitalism
Capitalists achieved state- societal power in the key states which
furthered the industrial revolution marking the rise of capitalism
UK and USA
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World Economy World Economy integrated through the market
rather than a political center Two or more regions interdependent
and two or more polities completing for dominance Division of labor
Core of "free countries dominating others without being Dominated
Semi-periphery the countries which are dominated while at the same
time they dominate Others Periphery" as the countries which are
dominated
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World System Multicultural territorial division of labor in
which the production and exchange of basic goods and raw materials
is necessary for the everyday life of its inhabitants Division of
labor: the forces and relations of production of the world economy
as a whole Leads to the existence of two interdependent regions:
core and periphery.
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World System Theory World-system theory is a macrosociological
perspective that seeks to explain the dynamics of the capitalist
world economy as a total social system Mans ability to participate
intelligently in the evolution of his own system is dependent on
his ability to perceive the whole (Wallerstein 1974:10)
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Core and Periphery Powerful and wealthy "core" societies
dominate and exploit weak and poor peripheral societies. Technology
(both military and civilian) is a central factor in the positioning
of a region in the core or the periphery
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World-systems analysis Capitalism, as a historical social
system, has always integrated a variety of labor forms within a
functioning division of labor Countries do not have economies, but
are part of the world-economy.
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Modern Capitalist World Economy Unequal exchange: the
systematic transfer of surplus from semi- proletarian sectors in
the periphery to the high- technology, industrialized core Capital
accumulation at a global scale: necessarily involves the
appropriation and transformation of peripheral surplus
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Modern Capitalist World Economy Imperialism: The domination of
weak peripheral regions by strong core states. Hegemony : The
existence of one core state temporarily outstripping the rest.
Global Class Struggle: The inherent conflict between the owners of
the means of production and labor. What is the inherent
conflict?
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World Systems Theory as a Criticism Criticisms to modernization
(1) the reification of the nation- state as the sole unit of
analysis, (2) assumption that all countries can follow only a
single path of evolutionary development, (3) disregard of the
world- historical development of transnational structures that
constrain local and national development, (4) explaining in terms
of ahistorical ideal types of tradition versus modernity,
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Present State of the Theory SUNY Binghamton, at the Fernand
Braudel Center for the Study of Economies, Historical Systems and
Civilizations Journal of World Systems Research Greatest impact
among intellectuals in the periphery countries Used to analyze
development dynamics and to understand the relationship between
developed and developing regions