The Co-Evolution ofDigital Librariesand the WWW

WebNet’2000San Antonio --- November 4, 2000

Edward A. Foxfox@vt.edu http://fox.cs.vt.edu

CS DLRL Internet TIC

Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA

Acknowledgements (Selected)

Mentors: JCR Licklider, Michael Kessler, Gerard Salton Sponsors: Adobe, IBM, Microsoft, NLM, NSF, OCLC, SOLINET,

SURA, UNESCO, US Dept. of Ed. (FIPSE), … VT Faculty/Staff: Tony Atkins, Thomas Dunbar, Debra Dudley,

John Eaton, Gwen Ewing, Peter Haggerty, Gary Hooper, Gail McMillan, Len Peters, James Powell, …

VT Students: Emilio Arce, Fernando Das Neves, Brian DeVane, Robert France, Marcos Goncalves, Scott Guyer, Robert Hall, Neill Kipp, Paul Mather, Tim McGonigle, Todd Miller, Constantinos Phanouriou, William Schweiker, Ohm Sornil, Hussein Suleman, Patrick Van Metre, Laura Weiss, …

OUTLINE

Introduction History Grand Challenge DLs in Education Interoperability Conclusions and Future Work

JCDL 2001 First Joint ACM/IEEE Conference on

Digital Libraries (+ NSF DLI-2 PI mtg)

http://www.jcdl.org June 24-28, 2001 in Roanoke, VA Conference Committee: General Chair: Edward A. Fox, Virginia Tech Program Chair: Christine Borgman, UCLA Treasurer: Neil Rowe, Naval Postgraduate School Posters Chair: Craig Nevill-Manning, Rutgers U.

Internet TechnologyInnovation Center

Supported by Virginia’s Center for Innovative Technology

Statewide University Partners - Governing Board:

Christopher Newport University– William Winter, William Muir, Virginia Electronic Commerce Technology Center /

Southeastern Virginia Network (VECTEC/SEVAnet)

George Mason University– Scott Martin, Internet Multimedia Center (ICM)– Steven Ruth, International Center for Applied Studies in IT (ICASIT)

University of Virginia– Alf Weaver, Internet Commerce Group (InterCom)– Jim French, Internet Digital Library

Virginia Tech– Edward Fox, Digital Library Research Laboratory (DLRL), CC, CS– Scott Midkiff, Center for Wireless Telecomm. (CWT), VTISC, ECpE

Virginia Tech Background

Largest university in Virginia, land-grant, football, town population 35K plus 25K students

Blacksburg Electronic Village, since 1992, with > 80% of community on Internet

Net.Work.Virginia, largest ATM network, with over 750 sites, for education, research, government

LMDS, Local Multipoint Distribution Service, gigabit wireless networking - 1/3 of Virginia

Math Emporium, 500 workstations Faculty Development Initiative, round 2 Torgersen Hall, $30M Advanced Communications and Information

Technology Center, opening, w. DLRL

Digital Libraries --- Virginia Tech

MARIAN (NLM) CS DL Prototype - ENVISION (NSF, ACM) TULIP (Elsevier, OCLC) BEV History Base (NSF, Blacksburg) DL for CS Education - EI (NSF, ACM) WATERS, NCSTRL (NSF) NDLTD (SURA, US Dept. of Education) CSTC (NSF, ACM), CRIM (NSF, SIGMM) WCA (Log) Repository (W3C) VT-PetaPlex-1 (Knowledge Systems)

Digital Library Courseware

http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~dlib/ WWW pages or large PDF copy files CourseInfo quizzes based on books by Michael

Lesk (MKP.com) and William Arms (MIT Press) Contents based on books, with other popular

topics added (e.g., agents) Separate pages to supplement: Definitions,

Resources (People, Projects), and References

Why this topic today?

Many users (patrons) prefer digital libraries to traditional libraries or the Web.

Digital library collections often are free or inexpensive, so are heavily used.

Most traditional as well as new types of publishers are working toward digital libraries to allow access to their content.

Web practitioners are key players in building digital libraries.

Behind Both DL and WWW Information

– Basic human need– Desire to have, share, discover

Technology– Reductionism, new mechanisms for processes– Synthesis/integration, new super-processes– Processes and workflows interrelate with

institutions (P. Agre) Author Push Librarian/Organizer Pull/Push Reader/User Pull

Borgman et al.:Workshop Report onSocial Aspects ofDigital Libraries: http://www-lis.gseis.ucla.edu/DL/

InformationLifeCycle

Core of WWW

Hypertext (Browsers) Hypermedia (MIME) Hyperbases (Web Servers) Naming (URLs) Networking and Interoperability (HTTP) Document authoring and structuring (HTML) Extensibility

– Performance: proxies– Dynamic / Links with other Technologies: CGI

Core of DL Collecting

– Authoring, Repositories, Archives, Museums, … Organizing

– Packaging of Data and Metadata, Storing– Naming/Identifying and Cataloging– Classification, Clustering, …

Serving– Indexing, Linking, Summarizing, Visualizing– Browsing, Accessing, Searching, Filtering,

Retrieving, Distributing, Using, …

OUTLINE

Introduction

History Grand Challenge DLs in Education Interoperability Conclusions and Future Work

Libraries of the FutureJCR Licklider, 1965, MIT Press

World

Nation

Province

City

Community

Licklider – Unified Theory?

Not ready in 1960s Analog – unified field theory in physics “Mess” today – segmented field, specialities

– Database <-> Knowledge <-> Content Mgmnt– Multimedia, Hypermedia, Hypertext– Logic, Algebra, Artificial Intelligence, …

Expensive, annoying for users– Don’t know where to look– Don’t know how to use services

Back in 1993 …“Envision, the Future”invited presentation forDigital Libraries of the Futuresession ofOnline Publishing '93Pittsburgh, PAMarch 22-24,1993(along with Tim Berners-Lee on WWW)

Digital Libraries

SGML (1985)

PDF(1992)

NSF DLI (1994)

LibraryCancellations

(1988)

UniversityScholarlyElectronic

Pub. (1988)

Info.Literacy(1995)

ImprovingEducation NSFnet

(1984)

WWW(1994)

Multimedia(1986)

DL-Related Timeline

1985

CoRR

DLI

ETDs

1990xxx

1995

XML

OAI

2000

NCSTRL

PDF

ProposedUgrad DL

NDLTD

DLI2

HyperCard

TEI

SGML

PCs

Hypertext Conf. DC RDF

CSTR

NSDL

ScholarlyEPub in U’s

JPEG, MPEG MPEG-7

WWW

Java

OUTLINE

Introduction History

Grand Challenge DLs in Education Interoperability Conclusions and Future Work

Computing (flops)Digital content

Com

mun

icat

ions

(ban

dwid

th, c

onne

ctiv

ity)

Locating Digital Libraries in Computing andCommunications Technology Space

Digital Libraries technologytrajectory: intellectualaccess to globally distributed information

less more

(Slide from S. Griffin, NSF)

D ig ita l L ib ra r y C o n te n t

A rtic le s ,R e p o rts,

B o o ks

T e xtD o cum e n ts

S p ee ch ,M u s ic

V id eoA u d io

(A e ria l)P h o tos

G e og rap h icIn fo rm ation

M o d e lsS im u la tio ns

S o ftw a re ,P ro g ra m s

G e no m eH u m a n,a n im a l,

p la n t

B ioIn fo rm ation

2 D , 3 D ,V R ,C A T

Im ag es a ndG ra p h ics

C o nte n tT yp e s

Digital LibrariesShorten the Chain from

Editor

Publisher

A&I

Consolidator

Library

Reviewer

DL = Users Direct(Organized Artifact Mediated Communication)

Author

Reader

Digital

LibraryEditor

Reviewer

Teacher

Learner

LibrarianDr. Patient

Benefits

Ease of use Effectiveness

“The benefits of digital libraries will not be appreciated unless they are easy to use effectively.” - IITA Workshop report

Grand Challenges Can

Mobilize the community Spur creativity Lead to important benefits in society Push researchers to develop relevant theories Force people to work in teams/groups Convince funding agencies to invest Help bring about integration of systems,

interoperability, and seamless interfaces

DL Challenges

World Digital Library (Libraries) Preservation - so people with trust DLs Scalability, sustainability, interoperability (Supporting infrastructure - networks, …) DL industry - critical mass by covering libraries,

archives, museums, corporate info, govt info, personal info - “quality WWW” integrating IR, HT, MM, ...– Need tools & methods to make them easier to build

DLs: Why of Global Interest? National projects can preserve antiquities and

heritage: cultural, historical, linguistic, scholarly Knowledge and information are essential to

economic and technological growth, education DL - a domain for international collaboration

– wherein all can contribute and benefit– which leverages investment in networking– which provides useful content on Internet & WWW– which will tie nations and peoples together more

strongly and through deeper understanding

Digital Libraries --- Objectives

World Lit.: 24hr / 7day / from desktop Integrated “super” information systems: 5S:

streams, structures, spaces, scenarios, societies Ubiquitous, Higher Quality, Lower Cost Education, Knowledge Sharing, Discovery Disintermediation -> Collaboration Universities Reclaim Property Interactive Courseware, Student Works Scalable, Sustainable, Usable, Useful

DL = Seamless Components

User Interfaces

Workflow Mgr

DBMS

Search Engines

Data, MM Info

Gateways

Repository

Rights Mgr

MM/ HT Renderer

PetaPlex Top View

4 ft.

side

PetaPlex Side View

4 ft. wide

8 ft.

high

Roles:* Support* Cooling* Power

15

shelves

PetaPlex Complex

FRONT END MACHINERS/6000, 1G RAM, 4 Proc.

Nanoserver

Nanoserver

Nanoserver

Nanoserver

Nanoserver

Nanoserver

Nanoserver

Nanoserver

Nanoserver

Nanoserver Nanoserver

Nanoserver

Nanoserver Nanoserver

Service

Machine 1

Service

Machine 2

Service

Machine 3

Service

Machine 4

PetaPlex

Digital Library Machine (“super” object store): Parallel computer / storage utility

Research: inverted files, video server, … Knowledge Systems Incorporated is supplying

VT-PetaPlex-1 with 2.5 terabytes through 100 nodes:

Net connection + 25GB disk + 233 MHz Pentium + Linux

Structured Video Browser(making video into hypermedia)

www.learn.umd.edu

IBrowse

Expository multimedia Narrative Structures

ICUInformation and CommunicationUniversity

Users Web Search Engines

WWW

Servlet Engine

Web Server

OSDB

Search Server

Servlet Servlet ServletMPEG-7

DescriptionModule

1

2

3

4

5

3’

4’

5’

MPEG-7 Image Library Systems Tech. M

PE

G-7 Im

age Library System

s

MP

EG

-7 Video Library S

ystems T

ech.

ICUInformation and CommunicationUniversity

MPEG-7 Video Library Systems Tech.

Video Data

Description GeneratorDescription Schemes

Design Tool

DescriptionScheme

MetaDatabase

VideoDatabase

Retrieval ServerModule

PlayerP

resentation

Module

Architecture

SPIRE Visualization

CAVE-ETD CAVE-ETD is a simulation of a library that

runs in a CAVE (VR environment). Populated with a subset of ETD records.

Main Foyerroom

room

room

room

Book Browsing

Reading Book Abstract

Integrated Integrated CCLINC CCLINC Translingual Information SystemTranslingual Information System

Integrated Integrated CCLINC CCLINC Translingual Information SystemTranslingual Information System

DARPA

Extraction

What is th

e north korean

movement in th

e front li

ne?

CCLINC SERVER

Info Detection

Summarization

It seems that North Korea launch a missile againAfter North Korea launched a Daipodong missilelast month, NK is perceived to proceed to an additionaltest launch. Korea, US and Japan enter into an alertstate, and prepare for a joint response policy. Korea estimates that the additional launch will be on 09/05. Japan estimates that NK’s missile range is short. USinformation says that there is no sign of launch yet.

Translation

What is th

e status of nk

missile la

unch against japan?

BugHanI IlBonE Ddo MiSaIlEul

BalSaHan Deus HaDa

2-w

a yS

pe e

c h T

ran

s ati

on

Definitions

Library ++ (library+archive+museum+…) Distributed information system + organization

+ effective interface User community + collection + services Digital objects, repositories, IPR management,

handles, indexes, federated search, hyperbase, annotation

Definition: Digital Libraries are complex systems that

help satisfy info needs of users (societies) provide info services (scenarios) organize info in usable ways (structures) present info in usable ways (spaces) communicate info with users (streams)

5S Layers

Societies

Scenarios

Spaces

Structures

Streams

Definition: 5S Framework Societies: interacting people (, computers) Scenarios: services, functions, operations, methods Spaces: domains + constraints (e.g., distance,

adjacency): 2D, vector, probability Structures: relations, trees, nodes and arcs Streams: sequences of items (text, audio, video,

network traffic) (5 Element System: Fire, Wood, Earth, Metal, Water)

5S: Components

Societies: roles, rituals, reasons, relationships, artifacts Scenarios: acquire, index, consult, administer, preserve Spaces: physical, temporal, functional, presentational,

conceptual Structures: architectures, taxonomies, schema,

grammars, links, objects Streams: granularities, protocols, paths, flows,

turbulences

5S: Combinations

Societies + Scenarios = user model Societies + Scenarios + Spaces = user interface Streams + Structures = markup Streams + Structures + Scenarios = object Structures + Scenarios = DBMS

Complex to Simple

MARC ($50) Dublin Core (DC)

Author‘s toolswww.physik.uni-oldenburg.de/EPS/mmm

OUTLINE

Introduction History Grand Challenge

DLs in Education Interoperability Conclusions and Future Work

(6 slides from Lee Zia, NSF)Presidential Directive - 12/17/1999

Subject: Use of Information Technology to Improve Our Society

“13. The Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, the Director of the National Science Foundation, the Director of the National Park Service, and the Director of the Institute of Museum and Library Services shall work with the private sector and cultural and educational institutions across the country to create a Digital Library of Education to house this country's cultural and educational resources.”

Programmatic History

Digital Libraries Initiative (DLI 1) - NSF/NASA/ARPA, FY 94-97

DLI 2 - NSF, et al., initiated in FY 98, continuing

Education FY 98-99

DLI 2 Special Emphasis in Undergrad

NSDL ProgramNSF: FY 00-02

DL

Operational

Fall, 2002DLs & UG Earth Systems Educationinitiated FY 99, continuing

Vision

A Learning Environments and Resources Network for SMET

Education (LEARNS)

Designed to meet the needs of learners, in both individual and collaborative settings

Constructed to enable dynamic use of a broad array of materials for learning, primarily in digital format

Managed actively to promote reliable anytime - anywhere access to quality collections and services, available both within and without the network (from www.nsf.gov/nsdl)

“The network is the library.”

LEARNS Connects:

Users: students, educators, life-long learners

Content: structured learning materials; large real-time or archived datasets; audio, images, animations;primary sources; digital learning objects (e.g. applets);interactive (virtual, remote) laboratories; ...

Tools: search; refer; validate; integrate; create; customize; publish; share; notify; collaborate; ...

Expectations of Tracks Core Integration: to coordinate a distributed alliance of

resource collection and service providers, and to ensure reliable and extensible access to and usability of the resulting network of learning environments and resources

Collections: to aggregate and actively manage a subset of the digital library’s content within a coherent theme or specialty

Services: to increase the impact, reach, efficiency, and value of the digital library in its fully operational form

Targeted Research: to have immediate impact on one or more of the other three tracks

Selected DL2 Ugrad Projects/Topics

UNCW, Eduprise, TCNJ, VT,…: iLumina Project

IMS, CS, Math, Viz., …

Columbia University Earth sciences

Stanford University Medicine (images)

U. California Berkeley Engineering

University of Maryland K-12 education

U. Texas at Austin Physical anthropology

Tracks & 29 Projects 6 Core Integration: Columbia, Cornell,

E.Michigan/MERIT, UCAR, UCB, U-Missouri/NCSA (Biology, Eng., Teacher Ed.)

13 Collections: Atmosphere, Biology, Biosciences, Earth Systems, Engineering, Health Sciences, Math

9 Services: Competitive Intelligence, Component Environment, Earth Systems J., Metadata NLP, Managing LOs, Peer Review, Video

1 Targeted Research: Paths

NSDL Spine

full-servicecollectionsfull-servicecollectionsNSDLCollections

referenceditems &

collections

referenceditems &

collections

ReferencedItems &

Collections

NSDLServicesNSDL

ServicesOther NSDLServices

CI Services

discussion

CI Services

personalization

CI Services

topic-map registry

CI Services

query transform

Core Collection- Usage Services

annotation

Core Collection-Building Servicesprotocol mediation

Core Collection-Building Services

persistence

Core Collection-Building Services

harvesting

Portals &Clients

Portals &Clients

Portals &Clients

(Slide from Dave Fulker, Bill Arms – 11/2/2000)

The ARIADNE Knowledge Pool System …: Duval, Forte, Cardinaels, …

CS -> CSTC -> CRIM -> JERIC NSF and ACM Education Committee are funding

a 2 year project “A Computer Science Teaching Center” - CSTC - http://www.cstc.org/

College of NJ, U. Ill. Springfield, Virginia Tech Focus initially on labs, visualization, multimedia Multimedia part is also supported by a 2nd grant

to Virginia Tech and The George Washington University: http://www.cstc.org/~crim/

ACM J. of Educational Resources in Computing

CS Teaching Center (CSTC)

Instead of building large, expensive multimedia packages, that become obsolete and are difficult to re-use, concentrate on small knowledge units.

Learners benefit from having well-crafted modules that have been reviewed and tested.

Use digital libraries to build a powerful base of support for learners, upon which a variety of courses, self-study tutorials & reference resources can be built.

ACM Education Board and SIG support, new NSF grant with UNCW and Eduprise and others …

Browsing (1)

Browsing (2)

A Digital Library Case Study

Domain: graduate education, research

Genre: ETDs = electronic theses & dissertations

Submission: http://etd.vt.edu

Collection: http://www.theses.org

Project: Networked Digital Library

of Theses & Dissertations http://www.ndltd.org

(NDLTD – remember: ND LTD / NDL TD) (also, newer NUDL:

Networked University Digital Library, with e-courseware, etc.)

GradProgram Library IT Ed.

(Tech)

The Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations

www.NDLTD.org

Leader of the Worldwide ETD(Electronic Thesis and Dissertation) Initiative

Training AuthorsExpanding Access

Preserving KnowledgeImproving Graduate Education

Enhancing Scholarly CommunicationEmpowering Students & Universities

Key Ideas: Networked infrastructure

Scalability

Education is the rationale

University collaboration

Workflow, automation

Authors must submitMaximalAccess

PDF, SGML, MM,MARC, DC, URNs,Federated search

Standards

8th graders vs. grads

What led to today’s meeting? 1987 mtg in Ann Arbor: UMI, VT, … 1992 mtg in Washington: CNI, CGS, UMI, VT and 10 universities with 3 reps

each 1993 mtg in Atlanta to start Monticello Electronic Library (MEL): SURA,

SOLINET 1994 mtg in Blacksburg re ETD project: std of PDF + SGML + multimedia

objects 1996 funding by SURA, US Dept. of Education (FIPSE) for regional, national

projects 1997 meetings in UK, Germany, ... 1998 – 1st symposium – Memphis (20) 1999 – 2nd symposium – Blacksburg (70) 2000 – 3rd symposium – St. Petersburg (225) -> Caltech

What are the long term goals?

Attract all TDs/yr: 50K D-US, 25K D-Germany, 10K TD-Canada, …

>200K/yr rich hypermedia ETDs that may turn into electronic portfolios (images, video, audio, …)

Dramatic increase in knowledge sharing: literature reviews, bibliographies, …

Services providing lifelong access for students: browse, search, prior searches, citation links

Hundreds/thousands of downloads / year / work

ETDs: Library Goals Improve library services

– Better turn-around time – Always available

Reduce work – catalog from e-text – eliminate handling: mailing to UMI, bindery

prep, check-out, check-in, reshelving, etc. Save space

Aiding universities to enhance graduate education, publishing and IPR efforts

Helping improve the availability and content of theses and dissertations

Educating ALL future scholars so they can publish electronically and effectively use digital libraries (i.e., are Information Literate and can be more expressive)

What are we doing?

NDLTD

Computer Resources

Research

Literature

Student Prepares Thesis/Dissertation

Student Defends & Finalizes ETD

My Thesis

ETD

Student Gets CommitteeSignatures and Submits ETD

Signed

Grad School

Graduate School Approves ETD, Student is Graduated

Ph.D.

Library Catalogs ETD, Access isOpened to the New Research

WWW

NDLTD

User Search Support(multilingual, XML)

NDLTD W orld FederatedSearch

V irg in ia Tech ...(un iv )

D isserta tionsO nline

(G erm any)

O hioLink(lib / un iv group)

Portugese N L ...(national lib)

Austra lia(reg ional)

O AS,ISTEC(Latin

Am erica)

UserInterface

Note: All groups shown are connected with NDLTD.

www.theses.org

James Powell student project, D-Lib Magazine description in Sept. 1998

XML description of each site– type of search engine / service

– language

– coverage (for resource discovery) Adding Z39.50 gateway capability and

integrating with MARIAN, along with Harvest and Open Archives protocols

Access Possibilities

Websearchengines

librarycatalogclients

www.theses.org

www.openarchives.org

3rd

PartyServices(e.g.,UMI)

VirginiaTech

NationalLibrary ofPortugal

CBUC(Spain)

OhioLink

MIT NationalProjects:AU, GE, …

Status of the Local Project Approved by university governance Spring

1996; required starting 1/1/97 Submission & access software in place Submission workshops for students (and

faculty) occur often: beginner/adv. Faculty training as part of Faculty

Development Initiative Over 3000 ETDs in collection – some have

audio, video, large images, software, …

Archiving ETDs

Every 15 minutes back-ups made of not-yet-approved submissions

Hourly back-ups of newly approved ETDs

Weekly back-ups of entire ETD collection

Copies stored on-site and off-site

Costs/Savings at VT

Graduate School stopped shipping to the library 3000 copies of paper TDs/year

Library stopped binding, shelving, and circulating 3000 copies of TDs/year

166 ft of shelf space saved/year by the library Students save copying costs (especially for

images, video, …)

US University Members (44) Penn. State University Rochester Institute of Tech. U. of Colorado Health Science Center U. of Florida U. of Georgia University of Hawaii, Manoa U. of Iowa U. of Kentucky U. of Maine U. of North Texas – required since 8/99 U. of Oklahoma U. of South Florida U. of Tennessee, Knoxville U. of Tennessee, Memphis U. of Texas at Austin – required in 2001 U. of Virginia U. Wisconsin - Madison Vanderbilt U. Virginia Commonwealth U. Virginia Tech - required since 1/97 West Virginia U. - required fall 1998 Western Michigan U. Worcester Polytechnic Inst.

Air University (Alabama)Baylor UniversityBrigham Young University (part, whole)CaltechClemson UniversityCollege of William & MaryConcordia University (Illinois)East Carolina UniversityEast Tenn. State U. – require fall 2000Florida Institute of TechnologyFlorida International UniversityGeorge Washington UniversityLouisiana State UniversityMarshall University (W. Va.)Miami University of OhioMichigan TechMississippi State UniversityMITNaval Postgraduate School (CA)New Mexico TechNorth Carolina State University

OhioLINK

Statewide Consortium Represents 79 colleges, universities, libraries Public Universities Private Universities and Colleges 2-Year Colleges Only a few (e.g., Miami U. of Ohio) are also

NDLTD members on their own

National / Regional Projects Australia

– U. New South Wales (lead)– U. of Melbourne– U. of Queensland– U. of Sydney– Australian National U.– Curtin U. of Technology– Griffith U.

Germany– Humboldt University (lead)

– 3 other universities

– 5 learned societies: Math, Physics, Chemistry, Sociology, Education

– 1 computing center

– 2 major libraries

Consorci de Biblioteques Universitàries de Catalunya, as group, www.cbuc.es:– Universitat de Barcelona– Universitat Autonòma de Barcelona– Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya– Universitat Pompeu Fabra– Universitat de Girona– Universitat de Lleida– Universitat Rovira i Virgili– Universitat Oberta de Catalunya– Biblioteca de Catalunya

South Africa: ECHEA/SEALS India, Portugal, …

Other Countries with Members

Belgium Brazil Canada Germany Hong Kong India Italy Korea Mexico

Netherland Norway Russia Singapore S. Africa S. Korea Spain Taiwan UK

ECHEA / SEALS (S. Africa) Mellon Foundation $80K Eastern Cape Higher Education Association South East Academic Library System Border Technikon Eastern Cape Technikon University of Fort Hare Port Elizabeth Technikon Rhodes University (first to require outside US) University of Port Elizabeth University of Transkei

(and other members, e.g., RAU, Univ. of Pretoria)

Popular Works 19979920 Liu, Xiangdong. Analysis and Reduction of Moire Patterns in Scanned Halftone Pictures (Ph.D. in Computer Science, May 1996; 6.6Mb)

7656 Petrus, Paul. Novel Adaptive Array Algorithms and Their Impact on Cellular System Capacity (Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering, March 1997; 5Mb)

2781 Agnes, Gregory Stephen. Performance of Nonlinear Mechanical, Resonant-Shunted Piezoelectric, and Electronic Vibration Absorbers for Multi-Degree-of-Freedom Structures (Ph.D. in Engineering Mechanics, Sept. 1997; ? + 7926Kb)

2492 Gonzalez, Reinaldo J. Raman, Infrared, X-ray, and EELS Studies of Nanophase Titania (Ph.D. in Physics, July 1996; 4607Kb)

1877 Shih, Po-Jen. On-Line Consolidation of Thermoplastic Composites (Ph.D. in Engineering Mechanics, Feb. 1997; 3.3Mb)

1791 Saldanha, Kevin J. Performance Evaluation of DECT in Different Radio Environments (MS in Electrical Engineering, Aug. 1996; 3.2Mb)

1431 DeVaux, David. A Tutorial on Authorware (MS in CS, April 1996; 2.3Mb)

1394 Kuhn, William B. Design of Integrated, Low Power, Radio Receivers in BiCMOS Technologies (Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering, Dec. 1995; 2518Kb)

NUDL 1/15/99 Networked University Digital Library

(NUDL) proposal to NSF under DLI2 international program– VT: Library, Grad School, Industrial&Systems Eng.– Partners: UK (2) , Singapore, Russia, Korea, Greece, Germany, plus

Iberoamerican group (Spain, Portugal, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico)

– Problems: Multilingual search, multimedia submissions, requirements/usability, international performance, …

Start with ETDs, then expand to other student works, portfolios, data sets, (CS) courseware, ...

NUDL Research Partners

Ricardo A. Baeza-Yates, Universidad de Chile, Chile José Luis Brinquete Borbinha, Biblioteca Nacional, Portugal José Hilario Canós Cerdá, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Spain Stavros Christodoulakis, Technical University of Crete, Greece Eberhard Hilf, University of Oldenburg, Germany Peter Diepold, Susanne Dobratz, …, Humboldt University, Germany David Garza-Salazar, Monterrey Inst. of Technology (ITESM), Mexico Sung Hyon Myaeng, Chungnam National University, Korea (+ colleagues) Ana Maria Beltran Pavani, Prédio Cardeal Leme, Brazil Lim Ee Peng, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore Alexander I. Plemnek, St.-Petersburg State Technical University, Russia Berthier Ribeiro-Neto, Federal U. of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Brazil J. Alfredo Sánchez, Universidad de las Américas-Puebla, Mexico

Who are sponsors / cooperators? Funding, Donations of hardware/software

– SURA– US Dept. of Education (FIPSE)– Adobe Systems– IBM– Microsoft– OCLC

Others Serving on Steering Committee– National/Regional Projects: Australia, French

speaking group (Montreal, Lyon), Germany, IberoAmerica (ISTEC, OAS), India, …

– CGS, National Ag. Library, National Lib. of Canada, NSF, SOLINET, UMI, UNESCO, ...

Relationship with publishers

Concern of faculty and students that still wish to publish books or journal articles, voiced: campus, Chronicle, NPR, Times

Solution: Approval Form gives students, faculty choices on access, when to change access condition; use IPR controls in DL

Solution: by case, work with publishers and publisher associations to increase access– AAP, AAUP– AAAS, ACM, ACS, Elsevier, ...

Some responses from publishers

ACM: need to acknowledge copyright Elsevier: need to acknowledge copyright IEEE-CS: endorse initiative ACS: After first publication, can release Textbook publishers: different market,

manuscript significantly reworked General: restricting access to local campus

will not cause any problems

ETD Initiative (and UMI)

StudentsLearn aboutDL, EPub

TDsbecome more

expressive

N. Amer. (T)Ds areaccessible, archived

Global TDsbecome more

accessible,archived

UMI

Universities

How can a university get involved?

Select planning/implementation team– Graduate School– Library– Computing / Information Technology– Institutional Research / Educ. Tech.

Send us letter, give us contact names– www.ndltd.org/join

Adapt Virginia Tech solution– Build interest and consensus– Start trial / allow optional submission

Convene Local Planning Group

ETD

Build Local ETD Site

Digital Library

Policies

Inspection/Approval

Workshop/Training

ETD

ETD

Responsibilities

Handle local education and collection– Contact information for helpers– Archive

Utilize standards– Metadata: MARC / DC-based concensus specification

Share metadata– Union services, mirrored services

Allow access– www.theses.org / www.dissertations.org– Open Archives Initiative (www.openarchives.org)

Type 1 Members University Requires ETDs

Adobe Acrobat and/or XML/SGML tools Automated submission & processing Archive/access through UMI, (OCLC,)

Virginia Tech, ... (Local) WWW site, publicity (Local) Assistance provided as requested:

email, phone, listserv(s)

Type 2 Members University Agrees to Require ETDs

Like Type 1 but set date not reached Usually has an option or pilot May: wait for new AY; start with all who enter

after; … Build grass roots support

– Advisory committee: representative? expert?– Champions to spread by word of mouth– Approval: Senates, Commissions, Deans, Students– Publicity to reach community

NDLTD Members, Types 3-7

3. Part of university requires ETDs 4. University allows ETDs 5. University investigating, has pilot 6. University consortium joins:

– CIC (Big 10 coordinating body) 7. Non-university organization joins

– CNI (Coalition for Networked Info.)

OUTLINE

Introduction History Grand Challenge DLs in Education

Interoperability Conclusions and Future Work

Open Archives Initiative

OAIwww.openarchives.org

openarchives@openarchives.org

Open Archives Initiative (OAI) xxx@LANL, high-energy physics (Ginsparg, 1991) CSTR + WATERS = NCSTRL (Lagoze,1994) xxx + NCSTRL = CoRR collaboration (1998) Universal Preprint Service protoproto, Oct. 21-22, 1999, Santa Fe

– led by LANL, CNI, DLF, Mellon --> OAi Santa Fe Convention (see Feb. D-Lib Magazine article) Follow-on mtgs: 6/3@San Antonio, 9/21@Lisbon (ECDL) Archives -> Open Archives

– Support unique archive identifiers– Implement Open Archives metadata set (DC, using XML)– Implement OA harvesting protocol (derived from Dienst protocol)– Register the archive

Build tools, layer other services: linking, searching, …

Open Archives (protoproto)

ArXiv & Los Alamos National LabCogPrints & U. SouthamptonNACA & NASA (reports)NCSTRL & Cornell U.NDLTD & Virginia TechRePEc & U. SurreyTotal of around 200K records

Original Open Archives Members

American Physical Society California Digital Library Caltech Coalition for Networked Info. Cornell University Harvard University Library of Congress Los Alamos Nat’l Lab Mellon Foundation

NASA Langley Research Cntr Old Dominion University Stanford University U. of Ghent U. of Surrey U. of Southampton Vanderbilt University Virginia Tech Washington University

Open Archives Future EconWPA (U. Washington) e-biomed -> PubMed Central (NIH) PubScience (DOE) Clinical Medicine Netprints (+ other HighWire Press holdings ) University ePub (California Digital Library) All public e-prints (MIT) Scholar’s Forum (Caltech) Int’l: CERN, Germany, India, Mexico, … Goal: millions of books/articles/reports / yr

Approaches to Open Archives

Build ByDiscipline

Build By Institution

Approaches to Open Archives

Build ByDiscipline

Build By Institution

AuthorCategoryInterdisciplinaryYearLanguageQuery …

OAi Philosophy

Self-archiving = submission mechanismLong-term storage system = archiveOpen interface = harvesting mechanismData provider + service providerStart with “gray literature”

– e-prints/pre-prints, reports, dissertations, …

Archive of Digital Objects

ArchiveAccessProtocol

Handle(ID)

Digital object

terms and conditions

OAI – Repository Perspective

Required: Protocol

DODO DO DO

MDO

MDO MDOMDOMDO

MDOMDOMDO

OAI – Black Box Perspective

OA 1

OA 2

OA 4

OA 3

OA 5OA 6

OA 7

Black Box OAI-ETD Perspective

ISTEC(Ibero

America)

PhysDis

NSYSU(Taiwan)

ADT(Australia)

BN.PT(Portugal)

www.theses.org

CyberTheses(Francophone)

VT

Dissert.Online(Germany)

MITOhioLINK

CBUC(Catalunya)

NDC(Greece)

SEALS(S.Africa)

CIC U. Bergen(Norway)

…

…

Tiered Model of Interoperability

Mediator services

Metadata harvesting

Document models

Figure 1. Layers Related to Open Archives Initiative

Services

…

Search/Browse

Authoring Citation Checking Submission

Metadata Creation

Editorial: Reviewing, Certification

Registry

Archives: Name, ID, Description, Terms and Conditions, …

Metadata Formats: Name, XML DTD, …

…

Archive Formats: Name, Standard, Preservation Process, …

Protocols Tools

Services

Copy-Edit / Add Value Citation DB Updating

Authority Control

Preservation Conversion

Text/MM Editing

Gazetteer Cataloging

Collaboration

Annotation

Summarization

Citation / Linking

SFX

CiteSeer

Repository NCSTRL Repository

…

EconWPA Repository

RePEc Repository

Repository for NDLTD Open Archives Harvesting Protocol

Metadata Formats: OA Metadata Set, NDLTD Standard (DC-based) Set

Transaction Log

Training Resources

VT Partition

Record (Metadata)

Record (Full Content)

… …

UVA Partition

Metadata Content

Caltech Partition

Metadata Content

Virginia Tech Projects

MARC XML-DTD Computer Science Teaching Centre (CSTC) W3C Web Characterization Repository OAI Repository Explorer Networked Digital Library of Theses and

Dissertations (NDLTD)

MARC XML-DTD

XML Transport format for US-MARC records

Standardized metadata exchange format for traditional library services joining OAI

CS Teaching Center (CSTC)

Collection of reviewed online resources used to aid in teaching of Computer Science

Supports author submission and peer-review process for new ACM Journal of Educational Resources In Computing (JERIC)

Connected with NSDL (NSF 00-44)

http://www.cstc.org

W3C Web Characterization Repository

Online database of metadata related to publications, tools and data sets dealing with Web characterization

Project of the Web Characterization Activity working group of the World-Wide-Web Consortium (www.w3c.org/WCA)

http://purl.org/net/repository

OAI Repository Explorer

Serves as a compliancy test Allows browsing of open archives using only OAI

protocol Sends requests on behalf of user, parses and checks

responses and displays browsable interface Will detect most discrepancies in protocol

http://purl.org/net/explorer

MARIAN

Multiple Access Retrieval of Information with Annotations

(Marian the Librarian …) Evolved from CODER system to a distributed

Online Public Access Catalog (OPAC), then DL backend, now becoming a full DL system

From C/C++ to Java Future: NDLTD, NUDL, PetaPlex Use for campus collection management Use for www.theses.org as centralized system with

gateway services: OAi, Harvest, Z39.50, …

MARIAN Layers

Database Layer

Search Engine Layer

User Information Layer

User Interface Layer

User User User User

GermanPhysDis

Collection

5SL Source

Description

wrapper wrapper

Harvestprotocol

VT OAI

Collection

MARIAN/DEByE Mediation Middleware

MIT ETDCollection...

Open Archives

protocol

wrapper...Dienst

protocol

SOIF

DublinCore RFC1807

NDLTD/NUDL/Digital Library User

Queries + Results

Belief Network LayerFusion Layer

Additional Evidential

Information

GreekHellenic Dissertations

Collection

wrapper

MARCZ39.50

protocol

WrapperGenerator

Local Data Store

Search ServicesRecommendation Services, etc

AnalysisIndexingLinking

ENVISION

NSF “A User-Centered Database from the Computer Science Literature” (1991-93)

Collected bib/typesetter data, converted to SGML Scanned thousands of page images MARIAN search engine - can be made available (also

applied to the Virginia Tech library catalog) used as part of a prototype object-based DL, with tailored visualization interface (L. Nowell dissertation)

Envision Results Window

OUTLINE

Introduction History Grand Challenge DLs in Education Interoperability

Conclusions and Future Work

Conclusions

Consider DLs: to use, to teach, to add to, to build Education is one important application of DLs Cultural heritage, linguistic diversity, new

knowledge – all are important to preserve Technology opens up exciting opportunities in DLs

to yield seamless “super” information systems Having a framework and theory may lead to better

(more effective) systems and broader applicability Interoperability is part of the DL grand challenge

Future Work - 1 of 2

Working on DLs to increase level of access Interoperability tests among universities Study with testbed that emerges, to improve

information retrieval, browsing, interface, and other types of user support

Evaluation, improving learning experience, spread to worldwide initiative, sustainable support and coordination

Future Work - 2 of 2

http://fox.cs.vt.eduhttp://ei.cs.vt.edu/~dlib (Courseware)http://www.dlib.org (D-Lib Magazine)www.smete.org and later

www.nsf.gov/nsdlwww.ndltd.org and www.theses.orgwww.cstc.org (CSTC and JERIC)www.openarchives.orgwww.jcdl.org (JCDL’2001 – June 24-28)