i
THE ANALYSIS OF ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS OF JOKOWI’S
SPEECHES
A THESIS
Presented as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Magister Humaniora (M.Hum.) Degree
in English Language Studies
by
Eko Prasetyo Nugroho Saputro
126332012
THE GRADUATE PROGRAM IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE STUDIES
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2015
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STATEMENT OF WORK‘S ORIGINALITY
This is to certify that all ideas, phrases, sentences, unless otherwise stated, are the
ideas, phrases, and sentences of the thesis writer. The writer understands the full
consequences including degree cancellation if he took somebody else’s ideas,
phrases, sentences without proper references.
Yogyakarta, October 2015
Eko Prasetyo Nugroho Saputro
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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN
PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan dibawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma:
Nama : Eko Prasetyo Nugroho Saputro
NIM : 126332012
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan
Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:
THE ANALYSIS OF ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS OF JOKOWI’S SPEECHES
beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian, saya memberikan
kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan,
mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan
data, mendistribusikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis
tanpa perlu meminta ijin maupun memberikan royalty kepada saya selama tetap
mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal : 27 Oktober 2015
Yang menyatakan
Eko Prasetyo Nugroho Saputro
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to thank God for His guidance and blessing so that
finally I complete this thesis. My gratitude also goes to my thesis advisor Prof. Dr.
Soepomo Poedjosoedarmo for his time, patience, and suggestions during the
process of completing my thesis.
I am also thankful to all lecturers in the English Language Studies of
Sanata Dharma University who have given invaluable knowledge, especially to
Prof. Dr. Soepomo Poedjosoedarmo, Dr. B.B. Dwijatmoko, M.A., Dr. Fr. B. Alip,
M.Pd., M.A. and other lecturers that I cannot mention.
My deepest gratitude is also addrresed to my beloved father Wijiyanto, my
beloved mother Sri Retnaning Hastuti, my sister Febrina Siska Widyaningtyas and
my brother Endar Chrisdiyanto. Moreover, I thank to my grandmother
Witodiharjo, Mbah Suratno, Mbah Putri for their love, prayer and support which
improve my motivation to finish this thesis. Also, I would like to thank my friends
in Linguistic Class of 2012 Simon, Septi, Irene, Agnes, Bu Intan, Mbak Reny,
Mbak Ruth, and Rina. I am very pleased for having discussion in class. My
special gratitude goes to Haryo and Binar for their time for sharing and support to
finish my thesis.
My thanks also go to my uncle family who has given great support and
motivation during the process of finishing my thesis. I also would like to thank all
my friends in Faculty of Social Sciences Yogyakarta State University Bu Tiwi,
Mbak Sari, Mbak April, Mbak Roma, Pak Adi cilik, Mas Danu, Mas Oky and
others whom I cannot mention. I thank them for always motivating and
supporting me.
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Last but not least, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to everyone
who has supported, motivated and helped me in finishing my study and writing
my thesis. I wish that God will multiply His blessing for their kindness. Amen.
Eko Prasetyo Nugroho Saputro
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE .................................................................................................. i
APPROVAL PAGES ...................................................................................... ii
DEFENSE APPROVAL PAGE ...................................................................... iii
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ................................................ iv
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ................................ v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................ vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................ viii
LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................... x
LIST OF APPENDICES .................................................................................. xi
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................... xii
ABSTRAK ........................................................................................................ xiv
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the study ........................................................................... 1
B. Limitation of the problems ......................................................................... 4
C. Formulation of the problems ...................................................................... 8
D. Research objectives .................................................................................... 8
E. The significance of the study ..................................................................... 9
CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW
A. Theoretical Review ................................................................................... 10
1. Pragmatics ............................................................................................ 10
2. Aspects of pragmatics .......................................................................... 12
a. Utterances ......................................................................................... 12
b. Situational context ........................................................................... 12
c. Aspects of Speech Situation ............................................................. 14
3. The Scope of Pragmatics ..................................................................... 16
a. Deixis ........................................................................................... 16
b. Presupposition ................................................................................. 21
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c. Cooperative Principles .................................................................... 22
d. Implicature ...................................................................................... 25
e. Speech Acts ..................................................................................... 26
1) Austin’s Categorization of Speech Acts ................................... 28
2) Searle’s Categorization of Speech Acts ................................... 29
3) Leech’s Categorization of Speech Acts .................................... 33
4. Felicity Condition .................................................................................. 34
5. Context ................................................................................................... 35
6. Language of Politics ............................................................................... 38
7. The Profile of Joko Widodo ................................................................... 39
B. Previous Research Findings ....................................................................... 41
C. Theoretical Framework .............................................................................. 44
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. Type of study ............................................................................................. 49
B. Data Collection Techniques .......................................................................... 50
C. Data analysis Techniques ............................................................................ 51
D. Research instruments ................................................................................. 53
E. The trustworthiness of the data............................................................................. 54
CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
A. The Types of Illocutionary Acts Found in Jokowi’s Speeches .................. 56
B. The Reasons of Performing Illocutionary Acts Viewed
from the Context of Situation ..................................................................... 69
C. The Possible Perlocutionary Effects of the Dominant Illocutionary Acts .. 79
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions ................................................................................................ 81
B. Suggestions ................................................................................................ 83
REFERENCES ............................................................................................... 85
APPENDICES ............................................................................................... 88
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LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 1 The Speech Act’s Classification Proposed by Austin (1962), Searle
(2005), and Leech (1996) ................................................................. 45
Table 2 The Frequency of Illocutionary Acts Found in Jokowi’s Speeches 52
Table 3 The Data Sheet of The Types of Illocutionary Acts Found in
Jokowi’s Speeches……………………………… ........................... 53
Table 4 The Frequency of Illocutionary Acts Found in Jokowi’s Speeches.. 58
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LIST OF APPENDICES
Page
Appendix 1 The Transcript of Jokowi’s Speech Delivered in APEC CEO
Summit 2014 ................................................................................. 89
Appendix 2 The Transcript of Jokowi’s Speech Delivered in The World
Economic Forum on East Asia 2015 ............................................. 92
Appendix 3 The Findings on The Types of Illocutionary Acts Found in
APEC CEO Summit 2014 Speech ……………………………… 94
Appendix 4 The Findings on The Types of Illocutionary Acts Found in The
World Economic Forum on East Asia 2015 speech ...................... 110
Appendix 5 The Frequency of Illocutionary Acts Found in Jokowi’s Speeches 120
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ABSTRACT
Eko Prasetyo Nugroho Saputro. 2015. The Analysis of Illocutionary Acts of
Jokowi’s Speeches. Yogyakarta: Graduate Program on English Language Studies,
Sanata Dharma University.
Speeches became an important media for a president like Joko Widodo
(Jokowi) to deliver messages, persuade people, influence audience and the like.
The speech making process involved a long discussion between Jokowi and a
particular team since they should consider some language aspects such as lexical
choices and sentence structure in order to achieve certain goals. With regard to
this, languages in speeches became important to be analyzed.
The objectives of this research were to answer the questions in problems
formulation. The research questions consisted of (1) what the types of
illocutionary acts found in Jokowi’s speeches were, (2) why Jokowi performed
such illocutionary acts viewed from the context of situation underlying the
speeches, and (3) what the possible perlocutionary effects of performing the
dominant illocutionary acts were. The research utilized Speech Act theory of
Austin (1962) and Searle (2005) in analyzing the data. The research data consisted
of two selected speeches delivered by Jokowi in APEC CEO summit 2014 forum
held in November 10, 2014 and the speech delivered in World Economic Forum
on East Asia held from 19-21 April 2015.
The research was a descriptive qualitative research. The data in this
research were speech videos downloaded from www.youtube.com. The videos
were then transcribed and analyzed. The main research instrument was the
researcher himself supported by the data analysis sheet. The data analysis was
performed by categorizing the data based on Searle’s categorization of speech acts
which include representatives; directives; commissives; expressives; and
declaratives. Each category was, then, thoroughly observed to find the answer of
the second and third research questions. The final step was presenting the data and
making a conclusion in reference to the findings of the research.
The research findings show that the types of illocutonary acts found in
Jokowi’s speeches consist of assertives, directives, commisives and expressives.
Assertives have the highest frequency of occurence or 49 (52,1%). It is followed
by commisives, expressives, and directives which occur 27 (28,7%), 10 (10,6%)
and 8 (8,5%) respectively. Furthermore, the types of assertives include informing,
convincing, questioning, describing, and stating. The kinds of directives consist of
inviting and requesting. Commisives include promising and offering. The kinds of
expressives are thanking, state of pleasure, greeting, saluting and expressions of
feeling.
The reasons of performing illocutionary acts viewed from the context of
situation included socializing the nation’s agenda, ensuring that the audience are
interested to collaborate with Indonesian government, providing description about
a sea toll program, providing background information to the audience why
changes should be undergone, making his speech attractive, giving an emphasis
on a certain issue, showing optimism, getting support from investors, showing the
potential of Indonesia, inviting the audience to jointly work with Indonesian
government, building the audience trust to Jokowi’s administration, getting the
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audience expect Jokowi’s government, building rapport to the audience, and
showing his seriousness to the audience that he could bring Indonesia into a better
nation.
The dominant illocutionary acts in Jokowi’s speeches were assertives and
commisives. Informing showed the highest frequency of assertives. The possible
perlocutionary effect of the dominant act of informing was that the audience
might jointly work with Jokowi especially in the business sectors. Another
dominant act of assertives is describing. By performing this act, the hearers or
audiences might perform the changes especially in the economic sector since the
economic condition in the world has been changing. In addition, the commisive
act was dominated by promising. The performance of this act had possible
perlocutionary effects that the audiences might put expectation to Jokowi’s
government.
Keywords: illocutionary acts, assertives, directives, commisives and expressives
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ABSTRAK
Eko Prasetyo Nugroho Saputro. 2015. The Analysis of Illocutionary Acts of
Jokowi’s Speeches. Yogyakarta: Program Magister Kajian Bahasa Inggris,
Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Pidato merupakan media yang penting bagi seorang presiden seperti Joko
Widodo (Jokowi) untuk menyampaikan pesan, membujuk orang, mempengaruhi
orang dan sebagainya. Proses pembuatan pidato melalui diskusi yang panjang
antara Jokowi dengan Tim khusus karena mereka mempertimbangkan beberapa
aspek bahasa yang digunakan dalam pidato sepeti pemilihan kata dan struktur
kalimat agar dapat mencapai tujuan tertentu. Dalam hal ini, bahasa dalam pidato
menjadi penting untuk dianalisis.
Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menjawab pertanyaan dalam rumusan
masalah penelitian ini. Pertanyaan penelitian terdiri dari (1) apa jenis illocutionary
acts pada pidato Jokowi, (2) mengapa Jokowi menerapkan illocutionary acts
dilihat dari konteks situasinya dan (3) apa efek yang mungkin ditimbulkan dari
penerapan illocutionary acts yang paling dominan. Penelitian ini menggunakan
teori Speech Acts yang dikembangkan oleh Austin (1962) dan Searle (2005) untuk
menganalisis data penelitian. Data penelitian berupa dua pidato yang disampaikan
oleh Jokowi pada forum APEC CEO Summit 2014 pada tanggal 10 November
2014 dan pidato yang disampaikan pada Forum Ekonomi Dunia Asia Timur yang
diselenggarakan pada 19-21 April 2015.
Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Data penelitian
berupa video pidato Jokowi yang diunduh dari website www.youtube.com. Video
yang berisi pidato Jokowi kemudian di transkripsi dan dianalisis. Instrumen
penelitian utama adalah peneliti sendiri dengan didukung oleh lembar analisis
data. Analisi data dilakukan dengan melakukan kategorisasi data berdasarkan
kategorisasi speech acts yang dikembangkan oleh Searle meliputi assertives;
directives; commissives; expressives; and declaratives. Masing-masing kategori
ditelaah secara mendalam untuk menjawab pertanyaan penelitian yang kedua dan
ketiga. Langkah terakhir adalah menyajikan data dan menarik kesimpulan
berdasarkan temuan penelitian.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jenis illocutionary acts pada pidato
Jokowi meliputi assertives, directives, commisives dan expressives. Assertive
menunjukkan frequensi kemunculan paling besar yaitu 49 kali (52,1%). Diikuti
commisives, expressives, dan directives dengan frekuensi 27 (28,7%), 10 (10,6%)
dan 8 (8,5%) secara berurutan. Jenis assertives terdiri dari informing, convincing,
questioning, describing, dan stating Sedangkan jenis directives meliputi inviting
dan requesting. Commisives terdiri dari promising dan offering. Tipe expressive
mencakup thanking, state of pleasure, greeting, saluting dan expressions of
feeling.
Alasan-alasan Jokowi menerapkan illocutionary acts dilihat dari
konteksnya terdiri dari mensosialisasikan program pemerintahan, memastikan
bahwa pendengar tertarik untuk bekerjasama dengan Jokowi, memberikan
deskripsi kepada pendengar tentang program tol laut, memberikan latar belakang
informasi kepada pendengar mengapa perubahan perlu dilakukan, menciptakan
pidato yang menarik, memberikan penekanan pada isu tertentu, menunjukkan
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perasaan optimis, mendapatkan dukungan dari para investor, memaparkan potensi
yang dimiliki Indonesia, mengajak pendengar untuk bekerja sama dan
berkolaborasi denganpemerintah Indonesia, membangun kepercayaan kepada
pendengar, memberikan harapan kepada pendengar terhadap pemerintahannya,
membangun kedekatan dengan pendengarnya, dan menunjukkan keseriusan
kepada pendengar bahwa Jokowi mampu membawa Indonesia menjadi lebih baik
lagi.
Jenis illocutionary acts yang paling dominan pada pidato Jokowi adalah
assertive dan commisives. Informing merupakan jenis assertives yang memiliki
frekuensi kemunculan paling tinggi. Efek yang mungkin ditimbulkan dari
informing yang dominan ini adalah pendengar akan bekerjasama dengan
pemerintahan Jokowi terutama dalam sektor bisnis. Jenis assertive lainnya yang
dominan adalah describing. Dengan menerapkan tipe ini, efek yang mungkin
ditimbulkan adalah pendengar akan melakukan perubahan khususnya dibidang
ekonomi karena kondisi perekonomian dunia telah berubah. Disamping itu, tipe
commisive didominasi oleh promising. Penerapan promising ini akan
menimbulkan kemungkinan efek bahwa pendengar menaruh harapan terhadap
pemerintahan Jokowi.
Kata kunci: illocutionary acts, assertives, directives, commisives dan expressive.
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the background of the study and explains what
prompted the researcher to conduct the research. It then moves to identify the
problem that the researcher wants to discuss throughout this thesis and clarifies
the objectives and significance of doing this research.
A. Background of the study
Language plays crucial roles in human life since it is the main tool to
communicate with one another. People use language to express thought, ideas and
emotion by using sounds, gestures and signals for many different purposes and
reasons. According to Clark (1977) language stands at the centre of human affairs,
from the most prosaic to the most profound. This means that language cannot be
separated from everyday life.
When people use language in a conversation, they produce utterances in a
particular context. An utterance is a unit of analysis of speech which has been
defined in various ways but most commonly as a sequence of words within a
single person’s turn at talk that falls under a single intonation counter (Schmidt
and Richards, 2002). These utterances must be understood by the hearers in order
that the speakers’ messages can be delivered successfully. Therefore, it is
necessary to know the context of the conversation.
The example of an utterance that is influenced by the context is I now
pronounce you husband and wife. The sentence above may be uttered in at least
two different sets of circumstances, namely a minister who utters to a young
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couple getting married in the presence of their assembled families or an actor
dressed as a minister to two actors assembled in the same church for a filming.
The utterance I now pronounce you husband and wife will affect a marriage
between the couple intending to get married. However, the same utterance will
have no effect on marital status of any party on the movie location. Thus, the
circumstances of utterance create different meanings. The sentence uttered in the
wedding context and the sentence uttered in the film context has the same
sentence meaning but are different utterances, each with its own utterance
meaning.
When the speakers of the language produce utterances in a given context,
they also perform actions such as informing, commanding, requesting, etc. These
actions are known as speech acts. According to Austin (1962), there are three
types of speech acts, namely locutionary acts, illocutionary acts, and
perlocutionary acts. A locutionary act is the literal meaning of the utterances.
Meanwhile, illocutionary acts refer to the extra meaning of the utterance produced
on the basis of its literal meaning and perlocutionary acts deal with the effects of
the utterances on the hearer, depending on specific circumstances. In addition,
Searle (1976) categorizes speech acts into directives, commissives,
representatives, declaratives, and expressives.
The different types of speech act show many functions such as exchanging
factual information, intellectual information, emotional attitudes, moral attitudes,
persuasion, and socializing (Searle, 1976). Also, it reveals various communicative
intentions of the speakers in producing utterances. The speakers highly expect that
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the hearers understand speakers’ intention. In fact, the meaning in conversation is
sometimes expressed implicitly. The implicit expression provides proposition
which is not expressed explicitly in the utterances.
Language is also essential to politicians since most activities performed by
the politicians utilize language. Beard (2000) says that political campaigns,
speeches, written texts, broadcast are meant to inform and instruct voters about
issues that are considered to be of great importance. With regard to this, it is clear
that speech making is one of the political activities of politicians which are made
possible through the channel opened up by language.
One of the famous politicians in Indonesia is Joko Widodo (known as
Jokowi). He is the current President of the Republic of Indonesia and has been
successful in his political career. He won over voters in the last Indonesia’s
general election. The position of the president is the highest in any country,
therefore the president needs constant briefing or link with the people. One of the
ways to achieve this is through speech prepared to convey the messages to the
people. With regard to this, his speech is expected to highlight the spirit of having
better nation and hope to the whole union. Therefore, speech can be a media for
establishing and maintaining social relationships, building image, expressing
feelings, and selling ideas, policies and programmes in any society. With regard to
this, the researcher is interested to analyze the language used by Jokowi in his
speeches especially analyzing the speech acts.
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B. Limitation of the problems
The utterances produced by people may have both literal and implied
meaning. The implied meaning is often tied with the context. With regard to this,
the hearers will have different interpretations. This phenomenon is called
pragmatics. According to Widdowson (1996), pragmatics refers to what people
mean by the utterances they produce. In addition, Yule (1996) states that
pragmatics is the study of contextual meaning. This theory is very useful for
analyzing the utterances produced by the speakers.
This research is conducted under the theory of Pragmatics. There are many
issues which can be investigated under the scope of pragmatics. They include
deixis, presupposition, cooperative principles, implicature, speech acts and the
like. Yule (1996) states that deixis refers to pointing by using a language. There
are three types of deixis namely person, spatial, and temporal deixis. Person deixis
is used to indicate people, spatial deixis is used to indicate location and temporal
deixis is used to indicate time. All deictic expressions are much influenced by the
contexts that the speakers and the hearers have shared together.
The second issue is presupposition. Presupposition is an assumption
implicitly produced by speakers and hearers that are necessary for the correct
interpretation of utterances. In other words, it has something to do with the
speaker’s assumption before producing utterances. According to Finch (2000)
presupposition is the necessary preconditions for statements to be true e.g. My cat
was run over yesterday. This sentence is assumed for the truth condition of I have
a cat. In addition, Yule (1996) states that presupposition refers to the relationship
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between two propositions, that gives precondition to be true statements although
the statements are negated.
The third issue deals with cooperative principles. These principles describe
how hearers interpret speakers' intentions. According to Grice (1975), cooperative
principle is a kind of agreement between speakers and listeners to cooperate in
communication to make efficient conversation. In addition, Grice (1975) classifies
the cooperative principles into four conversational maxims which include the
maxims of quantity, quality, relation, and manner.
The maxim of quantity emphasizes that speakers should be as informative as
possible. Some people often give much information to the hearers. This causes
boredom to the hearers. On the other hand, some other people tend to give too
little information so that the hearer may not catch the messages delivered by the
speakers. With regard to this, the speakers should fulfill the maxim of quantity in
order that the information given is not too much or too little. Moreover, the
maxim of quality is treated as speakers are expected to say something
corresponding to the reality. In this case, speakers are assumed not to say
something that they believe to be false or lack of evidence. Some speakers often
draw the hearer’s attention to the fact that they say what they believe to be true
and that they lack adequate evidence. The next maxim is the maxim of relation. It
says that speakers are assumed to say something that is relevant to what has been
uttered before. The last maxim is the maxim of manner. This maxim suggests that
people should be brief and orderly, and avoid obscurity and ambiguity.
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The fourth issue is concerned with implicature. The notion of implicature
has become one of the central concepts in the study of pragmatics. Implicature has
something to do with implied meaning of utterances. Yule (1996) points out that
implicature is an additional conveyed meaning or something that is more than just
what the words mean. He adds that implicature is a primary example of more
being communicated than is said. In addition, Grice (1975) stresses that an
utterance may imply a proposition, statements which are not part of the utterances
and do not follow necessary consequence of the utterances. These implied
statements are called as implicatures. Furthermore, Grice (1975) distinguishes
between what is said by speakers and what is implied. He classifies implicature
into two i.e. conversational and conventional implicature. Conventional
implicature deals with the standing meaning of certain linguistic expression.
Meanwhile, conversational implicature refers to a non-conventional implicature
based on an addressee’s assumption that the speakers follow the conversational
maxims.
The fifth issue is related to speech acts. Every utterance produced by the
speaker always carries actions. This is referred to speech acts. Nunan (1993) says
that speech acts are simply things people do through language, for instance
apologizing, complaining, instructing, agreeing, and warning. Furthermore, Yule
(1996) says that actions performed via utterances are generally called speech acts.
They agree that speech act is an utterance that replaces an action for particular
purpose in certain situation.
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Many experts provide different categorization of speech acts. Austin
(1962) proposes three different levels of action beyond the act of utterances. They
consist of locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts. Meanwhile,
According to Searle in Leech (1983), the classification of illocutionary acts is
based on various criteria. Searle in Finch (2000) divides speech act into five main
types including representatives, directives, commisives, expressives, and
declaratives. Furthermore, Leech categorizes speech acts into competitives,
convivials, collaboratives, and conflictives.
The last issue may deal with context. Context plays important role in
pragmatic analysis since pragmatics is concerned with the meaning of words in
relation to its context. Finnegan et. al. (1997) states that the significant element in
the interpretation of an utterance is the context in which the language is uttered.
Therefore, analyzing the meaning of utterances cannot neglect the context because
the meaning of utterance will be different when the context is different. In
addition, Leech (1996) states that context helps understand the meaning of an
utterance because the speaker and the addressee share their background in
understanding their utterances through the context. Also, a context may provide
deeper meaning of utterances.
With regard to the issues presented above, this research only limits the
analysis on the speech acts especially illocutionary acts found in Jokowi’s selected
speeches. Also, the research analyzes the context underlying the speech in order to
get a comprehensive understanding of the speech as well as the possible effects of
the dominant illocutionary acts.
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C. Formulation of the problems
In reference to the limitation of the problems above, the research questions
are as follows:
1. What types of illocutionary acts are performed by Jokowi in his speeches?
2. Why did Jokowi perform the illocutionary acts viewed from the contexts
of situation underlying the speeches?
3. What are the possible perlocutionary effects of the dominant illocutionary
acts found in Jokowi’s speeches?
D. Research objectives
The language in speeches delivered by the president is different from the
daily life language. One of the differences is that the language used in presidential
speeches is well prepared by the president helped by a particular team in order to
achieve certain intentions such as to get the addressee to know, to do something,
to expect something and etc. Therefore, the first objective of this research is to
describe the types of illocutionary acts found in Jokowi’s selected speeches in
reference to the Austin (1962) and Searle (2005) categorization of speech acts.
They consist of assertives, commisives, directives, expressives and declaratives.
The next objective is to describe the reasons why Jokowi performs the
illocutionary acts. To meet this objective, the researcher deeply analyzes words,
phrases, and sentences by considering the context of situation. By doing so, the
speaker’s intentions in delivering speeches are expected to be explored.
The illocutionary acts performed by the speakers of the language may have
an effect on the hearers. The hearers may or may not perform the actions as
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expected by the speakers. With regard to this, the last objective of this research is
to describe the possible perlocutionary effects of the dominant illocutionary acts
performed by Jokowi in delivering speeches.
E. The significance of the study
This study offers both theoretical and practical significance. Theoretically,
the results of this study enrich the theories about the analysis of political language
utilized by Jokowi in his speeches which are used to build image, persuade and
influence people. Also, his language is characterized by the use of some terms in
the field of economics since he delivers his speech in the world economic forum.
Practically, this study can give the following significance:
1. The findings of the research help understand how a language is used to carry
certain actions, why certain actions should be performed, and how it affects
the hearers viewed from the analyses of speech acts.
2. This research is also beneficial for the linguistics lecturers and language
learners since this research provides examples and analysis of illocutionary acts
in speeches. Therefore, this model of speech acts analysis may become
linguistics learning sources.
3. The findings about the speech acts on Jokowi’s speeches may become
reference for other researchers to conduct further studies. In this case, other
researchers may refer to theoretical basis used to analyze the data and speech
acts data analysis procedure to perform speech acts analysis on different
contexts.
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CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
This chapter is divided into three parts. The first part is the theoretical
review. It provides a description about the literature related to the topic of the
research such as pragmatics, aspects of pragmatics, scope of pragmatics, speech
acts, felicity condition, context, language of politics and the profile of Joko
Widodo. The next part is the previous research findings. It presents the findings of
the similar research that had been conducted. The last part is the theoretical
framework. It explains a theoretical basis for the research design adopted in this
study. Each is presented as follows.
A. Theoretical Review
1. Pragmatics
Pragmatics is one of linguistics branches which was developed in the late
1970s. It studies how people understand and produce a communicative act or
speech act in a concrete speech situation. There are many experts who provide a
definition of Pragmatics. According to Yule (1996), pragmatics deals with the
study of meaning as communicated by speakers or writers and interpreted by
listeners or readers. In addition, he defines pragmatics as (1) the study of
speaker’s meaning, (2) contextual meaning, (3) how more gets communicated
than is said, and (4) the expression of relative distance. Moreover, he says that
pragmatics is the study of the relationship between linguistic forms and the users
of those forms. He says that the benefits of studying language with the use of
pragmatics is that one may know about people’s intended meaning, their
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assumptions, their purposes or goals, and the kinds of actions (for example,
request) that they perform when they speak.
Another expert has different definition of Pragmatics. Mey (1993) defines
pragmatics as the science of language viewed from the relation to its user. In this
case, pragmatics is seen as the science of language as it is used by real, live
people, for their own purpose and within their limitations and affordances. It
provides people greater understanding of how the human mind works, how human
communicate, how they manipulate one another.
With regard to the definition of Pragmatics, Parker in Wijayana (1996) says
that pragmatics is the study of the internal structure of language that is different
from grammar. Also, he asserts that pragmatics is the study of how language is
used in communication. Moreover, Levinson (1983) says that pragmatics is the
study of language use. In other words, it is the study of the relation between
language and context that are basic to an account of language understanding.
Another definition of pragmatics is presented by Finch (2000). He says that
pragmatics deals with the meaning of utterances. Also, pragmatics focuses on
what is not explicitly stated and on how people interpret utterances in situational
context.
In reference to the definitions of pragmatics stated by some experts above, it
can be summarized that pragmatics is the study of the speaker’s intended meaning
related to its context. It deals with how people use language within a context and
why they use language in a particular way.
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2. Aspects of Pragmatics
This part elaborates three sub-points namely utterances, situational
context, and aspects of speech situation. Each is explained as follows.
a. Utterances
When people have a conversation, they produce an utterance. Utterance is a
unit of analysis of speech which has been defined in various ways but most
commonly as a sequence of words within a single person’s turn at talk that falls
under a single intonation counter Schmidt and Richards (2002). They add that
utterances may sometimes consist of stretches of speech shorter than sentences.
Moreover, Hudson and Metham (1969) state that utterances are accredited
statement, irrespective of the ‘characters’ and ‘language used’. They add that an
utterance is a text which is preceded and followed by pauses and is therefore to be
complete and self-contained. It is a text, which is long enough to be relatable
directly to be a context of situation.
The meaning of an utterance is also influenced by the context. With regard
to this, Finnegan (1997) states that an utterance as the use of a sentence on a
particular occasion or in a particular context. He adds that the meaning of
utterance includes the (descriptive) meaning of the sentence, along with (social
and affective) meaning contributed by contextual factors.
b. Situational Context
Context is an important factor in all of pragmatics. Mey (1993) says that
pragmatic thinking is context-bound in contrast to strictly grammatical or
syntactic thinking. No matter how natural the language facilities or how
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convention-bound their use, as language users one always operates in contexts.
With regard to this, context has to be taken into account whenever one formulates
his thoughts about language as rules and principles.
Linguists have become increasingly aware of the importance of context in
the interpretation of utterance since the beginning of the 1970s. The implications
of taking context into account are presented by Sadock in Brown and Yule (1983)
who states:
There is, then, a serious, methodological problem that confronts the
advocate of linguistic pragmatics. Given some aspects of what a
sentence conveys in a particular context, is that aspect part of what the
sentence conveys in virtue of its meaning… or should it be worked out
on the basis of Gricean principles for the head of meaning of the
sentence are relevant facts of the context of utterance.
Another expert has provided a definition of context. Cutting (2002) defines
context as the physical and social world and assumptions of knowledge that the
speaker and hearer share. Moreover, context can be classified into three types
namely situational, background knowledge, and co-textual context. Situational
context refers to what speakers know about what they can see around them.
Background knowledge context is what speakers know about each other and the
world. Meanwhile, Co-textual context is related to what speakers know about
what they have been saying.
Situational context is the immediate physical co-presence, the situation
where the interaction is taking place at the moment of speaking (Cutting, 2002). In
addition, Cook (1989) says that context is the social and physical world which
interacts with text to create discourse. He states that people are also influenced by
the situation in which they receive messages, by their cultural and social
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relationship with the participants, by what they know and they assume the sender
knows.
The example of the situational context is presented by Cutting (2002) as
follows. The conversation in the example occurs in the classroom situation. A
male lecturer from London is explaining a mathematical problem to a male pupil
from London whose name is Berkam:
Lecturer : Forty-nine? Why you say forty-nine?
Pupil : Cos there’s another one here.
Lecturer : Right, we’ve got forty-nine there, haven’t we? But here there’s two.
Okay? Now, what is it that we’ve two of? Well, let me give you a clue.
Erm, this here is forty, that’s four tens, four ten are forty.
In reference to the conversation above, the situational context is obviously
the classroom. Moreover, the lecturer and the pupil are presumably pointing to
either the blackboard or an exercise book. The word ‘here’ and ‘there’ are
demonstrative adverbs indicating a figure in an equation. Meanwhile, ‘this here’ is
a demonstrative pronoun and adverb indicating what is being puzzled over.
Without the surrounding situation, the exchange makes little sense.
In reference to the explanation above, it is obviously known that context is
an important concept in discourse and pragmatics. Context is the decisive factor
influencing a deeper meaning of an utterance.
c. Aspects of Speech Situation
According to Leech (1983), pragmatic function is how language is used in
communication. It focuses on a goal-oriented speech situation in which the
speaker uses language in order to produce particular effect in the mind of hearer.
He says that since pragmatics studies meaning in relation to speech situation, there
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are five aspects of situation to be considered namely, addresser and addressee, the
context of an utterance, the goal of an utterance, the utterance as a form of act, .
and the utterance as a product of verbal act deals with language at a more concrete
level than grammar. Each is elaborated as follows.
The first aspect is addressers or addressees. There is a significant difference
between a receiver and an an addressee. According to Lyon in Leech (1983), a
receiver is a person who receives and interprets the messages while an addressee
is a person who is an intended receiver of the message. A receiver might be a
bystander or an eavesdropper, rather than an addressee. This distinction is relevant
to the present inquiry, in that the analyst of pragmatic meaning is best thought of a
receiver who tries to make sense of the content of a discourse according to
whatever contextual evidence is available. The second aspect is context of an
utterance. Context has been understood in different ways. It may include
‘relevant’ aspects of the physical or social setting of an utterance. Leech (1983)
considers context to be any background knowledge assumed to be shared by
speaker and hearer and which contributes to hearer’s interpretation of what
speaker means by a given utterance.
The third aspect is the goal of an utterance. The term “goal” is more
neutral than intention because it does not commit its user to deal with conscious
volition or motivation but it can be used generally of goal-oriented activities. The
next aspect is the utterance as a form of act. In this case, Grammar deals with
abstract static entities for example sentences (in syntax) and propositions (in
semantics). Meanwhile, pragmatics deals with the verbal acts or performances
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which take place in a particular situation, in time. The last aspect is the utterance
as a product of verbal act deals with language at a more concrete level than
grammar. With regard to this utterances may refer to the product of a verbal art,
rather than to the verbal acts itself. The words ‘Would you be quite please?’
spoken with a polite rising intonation, might be described as a sentence, or as a
question, or as a request. However, it is convenient to reserve term like sentence
and question for grammatical entities, identified by their use in a particular
situation. In this sense, utterances are the element whose meanings are studied in
discourse analysis. In fact, it can be described that discourse analysis deals with
utterances in relation to the context.
3. The Scope of Pragmatics
Pragmatics, as a branch of linguistics, has many scopes, i.e. deixis,
presupposition, cooperative principle, implicature, and speech act (Yule, 1996).
Since this research belongs to pragmatics study, this scope will be elaborated in
more detail.
a. Deixis
One of the ways to resolve the relationship between language and context
is utilizing the phenomenon of deixis. According to Levinson (1983), deixis
deals with the way in which a language encodes or grammaticalizes features of
the contexts of utterance of a speech event. With regard to this, deixis also
concerns with ways in which the interpretation of utterances depends on the
analysis of the context of those utterances.
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Another definition of deixis is presented by Yule (1996). According to
him, deixis is a technical term (from Greek) for one of the most basic things
people do with utterances. In other words, deixis means ‘pointing’ via language.
He divides deixis into three categories:
1) Person Deixis
Person deixis functions to point people. The examples of person deixis
consist of the pronouns for first person I, second person you, and third person he,
she, or it. In many languages, these deictic categories of speaker, addressee, and
other(s) are elaborated with makers of relative social status for instance, addressee
with higher status versus addressee with lower status.The expressions which
indicate higher status are described as honorifics. In other words, person deixis is
deictic expressions that indicate people, for example the distinction between the
speaker I and the addressee you. It is divided into three parts, i.e. the pronouns for
the first person I, second person you, and third person he, she, or it. However, it is
not easy to learn these deictic expressions. It requires a very close observation on
what is actually happening in a conversation shift.
Some languages use deictic expressions to show the social status between
the speaker and addressee. This is often called social deixis. For example, in
French, the word ‘tu‘ is said by the speakers who have higher social status and
older speakers to a lower and younger addressee. On the contrary, ‘vous‘ is
spoken by lower and younger speakers to a higher and older addressee. In English,
the use of third person pronouns is the common form to create distance or non-
familiarity for example Would his majesty like some fried onions?. The example
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shows an ironic or humorous case in which one person is very busy cleaning the
kitchen while another person at the same place may be reluctant to see the kitchen.
In summary, person deixis deals with how people address themselves as a speaker
and be addressed in return. It covers with the needs of people to make distance or
to be closer with.
2) Spatial Deixis
Spatial deixis functions to point location. In other words, spatial deixis
deals with deictic expressions that indicate the location of people and things. The
words that show deictic expressions include here, this, that, and there. Moreover,
some motion verbs such as “come” and ”go” may perform deictic expressions for
example “Come to the living room!‘ or ‘Go to the library!‘. The words “come”
and ”go” in those sentences are used to mark movement towards or away from the
speakers.
People must be familiar with how the definition of location in each
speaker‘s point of view is mentally and physically different. It is often called as a
deictic projection since speakers may project themselves into expected locations,
even when the location is manipulated due to the existence of technology for
example ‘I am not here now‘. If the sentence is projected to the answering
machine of someone‘s telephone, the word ‘now‘will do at any time someone tries
to call the telephone not to when someone records the words.
A similar deictic projection is also used in a direct speech to represent the
person, location, and someone’s feelings or something else for example ‘I was
after my cute little kitty to be more taken care because she is dirty’. She always
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looks like ‘Here, clean me up, will you?‘. The word ‘here‘in that sentence does
not literally mean physical location of the speaker but it means the person in the
role of being the cute little kitty. If the speaker and the addressee have been so
close physically, they will tend to behave the same way psychologically. It is a
different treatment when a person is not close enough both physically and
psychologically, that person may say ‘that woman over there‘.
In summary, spatial deixis deals with how people project the location of
people or things indicated. Using the words ‘here‘, ‘there‘, ‘this‘, ‘that‘, and many
more may have different meanings depending on who is speaking, when to speak,
and how the speaker and addressee are physically and psychologically connected.
3) Temporal Deixis
Temporal deixis functions to point the time. This includes time adverbs
such as yesterday, now, then, tomorrow, soon, and forth, and also different tenses.
Speakers know how to use this knowledge when they listen and read, when they
speak and write or when they communicate. With regard to this, People need to
consider what kind of knowledge a person must have and use in certain acts of
communication. In other words, temporal deixis deals with deictic expressions
that indicate the time coinciding with the speaker‘s utterance and the time of the
speaker‘s voice being heard. There are many words showing temporal deixis and
they may be interpreted differently based on how and when the utterances are said
for instance the use of ‘then‘. The word ‘then‘ may be applied to both past and
future time and depend on the speaker‘s presence as presented in the following
sentences.
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(a) I was smart and diligent then.
(b) I will come to your party then.
Temporal deixis makes ultimate reference to participant-role. Moreover,
the expressions depend on the interpretation known by the relevant utterance time
for example the expression ‘be back in an hour‘ which is written on an office
door. There will be a possibility for others not to know how long or how short the
person will come back.
In reference to the psychological basis, temporal deixis look similar with
spatial deixis. The projection can be treated to be near or far away from the
speakers like in some English expressions the past two years, the approaching
month, the coming year, this Monday morning, etc. Moreover, some types of
English temporal deixis are not widely recognized. One of the examples is related
to the choice of verb tense as presented in the sentences below.
(a) I work here now.
(b) I worked there then.
The present tense in the sentence I work here now indicates the use of
proximal forms or the words used to present the near speaker. Meanwhile, the past
tense in the sentence I worked there then indicates the opposite.
In conclusion, temporal deixis explains the presence of time. It describes
the proximal and the distal form. The proximal form is the near speaker function
as indicated by the use of ‘now‘ and‘this‘. Meanwhile, the distal form is used as
the away speaker function as to communicate distance from current time and
distance from current reality.
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b. Presupposition
With regard to Presupossition, Yule (1996) states that it is something the speaker
assumes to be the case before producing utterances. Moreover, he says that
presupposition deals with the relationship between two propositions, for instance the
utterance “Mary’s dog is cute” means that Mary has a dog. He categorizes presupposition
into seven. They consist of potential presupposition, potential presupposition,
factive presupposition, lexical presupposition, structural presupposition, non-
factive presupposition, and counterfactual presupposition.
Potential presupposition is an assumption which is related to the use of
linguistic form for example the verb regret in “He regrets doing that” shows an
assumption that he actually did that. The second type of presupposition is
existential presupposition. It deals with assumptions in which someone or
something exists known by the use of a noun phrase e.g. “Your bag”. This is
assumed that you have a bag. The third type of presupposition is factive
presupposition. It refers to the assumptions in which information said after such
words as realize, regret, be, aware, odd and glad is true, for instance “We regret
telling him”. This is assumed that we told him.
The fourth type of presupposition is lexical presupposition. It has the idea
that the assumptions in which the speakers can act as if another meaning of words
is understood e.g. “He stopped smoking”. This is assumed that he used to smoke.
The fifth type of presupposition is structural presupposition. It is the assumptions
in which part of a sentence structure has information being considered as already
known e.g. “Where did you buy the bike?”. This is assumed that you bought the
bike. The next type of presupposition is non-factive presupposition. It is related to
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the assumptions in which particular information is not true e.g. “We imagined we
were in Hawaii. This is assumed that we were not in Hawaii. The last type of
presupposition is counterfactual presupposition. It deals wirh the assumptions in
which certain information has the opposite meaning to the fact e.g “If you were
my friend, you would have helped me”. This is assumed that you are not my
friend.
c. Cooperative Principles
The cooperation between the interlocutors determines whether or not a
conversation runs succcesfully. Grice (1975) states that the cooperative principles
can be used as a guidance for the speakers and hearers in a conversation.
Moreover, Yule (1996) says that cooperative principle is the basic assumption in
conversation in which each participant tries to contribute appropriately, at the
required time, to the current exchange of talk. In referencce to Grice’s idea, the
cooperative principle in conversation can be explained in terms of four
conversational maxims. They include maxim of quantity, quality, relation and
manner. Each is described as follows.
The first maxim is maxim of quantity. It puts emphasis on the information.
The information delivered by speakers in a conversation are supposed to be
neither too little nor too much. In other words, the conversation should be
performed as informative as required. The following is an example of the maxim
of quantity:
(a) You can see me at 10.30 am at my office.
(b) You can see me at 10.30 am at my office. However, if you don‘t mind,
we can just go outside and have lunch together discussing your new
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project. I‘m extremely hungry. Oh, and I hope it‘s going to be a success
for you! (Grice, 1975)
The conversation above shows that the speaker wants to make an
appointment with his/her colleague. In utterance (a), the speaker has fulfilled the
maxim of quantity by providing the required information i.e. the time and place of
the meeting. Meanwhile, the utterance (b) has violated the maxim of quantity
since it contains too much information about the speaker‘s intention. In this case,
the speaker overlaps the knowledge that must be shared by both i.e. having a
meeting.
The second maxim is maxim of quality. This maxim means that speakers
should provide valid infomation. They are supposed not to say something that
they believe to be false or make statement without adequate evidence as presented
in the following exmple:
(a) I will be there at 2 o‘clock sharp. Prepare what we‘ve been
discussing.
(b) Em, I will be there at 2 o‘clock as far as I remember. Well, prepare
what we‘ve been discussing. I hope I remember what I should do, I
guess. (Grice, 1975)
The two sentences above share the same context i.e.a person promises to
come to a meeting. This person has conducted a discussion with his/her friends.
The information presented in utterance (a) is accurate. In other words, the speaker
is not doubtful with his/her statement that he/she may not come late and even
prepares for things they have discussed. Meanwhile, the utterance (b) indicates
that what the speaker is saying may not be totally true. Therefore, the utterance in
(b) violates the maxim of quality.
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The next maxim is maxim of relation. It emphasizes on relevance. In this
case, the speaker’s talk must be relevant with the topic being discussed. Speakers
who turn the topic of conversation abruptly are considered uncooperative. The
sentences below are examples of the maxim of relation:
(a) Q: There is someone at the door.
R: I‘m in the bath.
(b) I don‘t really know if this is important, but what time is it? (Grice,
1975)
The utterances (a) and (b) above have different context. The context in a
conversation (a) is that someone knocks at the door. R expects Q to understand
that his/her reason is relevant to Q‘s utterance i.e. even if there is someone at the
door, R cannot go and see who they are because R is in the bath. Meanwhile, the
context in utterance (b) is in a first date. In this case, there is a potential for the
speaker to have non-relevant material because he or she wants to stop the dating
due to some reasons such as getting bored with the situation or getting too late to
go home. In short, the speaker who utters sentence (b) flouts the maxim of
relation.
The last is maxim of manner. This kind of maxim emphasizes clarity. In a
conversation, speaker’s utterances are supposed to be clear and are not
ambigious. With regard to this, the speakers must avoid obscurity of expression.
The following presents an example of the maxim of manner:
(a) When I was 7, I vividly remembered the way I fell down from the
stairs. I was spinning so hard so I felt every single cold and hard stair.
I had acrophobia since then.
(b) This may be a bit confusing to me, but I remembered being in stairs‘
accident. (Grice, 1975)
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The sentences above show that there is a person who tells how he/she fells
down from the stairs when he/she was a child. The utterance (a) has met the
maxim of manner. On the contrary, utterance (b) fails to fulfill the maxim of
manner since the person tries to remember the event but it becomes awkward
when he cannot actually remember what happened to him/her when he/she was a
child.
d. Implicature
In a conversation, there will be a lot of implied messages delivered by the
speakers. The hearers must understand the context of the conversation to get the
meaning of the implied messages. The implied messages are often referred to
implicature. According to Grice (1975), implicature is what speakers can imply,
suggest, or mean as distinct from what they literally say. In other words,
implicature is an implied message that is based on the interpretation of the
language use and its context. He stresses that there are two types of implicature,
namely conventional and conversational implicature.
Conventional implicature occurs when the speakers present a true fact in a
a wrong way. According to Yule (1996), it is associated with specific words and
result in additional conveyed meaning when those words are used. It does not
have to occur in conversation and does not rely on special context for the
interpretation. It can be said that certain expressions in language implicate
‘conventionally’ a certain state of the world, regardless of their use for instance,
the word last is denoted as ‘the ultimate item of a sequence’ in conventional
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implicature. Another example is the conjunction but that will be interpreted as
‘contrast’ between the information presented before and after the conjunction.
The conversational implicature is another level at which speaker’s
meaning can differ from what is said, depends on the context of conversation. In
conversational implicature, meaning is conveyed not so much by what is said, but
by the fact that it is said. The cooperative principle and the maxims take part when
the conversational implicature arises. There are four kinds of conversational
implicature presented by Grice (1975) and Levinson (1983). They include
generalized, particularized, standard, and complex conversational implicature.
e. Speech Acts
The utterances produced by the speakers often carry actions such as to
inform, to persuade, to express feeling and etc. This is often called speech acts.
With regard to speech acts, the followings present the definition and
categorization of speech acts.
Speech acts have become important issues in the field of linguistics. There
are many linguists who have provided different definitions of speech acts. The
term speech act was initiated by Austin (1962) and developed by Searle (1969).
According to Austin, a speech act is an act performed when someone says
something. Moreover, he classifies the speech acts into locutionary, illocutionary,
and perlocutionary acts. In line with Austin (1962), Finegan et.al (1997) state that
speech acts are actions carried out through language.
Another definition is presented by Nunan (1993). According to him, Speech
acts are things people do through language for instance apologizing, complaining,
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instructing, agreeing, and warning. Furthermore, Yule (1996) says that actions
performed via utterances are often called speech acts.
The next definition is proposed by Aitchison (2003) who states that speech
act is a number of utterance functioning like actions. Moreover, she says that
when someone utters a sequence of words, they are trying to achieve some effects
from those words. In summary, speech acts are utterances that replace actions for
particular goals in certain situations.
Some linguists offer different categorizationss of speech acts. There are
three categorizations of speech acts in reference to Austin (1962), Searle (1969)
and Leech (1983). Each is presented below.
1) Austin’s Categorization of Speech Acts
Austin (1962) proposes three different types of speech acts. They consist of
locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts. Locutionary act is uttering
certain utterances with particular sense and reference, which is roughly equivalent
to meaning in the traditional sense (Austin, 1962). In other words, locutionary acts
perform the acts of saying something. Moreover, Leech (1996) makes a formula
for this act into: s says to h that X. In this formula, s refers to the speaker, h refers
to the hearer, and X refers to the words spoken with a certain sense and reference.
Another definition is presented by Yule (1996). He states that this type of
act is the basic act of utterances to produce meaningful linguistic expressions.
Similarly, Cutting (2002) defines locutionary act into what is said or the form of
the words spoken. Locutionary acts can be classified into three types based on
how English sentences are constructed. They include declarative, imperative and
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28
interrogative. Each has the idea of telling something, giving an order, and asking a
question respectively (Austin, 1962).
The second type of speech acts according to Austin (1962) is illocutionary
acts. This is the act of informing, ordering, warning, undertaking, and etc.
According to Austin (1962), illocutionary acts is an utterance which has a
particular conventional force. In other words, illocutionary act refers to what one
does in saying something. This act can be formulated into: in saying X, s asserts
that P in which P refers to the proposition or basic meaning of an utterance
(Leech, 1996). With regard to this kind of act, Yule (1996) gives an example “I’ve
just made some coffee”. In saying that utterance, the speaker makes an offer or a
statement.
The next type of speech acts is perlocutionary acts. This act deals with the
effects of utterances. In other words, It tells what speakers want achieve in saying
something such as to get hearers to know, to do something, to expect something,
to show speaker’s feeling and to praise (Austin, 1969). Furthermore, Austin
(1969) gives an example of this act: if someone shouts, “Fire!” then it causes
people to exit a room which is on fire, they have performed the perlocutionary act
of getting hearers to exit the room. Meanwhile, Leech (1996) states that the
formula of perlocutionary act is by saying X, s convinces h that P e.g. by saying
“I’ve just made some coffee”, the speakers performs the act of causing the hearers
to account for nice smell or to get the hearers to drink some coffee. In summary,
the speaker utterances may not be meaningless but their utterances can give
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29
effects to the hearers in the form of the hearer’s reaction to the speaker’s
utterances.
2) Searle’s Categorization of Speech Acts
The classification of speech acts is presented differently by Searle (2005).
According to Searle (2005), someone performs three different acts when they are
speaking, namely utterance acts, propositional acts, and illocutionary acts.
Utterance acts refer to uttering collection of words. Meanwhile, propositional acts
and illocutionary acts deal with uttering words in sentences in certain context,
under certain conditions, and with certain intentions. Searle (2005) divides
illocutionary acts into five main types.
a) Representatives
Representatives refer to the acts which commit the speakers to the truth
of the expressed proposition. According Searle (2005), this act describes states or
events in the world including assertions, descriptions, claims, statements of fact,
reports, and conclusions. With regard to this, testing this act can be carried out
by simply giving questions whether a case can be classified as true or false.
Kreidler (1998) adds that representative acts are performed by speakers and
writers to tell what they know or believe. In other words, representative acts deal
with facts. By performing representative acts, the speakers make the words fit
the world or belief. With regard to this act, Yule (1996) provides an illustration
by giving an example below:
(a) The earth is flat
(b) It was a warm sunny day.
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The sentences (a) and (b) above illustrate the speakers who represent the
world as what they believe. In sentence (a), the speaker states their belief that the
earth is flat. Meanwhile, in sentence (b), the speaker describes their opinion that
the day is warm and sunny based on thier belief even though it may not be a hot
sunny day. In this case, the speakers make words fit with the world by
performing representative acts.
b) Directives
In speaking, speakers often intend to get hearers to do something. In this
case, the speakers have performed directive acts. According to Searle (2005),
directive acts deal with an attempt of the speakers to get the hearer to do
something through language. He adds that directive acts may include some
actions, namely commanding, forbidding, inviting, requesting, and suggesting.
Meanwhile, Yule (1996) says that it expresses what the speakers want. By
performing directive acts, the speakers try to make the world fit the words. With
regard to directive acts, Leech (1996) defines it as the speaker’s intention to
produce some effects through an action by the hearer. The following is presented
examples of directive acts by Leech (1996):
(a) You may ask.
(b) Would you make me a cup of tea?
(c) Freeze!
The sentence (a) is a suggestion to ask questions. It contains the directive
acts which function to get the hearers to ask questions as what the speaker wants.
Meanwhile, in sentence (b), the speaker intends to perform a request that
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31
functions to get the hearer to do something, i.e. requesting someone to make a cup
of tea. The example (c) is a command which aims to get the hearers to freeze.
c) Commissives
Commissives deal with the acts which commit the speakers to some future
course of action. The commisives acts include promising, vowing, offering,
threatening, and refusing (Searle, 2005). In addition, Kreidler (1998) says that
commissive acts can be expressed using some verbs such as agree, ask, offer,
refuse, swear, all with following infinitives. A predicate for commisive is the
verbs that can be used to commit or refuse to commit oneself to some future
actions whereas the subject of the sentence is most likely to be I or We. The
examples are presented below:
(a) We’ll be right back.
(b) I’m gonna love you till the end. (Kreidler, 1998)
The content of the sentences above is related to the future actions of the
speakers. The modal will or be going to in certain rules, contexts and situation
signify a promise which is considered as commisives.
d) Expressives
Speakers of a language often express feelings to the hearers when they
speak. By doing so, the speakers have performed the expressive acts. According to
Searle (2005), expressive refer to acts that are performed to express a
psychological state of the speakers. Statement of pleasure, pain, like, dislike, joy
and sorrow can be categorized into this act. In addition, the expressive verbs may
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32
consist of thank, congratulate, apologize, regret, deplore, and welcome. Yule
(1996) provides an example of this act as follows
(a) I’m terribly sorry.
(b) Congratulation!
(c) We greatly appreciate what you did for us.
The sentence (a) above is an expression which shows sympathy.
Meanwhile, the example (b) is aimed to congratulate someone and the sentence
(c) is used to thank or give appreciation to someone.
e) Declaratives
The utterances produced in a particular context may be able to change the
condition of the world immediately. That is the idea declarative acts. According to
Yule (1996) and Cutting (2002), declarative refers to kinds of speech acts that can
change the world via utterances. In order to perform declarative acts
appropriately, some circumstances must be met including the speakers must have
specific institutional roles and there must be a specific context. In addition, Leech
(1996) states that declarative acts are the illocution of which successful
performance brings about the correspondence between propositional content and
reality. The declarative acts may consist of Christening or baptizing, declaring
war, abdicating, dismissing, naming, resigning, and excommunicating. The
utterances showing declarative acts are described as follows:
(a) Boss: “You’re fired”
(b) Umpire: “Time out!” (Leech, 1996)
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The utterance (a) and (b) are more than statements but they may lead to the
change of the condition in reality if they are expressed in an appropriate context.
The utterance (a) is used to perform the act of ending the employment while the
utterance (b) is used to perform the acts of ending the game.
3) Leech’s Categorization of Speech Acts
Another categorization of speech acts is presented by Leech (1996). Leech
(1996) says that the functions of illocutionary rely on how utterances relate to the
social goals of establishing and maintaining community. In this case, speech acts
are categorized into four types, namely competitive, convivial, collaborative and
conflictive.
The first kind of speech acts is competitive. In this type of speech act, the
goals of the illocutionary compete with the social goals. This speech act functions
to show politeness in the form of negative parameter. The important point
regarding this act is reducing the discord in the competition between what the
speakers want to gain and what ‘good manner’ is. Ordering, asking, demanding,
begging, and requesting are the examples of this kind of speech act.
The second type of speech acts is convivial. The illocutionary goals in
convivial acts are related to the social goals. In contrast to competitive acts,
convivial is intrinsically courteous. This means that politeness is in the positive
form of seeking opportunities for comity. Offering, inviting, greeting, thanking,
and congratulating are the examples of this type of speech acts.
The next type of speech acts is Collaborative. It has the idea that the
illocutionary goals are different from the social goals. In this case, politeness and
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34
impoliteness are relevant. This is found in most of written discourse. Asserting,
reporting, announcing, and instructing belong to this type of speech acts.
The last type of speech acts is conflictive. This act suggests that the
illocutionary goals conflict with the social goals. With regard to this, politeness
does not need to be questioned because the terms in this illocutionary function are
used to cause offence or hurt the hearer’s feeling. Threatening, accusing, cursing,
and reprimanding are included as the examples of the conflictive.
4. Felicity Condition
Appropriate circumstances are badly needed in performing speech acts in
order to be recognized as intended. Also, the right context must be matched with
the right form of words. This condition is called as a felicity condition (Austin in
Finch, 2000). In addition, Austin in Cutting (2002) states that the felicity
conditions refer to the context and roles of participants that must be recognized by
all parties; the action must be carried out completely, and the speakers must have
the right intentions. Searle in Cutting (2002) adds that there is a general condition
for all speech acts including the hearers have to listen and understand the
language, and the speakers must not be pretending or acting. The performances of
speech acts will be inappropriate if there is no specific context e.g. I sentence you
to five months in the jail. This utterance will be inappropriate if it is said by
ordinary people but it can be an act if it is uttered by a judge in a courtroom.
With regard to felicity condition, Yule (1996) states that there are some pre-
conditions on speech acts among ordinary people in everyday contexts. The first
pre-condition deals with the general conditions of the participants. In this case, the
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35
participants must understand the language being used and are not play-acting or
being nonsensical. The second pre-condition is content condition e.g. a promise in
that the content of the utterances must be about the future course of action. The
third pre-condition is preparatory condition, for instance when someone promises
to do something, there are two preparatory conditions namely the events will not
happen by itself and will have a beneficial effect. The next pre-condition is
sincerity condition for example a promise, the speaker genuinely intends to
perform the future action. The last condition is essential condition which covers
the fact that by uttering a promise, the speaker intends to create an obligation to
carry out the action as promised.
5. Context
Context belongs to an important aspect in pragmatics since pragmatics deals
with the meaning of words in context or interaction and how the persons involved
in the interaction. According to Nunan (1993), context is the situation giving rise
to the discourse and within which the discourse is embedded. Contexts can be
divided into two types. They include linguistic and non-linguistic contexts.
Linguistic contexts refer to the language that surrounds a part of discourse being
analyzed meanwhile non-linguistic contexts are related to the discourse within.
Non-linguistics context may consist of communication types, topics, purposes,
settings, participants, and shared background knowledge of a certain event. Also,
Context can be classified into context of situation and context of socio-cultural.
They are explained below.
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a. Context of Situation
Context of situation plays an important role in communication. It refers to
what speakers know about what they can see around them (Cutting, 2002). In
addition, Hymes in Wardhaugh (1986) states that there are many factors involved
in speaking. They are described as ethnography of a communicative event which
is relevant with understanding how a particular communicative event achieves its
objectives. The first factor is Setting and scene (S). Setting deals with the time and
place. In other words, it has something to do with the concrete physical
circumstances in which a speech occurs. Meanwhile, scene is the abstract
psychological setting. The example of setting and scene is: a graduation speech
will have a joyful scene whereas the inaugural speech of USA President will have
a serious one within a certain setting.
The second factor is Participants (P). This enables many different
combinations between speakers and listeners, addressers and addressees, or
senders and receivers. Generally, they meet particular socially specified roles for
instance: teachers and students, doctors and patients, parents and children and the
like. The third factor is Ends (E). This deals with the conventionally recognized
and expected outcomes of an exchange. Also, it is related to the personal goals
that participants pursue to accomplish on certain events e.g. in a courtroom, each
person has personal goals to achieve since the court process involve many
participants such as the jury, the judge, the prosecutor, the witness, the accused,
and the defense. The fourth factor is Act of sequence (A). This deals with the
actual form and content of what is said. This may include how precise the words
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37
are used, how the words are used, and how the relationship between what is said
and the actual topic being discussed is. For instance: in a public lecture, each
participant has their own sense of act sequence to follow the system of language
and things discussed within. The fifth factor is Key (K). It includes the tone,
manner, or spirit in which a certain message is delivered e.g. serious, humorous,
sarcastic, light-hearted, gesture, posture, and even deportment. The sixth factor is
Instrumentalities (I). Instrumentalities are related to the choice of channel, for
example oral, written, telegraphic, and the actual form of speech employed such
as the language, code, dialect, or register.
The next factor is Norms of interaction and interpretation (N). This refers to
specific behaviors and properties that attach to speaking and also to how these
may be viewed by someone who does not share them e.g. loudness, silence, gaze
return, and the like. The last factor is Genre (G). It is clearly a demarcated type of
utterances. This includes poems, proverbs, riddles, sermons, lectures, prayers, and
etc. They are different from casual speeches for instance church services to
conduct sermons, colleges’ public lectures, poems reading and etc.
In relation to context, Holmes (1992) states that contexts should be viewed
from several relevant and helpful factors. Holmes (1992) adds that linguistic
choices generally reflect the influence of one or more on the following: (1) the
participants, (2) The setting or social context of the interaction, (3) the topic being
talked, and (4) The function of speaking.
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b. Context of Socio-cultural
Another type of context is socio-cultural context. This influences the
linguistic choices of the speakers. With regard to this, Malinowski in Halliday and
Hasan (1986) says that the context of culture refers to the institutional and
ideological background which provides value and contains an interpretation. For
instance, one says X that will be considered as rude in a particular group of
conversation but X may not be considered as rude in another group of
conversation because both groups of conversation may have different cultures.
Any linguistic interaction involves the whole cultural history of the
participants and the kind of practices they engage in. In short, it is not sufficient if
people only take into account the context of situation and ignore the cultural
context.
6. Language of Politics
Language is widely used in the field of politics to persuade and influence
people. According to Joseph (2006), language reflects the speaker‘s intelligence,
industry, and social worthiness level of exposure or education. Interpreting
language use in this way belongs to a political act. The power and responsibility
of the speakers can be reflected from the linguistic-political dimension that
utilizes languages to achieve their goals.
In relation to politics, Thomas (2004) states that politics deals with power
including the power of making decisions, controlling resources, controlling other
people‘s behavior and often controlling their values. Politics cannot be separated
from power. The power acquisition and political beliefs enforcement can be
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39
gained using some strategies, namely through physical coercion or legal system.
The physical coercion events that are regarded as significant in history involve the
imposition, military rules, dictatorial regimes, and the like. Some types of
coercions are also implemented in a democracy through the legal system e.g. there
are laws which regulate where people are supposed to litter, laws on the
prohibition of destroying others belongings, and the laws that rule where and
when people can drink alcohol legally. If someone breaks these laws, they will be
fined, arrested and imprisoned. They are examples of political ends gained by
coercions.
In order to secure power, it is necessary to persuade and convince
everyone that what you want to achieve is the same as what they want. With
regard to this, an ideology needs to be established i.e. the ideology that makes the
beliefs which you want people to hold appear to be common sense. Therefore, it
makes difficult for them to question that dominant ideology.
7. The profile of JokoWidodo
Joko Widodo, commonly called Jokowi, was born in June 21, 1961, in
Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia. He is an Indonesian businessman, politician,
and government official. He successfully attracted international attention with his
populist style of campaigning and his anticorruption platform. His success at the
polls was viewed by many analysts as marking the beginning of a new, more
democratic era of Indonesian politics (Hollar, 2014).
Hollar (2014) adds that Jokowi applied himself at school and won
admittance to Gadjah Mada University in Yogyakarta, from which he graduated in
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40
1985 with a degree in forestry engineering. For several years, he worked for a
state-owned pulp mill in the Aceh region of northern Sumatra, and he later
established his own furniture factory in Surakarta. By 2002, he had become a
highly successful furniture exporter, with showrooms on several continents, as
well as chairman of a local branch of the country’s influential furniture
manufacturers’ association.
Jokowi, as a member of the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle
(Partai Demokrasi Indonesia-Perjuangan; PDI-P), won election as mayor of
Surakarta in 2005. He was extraordinarily effective in reducing crime and
attracting foreign tourists to the city. His habit of making spontaneous visits to
poor neighbourhoods and his refusal to accept a salary for his public service
contributed to his reputation for humility and honesty. In 2010, Jokowi was
reelected as mayor with more than 90 percent of the vote. He was later ranked as
the third best mayor in the world by the international City Mayors Foundation.
During his gubernatorial run in Jakarta in 2012, Jokowi began to be widely
compared in the media to U.S. President Barack Obama partly because there was
a physical resemblance and Jokowi largely fit the Obama mold as a charismatic
non-traditional politician. Jokowi ousted the incumbent, Fauzi Bowo, in the
second round of that election, and, as governor of Jakarta, he launched programs
aimed at improving Jakartans’ access to health care and education.
In 2014 the PDI-P selected Jokowi to be its candidate for the Indonesian
presidential election, which was held on July 9. He was swept to victory with
more than 53 percent of the popular vote, defeating former general Prabowo
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41
Subianto. Though Subianto alleged that there had been widespread vote rigging
and formally challenged the election result, the country’s Constitutional Court
unanimously rejected his claim in August, clearing the way for Jokowi to take
office on October 20. As Jokowi entered the presidency, he identified clamping-
down on corruption as among his top priorities and as a necessary step to attract
more foreign direct investment to the country. He also pushed a nine-point plan
for Indonesia that emphasized helping the poor by improving public services,
implementing land reforms, and developing more-affordable housing, among
other measures (Hollar, 2014).
B. Previous Research Findings
There are many researches which investigate speech acts. One of them
was conducted by Elizabeth (2004). She did her research in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The
Interdepartmental Program in Linguistics from Graduate Faculty of the
Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College. Her
research entitled “Variation in the Performance of Speech Acts in Peninsular
Spanish: Apologies and requests”. This research examines variations in the
performance of speech acts and additional discourse features in situational
speech patterns of Peninsular Spanish. Forty participants from Castile and
Andalusia were interviewed, and the data were coded to examine the differences
in speech act realizations and the use of specific discourse features. The
participants’ responses were classified by regional, gender, and age differences
for the data set. Sociolinguistic differences in the use of additional discourse
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42
features were also compared, examining the use of alerters, personal address
items, intensifiers, polite markers, hedges, accepting responsibility, offering
repair, and the expression of need. In addition, native speaker judgments and
metalinguistic discussions were conducted to test the speech act data of
participants from Castile and Andalusia and to verify the acceptability of the
responses.
The research findings show that little variation is seen in the performance
of speech acts viewed from the aspects of region, gender, and age. The speech
acts for apologies and requests are formulaic in nature, and only change with
situational variation. Likewise, even though some differences exist, there is no
statistical significance in the use of additional discourse features according to
region, gender, and age. The use of these discourse features provides information
for Spanish language variation and in the areas of linguistic politeness and
language and gender. Results from the metalinguistic discussions provide
qualitative data, supporting the findings of speech act realizations.
The next research related to speech acts was conducted by Alaba (2013).
His research entitled “A Speech Act Analysis of the Acceptance of Nomination
Speeches of Chief Obafemi Awolowo and Chief M.K.O. Abiola”. This study
investigated the role of language in the communication and interpretation of
intentions by examining selected political speeches as pieces of discourse with
specific goals. It presented and documented some of the significant illocutionary
acts that conveyed the intentions of speakers in the acceptance of nomination
speeches of presidential candidates in Nigeria. The acceptance of nomination
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43
speeches of Chief Obafemi Awolowo and Chief M.K.O. Abiola form the bulk of
data. The study was based on insight from J.L. Austin (1962) speech act theory.
The research findings showed that there were five categories of speech
acts. They included assertive acts (27.3%), expressive acts (22.70%), commissive
acts (22.70%), directive acts (18.2%) and declarative acts which account for 9.1%
of the total data. The study has revealed that the acceptance of nomination
speeches were characterised by illocutionary acts that were used to achieve
persuasion. Hence, the data were characterized by a preponderance of assertive,
expressive and commissive acts that were mostly used as mobilization strategies,
especially in political campaigns, where it was essential for candidates to persuade
their listeners to win elections. The acts performed in the speeches examined were
essentially similar; however, they were encoded more explicitly by Chief Abiola
than Chief Awolowo.
Another research regarding speech acts was conducted by Ardiansyah
(2015). His research for the attainment of Master degree from Muhammadiyah
University of Surakarta entitled “Students Expressive Speech Acts Operated in
Teaching Learning Conversation in ELTI GRAMEDIA Surakarta”. The research
aimed to describe the realizations of expressive speech acts used by students, to
explain the students’ strategies in their expressive utterances, to explain the
students’ intentions in performing expressive utterances. The data of the
research were collected from the teaching-learning conversation in ELTI
GRAMEDIA Surakarta employed by students aged 19-23 years old.
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44
In reference to the research data, it was found that students were often
unaware of their expressive act and they employed only common expressive
speech acts in their talk. The types of expressive acts identified were thanking,
congratulating, blaming, praising and apologizing. In terms of their
strategy, the students barely made a direct expressive speech act in their
utterances. This seems to imply their low level of English proficiency.
This research has similarities and differences to the previous researches
presented above. The similarity of this research and the previous researches
above is that the researches analyze the speech acts. Meanwhile, the difference
lies on case being analyzed. The first research focuses on analysing Speech Acts
on Apologies and requests. The second research focuses on analyzing Speeches
of Chief Obafemi Awolowo and Chief M.K.O. Abiola. The third research
focuses on Students Expressive Speech Acts. Meanwhile, this research focuses
on investigating the selected speeches performed by the Seventh President of
The Republic of Indonesia, Jokowi. Also, this research has presented deeper
analysis by observing the reasons and the possible perlocutionary effects of
performing illocutionary acts. These differences may give new findings that lead
to different results.
C. Theoretical Framework
The first part of this chapter has presented a lot of theories which are
relevant with the topic of this research such as pragmatics, deixis, presupposition,
speech acts, context, felicity condition and etc. Among those theories, the
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45
researcher has selected two theories as the basis of the analysis to find the answer
of the research questions. They include speech acts and contexts.
The theory of Speech Acts may serve as an appropriate basis for the
analysis of the selected speeches. The Speech Acts theory is selected as the
linguistic framework for the analysis of the two Speeches due to the fact that
people perform various actions through the use of words. When utterances are
produced, a particular act is performed. With regard to speech acts, many linguists
such as Austin (1962), Searle (2005), and Leech (1996) have proposed different
classifications of speech acts. However, the idea of classifying the speech acts are
similar. They are presented in the following table.
Table 1. The Speech Act’s Classification Proposed by Austin (1962), Searle
(2005), and Leech (1996)
Austin’s Classification
of Speech Acts
Searle’s Classification of
Speech Acts
Leech’s Classification
of Speech Acts
1. Locutionary 1. Utterance acts 1. Competitive
2. Illocutionary acts 2. Propositional acts 2. Convivial
3. Perlocutionary acts 3. Illocutionary acts 3. Collaborative
a. Representatives 4. Conflictive
b. Directives
c. Commisives
d. Expressive
e. Declarative
The idea of speech acts was firstly initiated by Austin (1962). In reference
to the table above, Austin (1962) categorizes speech acts into locutionary,
illocutionary and perlocutionary acts. While, Searle (2005) has classified into
utterance, propositional and illocutionary acts. Utterance acts share similar ideas
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46
as locutionary acts as proposed by Austin. Meanwhile, the propositional and
illocutionary acts have the same ideas as illocutionary and perlocutionary acts
proposed by Austin (1962). The difference is that Searle (2005) makes detail
elaboration in classifying illocutionary acts which consist of representatives,
directives, commisives, expressives, and declaratives. In this case, Searle’s
classification of speech acts is the development of Austins. Meanwhile, Leech’s
categorization is based on social goals of establishing and maintaining community
which comprises of competitive, convivial, collaborative, and conflictive
This study comes up to employ the speech act theories suggested by
Austin (1962) and Searle (2005) to analyze the types of illocutionary acts found in
Jokowi’s speeches. It adopts Austin’s theory in order to describe the illocutionary
acts and perlocutionary acts. These acts are utterances which have a certain
(conventional) force. It can also be said that illocutionary act refers to what one
does in saying something. Meanwhile, a perlocutionary act is performed with the
intention of producing further effects.
The speech act theory suggested by Searle (2005) is employed to analyze
detail of the illocutionary acts which include assertives or representatives,
directives, commisives, expressives, and declaratives. The theory of speech acts
proposed by Austin(1962) and Searle (2005) were selected as the basis for
analysing the data in this research since they provided comprehensive and detail
elaboration of the cases. Also, many researchers and linguists have employed
those theories as a basis for research data analysis. The researcher did not use
Leech’s (1996) theory since it is too narrow and only focuses on social goals.
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47
Instead of using the theory of speech acts for the basis of analysis, this
research also employs a theory of context especially to answer the second and
third research problems. The researcher used the theory of context proposed by
Nunan (1993). In this case, contexts can be classified into two namely linguistic
and non-linguistic contexts. Linguistic contexts deal with the language which
surrounds the discourse being analyzed while non-linguistics contexts consist of
communication types, topics, purposes, settings, participants, and shared
background knowledge of a certain event.
Non-linguistics contexts contribute to answer the research questions. The
first element of non-linguistics context is communication types. The
communications types of the research objects analyzed in this study is a
monologue in the form of speeches delivered by Jokowi in two different events
namely APEC CEO Summit and World Economic Forum on East Asia. The
second element is topics. The topics of the speeches deal with the field of
economics such as “Advancing Regional Economic Integration", "Promoting
Innovative development, Economic Reform and Growth" and "Strengthening
Comprehensive Connectivity and Infrastructure Development". The next element
of non-linguistics context is purposes. The events where the speeches were
delivered had some purposes. The purposes of the APEC CEO Summit are to
discuss Asia-Pacific economic issues and promote regional trade, investment and
cooperation meanwhile the World Economic Forum on East Asia aimed to
explore how enhancing trust can improve regional cooperation and advance
critical decisions for accelerating sustainable socio-economic development.
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The next element of non-linguistics context include settings, participants,
and shared background knowledge. The settings deal with time and place of an
event. In this case, the APEC CEO Summit forum was held in November 10,
2014 in Tiongkok. This event was attended by 1500 APEC Economic Leaders,
CEOs and leading thinkers. Meanwhile, World Economic Forum on East Asia
was conducted in Shangri-La Hotel, Jakarta, Indonesia from 19 to 21 April 2015.
This event was attended by 700 participants from more than 40 countries,
including 180 CEOs and chairpersons, and 40 ministers and international
organization representatives. In addition, the shared background knowledge of
the particiants and speakers is related to the bussiness and economics.
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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter elaborates the steps involved in the study. It consists of the type
of study, data collection techniques, data analysis techniques, research instruments,
and the trustworthiness of the data. The type of study discusses the approach used in
this research. Meanwhile, data collection techniques, data analysis techniques, and
instruments discuss how the data are collected and analyzed using research
instruments. The last section in this chapter discusses how the validity of the research
data is achieved. Each section is presented below.
A. Type of study
This study is categorized as descriptive qualitative because the nature of the
study is targeted to describe the types of illocutionary acts found in Jokowi’s
speeches, the reasons of performing such illocutionary acts viewed from its context
and the possible perlocutionary effects of the dominant types of illocutionary acts.
According to Bogdan and Biklen (1982), qualitative research has some
characteristics. Firstly, it is naturalistic. Qualitative research has actual settings as the
direct source of data and the researcher is the key instrument. Researchers enter and
spend considerable time in schools learning about educational concerns. Although
some people use video tape equipment and recording devices, many go completely
unarmed save for a pad and a pencil. Secondly, qualitative research is descriptive.
The collected data take the forms of words or pictures rather than numbers. The data
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50
include interview transcripts, field notes, photographs, videotapes, personal
documents, memos, or other official records. The next characteristic of qualitative
research is that it is concerned with the process rather than with outcomes or
products. Also, it is inductive meaning that qualitative researchers tend to analyze
their data inductively. They do not search out the data or evidence to prove or
disprove hypotheses they hold before entering the study. The last characteristic is that
meaning becomes essential part of qualitative approach. In this case, the researchers
who use this approach are interested in how different people make sense of their
lives.
B. Data Collection Techniques
Data is an important element in a research and may have many different
forms. According to Subroto (1992), the data in a research are the fixed materials
which are suitable to solve the research problems. In this research, the data are in the
form of words, phrases, sentences found in Jokowi’s speeches which have been
transcribed. The speeches consist of 1568 words and 115 sentences. Also, there are
94 speech excerpts analyzed in this study.
The researcher utilized documentation technique in collecting the data. In this
case, the researcher browsed and downloaded the recorded speeches delivered by
Jokowi from www.youtube.com. The video was then transcribed and analyzed. There
are two speeches analyzed in this research. The first speech was delivered in APEC
CEO summit 2014 forum held in November 10, 2014 in Tiongkok. Meanwhile, the
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51
second speech was delivered in World Economic Forum on East Asia held from 19-
21 April 2015 in Jakarta, Indonesia. Both speeches were delivered in English. In
making these speeches, Jokowi was helped by a certain team of which members
include the Head of the Presidential Staff, The Minister of Foreign Affair, The
Minister of State Secretariat and some other ministers.
The two speeches were selected as the objects of the research because the
speeches were delivered in a the world forum which promote the economic prosperity
of the nations. The main agenda of Jokowi as the seventh president of Indonesia is to
boost the economic condition in Indonesia. With regard to this, speech in the
bussiness forum becomes an important media for Jokowi to socialize his agenda as
well as persuade the relevant parties to collaborate in achieving the economic
prosperity. Also, the languages utilized in political speeches are characterized by the
intention of the speakers to persuade, build image, or influence people. Therefore,
speeches were interested to be analyzed.
C. Data Analysis Techniques
The next process, after data collection, was data analysis. According to
Moleong (2000), data analysis is a process of organizing and classifying data into
certain pattern, category and basic unit of analysis so that the theme can be found and
working hypothesis suggested by the data can be formulated. The goals of the data
analysis are to summarize the data and to present them, thus, they can be better
comprehended, interpreted, or related to some decision the user wishes to make.
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The data in this research were analyzed using qualitative method. Miles and
Huberman (1992) state that qualitative method refers to a kind of analysis method
with the data in the form of words not number; qualitative method provides a
wide descriptive of process happening in the field being observed. There were
some steps of analysing the data in this research. The first step was transcribing the
speeches by listening the downloaded speeches and typing it in Microsoft Word. The
second step was reading the transcribed speeches carefully and sorting them by
looking for units of words, phrases, and sentences. In this step, the researcher
underlined the significant data that were appropriate with the research topics.
The next step was categorizing the data based on speech acts classification
proposed by Austin (1962) and Searle (2005) which consisted of representatives;
directives; commissives; expressives; and declaratives. In this step, the researcher put
all units having the same coding together. In reference, to the categorization of the
data, the researchers observed and calculated the occurence frequency of speech acts
in order that the data were easily read as illustrated in the following table.
Table 2. The Frequency of Illocutionary Acts Found in Jokowi’s Speeches
NO ILLOCUTIONARY
ACTS
ILLOCUTIONARY
FORCE
FREQUENCIES PRECENTAGE
(%)
1. Assertive a. Informing
b. Convincing
c. Questioning
d. Describing
e. Stating
26
4
3
12
4
52,1%
The categorization of speech acts was, then, deeply observed to find the
answer of the second and third research questions. The final step was presenting the
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53
data. In this case, the researcher employed informal and formal methods of data
presentation as proposed by Sudaryanto (1993). According to him, informal refers to
the method of presenting the analyzed data using words while formal methods refer
to the presentation of the analyzed data using symbols, diagrams, figures, and tables
(artificial language). With regard to this, the data were presented in the forms of
phrases and sentences that are put in tables.
D. Research Instruments
The main instrument in this study is the researcher himself. In this case, the
researcher reads the transcribed data carefully. Then, the researcher analyzed the
types of illocutionary acts found in Jokowi’s speeches, the reasons of performing
such illocutionary acts, and the possible perlocutionary effects of the dominant type
of illocutionary acts. The second instrument is the data sheets. The data sheet is used
to record the types of illocutionary acts in Jokowi’s speeches. The format of the data
sheet is ilustrated below.
Table 3. The Data Sheet of The Types of Illocutionary Acts Found in Jokowi’s
Speeches
Data Code : I
Context of situation : The President of the Republic of Indonesia, Jokowi,
Gave a Speech in APEC CEO Summit 2014
Note. Ass : Assertives Exp : Expressives
Dir : Directives Dec : Declaratives
Com : Commissives
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No Speech excerpts acts Illocutionary acts
Ass Dir Com Exp Dec
E. The trustworthiness of the data
There are four criteria to check the trustworthiness in qualitative research
namely, credibility, dependability, confirmability, and transferability (Moleong,
2000). In this study, credibility and dependability are applied to achieve the
trustworthiness of the data. Credibility is the criterion to fulfill the truth-value of the
data collected (Syamsudin and Damaianti, 2007). This means that the result of the
study must be able to be trusted by all readers critically. With regard to this, the
researcher read, reread, and observe the data carefully and comprehensively to obtain
the credibility of the data.
Dependability is the criterion used to value whether the process of the
qualitative research is qualified or not, and to check if the researcher has successfully
conceptualized her research plan, collected the data, and interpreted them or there are
still many mistakes in them (Syamsudin and Damaianti, 2007). The dependability of
the data was achieved by triangulation technique. Triangulation is a method for
establishing reliability by checking propositions more often. The triangulation is
applied by discussing the data with the advisors and asking friends who are
knowledgeable about this research to confirm the research data. Also, the researchers
compared the data from one source with another source for instance the transcription
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55
of the speech. Instead of trascribing the video of the speech directly, the researcher
also the downloaded the transcription of the speech from the internet to cross check
the data in this research.
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CHAPTER IV
RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter presents the research findings and discussion. The first part
explains the types of illocutionary acts found in Jokowi’s selected speeches while
the next part discusses the reasons why Jokowi performed the acts viewed from
the context of situation underlying the speeches. The last part describes the
possible perlocutionary effects of the dominant illocutionary acts. Each is
presented as follows.
A. The Types of Illocutionary Acts Found in Jokowi’s Speeches
This part explains the findings of the research regarding the types of
illocutionary acts found in Jokowi’s speeches. There are two speeches analyzed in
this research. The first speech was delivered in APEC CEO Summit 2014 which
was held in November 10, 2014 in Tiongkok. The Summit was the premier
platform for the APEC Economic Leaders and business executives to discuss
Asia-Pacific economic issues and promote regional trade, investment and
cooperation. It was the most influential and high-level business event in the
region. Also, it gathered 1500 APEC Economic Leaders, CEOs and leading
thinkers in Beijing to deliberate the key issues facing the development of the Asia-
Pacific economic by sharing views on "Advancing Regional Economic
Integration", "Promoting Innovative development, Economic Reform and
Growth" and "Strengthening Comprehensive Connectivity and Infrastructure
Development"
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57
The second speech was delivered in the World Economic Forum on East
Asia. The World Economic Forum is an international institution committed to
improving the state of the world through public-private cooperation in the spirit of
global citizenship. It engages with business, political, academic and other leaders
of society to shape global, regional and industry agendas. Incorporated as a not-
for-profit foundation in 1971 and headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the
Forum is independent, impartial and not tied to any interests. It cooperates closely
with all leading international organizations.
Speech acts can be categorized into several types. They include locutionary,
illocutonary and perlocutionary. Locutionary is the act of saying something that is
the form of the words uttered, or “what is said”. There are three kinds of
locutionary acts namely a declarative when it tells something, an imperative when
it gives orders, and an interrogative when it asks questions (Austin, 1962).
Moreover, the kinds of Illocutionary acts consist of representatives/assertives,
directives, commissives, expressives and declaratives. In addition, perlocutionary
act is the effect of an utterance. It is what people want to achieve by saying
something such as to get hearer to know, to dosomething, to expect something, to
show pleasant feeling andto praise.
The first objective of this research is to describe the types of illocutionary
acts found in Jokowi’s speech. The research has found 94 types of illocutionary
acts. They show difference frequencies in terms of their occurence. The detail
frequency of the illocutionary acts is presented in table 4 below.
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58
Table 4. The Frequency of Illocutionary Acts Found in Jokowi’s Speeches
NO ILLOCUTIONARY
ACTS
ILLOCUTIONARY
FORCE
FREQUENCIES PRECENTAGE
(%)
1. Assertive a. Informing
b. Convincing
c. Questioning
d. Describing
e. Stating
26
4
3
12
4
52,1%
2. Directive a. Inviting
b. Requesting
5
3 8,5%
3. Commissive a. Promising
b. Offering
22
5 28,7%
4. Expressive a. Thanking
b. State of
pleasure
c. Greeting
d. Saluting
e. Expression of
feeling
4
2
2
1
1
10,6%
5. Declarative - - -
TOTAL 94 100%
The table 4 above shows that the illocutionary acts found in Jokowi’s
speeches consist of assertives, directives, commisives and expressives. Assertives
have the highest frequency of occurence or 49 (52,1%). It is followed by
commisives, expressives, and directives which occur 27 (28,7%), 10 (10,6%) and
8 (8,5%) respectively. Furthermore, the types of assertives include informing,
convincing, questioning, describing, and stating. The kinds of directives consist of
inviting and requesting. Commisives include promising and offering. The kinds of
expressives are thanking, state of pleasure, greeting, saluting and expression of
feeling.
A declarative speech act is not found in Jokowi’s speeches because it
requires spesific circumtances to perform the acts. It is performed by someone in a
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59
specific institutional role and context like a priest. By performing declarative acts,
the speakers may change the world. These circumtances are not found in Jokowi
speeches therefore there is no declarative acts found in this research.
In reference to the research data, the different types of illocutionary acts
found in Jokowi’s speeches which consist of assertives, directives, commisives,
and expresives are elaborated as follows.
a. Assertives
Assertives have the idea of what the speakers believe to be true. There are
five kinds of assertive acts found in Jokowi’s speeches. They consist of informing,
convincing, questioning, describing, and stating. Among those three acts,
informing is the most dominant act. Those types of assertives are explained as
follows.
The first type of assertive act is informing. In delivering a speech, Jokowi
performed many acts of informing. The information he delivered deals with the
condition of Indonesia including geographic, population, nation’s budget,
infrastructure projects, maritime agenda, mass transportation, land acquisition
strategies and etc. The information shows the current and real condition of
Indonesia. Jokowi wants the audience to know better about Indonesia with the
hope that many investors are interested to invest in Indonesia. Here are some
samples of information presented by Jokowi in his speech.
The picture shows you our map of Indonesia. (Datum I. No.4)
We have a population of 240 million and the distance is like from London
in UK to Istanbul in Turkey. (Datum I. No.5)
And imagine, we have 17,000 islands. 17,000 islands. (Datum I. No.8)
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Our national budget for 2015 is $167 billion and for fuel subsidy is $27
billion. It's huge. (Datum I. No.9)
In reference to the research findings, the information presented by Jokowi
can be classified into two namely, the description about the geographical
condition of Indonesia and the nation’s projects. Each information was presented
in detail and some are equipped with examples, for instance when he explains the
comparation of commodity price in Java and Papua as presented in the following
speech excerpts.
So, the price, the cost of the transportation is more efficient.(Datum I.
No.42)
For example, the price of the cement, one sack cement, in Java island is $6
per sack cement. (Data I. No.43)
But in Papua island the price is $150 per sack cement. (Datum I. No.44)
The second type of assertive act is convincing. The data show that Jokowi
convinces the audience that Indonesia has potential ports which may support the
bussiness activities by saying This is the potential ports in Indonesia. For Jokowi,
the speech is an important media to promote the nation agenda since many
bussiness leaders listen to his speech. Therefore, he must be able to convince all
audience about the agenda of the nation.
In convincing the audience, Jokowi also provided a lot of information
about the streghts of Indonesia such as the people who are wise resourceful,
homurous, and passionate. Also, he stated that Indonesia is democratic country
and has become the 5th largest economy in Asia as well as a key member of the
G20. All the information is presented to let the audience know that Indonesia is so
potentials that it can develop joint bussinesses, investments and other programs
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
61
which may enhance the mutual benefits among nations. This is supported by the
following datum.
Today almost 20 years later. We are a vibrant and stable democracy. Our
unity in diversity what we call Bhinneka Tunggal Ika is stronger than ever.
We have become the 5th largest economy in Asia and a key member of the
G20. The Indonesian people are wise. They are resourceful and therefore I
am here to tell you with one hundred percent confidence Indonesia will
prevail. (Datum II. No.25)
When you spent time with Indonesia especially on facebook or twitter you
will find our people have incredible humor, our people have incredible
courage, our people have incredible wisdom. (Datum II. No.28)
Questioning also belongs to the assertive acts found in Jokowi’s speech.
This act is expressed in an interogative sentence. In reference to the findings of
the research, Jokowi rarely use interogative sentences. There are some
interogative acts found in Jokowi’s speeches. He uttered an interogative sentence
when he defined a sea toll as presented in the speech excerpt below.
What is sea toll? Sea toll is maritime transportation system to make our
transportation cost lower, to make our transportation cost more efficient.
(Datum I. No.63)
According to Jokowi, sea toll is a maritime transportation system. This is a
project that will be realized during his reign. The purpose of this project is
lowering the transportation cost.
Other acts of questioning were performed by Jokowi in his speeches to
give explanation about the reasons regarding the statement that he had made. He
stated that Indonesia has to change. Then, he was questioning why changes are
needed. Also, he told about the Asian Financial crisis, then he questioned whether
or not Indonesia can survive. This is supported by the following data.
Why do I beleive that Indonesia has to change?(Datum II. No.10)
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62
Because my people tell me, my people tell me that our country has to
change. Every week and every month I go into the villages. I go into the
cities, andmy people ask me Mr. Jokowi please change our
country.(Datum II. No.11)
After 1997, Asian Financial crisis, a lot of people around the world asked,
will the Indonesian people survive? (Datum II. No.25)
The next kind of assertives found in Jokowi’s speech is describing. Jokowi
often performed this act when delivering his speech. He described about the
current condition of the world and its future possibilities as presented in the
following data.
The world is in a fundamental transition. For us in Indonesia and for all
emerging market the condition is suddenly very challenging but when we
see challenges I see opportunity. In fact our challenges are your
opportunity.(Datum II. No.2)
I have just returned from official visits to Tokyo and Beijing, after many
meetings with President Xi Jinping and Prime Minister Shinzo Abe I would
like to share with you I am extremely optimistic. (Datum II. No.4)
I believe China and Japan today enjoy the best leadership we have had in
generation, and I believe this is the great benefits of Asia as a whole.
(Datum II. No.6)
If there is one thing that Prime Minister Abe presidency and I can agree
on it is that the world is changing very fast. (Datum II. No.7)
Because my people tell me, my people tell me that our country has to
change. Every week and every month, I go into the villages. I go into the
cities, and my people ask me Mr. Jokowi please change our country.
(Datum II. No.11)
In reference to the data above, it is clear that Jokowi has provided a lot of
descriptions about the changing world. This change may become challenges for
Indonesia or other countries. With regard to this, Indonesia must undergo changes
in order to be able to compete in the international level. Also, he told the audience
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63
that he had visited his peoples to get their aspirations. The people had ordered him
to perform a change. This implies that he want to tell the audience that the people
of Indonesia want to perform changes.
Jokowi also described a story in his speeches. He told the audience about
the export of crude oil in Indonesia. According to him, Indonesia had made an
achievement regarding the export of crude oil in the past. However, the export had
ever experienced a crisis. With regard to this, the peoples had asked him to change
the condition in order to overcome the crisis. This is shown by the following data.
Let me share with you a story. We have been here before in the 1970s.
Indonesia became rich on export of crude oil. Crude oil was booming. Oil
pricesis recorded high. At that time, Indonesia was the only member of
OPEC from Asia. Our energy minister Subroto was secretary general
OPEC. Then in 1980, the price of crude oil is press. By then oil and gas
export were 80 percent from our total export. We are forced to devalue our
currency. We have an economic crisis. (Datum II. No.14)
After the 1980, oil prices crashed, Indonesia begin to industrialized. Over
the next 15 years, We built up textile and garment industry, furniture
industry, pulp and papers industry, palm oil industries, chemical
industries. (Datum II. No.16)
Even with pain, my people tell me every week and every month. Please Mr.
Jokowi change our country. Our people are very wise, They recognize that
to have progress. They must be sacrifice. Fortunately, story is on our side,
I would even say God is on our side. (Datum II. No.24)
The data above show that Jokowi is not simply describing. At the end of
his description, he told the audience that the people of Indonesia want changes.
Even, he repeats this sentence several times. In this case, he wants to emphasize
that the people of Indonesia that he represents wants to undergo changes in order
to have better nation.
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64
The next type of assertives is stating. The statements that Jokowi make
deal with the description that he had made earlier. He described about the
changing world which demands all nations around the world to perform changes.
With regard to this, he stated that Indonesia has to change. Although the changes
are difficult to carry out, it is a must since he beleives that there will be no gain
without pain. This is supported by the following data.
I believe that Indonesia has to change. (Datum II. No.9)
It can be no gain without pain. (Datum II. No.23)
b. Directives
Directive is used by the speaker to get the addressee to do something. By
performing this act, the speakers intend to produce some effects through action on
the hearers. The directive acts found in the first speech are inviting and requesting.
They are explained as follows.
The first directive act is inviting. In his speech, Jokowi invited all
audience to come and invest in Indonesia. This act was performed in the last part
of the speech after Jokowi gave detail explanation about the programs and
projects that will be realized during his administration. The following is the
speech excerpts which show an assertive act of inviting.
We are waiting for you to come to Indonesia. We are waiting for you to
invest in Indonesia. (Datum I. No.61)
The research data also show that Jokowi invited the audience to reinvent
the economies and societies. In addition, he invited the participants to join him
and his people. This is supported by the following data.
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65
Within this global transition, our task is clear, We have to reinvent our
economies. (Datum II. No.12)
We have to reinvent our societies. (Datum II. No.13)
Therefore, Ladies and gentlemen, I stand here today to invite you to join me
and my people on an incredible journey and an incredible adventure to make
incredible profits. (Datum II. No.29)
The act of inviting aims at directing the audience towards Jokowi’s goal. As a
president of the Republic of Indonesia, Jokowi has many goals especially in the
sector of bussiness or economy. With regard to this, Jokowi invites the audience
to do things related to bussiness since he delivered the speech in a bussiness
forum.
Requesting is the next act which belongs to assertive found in this
research. The word request has an implication of asking the hearer to do
something. In his speech, Jokowi gave a lot of information to the audience and
asked the audience to think that Indonesia has many islands as presented in the
following datum.
And imagine, we have 17,000 islands. 17,000 islands. (Datum I. No 7)
The datum above shows that Jokowi is not only informing but also
requesting all audience in his speech. This also aims to make the audience aware
that Indonesia is a big country.
Another act of requesting was performed by Jokowi at the end of his
speech delivered in the World Economic Forum on East Asia. He requested the
audience to call him if they find problems. Before performing this act, he had
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
66
invited the audience to collaborate with him and the people of Indonesia to make
profits. The act of requesting is presented in the datum below.
And if you have any problem, call me. (Datum II. No.30)
The datum above implies that Jokowi is serious to solve the problems
especially related to investment that may be faced by the prospective investors.
This may improve the audience trust who may perform an investment in
Indonesia. Also, his language is very simple. He simply said “call me” to request
the audience.
c. Commisives
Commisives are acts which commit the speaker to some future actions.
The type of commisive performed by Jokowi in his speech is promising. Based on
the data, Jokowi gave many promises in his speech. The promises deal with the
nation’s agenda that will be realized during his administration. They consist of
channeling fuel subsidy from consumption to production activities which include
building dams, giving fishermen boats, maintaining water supply,increasing the
income of the fishermen, supporting macro and small enterprises, supporting
education and health sectors, constructing infrastructure, building seaports and
railway track, developing mass trasportation and sea toll, and helping solve the
land acquisition problems.
We want to channel our fuel subsidy to the farm for seeds, for fertilizers,
and also for irrigation. (Datum 1. No.11)
We want to buildour mass transportation in 6 big cities in Indonesia.
(Datum 1. No.32)
We want to build sea toll. (Datum 1. No.38)
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67
Instead of the physical agenda of the nation, Jokowi also promises to
overcome the problem that may be faced by investors. The problem is related to
the land acquisition. This indicates that Jokowi wants to attract the audience to do
investment in Indonesia.
Many investors, a lot of investors, when they come to me, most of them
they always complain about land acquisition. (Datum 1. No.52) I will push
my ministers, my governors, my mayors, to help clear this problem.
(Datum 1. No.53)
In his speeches, Jokowi also promised that he wanted to move from
consumption to production and investment activities. The investments include the
investment of infrastructure and human capital. This is supported by the data
below
Today we must see from consumption back to production. From
consumption to investment.Investment in our infrastructure.Investment in
our industry. But most importantly investment in our human capital. The
most precious resource in the 21 century. (Datum II. No.21)
Based on the data above, it implies that Jokowi considers the nation’s
activities are mostly consumption. Therefore, he wants to change these activities
with other productive activities. This act aims to get the hearers expect something
from the speakers.
d. Expressives
Expressives are speech acts that express a psychological state. These acts
express the speaker’s inner state that says nothing about the world. The acts which
belong to this category are thanking, state of pleasure, greeting, saluting, and
expression of feeling. They are elaborated below.
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68
Thanking is stated in the beginning and at the end of the speech. In the
beginning of the speech, Jokowi thanks to all audience for coming to his
presentation. Moreover, at the end of the speech, he also expressed his gratitudes
to all audience by saying thank you twice. This act functions as an opening and
closing mark of the speech. The sentences and phrases showing thanking are
presented as follows.
I would like to thank you for coming to my presentation. (Datum I.No.1)
Finally, again on behalf of the Indonesian government and the people of
Indonesia, I would like to thank you for your listening (to) my
presentation. (Datum I.No.60)
Thank you. Thank you. (Datum I.No.62)
The second type of an expressive act found in Jokowi’s speeches is a state
of pleasure. Jokowi expressed his pleasure since he got an opportunity to share
about bussiness and investment to all audience who are mostly bussiness leaders.
His state of pleasure also marks the beginning of his speech before he further
explains about bussiness and investments. Even, he repeats his expression I am
very happy twice to emphasize his feeling of pleasure. Below are speech excerpts
showing his feeling of pleasure.
Today, I am happy, I am very happy, to be with you, because you know I
was a businessman years ago. (Datum I. No.2)
So, this morning, I am very happy because we can talk about business,
about investment with all of you. (Datum I. No.3)
The next act which belongs to the category of expressive act is greeting.
Greeting is part of a speech structure. The speakers often greet the audience at the
begining and end of the speech. The findings show that Jokowi greets the
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audience by saying good morning. Also, Jokowi performs the act of greeting to
open the speech. He greets the audience by saying“Ladies and Gentlemen”. After
greeting, he moves directly to the topic that he wants to deliver.
The other type of expressive acts found in Jokowi’s speech is saluting.
He mentioned your excellencies to address the audience in between his speeches.
Jokowi rarely performs this act. This shows that he seldom paused his speech by
saluting the audience. In other words, he focused on delivering his messages to the
audience by describing and informing.
Expression of feeling also belongs to the category of expressive acts
found in the speeches. In reference to the research findings, Jokowi expressed his
feeling of optimism when delivering speeches. The following is the datum that
shows the expression of feeling.
I have just returned from official visits to Tokyo and Beijing, after many
meetings with President Xi Jinping and Prime Minister Shinzo Abe I
would like to share with you I am extremely optimistic.(Datum II. No.5)
Based on the datum above, Jokowi wants to show the audience that he
is very optimistic because he believes that China and Japan today enjoy the best
leadership. This condition provides great benefits to the other countries in the
Asian continent including Indonesia.
B. The Reasons of Performing Illocutionary Acts Viewed from the Context of
Situation
Context is an important aspect in language since it helps understand the
utterances produced by the speakers. The speeches analyzed in this research were
delivered in different events i.e. APEC CEO Summit 2014 and World Economic
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70
Forum on East Asia speech. Therefore, understanding the background information
of the events could help explore Jokowi’s reasons in performing the illocutionary
acts. The description about the events is presented below.
The first event where Jokowi delivered his speech is APEC CEO Summit.
This event is Asia-Pacific’s premier business event, drawing economic leaders
and senior business figures from the region and beyond. It was initiated in 1996.
The APEC CEO Summit 2014 was held in Beijing just prior to the annual APEC
Economic Leaders’ Meeting, and is the most important business event in the
APEC Leaders’ Week. The theme of the APEC CEO Summit 2014 is “New
Vision for Asia Pacific: Creativity, Connectivity, Integration, Prosperity”. Under
this theme, the Summit brought together APEC Economic Leaders and over 1500
regional and global business executives for a wide ranging discussion on the
global economic outlook, regional integration, innovation, infrastructure, and
finance (Jiang, 2014).
Jiang (2014) adds that the APEC CEO Summit 2014 provide opportunities
for the CEOs to: (1) find insights, inspiration and business opportunities through
the Summit; (2) participate in international policy-shaping discussions on trade
and investment; (3) network with international high-level business executives and
thought leaders; and (4) dialogue with APEC senior officials.
The second event is the World Economic Forum on East Asia (WEF-EA).
In reference to the official website of the event (2015), WEF-EA an International
Organization for Public-Private Cooperation committed to improving the state of
the world. The Forum engages the foremost political, business and other leaders
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
71
of society to shape global, regional and industry agendas. It was established in
1971 as a not-for-profit foundation and is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.
It is independent, impartial and not tied to any special interests. The Forum strives
in all its efforts to demonstrate entrepreneurship in the global public interest while
upholding the highest standards of governance. Moral and intellectual integrity is
at the heart of everything it does.
The activities are shaped by a unique institutional culture founded on the
stakeholder theory, which asserts that an organization is accountable to all parts of
society. The institution carefully blends and balances the best of many kinds of
organizations, from both the public and private sectors, international organizations
and academic institutions.
East Asia continues to be the world’s economically fastest-growing region
and its most populous. Projected to maintain an average growth rate above 7% in
2015, it boasts some of the world’s most prosperous economies such as Australia,
China, Japan, Singapore and South Korea. East Asia is further bolstered by the
phenomenal rise of its emerging markets, including Indonesia, Myanmar and
Vietnam. Underscoring this economic success, the region is now preparing for the
launch of the ASEAN Economic Community by the end of 2015, heralding a new
era in the free movement of people, goods and services across a contiguous
economic bloc of 10 countries with over 600 million people.
At the same time, waning trust between key players and geopolitical
tensions present new challenges to East Asia’s regionalism and carry the risk of
undermining future economic growth, compromising poverty reduction and
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
72
detracting from shared prosperity. Additionally, hyperconnectivity and
innovations present inspiring opportunities as much as ominous challenges.
Ongoing resource scarcity, environmental degradation and shifting societal values
further exemplify the pressures that will require renewed trust in public and
private sector institutions, as well as much-improved dialogue between
government and business to address these short-term and longer-term challenges.
Marking a return to Indonesia after three years, the 24th World Economic
Forum on East Asia was held in Jakarta just months after the inauguration of
Indonesia’s third democratically elected government under the leadership of
President Joko Widodo.
Indonesia is the world’s fourth most populous nation, the largest Muslim-
majority democracy, 10th largest economy and a member of the G20. In this
context, the meeting will be an ideal platform for senior decision-makers from
different sectors to explore how enhancing trust can improve regional cooperation
and advance critical decisions for accelerating sustainable socio-economic
development.
In reference to context above and the research data, Jokowi performed the
illocutionary acts such as assertive, directives, commisives, and expressives due to
many different reasons. The first type of illocutionary act is assertive which
include informing, convincing, questioning, describing, and stating. The reasons
of performing each type of assertive acts are elaborated as follows.
Jokowi performs the act of informing because he is the new President of
the republic of Indonesia. As a new president he has a lot of programs that should
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73
be socialized. In this case, APEC CEO Summit and World Economic Forum on
East Asia become the right forums for Jokowi to inform the audience about the
nation’s agenda that he has formulated.
The reason of performing convincing act is that Jokowi wants to let the
audience know that there will be many big projects he has planned. This may open
the opportunity for the investors to collaborate with Indonesian government in
realizing the projects. This is presented in the following data.
In 5 years we want to build 24 seaports and deep seaports. As you know,
we have 17,000 islands, so we need seaports and we need deep seaports.
And this is your opportunity: 24 seaports and deep seaports. The picture
shows our Jakarta Port, Tanjung Priok port. In 2009, the capacity is 3.6
million TEUs a year, and our plan in 2017 is around 15 million TEUs a
year. This is the potential ports in Indonesia. (Datum I. No 19-24)
In reference to the data above, the act of convincing is presented in the last
sentence This is the potential ports in Indonesia. This act was performed when
Jokowi described about ports that he wanted to build during his five-year
administration ahead. He targeted to build 24 seaports and deep seaports.
Another datum showing the act of convincing is Again one hundred
percent confidence Indonesia will prevail. (Datum II. No.27). Based on the
context of situation, Jokowi performs this act because he wants to show his
optimism that he can lead Indonesia to be able to actively engaged in the global
arena with all the streghts that Indonesia have.
Based on the context of situation, Jokowi performs the act of questioning
because he wants to provide a detail explanation about sea toll because sea toll is
a new term that Jokowi utilized to refer to maritime transportation system.
Therefore, the audience may get clear picture about what it looks like. This may
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
74
attract the audience to do investment in the development of sea toll in Indonesia.
This act is shown in the datum below.
What is sea toll? Sea toll is maritime transportation system to make our
transportation cost lower, to make our transportation cost more efficient.
(Datum I.No.63)
Further analysis shows that Jokowi performed the act of questioning
because of two reasons. Firstly, he wanted to make his speech attractive since
questioning might be used as a strategy to grasp the audience atention. Therefore,
the speech was not flat. Secondly, he wanted to put an emphasis on a certain issue.
They are supported by the data below.
Why do I beleive that Indonesia has to change?(Datum II. No.10)
Because my people tell me, my people tell me that our country has to
change. Every week and every month I go into the villages. I go into the
cities, andmy people ask me Mr. Jokowi please change our
country.(Datum II. No.11)
After 1997, Asian Financial crisis, a lot of people around the world asked,
will the Indonesian people survive? (Datum II. No.25)
In reference to the data above, Jokowi said: ”Will the Indonesian
survive?”. Through this interogative sentence, Jokowi wants to stress Indonesia
could survive amidts the crisis although many have understimated Indonesia.
The reason of performing the act of describing is because Jokowi wants to
provide background information to the audience why changes should be
undergone since he noticed that the the world has been changing. Therefore, every
country including Indonesia need to perform changes. Undergoing nations
changes may provide an opportunity for other nations to take part to gain mutual
benefits as presented in the data below.
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75
The world is in a fundamental transition. For us in Indonesia and for all
emerging market the condition is suddenly very challenging but when we
see challenges I see opportunity. In fact our challenges are your
opportunity. (Datum II. No.2)
Stating also belong assertive acts performed by Jokowi in his speeches. In
reference to the context of situation, Jokowi performed this act because he has
been trusted by the people of Indonesia as the president to make a better nation’s
life. One of the ways is performing the changes although it is hard to do. The
following data show the act of stating.
I believe that Indonesia has to change. (Datum II. No.9)
It can be no gain without pain. (Datum II. No.23)
The second type of illocutionary acts performed by Jokowi in his speeches
is directives which consist of inviting and requesting. The reasons of performing
each type of directive speech acts are described below.
Jokowi perform the act of inviting because he believes that he cannot
realize all the programs that he has planned without the support from the
investors. This is due to two reasons. Firstly, the nation’s budget is limited.
Secondly, huge budget has been allocated for fuel subsidy. Therefore, he performs
the acts of inviting to invite the investors to perform investment in Indonesia. The
following data provide the context of situation for the act of inviting.
We are waiting for you to come to Indonesia. We are waiting for you to
invest in Indonesia. Thank you. Thank you. (Datum I. No.61 and 62)
Our national budget for 2015 is $167 billion and for fuel subsidy is $27
billion. It's huge. (Datum I. No.9)
So, this is also your opportunity, because you know our national budget is
limited. (Datum I. No.35)
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76
Based on the context of situation, another reason of performing the acts of
inviting is that Jokowi wants the audience to collaborate and jointly work
especially in the sector of bussiness to make profits. In other words, Jokowi wants
to promote the world prosperity. This is supported by the following data.
Within this global transition, our task is clear, We have to reinvent our
economies. (Datum II. No.12)
Therefore, Ladies and gentlemen, I stand here today to invite you to join me
and my people on an incredible journey and an incredible adventure to make
incredible profits. (Datum II. No.29)
Instead of inviting, Jokowi also performed the act of requesting in his
speeches. He requested the audience to think about the price of cement in
Indonesia which show high difference in one island and other islands. He states
that the price of one sack of cement in Papua island is 25 times higher than that of
other islands. Also, he requested the audience to imagine that Indonesia has many
islands as explained in the following data.
For example, the price of the cement, one sack of cement, in Java island is
$6 per sack of cement. But in Papua island the price is $150 per sack of
cement. Imagine, 25 times. (Datum I. No.43-45)
And imagine, we have 17,000 islands. 17,000 islands. (Datum I. No.7)
In reference to the context of situation, Jokowi performs the acts of
requesting because he is aware that the audience come from different countries
around the world who may not know that Indonesia has huge potentials.
Therefore, he requested the audience to imagine how big the potential of
Indonesia for investment.
Another reason of performing a requesting act is that Jokowi wants to
build trust to the audience by solving the problems directly. In his speeches, he
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
77
said “And if you have any problem, call me.” In this case, Jokowi requested the
audience to call him directly if problems arise. This has become his leadership
style of solving the problem in that he goes down to the people, listen their voices
to know the problems and give solutions. By performing this acts, the audience
feel confident to jointly work with Indonesian govenrment since they have got
certainty about the the probelms solver.
The next type of illocutionary act is commisives which consist of
promising and offering. Jokowi performed the acts of promising a lot in his
speeches. He did it because there were some programs or policies of the previous
government that do not support the development of the nation like a huge
allocation of fuel subsidy. Also, the classic problems which inhibit the investors to
do investment in Indonesia like land acquisition problem that remain unsolved.
That is why Jokowi performs the act of promising to the audience in order to build
the audience trusts to the new government of Jokowi that his government can be
better than the previous one.
Another reason of performing the act of promising is that Jokowi wants
the audience to have expectations from his administration. He was sure that his
administration might lead to the joined prosperity. Moreover, he noticed that the
previous government focused on the compsution activities. With regard to this, he
promised to change the comsumption into production activities. Therefore, mutual
benefits between Indonesia and the investors will be achieved as indicated in the
datum below.
Today we must see from consumption back to production. From
consumption to investment.Investment in our infrastructure.Investment
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78
in our industry.But most importantly investment in our human capital.
The most precious resource in the 21 century.(Datum II. No.21)
In his speeches, Jokowi also performed an offering act. In reference to the
context of situation, he performed this act because he has many projects during his
administration especially related to the infrastructure development which requires
a support from the investors. With regard this, he offers an opportunity for the
investors to do investment in Indonesia by saying This is also your opportunity to
invest in this project. (Datum I. No.50).
The last type of illocutionary acts is expressives which include thanking,
state of pleasure, and greeting, saluting, and expression of feeling. Based on the
context of situation, these expressive acts were performed by Jokowi because he
wanted to build rapport to the audience. Therefore, the speech may flow smoothly
and the messages that he wants to deliver can come across to the hearers mind.
For example, when Jokowi expressed his feeling as stated in the datum below.
Today, I am happy, I am very happy, to be with you, because you know I
was a businessman years ago. (Datum I. No.2)
In reference to the data above, Jokowi tried to build rapport with all
audience by showing his feeling of pleasure in speaking amidts the bussiness
leaders and diplomats. Also, he grasped the audience attention in saying I was a
bussiness man years ago. This indicates that he shares the same profesion as that
of the audiendes. Therefore, he may attract the audience’s interest to listen to his
speech. Moreover, he performed the act of expression of feeling as explained in
the data below.
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I have just returned from official visits to Tokyo and Beijing, after many
meetings with President Xi Jinping and Prime Minister Shinzo Abe I
would like to share with you I am extremely optimistic.(Datum II. No.5)
Based on the data above, Jokowi performed expression of feeling because he
wanted to show his seriousness to the audience that he could bring Indonesia into
a better nation. This may lead to the success of running the agenda that he had
planned.
C. The Possible Perlocutionary Effects of the Dominant Illocutionary Acts
In reference to the research findings, the dominant illocutionary acts found
in Jokowi’s speeches are assertives and commisives. Their frequencies are 52,1%
and 28,7% respectively. The assertive acts consist of informing, convincing,
questioning, describing and stating. Among those types of assertives, informing
shows the highest frequency. It occurs 26 times. This implies that there is a lot of
information presented by Jokowi through his speeches since he is a new president
of the Republic of Indonesia therefore there are many things to tell especially
regarding the agenda of the nation that will be implemented during his
administration.
The act of informing aims to get the hearers know. In this case, Jokowi as
the speakers want to let the audience know about the facts he explains. If he
successfully performs this act, the audience will have a good understanding about
the information that he presents. Consequently, it may bring many positive effects
to Jokowi and the people of Indonesia in general. One of the possible effects is
that the audience may jointly work with Jokowi especially in the business sectors
because the information that Jokowi presented has business orientation.
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Instead of informing, describing act also shows high frequency of
occurrence or 12 times. Based on the research findings, Jokowi described many
things such as the changing world. This implies that Jokowi want to perform
changes due to the changes that occur in the world. The act of describing also
functions to tell the audience about the fact, in this case the current condition of
the world. By performing this act, Jokowi wants to provide a rationale why they
should perform changes. The possible effect of performing this act is that the
hearers or audience may perform the changes especially in the economic sector
since the condition in the world has changed.
Another dominant illocutionary act is commisives. Based on the research
data, there are two different types of commisives namely promising and offering.
The act of promising is more dominant than that of offering. Promising occurs 22
times while offering occurs 5 times. The dominant act of promising has a possible
effect that the hearers may expect something from Jokowi’s government. The
expectations provided by Jokowi may build the optimism of the audience to do
business activities in Indonesia. This is relevant with the previous explanation that
assertive act especially informing also dominates the occurrence. This means
Jokowi presents information then give promises related to the information he had
presented.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
This chapter elaborates the conclusions and suggestions of the research.
The conclusion is presented in the first part while the suggestions come next. Each
part is explained below.
A. Conclusion
In reference to the research findings, the conclusion can be drawn as
follows. There are four types illocutionary acts found in Jokowi’s selected
speeches i.e. assertives, directives, commisives and expressives. Furthermore, the
types of assertives consist of informing, convincing, questioning, describing, and
stating. The kinds of directives include inviting and requesting. Commisives acts
consist of promising and offering. The kinds of expressives are thanking, state of
pleasure, greeting, saluting, and expression of feeling.
Jokowi performed different types of illocutionary acts such as assertives,
directives, commisives and expressives due to various reasons. Firstly, the reasons
of performing assertive acts include socializing the nation’s agenda, ensuring that
the audience are interested to collaborate with Indonesian government in realizing
the nation’s projects, providing description obout a sea toll program, providing
background information to the audience why changes should be undergone,
making his speech attractive, putting an emphasis on a certain issue, and showing
his optimism that he can lead Indonesia to be able to actively engaged in the
global arena with all the streghts that Indonesia have.
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Secondly, directives acts were performed since Jokowi might not be able
to realize all his nation’s program without the support from investors and he
wanted to show how potential Indonesia is. In addition, Jokowi wanted the
audience to jointly work especially in the sector of bussiness and improved trust
to the audience by solving the problems directly. Thirdly, the commisive acts
were performed because Jokowi wanted to build the audience trust to his
administration that it can be better than the previous one and he had many
infrastructure projects which required a support from the investors. Also, Jokowi
wanted the audience to have expectations from his administration that might lead
to the joined prosperity. Fourthly, expressives acts were performed by Jokowi in
his speech because he wanted to build rapport to the audience. Therefore, the
speech flowed smoothly and the messages that he wanted to deliver could come
across to the hearers mind. Also, he wanted to show his seriousness to the
audience that he could bring Indonesia into a better nation.
The dominant illocutionary acts in Jokowi’s speeches consist of assertives
and commisives. Their frequencies are 52,1% and 28,7%respectively. The
assertive acts include informing, convincing, questioning, describing and stating.
Among those types of assertive, informing shows the highest frequency. This
implies that there is a lot of information presented by Jokowi through his speeches
especially about the nation’s agenda that will be implemented during his
administration. With regard to this, the possible perlocutionary effects is that the
audience will have a good understanding about the information that Jokowi
presents. Consequently, it may bring many positive effects to Jokowi and the
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
83
people of Indonesia in general. One of the effects is that the audience may
collaborate with Jokowi’s administration.
Another dominant assertive act is describing. Based on the research
findings, Jokowi described a rationale why they should perform changes. The
possible effect of performing this act is that the hearers or audience may perform
the changes especially in the economic sector since the condition in the world has
changed.
Instead of assertive, Jokowi’s speeches were dominated by commisives.
Based on the research data, there are two different types of commisives which
consist of promising and offering. The act of promising is more dominant than
that of offering. The dominant act of promising may give a possible effect that the
hearers may expect something from Jokowi’s government. The expectations
provided by Jokowi may improve the optimism of the audience to do business in
Indonesia.
B. Suggestions
The findings of this research may lead to the suggestions for the following
parties.
1. Students of English Language Studies
The students of English Language Studies may learn speech acts. This can
minimize the misunderstanding occurred in communication since the study of
speech acts gives knowledge about the intended meaning behind the utterance.
Also, there are many types of speech acts found in daily conversation. Therefore,
this study may smooth the communication process.
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2. Researchers
Speech act has a broad coverage. There are many interrelated aspects of
speech acts that can be analyzed. This research only focuses on the analysis of
illocutionary acts found in speeches. With regard to this, other researchers may
investigate speech acts in different context such as in a dialogue, song lyrics and
the like therefore it may enrich the pattern or model of speech acts.
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http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-06032004-
1191432/unrestricted/Stapleton_dis.pdf January 15, 2016.
Hollar, Sherman. 2014. Joko Widodo: President of Indonesia.
http://www.britannica.com/biography/Joko-Widodo. September 20, 2015.
Speech Videos. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lo2jx_IFAoU. January 2,
2015.
Speech Videos. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eN8Y-hnF3aQ. May 1, 2015
World Economic Forum on East Asia. 2015.
https://www.weforum.org/events/world-economic-forum-east-asia-2015.
September 10, 2015.
Zengwei, Jiang. 2014. APEC CEO Summit 2014.
http://www.2014apecceosummit.com/apec/. September 20, 2015.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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APPENDICES
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
89
APPENDIX 1
THE TRANSCRIPT OF JOKOWI’S SPEECH DELIVERED IN APEC CEO
SUMMIT 2014
Excellencies, distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen, and CEOs, good morning.
First, on behalf of the Indonesian Government and the people of Indonesia, I would
like to thank you for coming to my presentation. Today, I am happy, I am very happy,
to be with you, because you know I was a businessman years ago. So, this morning, I
am very happy because we can talk about business, about investment with all of you.
The picture shows you our map of Indonesia. We have a population of 240 million
and the distance is like from London in UK to Istanbul in Turkey. And imagine, we
have 17,000 islands. 17,000 islands.
Our national budget for 2015 is $167 billion and for fuel subsidy is $27 billion. It's
huge. So we want to channel our fuel subsidy from consumption to the productive
activities. From consumptive activities to productive activities. We want to channel
our fuel subsidy to the farm for seeds, for fertilizers, and also for irrigation. And we
want to build dams – 25 dams in 5 years from our fuel subsidy to maintain the water
supply to the farming area.
Some subsidy we want to channel to the fishermen, to give them boat engines, to give
them refrigerators. We want to increase the income of the fishermen. Some fuel
subsidy we want to give to micro and small enterprises in the villages. We want to
help them raise their working capital. And some subsidy we want to channel to the
health program, the education program. And some subsidy we want to channel to
infrastructure.
In 5 years we want to build 24 seaports and deep seaports. As you know, we have
17,000 islands, so we need seaports and we need deep seaports. And this is your
opportunity: 24 seaports and deep seaports.
The picture shows our Jakarta Port, Tanjung Priok port. In 2009, the capacity is 3.6
million TEUs a year, and our plan in 2017 is around 15 million TEUs a year. This is
the potential ports in Indonesia. This is your opportunity. We want to build in
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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Sumatera island, in Kalimantan island, in Java island, in Sulawesi island, in Maluku
island, also in Papua island.
And we plan to build our railway track, railway network. Now we have already in
Java and we want to build in Sumatera island, in Kalimantan island, in Sulawesi
island and also in Papua island. This is your opportunity.
Now we talk about mass transportation. We want to build our mass transportation in
6 big cities in Indonesia. We have started in Jakarta last year, and we want to build in
Medan, in Makassar, in Semarang, in Bandung, in Surabaya. So, this is also your
opportunity, because you know our national budget is limited.
Now we talk about our maritime agenda. We want to build sea toll. What is sea toll?
Sea toll is maritime transportation system to make our transportation cost lower, to
make our transportation cost more efficient. We want to build from the west to the
east. We hope not only the vessels can enter our sea toll but also mother vessels can
enter the sea toll. So, the price, the cost of the transportation is more efficient.
For example, the price of the cement, one sack cement, in Java island is $6 per sack
cement. But in Papua island the price is $150 per sack cement. Imagine, 25 times. So
we hope with our sea toll the price in our islands is the same.
Electricity. We need power plants. We need around 35,000 megavolts to build our
industries, to build our projects, to build our industrial zones, our manufacturing
zones. So, we need power plants. This is also your opportunity to invest in this
project. Because we need our power plants for manufacturing, for industrial zones.
Many investors, a lot of investors, when they come to me, most of them they always
complain about land acquisition. I will push my ministers, my governors, my mayors,
to help clear this problem. I have experience with land acquisition when I was a
governor. We have a project, the Jakarta Outer Ring Road, started 15 years ago but
was stopped 8 years ago, because we have a problem here: 1.5 kilometers unfinished
because there is 143 families who do not accept with the compensation price. So last
year I invite them. I go to them then I invite them to lunch and dinner. Four times.
Ah, this is me. I invite them and then we talk about the problem. Four times. Four
times meeting. And the problem is cleared.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
91
And now the toll road has been used (starting) 7 month ago.
Now we talk business permit. We have national one-stop service office that can help
you, that will serve you, that will facilitate you, that will give you your business
permit. For example, principle business permit needs 3 days to process.
Finally, again on behalf of the Indonesian government and the people of Indonesia, I
would like to thank you for your listening (to) my presentation. We are waiting for
you to come to Indonesia. We are waiting for you to invest in Indonesia.
Thank you.
Thank you.
Good morning.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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APPENDIX 2
THE TRANSCRIPT OF JOKOWI’S SPEECH DELIVERED IN THE WORLD
ECONOMIC FORUM ON EAST ASIA 2015
Ladies and Gentlemen
The world is in a fundamental transition. For us in Indonesia and for all emerging
market the condition is suddenly very challenging but when we see challenges I see
opportunity. In fact our challenges are your opportunity.
Your excellencies, ladies and gentlemen. I have just returned from official visits to
Tokyo and Beijing, after many meetings with President Xi Jinping and Prime
Minister Shinzo Abe I would like to share with you I am extremely optimistic. I
believe China and Japan today enjoy the best leadership we have had in generation,
and I believe this is the great benefits of Asia as a whole. If there is one thing that
prime minister Abe presidency and I can agree on it is that the world is changing very
fast. China is changing, Japan is changing and Indonesia is changing. I believe that
Indonesia has to change. Why do I believe that Indonesia has to change? Because my
people tell me, my people tell me that our country has to change Every week and
every month I go into the villages. I go into the cities, and my people ask me Mr.
Jokowi please change our country.
Within this global transition, our task is clear. We have to reinvent our economies.
We have to reinvent our societies. Let me share with you a story. We have been here
before in the 1970s. Indonesia became rich on export of crude oil. Crude oil was
booming. Oil prices is recorded high. At that time, Indonesia was the only member of
OPEC from Asia. Our energy minister Subroto was secretary general OPEC. Then in
1980, the price of crude oil is pressed. By then oil and gas export were 80 percent
from our total export. We were forced to devalue our currency. We have an economic
crisis but with crisis came an opportunity, again with crisis came opportunity. After
the 1980, oil prices crashed, Indonesia begin to industrialized. Over the next 15 years,
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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We built up textile and garment industry, furniture industry, pulp and papers industry,
palm oil industries, chemical industries.
By 1995, oil and gas exports were only 30 percent of our total exports. Export of
goods and services were 70 percent. Today we are in the same situation. Commodity
prices have crashed. Our currency has been hit. This is causing a lot of pain for a lot
of people. But let me tell you. We have done it before. And we shall do it again. Our
commodity reaches with us over consumptive. We neglected our human resources.
Our currency the rupiah has been shaken. Today we must see from consumption back
to production. From consumption to investment. Investment in our infrastructure.
Investment in our industry. But most importantly investment in our human capital.
The most precious resource in the 21 century. Change can be painful, change will
create winner or losers but there can be no progress without change. It can be no gain
without pain. Even with pain, my people tell me every week and every month. Please
Mr. Jokowi change our country. Our people are very wise. They recognize that to
have progress, they must be sacrifice. Fortunately, story is on our side, I would even
say God is on our side.
After 1997, Asian Financial crisis, a lot of people around the world asked, will the
Indonesian people survive? Today almost 20 years later. We are a vibrant and stable
democracy. Our unity in diversity what we call Bhinneka Tunggal Ika is stronger than
ever. We have become the 5th largest economy in Asia and a key member of the G20.
The Indonesian people are wise. They are resourceful and therefore I am here to tell
you with one hundred percent confidence Indonesia will prevail. Again one hundred
percent confidence Indonesia will prevail. When you spent time with Indonesia
especially on facebook or twitter you will find our people have incredible humor, our
people have incredible courage, our people have incredible wisdom. Therefore,
Ladies and gentlemen, I stand here today to invite you to join me and my people on
an incredible journey and an incredible adventure to make incredible profits. And if
you have any problem, call me. Thank you. Thank you
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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APPENDIX 3
THE FINDINGS ON THE TYPES OF ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS
FOUND IN APEC CEO SUMMIT SPEECH
Data Code : I
Context of situation : The President of the Republic of Indonesia, Jokowi,
Gave a Speech in APEC CEO Summit 2014
Note. Ass : Assertive Exp : Expressive
Dir : Directive Dec : Declarative
Com : Commissive
No Speech excerpts acts
Illocutionary acts
Ass Dir Co
m
Exp Dec
1. I would like to
thank you for
coming to my
presentation.
Thanking √
2. Today, I am
happy, I am
very happy, to
be with you,
because you
know I was a
businessman
years ago
State of pleasure √
3. So, this morning, State of pleasure √
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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No Speech excerpts acts
Illocutionary acts
Ass Dir Co
m
Exp Dec
I am very happy
because we can
talk about
business, about
investment with
all of you.
4. The picture
shows you our
map of Indonesia.
Informing √
5. We have a
population of
240 million and
the distance is
like from London
in UK to Istanbul
in Turkey.
Informing √
6. We have a
population of 240
million and the
distance is like
from London in
UK to Istanbul
in Turkey.
Informing √
7. And imagine, we Requesting √
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
96
No Speech excerpts acts
Illocutionary acts
Ass Dir Co
m
Exp Dec
have 17,000
islands. 17,000
islands.
8. And imagine, we
have 17,000
islands. 17,000
islands.
Informing √
9. Our national
budget for 2015
is $167 billion
and for fuel
subsidy is $27
billion. It's huge.
Informing √
10. So we want to
channel our fuel
subsidy from
consumption to
the productive
activities. From
consumptive
activities to
productive
activities.
Promising √
11. We want to
channel our fuel
subsidy to the
Promising √
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
97
No Speech excerpts acts
Illocutionary acts
Ass Dir Co
m
Exp Dec
farm for seeds,
for fertilizers, and
also for
irrigation.
12. And we want to
build dams – 25
dams in 5 years
from our fuel
subsidy to
maintain the
water supply to
the farming area.
Promising √
13. Some subsidy we
want to channel
to the fishermen,
to give them
boat engines, to
give them
refrigerators.
Promising √
14. We want to
increase the
income of the
fishermen.
Promising √
15. Some fuel
subsidy we want
to give to micro
Promising √
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
98
No Speech excerpts acts
Illocutionary acts
Ass Dir Co
m
Exp Dec
and small
enterprises in
the villages.
16. We want to help
them raise their
working capital.
Promising √
17. And some
subsidy we want
to channel to the
health program,
the education
program.
Promising √
18. And some
subsidy we want
to channel to
infrastructure.
Promising √
19. In 5 years we
want to build 24
seaports and
deep seaports.
Promising √
20. As you know, we
have 17,000
islands, so we
need seaports and
we need deep
seaports.
Informing √
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
99
No Speech excerpts acts
Illocutionary acts
Ass Dir Co
m
Exp Dec
21. And this is your
opportunity: 24
seaports and deep
seaports.
Offering √
22. The picture
shows our
Jakarta Port,
Tanjung Priok
port
Informing √
23. In 2009, the
capacity is 3.6
million TEUs a
year, and our
plan in 2017 is
around 15
million TEUs a
year.
Promising √
24. This is the
potential ports
in Indonesia.
Convincing √
25. This is your
opportunity.
Offering √
26. We want to build
in Sumatera
island, in
Kalimantan
Promising √
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
100
No Speech excerpts acts
Illocutionary acts
Ass Dir Co
m
Exp Dec
island, in Java
island, in
Sulawesi island,
in Maluku island,
also in Papua
island.
27. And we plan to
build our railway
track, railway
network.
Promising √
28. Now we have
already in Java
and we want to
build in Sumatera
island, in
Kalimantan
island, in
Sulawesi island
and also in Papua
island.
Informing √
29. Now we have
already in Java
and we want to
build in Sumatera
island, in
Kalimantan
Promising √
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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No Speech excerpts acts
Illocutionary acts
Ass Dir Co
m
Exp Dec
island, in
Sulawesi island
and also in Papua
island.
30. This is your
opportunity.
Offering √
31. Now we talk
about mass
transportation.
Informing √
32. We want to build
our mass
transportation in
6 big cities in
Indonesia.
Promising √
33. We have started
in Jakarta last
year, and we
want to build in
Medan, in
Makassar, in
Semarang, in
Bandung, in
Surabaya.
Informing √
34. We have started
in Jakarta last
Promising √
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
102
No Speech excerpts acts
Illocutionary acts
Ass Dir Co
m
Exp Dec
year, and we
want to build in
Medan, in
Makassar, in
Semarang, in
Bandung, in
Surabaya.
35. So, this is also
your
opportunity,
because you
know our
national budget is
limited.
Offering √
36. So, this is also
your opportunity,
because you
know our
national budget
is limited.
Informing √
37. Now we talk
about our
maritime
agenda.
Informing √
38. We want to
build sea toll.
Promising √
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
103
No Speech excerpts acts
Illocutionary acts
Ass Dir Co
m
Exp Dec
39. What is sea toll?
Sea toll is
maritime
transportation
system to make
our transportation
cost lower, to
make our
transportation
cost more
efficient.
Questioning √
40. We want to build
from the west to
the east.
Promising √
41. We hope not
only the vessels
can enter our sea
toll but also
mother vessels
can enter the sea
toll
Promising √
42. So, the price, the
cost of the
transportation is
more efficient.
Informing √
43. For example, the Informing √
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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No Speech excerpts acts
Illocutionary acts
Ass Dir Co
m
Exp Dec
price of the
cement, one sack
cement, in Java
island is $6 per
sack cement.
44. But in Papua
island the price
is $150 per sack
cement.
Informing √
45. Imagine, 25
times.
requesting √
46. So we hope with
our sea toll the
price in our
islands is the
same.
Promising √
47. Electricity. We
need power
plants.
Informing √
48. We need around
35,000
megavolts to
build our
industries, to
build our
projects, to
Informing √
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
105
No Speech excerpts acts
Illocutionary acts
Ass Dir Co
m
Exp Dec
build our
industrial zones,
our
manufacturing
zones.
49. So, we need
power plants.
Informing √
50. This is also your
opportunity to
invest in this
project.
Offering √
51. Because we need
our power
plants for
manufacturing,
for industrial
zones.
informing √
52. Many investors,
a lot of
investors, when
they come to me,
most of them
they always
complain about
land acquisition.
Informing √
53. I will push my Promising √
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
106
No Speech excerpts acts
Illocutionary acts
Ass Dir Co
m
Exp Dec
ministers, my
governors, my
mayors, to help
clear this
problem.
54. I have
experience with
land acquisition
when I was a
governor.
Informing √
55. We have a
project, the
Jakarta Outer
Ring Road,
started 15 years
ago but was
stopped 8 years
ago, because we
have a problem
here: 1.5
kilometers
unfinished
because there is
143 families who
do not accept
with the
Informing √
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
107
No Speech excerpts acts
Illocutionary acts
Ass Dir Co
m
Exp Dec
compensation
price.
56. So last year I
invite them.
Informing √
57. I go to them
then I invite
them to lunch
and dinner.
Four times.
Informing √
58. Ah, this is me. I
invite them and
then we talk
about the
problem. Four
times. Four
times meeting.
And the
problem is
cleared.
Informing √
59. And now the toll
road has been
used (starting) 7
month ago.
Now we talk
business permit.
We have
Informing √
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
108
No Speech excerpts acts
Illocutionary acts
Ass Dir Co
m
Exp Dec
national one-
stop service
office that can
help you, that
will serve you,
that will
facilitate you,
that will give
you your
business permit.
For example,
principle
business permit
needs 3 days to
process.
60. Finally, again on
behalf of the
Indonesian
government and
the people of
Indonesia, I
would like to
thank you for
your listening
(to) my
presentation.
Thanking √
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
109
No Speech excerpts acts
Illocutionary acts
Ass Dir Co
m
Exp Dec
61. We are waiting
for you to come
to Indonesia. We
are waiting for
you to invest in
Indonesia.
Inviting √
62. Thank you.
Thank you.
Thanking √
63. Good morning. Greeting √
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
110
APPENDIX 4
THE FINDINGS ON THE TYPES OF ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS FOUND IN
THE WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM ON EAST ASIA 2015 SPEECH
Data Code : II
Context of situation : The President of the Republic of Indonesia, Jokowi,
Gave a speech World Economic Forum on East Asia
2015
Note. Ass : Assertive Exp : Expressive
Dir : Directive Dec : Declarative
Com : Commissive
No Speech excerpts acts
Illocutionary acts
Ass Dir Co
m
Exp Dec
1. Ladies and
Gentlemen
Greeting √
2. The world is in a
fundamental
transition. For us in
Indonesia and for all
emerging market the
condition is suddenly
very challenging but
when we see
challenges I see
opportunity. In fact
Describing √
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
111
No Speech excerpts acts
Illocutionary acts
Ass Dir Co
m
Exp Dec
our challenges are
your opportunity.
3. Your excellencies,
ladies and
gentlemen.
Saluting √
4. I have just returned
from official visits to
Tokyo and Beijing,
after many meetings
with President Xi
Jinping and Prime
Minister Shinzo Abe
I would like to share
with you I am
extremely optimistic.
describing √
5. I have just returned
from official visits to
Tokyo and Beijing,
after many meetings
with President Xi
Jinping and Prime
Minister Shinzo Abe I
would like to share
with you I am
extremely optimistic.
Expression of
feeling
√
6. I believe China and Describing √
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
112
No Speech excerpts acts
Illocutionary acts
Ass Dir Co
m
Exp Dec
Japan today enjoy the
best leadership we
have had in
generation, and I
believe this is the
great benefits of Asia
as a whole
7. If there is one thing
that prime minister
Abe presidency and I
can agree on it is that
the world is changing
very fast
describing √
8. China is changing,
Japan is changing
and Indonesia is
changing.
describing √
9. I believe that
Indonesia has to
change
stating √
10. Why do I beleive
that Indonesia has to
change?
Questioning √
11. Because my people
tell me, my people tell
me that our country
describing √
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
113
No Speech excerpts acts
Illocutionary acts
Ass Dir Co
m
Exp Dec
has to change. Every
week and every month
I go into the villages. I
go into the cities, and
my people ask me Mr.
Jokowi please change
our country.
12. Within this global
transition, our task is
clear, We have to
reinvent our
economies.
inviting √
13. We have to reinvent
our societies.
inviting √
14. Let me share with you
a story. We have been
here before in the
1970s. Indonesia
became rich on export
of crude oil. Crude oil
was booming. Oil
prices is recorded
high. At that time,
Indonesia was the
only member of
OPEC from Asia. Our
describing √
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
114
No Speech excerpts acts
Illocutionary acts
Ass Dir Co
m
Exp Dec
energy minister
Subroto was secretary
general OPEC. Then
in 1980, the price of
crude oil is pressed.
By then oil and gas
export were 80
percent from our total
export. We are forced
to devalue our
currency. We have an
economic crisis.
15. But with crisis came
an opportunity. Again
with crisis came
opportunity
Stating √
16. After the 1980, oil
prices crashed,
Indonesia begin to
industrialized. Over
the next 15 years, We
built up textile and
garment industry,
furniture industry,
pulp and papers
industry, palm oil
Describing √
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
115
No Speech excerpts acts
Illocutionary acts
Ass Dir Co
m
Exp Dec
industries, chemical
industries.
17. By 1995, oil and gas
exports were only 30
percent of our total
exports. Export of
goods and services
were 70 percent.
Today we are in the
same situation.
Commodity prices
have crashed. Our
currency has been hit.
This is causing a lot of
pain for a lot of
people.
describing √
18. But let me tell you.
We have done it
before.
describing √
19. And we shall do it
again.
inviting √
20. Our commodity
reaches with us over
consumptive. We
neglected our human
resources. Our
describing √
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
116
No Speech excerpts acts
Illocutionary acts
Ass Dir Co
m
Exp Dec
currency the rupiah
has been shaken.
21. Today we must see
from consumtion back
to production. From
consumtion to
investment.
Investment in our
infrastructure.
Investment in our
industry. But most
importantly
investment in our
human capital. The
most preciuos
resource in the 21
century.
promising √
22. Change can be
paintful, change will
create......but there can
be no progress without
change.
stating √
23. It can be no gain
without pain.
stating √
24. Even with pain, my
people tell me every
describing √
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
117
No Speech excerpts acts
Illocutionary acts
Ass Dir Co
m
Exp Dec
week and every
month. Please Mr.
Jokowi change our
country. Our people
are very wise, They
recgnize that to have
progress. They must
be sacrifice.
Furtunately, story is
on our side, I would
even say God is on
our side.
25. After 1997, Asian
Financial crisis, a lot
of people around the
world asked, will the
Indonesian people
survive?
questioning √
26. Today almost 20 years
later. We are a vibrant
and stable democracy.
Our unity in diversity
what we call Bhinneka
Tunggal Ika is
stronger than ever. We
have become the 5TH
convincing √
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
118
No Speech excerpts acts
Illocutionary acts
Ass Dir Co
m
Exp Dec
largest economy in
Asia and a key
member of the G20.
The Indonesian people
are wise. They are
resourcefull and
therefore I am here to
tell you with one
hundred percent
confidence Indonesia
will prevail.
27. Again one hundred
percent confidence
Indonesia will prevail.
convincing √
28. When you spent time
with Indonesia
expecially on
facebook or twitter
you will find our
people have incredible
humor, our people
have incredible
courage, our people
have incredible
wisdom.
convincing √
29. Therefore, Ladies and inviting √
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No Speech excerpts acts
Illocutionary acts
Ass Dir Co
m
Exp Dec
gentlemen, I stand
here today to invite
you to join me and
my people on an
incredible journey and
an incredible
adventure to make
incredible profits.
30. And if you have any
problem call me.
requesting √
31. Thank you
Thank you
thanking √
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APPENDIX 5
The Frequency of Illocutionary Acts Found in Jokowi’s Speeches
NO ILLOCUTIONARY
ACTS
ILLOCUTIONARY
FORCE
FREQUENCIES PRECENTAGE
(%)
1. Assertive a. Informing
b. Convincing
c. Questioning
d. Describing
e. Stating
26
4
3
12
4
52,1%
2. Directive a. Inviting
b. Requesting
5
3 8,5%
3. Commissive a. Promising
b. Offering
22
5 28,7%
4. Expressive a. Thanking
b. State of
pleasure
c. Greeting
d. Saluting
e. Statement of
feeeling
4
2
2
1
1
10,6%
5. Declarative - - -
TOTAL 94 100%
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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