The Co-Evolution ofDigital Librariesand the WWW
WebNet’2000San Antonio --- November 4, 2000
Edward A. [email protected] http://fox.cs.vt.edu
CS DLRL Internet TIC
Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
Acknowledgements (Selected)
Mentors: JCR Licklider, Michael Kessler, Gerard Salton Sponsors: Adobe, IBM, Microsoft, NLM, NSF, OCLC, SOLINET,
SURA, UNESCO, US Dept. of Ed. (FIPSE), … VT Faculty/Staff: Tony Atkins, Thomas Dunbar, Debra Dudley,
John Eaton, Gwen Ewing, Peter Haggerty, Gary Hooper, Gail McMillan, Len Peters, James Powell, …
VT Students: Emilio Arce, Fernando Das Neves, Brian DeVane, Robert France, Marcos Goncalves, Scott Guyer, Robert Hall, Neill Kipp, Paul Mather, Tim McGonigle, Todd Miller, Constantinos Phanouriou, William Schweiker, Ohm Sornil, Hussein Suleman, Patrick Van Metre, Laura Weiss, …
OUTLINE
Introduction History Grand Challenge DLs in Education Interoperability Conclusions and Future Work
JCDL 2001 First Joint ACM/IEEE Conference on
Digital Libraries (+ NSF DLI-2 PI mtg)
http://www.jcdl.org June 24-28, 2001 in Roanoke, VA Conference Committee: General Chair: Edward A. Fox, Virginia Tech Program Chair: Christine Borgman, UCLA Treasurer: Neil Rowe, Naval Postgraduate School Posters Chair: Craig Nevill-Manning, Rutgers U.
Internet TechnologyInnovation Center
Supported by Virginia’s Center for Innovative Technology
Statewide University Partners - Governing Board:
Christopher Newport University– William Winter, William Muir, Virginia Electronic Commerce Technology Center /
Southeastern Virginia Network (VECTEC/SEVAnet)
George Mason University– Scott Martin, Internet Multimedia Center (ICM)– Steven Ruth, International Center for Applied Studies in IT (ICASIT)
University of Virginia– Alf Weaver, Internet Commerce Group (InterCom)– Jim French, Internet Digital Library
Virginia Tech– Edward Fox, Digital Library Research Laboratory (DLRL), CC, CS– Scott Midkiff, Center for Wireless Telecomm. (CWT), VTISC, ECpE
Virginia Tech Background
Largest university in Virginia, land-grant, football, town population 35K plus 25K students
Blacksburg Electronic Village, since 1992, with > 80% of community on Internet
Net.Work.Virginia, largest ATM network, with over 750 sites, for education, research, government
LMDS, Local Multipoint Distribution Service, gigabit wireless networking - 1/3 of Virginia
Math Emporium, 500 workstations Faculty Development Initiative, round 2 Torgersen Hall, $30M Advanced Communications and Information
Technology Center, opening, w. DLRL
Digital Libraries --- Virginia Tech
MARIAN (NLM) CS DL Prototype - ENVISION (NSF, ACM) TULIP (Elsevier, OCLC) BEV History Base (NSF, Blacksburg) DL for CS Education - EI (NSF, ACM) WATERS, NCSTRL (NSF) NDLTD (SURA, US Dept. of Education) CSTC (NSF, ACM), CRIM (NSF, SIGMM) WCA (Log) Repository (W3C) VT-PetaPlex-1 (Knowledge Systems)
Digital Library Courseware
http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~dlib/ WWW pages or large PDF copy files CourseInfo quizzes based on books by Michael
Lesk (MKP.com) and William Arms (MIT Press) Contents based on books, with other popular
topics added (e.g., agents) Separate pages to supplement: Definitions,
Resources (People, Projects), and References
Why this topic today?
Many users (patrons) prefer digital libraries to traditional libraries or the Web.
Digital library collections often are free or inexpensive, so are heavily used.
Most traditional as well as new types of publishers are working toward digital libraries to allow access to their content.
Web practitioners are key players in building digital libraries.
Behind Both DL and WWW Information
– Basic human need– Desire to have, share, discover
Technology– Reductionism, new mechanisms for processes– Synthesis/integration, new super-processes– Processes and workflows interrelate with
institutions (P. Agre) Author Push Librarian/Organizer Pull/Push Reader/User Pull
Borgman et al.:Workshop Report onSocial Aspects ofDigital Libraries: http://www-lis.gseis.ucla.edu/DL/
InformationLifeCycle
Core of WWW
Hypertext (Browsers) Hypermedia (MIME) Hyperbases (Web Servers) Naming (URLs) Networking and Interoperability (HTTP) Document authoring and structuring (HTML) Extensibility
– Performance: proxies– Dynamic / Links with other Technologies: CGI
Core of DL Collecting
– Authoring, Repositories, Archives, Museums, … Organizing
– Packaging of Data and Metadata, Storing– Naming/Identifying and Cataloging– Classification, Clustering, …
Serving– Indexing, Linking, Summarizing, Visualizing– Browsing, Accessing, Searching, Filtering,
Retrieving, Distributing, Using, …
OUTLINE
Introduction
History Grand Challenge DLs in Education Interoperability Conclusions and Future Work
Licklider – Unified Theory?
Not ready in 1960s Analog – unified field theory in physics “Mess” today – segmented field, specialities
– Database <-> Knowledge <-> Content Mgmnt– Multimedia, Hypermedia, Hypertext– Logic, Algebra, Artificial Intelligence, …
Expensive, annoying for users– Don’t know where to look– Don’t know how to use services
Back in 1993 …“Envision, the Future”invited presentation forDigital Libraries of the Futuresession ofOnline Publishing '93Pittsburgh, PAMarch 22-24,1993(along with Tim Berners-Lee on WWW)
Digital Libraries
SGML (1985)
PDF(1992)
NSF DLI (1994)
LibraryCancellations
(1988)
UniversityScholarlyElectronic
Pub. (1988)
Info.Literacy(1995)
ImprovingEducation NSFnet
(1984)
WWW(1994)
Multimedia(1986)
DL-Related Timeline
1985
CoRR
DLI
ETDs
1990xxx
1995
XML
OAI
2000
NCSTRL
ProposedUgrad DL
NDLTD
DLI2
HyperCard
TEI
SGML
PCs
Hypertext Conf. DC RDF
CSTR
NSDL
ScholarlyEPub in U’s
JPEG, MPEG MPEG-7
WWW
Java
OUTLINE
Introduction History
Grand Challenge DLs in Education Interoperability Conclusions and Future Work
Computing (flops)Digital content
Com
mun
icat
ions
(ban
dwid
th, c
onne
ctiv
ity)
Locating Digital Libraries in Computing andCommunications Technology Space
Digital Libraries technologytrajectory: intellectualaccess to globally distributed information
less more
(Slide from S. Griffin, NSF)
D ig ita l L ib ra r y C o n te n t
A rtic le s ,R e p o rts,
B o o ks
T e xtD o cum e n ts
S p ee ch ,M u s ic
V id eoA u d io
(A e ria l)P h o tos
G e og rap h icIn fo rm ation
M o d e lsS im u la tio ns
S o ftw a re ,P ro g ra m s
G e no m eH u m a n,a n im a l,
p la n t
B ioIn fo rm ation
2 D , 3 D ,V R ,C A T
Im ag es a ndG ra p h ics
C o nte n tT yp e s
DL = Users Direct(Organized Artifact Mediated Communication)
Author
Reader
Digital
LibraryEditor
Reviewer
Teacher
Learner
LibrarianDr. Patient
Benefits
Ease of use Effectiveness
“The benefits of digital libraries will not be appreciated unless they are easy to use effectively.” - IITA Workshop report
Grand Challenges Can
Mobilize the community Spur creativity Lead to important benefits in society Push researchers to develop relevant theories Force people to work in teams/groups Convince funding agencies to invest Help bring about integration of systems,
interoperability, and seamless interfaces
DL Challenges
World Digital Library (Libraries) Preservation - so people with trust DLs Scalability, sustainability, interoperability (Supporting infrastructure - networks, …) DL industry - critical mass by covering libraries,
archives, museums, corporate info, govt info, personal info - “quality WWW” integrating IR, HT, MM, ...– Need tools & methods to make them easier to build
DLs: Why of Global Interest? National projects can preserve antiquities and
heritage: cultural, historical, linguistic, scholarly Knowledge and information are essential to
economic and technological growth, education DL - a domain for international collaboration
– wherein all can contribute and benefit– which leverages investment in networking– which provides useful content on Internet & WWW– which will tie nations and peoples together more
strongly and through deeper understanding
Digital Libraries --- Objectives
World Lit.: 24hr / 7day / from desktop Integrated “super” information systems: 5S:
streams, structures, spaces, scenarios, societies Ubiquitous, Higher Quality, Lower Cost Education, Knowledge Sharing, Discovery Disintermediation -> Collaboration Universities Reclaim Property Interactive Courseware, Student Works Scalable, Sustainable, Usable, Useful
DL = Seamless Components
User Interfaces
Workflow Mgr
DBMS
Search Engines
Data, MM Info
Gateways
Repository
Rights Mgr
MM/ HT Renderer
PetaPlex Complex
FRONT END MACHINERS/6000, 1G RAM, 4 Proc.
Nanoserver
Nanoserver
Nanoserver
Nanoserver
Nanoserver
Nanoserver
Nanoserver
Nanoserver
Nanoserver
Nanoserver Nanoserver
Nanoserver
Nanoserver Nanoserver
Service
Machine 1
Service
Machine 2
Service
Machine 3
Service
Machine 4
PetaPlex
Digital Library Machine (“super” object store): Parallel computer / storage utility
Research: inverted files, video server, … Knowledge Systems Incorporated is supplying
VT-PetaPlex-1 with 2.5 terabytes through 100 nodes:
Net connection + 25GB disk + 233 MHz Pentium + Linux
Structured Video Browser(making video into hypermedia)
www.learn.umd.edu
IBrowse
Expository multimedia Narrative Structures
ICUInformation and CommunicationUniversity
Users Web Search Engines
WWW
Servlet Engine
Web Server
OSDB
Search Server
Servlet Servlet ServletMPEG-7
DescriptionModule
1
2
3
4
5
3’
4’
5’
MPEG-7 Image Library Systems Tech. M
PE
G-7 Im
age Library System
s
MP
EG
-7 Video Library S
ystems T
ech.
ICUInformation and CommunicationUniversity
MPEG-7 Video Library Systems Tech.
Video Data
Description GeneratorDescription Schemes
Design Tool
DescriptionScheme
MetaDatabase
VideoDatabase
Retrieval ServerModule
PlayerP
resentation
Module
Architecture
CAVE-ETD CAVE-ETD is a simulation of a library that
runs in a CAVE (VR environment). Populated with a subset of ETD records.
Main Foyerroom
room
room
room
Integrated Integrated CCLINC CCLINC Translingual Information SystemTranslingual Information System
Integrated Integrated CCLINC CCLINC Translingual Information SystemTranslingual Information System
DARPA
Extraction
What is th
e north korean
movement in th
e front li
ne?
CCLINC SERVER
Info Detection
Summarization
It seems that North Korea launch a missile againAfter North Korea launched a Daipodong missilelast month, NK is perceived to proceed to an additionaltest launch. Korea, US and Japan enter into an alertstate, and prepare for a joint response policy. Korea estimates that the additional launch will be on 09/05. Japan estimates that NK’s missile range is short. USinformation says that there is no sign of launch yet.
Translation
What is th
e status of nk
missile la
unch against japan?
BugHanI IlBonE Ddo MiSaIlEul
BalSaHan Deus HaDa
2-w
a yS
pe e
c h T
ran
s ati
on
Definitions
Library ++ (library+archive+museum+…) Distributed information system + organization
+ effective interface User community + collection + services Digital objects, repositories, IPR management,
handles, indexes, federated search, hyperbase, annotation
Definition: Digital Libraries are complex systems that
help satisfy info needs of users (societies) provide info services (scenarios) organize info in usable ways (structures) present info in usable ways (spaces) communicate info with users (streams)
Definition: 5S Framework Societies: interacting people (, computers) Scenarios: services, functions, operations, methods Spaces: domains + constraints (e.g., distance,
adjacency): 2D, vector, probability Structures: relations, trees, nodes and arcs Streams: sequences of items (text, audio, video,
network traffic) (5 Element System: Fire, Wood, Earth, Metal, Water)
5S: Components
Societies: roles, rituals, reasons, relationships, artifacts Scenarios: acquire, index, consult, administer, preserve Spaces: physical, temporal, functional, presentational,
conceptual Structures: architectures, taxonomies, schema,
grammars, links, objects Streams: granularities, protocols, paths, flows,
turbulences
5S: Combinations
Societies + Scenarios = user model Societies + Scenarios + Spaces = user interface Streams + Structures = markup Streams + Structures + Scenarios = object Structures + Scenarios = DBMS
OUTLINE
Introduction History Grand Challenge
DLs in Education Interoperability Conclusions and Future Work
(6 slides from Lee Zia, NSF)Presidential Directive - 12/17/1999
Subject: Use of Information Technology to Improve Our Society
“13. The Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, the Director of the National Science Foundation, the Director of the National Park Service, and the Director of the Institute of Museum and Library Services shall work with the private sector and cultural and educational institutions across the country to create a Digital Library of Education to house this country's cultural and educational resources.”
Programmatic History
Digital Libraries Initiative (DLI 1) - NSF/NASA/ARPA, FY 94-97
DLI 2 - NSF, et al., initiated in FY 98, continuing
Education FY 98-99
DLI 2 Special Emphasis in Undergrad
NSDL ProgramNSF: FY 00-02
DL
Operational
Fall, 2002DLs & UG Earth Systems Educationinitiated FY 99, continuing
Vision
A Learning Environments and Resources Network for SMET
Education (LEARNS)
Designed to meet the needs of learners, in both individual and collaborative settings
Constructed to enable dynamic use of a broad array of materials for learning, primarily in digital format
Managed actively to promote reliable anytime - anywhere access to quality collections and services, available both within and without the network (from www.nsf.gov/nsdl)
LEARNS Connects:
Users: students, educators, life-long learners
Content: structured learning materials; large real-time or archived datasets; audio, images, animations;primary sources; digital learning objects (e.g. applets);interactive (virtual, remote) laboratories; ...
Tools: search; refer; validate; integrate; create; customize; publish; share; notify; collaborate; ...
Expectations of Tracks Core Integration: to coordinate a distributed alliance of
resource collection and service providers, and to ensure reliable and extensible access to and usability of the resulting network of learning environments and resources
Collections: to aggregate and actively manage a subset of the digital library’s content within a coherent theme or specialty
Services: to increase the impact, reach, efficiency, and value of the digital library in its fully operational form
Targeted Research: to have immediate impact on one or more of the other three tracks
Selected DL2 Ugrad Projects/Topics
UNCW, Eduprise, TCNJ, VT,…: iLumina Project
IMS, CS, Math, Viz., …
Columbia University Earth sciences
Stanford University Medicine (images)
U. California Berkeley Engineering
University of Maryland K-12 education
U. Texas at Austin Physical anthropology
Tracks & 29 Projects 6 Core Integration: Columbia, Cornell,
E.Michigan/MERIT, UCAR, UCB, U-Missouri/NCSA (Biology, Eng., Teacher Ed.)
13 Collections: Atmosphere, Biology, Biosciences, Earth Systems, Engineering, Health Sciences, Math
9 Services: Competitive Intelligence, Component Environment, Earth Systems J., Metadata NLP, Managing LOs, Peer Review, Video
1 Targeted Research: Paths
NSDL Spine
full-servicecollectionsfull-servicecollectionsNSDLCollections
referenceditems &
collections
referenceditems &
collections
ReferencedItems &
Collections
NSDLServicesNSDL
ServicesOther NSDLServices
CI Services
discussion
CI Services
personalization
CI Services
topic-map registry
CI Services
query transform
Core Collection- Usage Services
annotation
Core Collection-Building Servicesprotocol mediation
Core Collection-Building Services
persistence
Core Collection-Building Services
harvesting
Portals &Clients
Portals &Clients
Portals &Clients
(Slide from Dave Fulker, Bill Arms – 11/2/2000)
CS -> CSTC -> CRIM -> JERIC NSF and ACM Education Committee are funding
a 2 year project “A Computer Science Teaching Center” - CSTC - http://www.cstc.org/
College of NJ, U. Ill. Springfield, Virginia Tech Focus initially on labs, visualization, multimedia Multimedia part is also supported by a 2nd grant
to Virginia Tech and The George Washington University: http://www.cstc.org/~crim/
ACM J. of Educational Resources in Computing
CS Teaching Center (CSTC)
Instead of building large, expensive multimedia packages, that become obsolete and are difficult to re-use, concentrate on small knowledge units.
Learners benefit from having well-crafted modules that have been reviewed and tested.
Use digital libraries to build a powerful base of support for learners, upon which a variety of courses, self-study tutorials & reference resources can be built.
ACM Education Board and SIG support, new NSF grant with UNCW and Eduprise and others …
A Digital Library Case Study
Domain: graduate education, research
Genre: ETDs = electronic theses & dissertations
Submission: http://etd.vt.edu
Collection: http://www.theses.org
Project: Networked Digital Library
of Theses & Dissertations http://www.ndltd.org
(NDLTD – remember: ND LTD / NDL TD) (also, newer NUDL:
Networked University Digital Library, with e-courseware, etc.)
The Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations
www.NDLTD.org
Leader of the Worldwide ETD(Electronic Thesis and Dissertation) Initiative
Training AuthorsExpanding Access
Preserving KnowledgeImproving Graduate Education
Enhancing Scholarly CommunicationEmpowering Students & Universities
Key Ideas: Networked infrastructure
Scalability
Education is the rationale
University collaboration
Workflow, automation
Authors must submitMaximalAccess
PDF, SGML, MM,MARC, DC, URNs,Federated search
Standards
8th graders vs. grads
What led to today’s meeting? 1987 mtg in Ann Arbor: UMI, VT, … 1992 mtg in Washington: CNI, CGS, UMI, VT and 10 universities with 3 reps
each 1993 mtg in Atlanta to start Monticello Electronic Library (MEL): SURA,
SOLINET 1994 mtg in Blacksburg re ETD project: std of PDF + SGML + multimedia
objects 1996 funding by SURA, US Dept. of Education (FIPSE) for regional, national
projects 1997 meetings in UK, Germany, ... 1998 – 1st symposium – Memphis (20) 1999 – 2nd symposium – Blacksburg (70) 2000 – 3rd symposium – St. Petersburg (225) -> Caltech
What are the long term goals?
Attract all TDs/yr: 50K D-US, 25K D-Germany, 10K TD-Canada, …
>200K/yr rich hypermedia ETDs that may turn into electronic portfolios (images, video, audio, …)
Dramatic increase in knowledge sharing: literature reviews, bibliographies, …
Services providing lifelong access for students: browse, search, prior searches, citation links
Hundreds/thousands of downloads / year / work
ETDs: Library Goals Improve library services
– Better turn-around time – Always available
Reduce work – catalog from e-text – eliminate handling: mailing to UMI, bindery
prep, check-out, check-in, reshelving, etc. Save space
Aiding universities to enhance graduate education, publishing and IPR efforts
Helping improve the availability and content of theses and dissertations
Educating ALL future scholars so they can publish electronically and effectively use digital libraries (i.e., are Information Literate and can be more expressive)
What are we doing?
User Search Support(multilingual, XML)
NDLTD W orld FederatedSearch
V irg in ia Tech ...(un iv )
D isserta tionsO nline
(G erm any)
O hioLink(lib / un iv group)
Portugese N L ...(national lib)
Austra lia(reg ional)
O AS,ISTEC(Latin
Am erica)
UserInterface
Note: All groups shown are connected with NDLTD.
www.theses.org
James Powell student project, D-Lib Magazine description in Sept. 1998
XML description of each site– type of search engine / service
– language
– coverage (for resource discovery) Adding Z39.50 gateway capability and
integrating with MARIAN, along with Harvest and Open Archives protocols
Access Possibilities
Websearchengines
librarycatalogclients
www.theses.org
www.openarchives.org
3rd
PartyServices(e.g.,UMI)
VirginiaTech
NationalLibrary ofPortugal
CBUC(Spain)
OhioLink
MIT NationalProjects:AU, GE, …
Status of the Local Project Approved by university governance Spring
1996; required starting 1/1/97 Submission & access software in place Submission workshops for students (and
faculty) occur often: beginner/adv. Faculty training as part of Faculty
Development Initiative Over 3000 ETDs in collection – some have
audio, video, large images, software, …
Archiving ETDs
Every 15 minutes back-ups made of not-yet-approved submissions
Hourly back-ups of newly approved ETDs
Weekly back-ups of entire ETD collection
Copies stored on-site and off-site
Costs/Savings at VT
Graduate School stopped shipping to the library 3000 copies of paper TDs/year
Library stopped binding, shelving, and circulating 3000 copies of TDs/year
166 ft of shelf space saved/year by the library Students save copying costs (especially for
images, video, …)
US University Members (44) Penn. State University Rochester Institute of Tech. U. of Colorado Health Science Center U. of Florida U. of Georgia University of Hawaii, Manoa U. of Iowa U. of Kentucky U. of Maine U. of North Texas – required since 8/99 U. of Oklahoma U. of South Florida U. of Tennessee, Knoxville U. of Tennessee, Memphis U. of Texas at Austin – required in 2001 U. of Virginia U. Wisconsin - Madison Vanderbilt U. Virginia Commonwealth U. Virginia Tech - required since 1/97 West Virginia U. - required fall 1998 Western Michigan U. Worcester Polytechnic Inst.
Air University (Alabama)Baylor UniversityBrigham Young University (part, whole)CaltechClemson UniversityCollege of William & MaryConcordia University (Illinois)East Carolina UniversityEast Tenn. State U. – require fall 2000Florida Institute of TechnologyFlorida International UniversityGeorge Washington UniversityLouisiana State UniversityMarshall University (W. Va.)Miami University of OhioMichigan TechMississippi State UniversityMITNaval Postgraduate School (CA)New Mexico TechNorth Carolina State University
OhioLINK
Statewide Consortium Represents 79 colleges, universities, libraries Public Universities Private Universities and Colleges 2-Year Colleges Only a few (e.g., Miami U. of Ohio) are also
NDLTD members on their own
National / Regional Projects Australia
– U. New South Wales (lead)– U. of Melbourne– U. of Queensland– U. of Sydney– Australian National U.– Curtin U. of Technology– Griffith U.
Germany– Humboldt University (lead)
– 3 other universities
– 5 learned societies: Math, Physics, Chemistry, Sociology, Education
– 1 computing center
– 2 major libraries
Consorci de Biblioteques Universitàries de Catalunya, as group, www.cbuc.es:– Universitat de Barcelona– Universitat Autonòma de Barcelona– Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya– Universitat Pompeu Fabra– Universitat de Girona– Universitat de Lleida– Universitat Rovira i Virgili– Universitat Oberta de Catalunya– Biblioteca de Catalunya
South Africa: ECHEA/SEALS India, Portugal, …
Other Countries with Members
Belgium Brazil Canada Germany Hong Kong India Italy Korea Mexico
Netherland Norway Russia Singapore S. Africa S. Korea Spain Taiwan UK
ECHEA / SEALS (S. Africa) Mellon Foundation $80K Eastern Cape Higher Education Association South East Academic Library System Border Technikon Eastern Cape Technikon University of Fort Hare Port Elizabeth Technikon Rhodes University (first to require outside US) University of Port Elizabeth University of Transkei
(and other members, e.g., RAU, Univ. of Pretoria)
Popular Works 19979920 Liu, Xiangdong. Analysis and Reduction of Moire Patterns in Scanned Halftone Pictures (Ph.D. in Computer Science, May 1996; 6.6Mb)
7656 Petrus, Paul. Novel Adaptive Array Algorithms and Their Impact on Cellular System Capacity (Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering, March 1997; 5Mb)
2781 Agnes, Gregory Stephen. Performance of Nonlinear Mechanical, Resonant-Shunted Piezoelectric, and Electronic Vibration Absorbers for Multi-Degree-of-Freedom Structures (Ph.D. in Engineering Mechanics, Sept. 1997; ? + 7926Kb)
2492 Gonzalez, Reinaldo J. Raman, Infrared, X-ray, and EELS Studies of Nanophase Titania (Ph.D. in Physics, July 1996; 4607Kb)
1877 Shih, Po-Jen. On-Line Consolidation of Thermoplastic Composites (Ph.D. in Engineering Mechanics, Feb. 1997; 3.3Mb)
1791 Saldanha, Kevin J. Performance Evaluation of DECT in Different Radio Environments (MS in Electrical Engineering, Aug. 1996; 3.2Mb)
1431 DeVaux, David. A Tutorial on Authorware (MS in CS, April 1996; 2.3Mb)
1394 Kuhn, William B. Design of Integrated, Low Power, Radio Receivers in BiCMOS Technologies (Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering, Dec. 1995; 2518Kb)
NUDL 1/15/99 Networked University Digital Library
(NUDL) proposal to NSF under DLI2 international program– VT: Library, Grad School, Industrial&Systems Eng.– Partners: UK (2) , Singapore, Russia, Korea, Greece, Germany, plus
Iberoamerican group (Spain, Portugal, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico)
– Problems: Multilingual search, multimedia submissions, requirements/usability, international performance, …
Start with ETDs, then expand to other student works, portfolios, data sets, (CS) courseware, ...
NUDL Research Partners
Ricardo A. Baeza-Yates, Universidad de Chile, Chile José Luis Brinquete Borbinha, Biblioteca Nacional, Portugal José Hilario Canós Cerdá, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Spain Stavros Christodoulakis, Technical University of Crete, Greece Eberhard Hilf, University of Oldenburg, Germany Peter Diepold, Susanne Dobratz, …, Humboldt University, Germany David Garza-Salazar, Monterrey Inst. of Technology (ITESM), Mexico Sung Hyon Myaeng, Chungnam National University, Korea (+ colleagues) Ana Maria Beltran Pavani, Prédio Cardeal Leme, Brazil Lim Ee Peng, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore Alexander I. Plemnek, St.-Petersburg State Technical University, Russia Berthier Ribeiro-Neto, Federal U. of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Brazil J. Alfredo Sánchez, Universidad de las Américas-Puebla, Mexico
Who are sponsors / cooperators? Funding, Donations of hardware/software
– SURA– US Dept. of Education (FIPSE)– Adobe Systems– IBM– Microsoft– OCLC
Others Serving on Steering Committee– National/Regional Projects: Australia, French
speaking group (Montreal, Lyon), Germany, IberoAmerica (ISTEC, OAS), India, …
– CGS, National Ag. Library, National Lib. of Canada, NSF, SOLINET, UMI, UNESCO, ...
Relationship with publishers
Concern of faculty and students that still wish to publish books or journal articles, voiced: campus, Chronicle, NPR, Times
Solution: Approval Form gives students, faculty choices on access, when to change access condition; use IPR controls in DL
Solution: by case, work with publishers and publisher associations to increase access– AAP, AAUP– AAAS, ACM, ACS, Elsevier, ...
Some responses from publishers
ACM: need to acknowledge copyright Elsevier: need to acknowledge copyright IEEE-CS: endorse initiative ACS: After first publication, can release Textbook publishers: different market,
manuscript significantly reworked General: restricting access to local campus
will not cause any problems
ETD Initiative (and UMI)
StudentsLearn aboutDL, EPub
TDsbecome more
expressive
N. Amer. (T)Ds areaccessible, archived
Global TDsbecome more
accessible,archived
UMI
Universities
How can a university get involved?
Select planning/implementation team– Graduate School– Library– Computing / Information Technology– Institutional Research / Educ. Tech.
Send us letter, give us contact names– www.ndltd.org/join
Adapt Virginia Tech solution– Build interest and consensus– Start trial / allow optional submission
Responsibilities
Handle local education and collection– Contact information for helpers– Archive
Utilize standards– Metadata: MARC / DC-based concensus specification
Share metadata– Union services, mirrored services
Allow access– www.theses.org / www.dissertations.org– Open Archives Initiative (www.openarchives.org)
Type 1 Members University Requires ETDs
Adobe Acrobat and/or XML/SGML tools Automated submission & processing Archive/access through UMI, (OCLC,)
Virginia Tech, ... (Local) WWW site, publicity (Local) Assistance provided as requested:
email, phone, listserv(s)
Type 2 Members University Agrees to Require ETDs
Like Type 1 but set date not reached Usually has an option or pilot May: wait for new AY; start with all who enter
after; … Build grass roots support
– Advisory committee: representative? expert?– Champions to spread by word of mouth– Approval: Senates, Commissions, Deans, Students– Publicity to reach community
NDLTD Members, Types 3-7
3. Part of university requires ETDs 4. University allows ETDs 5. University investigating, has pilot 6. University consortium joins:
– CIC (Big 10 coordinating body) 7. Non-university organization joins
– CNI (Coalition for Networked Info.)
OUTLINE
Introduction History Grand Challenge DLs in Education
Interoperability Conclusions and Future Work
Open Archives Initiative (OAI) xxx@LANL, high-energy physics (Ginsparg, 1991) CSTR + WATERS = NCSTRL (Lagoze,1994) xxx + NCSTRL = CoRR collaboration (1998) Universal Preprint Service protoproto, Oct. 21-22, 1999, Santa Fe
– led by LANL, CNI, DLF, Mellon --> OAi Santa Fe Convention (see Feb. D-Lib Magazine article) Follow-on mtgs: 6/3@San Antonio, 9/21@Lisbon (ECDL) Archives -> Open Archives
– Support unique archive identifiers– Implement Open Archives metadata set (DC, using XML)– Implement OA harvesting protocol (derived from Dienst protocol)– Register the archive
Build tools, layer other services: linking, searching, …
Open Archives (protoproto)
ArXiv & Los Alamos National LabCogPrints & U. SouthamptonNACA & NASA (reports)NCSTRL & Cornell U.NDLTD & Virginia TechRePEc & U. SurreyTotal of around 200K records
Original Open Archives Members
American Physical Society California Digital Library Caltech Coalition for Networked Info. Cornell University Harvard University Library of Congress Los Alamos Nat’l Lab Mellon Foundation
NASA Langley Research Cntr Old Dominion University Stanford University U. of Ghent U. of Surrey U. of Southampton Vanderbilt University Virginia Tech Washington University
Open Archives Future EconWPA (U. Washington) e-biomed -> PubMed Central (NIH) PubScience (DOE) Clinical Medicine Netprints (+ other HighWire Press holdings ) University ePub (California Digital Library) All public e-prints (MIT) Scholar’s Forum (Caltech) Int’l: CERN, Germany, India, Mexico, … Goal: millions of books/articles/reports / yr
Approaches to Open Archives
Build ByDiscipline
Build By Institution
AuthorCategoryInterdisciplinaryYearLanguageQuery …
OAi Philosophy
Self-archiving = submission mechanismLong-term storage system = archiveOpen interface = harvesting mechanismData provider + service providerStart with “gray literature”
– e-prints/pre-prints, reports, dissertations, …
Black Box OAI-ETD Perspective
ISTEC(Ibero
America)
PhysDis
NSYSU(Taiwan)
ADT(Australia)
BN.PT(Portugal)
www.theses.org
CyberTheses(Francophone)
VT
Dissert.Online(Germany)
MITOhioLINK
CBUC(Catalunya)
NDC(Greece)
SEALS(S.Africa)
CIC U. Bergen(Norway)
…
…
Figure 1. Layers Related to Open Archives Initiative
Services
…
Search/Browse
Authoring Citation Checking Submission
Metadata Creation
Editorial: Reviewing, Certification
Registry
Archives: Name, ID, Description, Terms and Conditions, …
Metadata Formats: Name, XML DTD, …
…
Archive Formats: Name, Standard, Preservation Process, …
Protocols Tools
Services
Copy-Edit / Add Value Citation DB Updating
Authority Control
Preservation Conversion
Text/MM Editing
Gazetteer Cataloging
Collaboration
Annotation
Summarization
Citation / Linking
SFX
CiteSeer
Repository NCSTRL Repository
…
EconWPA Repository
RePEc Repository
Repository for NDLTD Open Archives Harvesting Protocol
Metadata Formats: OA Metadata Set, NDLTD Standard (DC-based) Set
Transaction Log
Training Resources
VT Partition
Record (Metadata)
Record (Full Content)
… …
UVA Partition
Metadata Content
Caltech Partition
Metadata Content
Virginia Tech Projects
MARC XML-DTD Computer Science Teaching Centre (CSTC) W3C Web Characterization Repository OAI Repository Explorer Networked Digital Library of Theses and
Dissertations (NDLTD)
MARC XML-DTD
XML Transport format for US-MARC records
Standardized metadata exchange format for traditional library services joining OAI
CS Teaching Center (CSTC)
Collection of reviewed online resources used to aid in teaching of Computer Science
Supports author submission and peer-review process for new ACM Journal of Educational Resources In Computing (JERIC)
Connected with NSDL (NSF 00-44)
http://www.cstc.org
W3C Web Characterization Repository
Online database of metadata related to publications, tools and data sets dealing with Web characterization
Project of the Web Characterization Activity working group of the World-Wide-Web Consortium (www.w3c.org/WCA)
http://purl.org/net/repository
OAI Repository Explorer
Serves as a compliancy test Allows browsing of open archives using only OAI
protocol Sends requests on behalf of user, parses and checks
responses and displays browsable interface Will detect most discrepancies in protocol
http://purl.org/net/explorer
MARIAN
Multiple Access Retrieval of Information with Annotations
(Marian the Librarian …) Evolved from CODER system to a distributed
Online Public Access Catalog (OPAC), then DL backend, now becoming a full DL system
From C/C++ to Java Future: NDLTD, NUDL, PetaPlex Use for campus collection management Use for www.theses.org as centralized system with
gateway services: OAi, Harvest, Z39.50, …
MARIAN Layers
Database Layer
Search Engine Layer
User Information Layer
User Interface Layer
User User User User
GermanPhysDis
Collection
5SL Source
Description
wrapper wrapper
Harvestprotocol
VT OAI
Collection
MARIAN/DEByE Mediation Middleware
MIT ETDCollection...
Open Archives
protocol
wrapper...Dienst
protocol
SOIF
DublinCore RFC1807
NDLTD/NUDL/Digital Library User
Queries + Results
Belief Network LayerFusion Layer
Additional Evidential
Information
GreekHellenic Dissertations
Collection
wrapper
MARCZ39.50
protocol
WrapperGenerator
Local Data Store
Search ServicesRecommendation Services, etc
AnalysisIndexingLinking
ENVISION
NSF “A User-Centered Database from the Computer Science Literature” (1991-93)
Collected bib/typesetter data, converted to SGML Scanned thousands of page images MARIAN search engine - can be made available (also
applied to the Virginia Tech library catalog) used as part of a prototype object-based DL, with tailored visualization interface (L. Nowell dissertation)
OUTLINE
Introduction History Grand Challenge DLs in Education Interoperability
Conclusions and Future Work
Conclusions
Consider DLs: to use, to teach, to add to, to build Education is one important application of DLs Cultural heritage, linguistic diversity, new
knowledge – all are important to preserve Technology opens up exciting opportunities in DLs
to yield seamless “super” information systems Having a framework and theory may lead to better
(more effective) systems and broader applicability Interoperability is part of the DL grand challenge
Future Work - 1 of 2
Working on DLs to increase level of access Interoperability tests among universities Study with testbed that emerges, to improve
information retrieval, browsing, interface, and other types of user support
Evaluation, improving learning experience, spread to worldwide initiative, sustainable support and coordination
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