THE ANALYSIS OF ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS OF JOKOWI’S · THE ANALYSIS OF ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS OF...

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THE ANALYSIS OF ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS OF JOKOWI’S

SPEECHES

A THESIS

Presented as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

to Obtain the Magister Humaniora (M.Hum.) Degree

in English Language Studies

by

Eko Prasetyo Nugroho Saputro

126332012

THE GRADUATE PROGRAM IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE STUDIES

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

2015

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

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STATEMENT OF WORK‘S ORIGINALITY

This is to certify that all ideas, phrases, sentences, unless otherwise stated, are the

ideas, phrases, and sentences of the thesis writer. The writer understands the full

consequences including degree cancellation if he took somebody else’s ideas,

phrases, sentences without proper references.

Yogyakarta, October 2015



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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN

PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertanda tangan dibawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma:

Nama : Eko Prasetyo Nugroho Saputro

NIM : 126332012

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan

Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:

THE ANALYSIS OF ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS OF JOKOWI’S SPEECHES

beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian, saya memberikan

kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan,

mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan

data, mendistribusikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis

tanpa perlu meminta ijin maupun memberikan royalty kepada saya selama tetap

mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.

Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.

Dibuat di Yogyakarta

Pada tanggal : 27 Oktober 2015

Yang menyatakan



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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to thank God for His guidance and blessing so that

finally I complete this thesis. My gratitude also goes to my thesis advisor Prof. Dr.

Soepomo Poedjosoedarmo for his time, patience, and suggestions during the

process of completing my thesis.

I am also thankful to all lecturers in the English Language Studies of

Sanata Dharma University who have given invaluable knowledge, especially to

Prof. Dr. Soepomo Poedjosoedarmo, Dr. B.B. Dwijatmoko, M.A., Dr. Fr. B. Alip,

M.Pd., M.A. and other lecturers that I cannot mention.

My deepest gratitude is also addrresed to my beloved father Wijiyanto, my

beloved mother Sri Retnaning Hastuti, my sister Febrina Siska Widyaningtyas and

my brother Endar Chrisdiyanto. Moreover, I thank to my grandmother

Witodiharjo, Mbah Suratno, Mbah Putri for their love, prayer and support which

improve my motivation to finish this thesis. Also, I would like to thank my friends

in Linguistic Class of 2012 Simon, Septi, Irene, Agnes, Bu Intan, Mbak Reny,

Mbak Ruth, and Rina. I am very pleased for having discussion in class. My

special gratitude goes to Haryo and Binar for their time for sharing and support to

finish my thesis.

My thanks also go to my uncle family who has given great support and

motivation during the process of finishing my thesis. I also would like to thank all

my friends in Faculty of Social Sciences Yogyakarta State University Bu Tiwi,

Mbak Sari, Mbak April, Mbak Roma, Pak Adi cilik, Mas Danu, Mas Oky and

others whom I cannot mention. I thank them for always motivating and

supporting me.


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Last but not least, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to everyone

who has supported, motivated and helped me in finishing my study and writing

my thesis. I wish that God will multiply His blessing for their kindness. Amen.



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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

TITLE PAGE .................................................................................................. i

APPROVAL PAGES ...................................................................................... ii

DEFENSE APPROVAL PAGE ...................................................................... iii

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ................................................ iv

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ................................ v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................ vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................ viii

LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................... x

LIST OF APPENDICES .................................................................................. xi

ABSTRACT .................................................................................................... xii

ABSTRAK ........................................................................................................ xiv

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the study ........................................................................... 1

B. Limitation of the problems ......................................................................... 4

C. Formulation of the problems ...................................................................... 8

D. Research objectives .................................................................................... 8

E. The significance of the study ..................................................................... 9

CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW

A. Theoretical Review ................................................................................... 10

1. Pragmatics ............................................................................................ 10

2. Aspects of pragmatics .......................................................................... 12

a. Utterances ......................................................................................... 12

b. Situational context ........................................................................... 12

c. Aspects of Speech Situation ............................................................. 14

3. The Scope of Pragmatics ..................................................................... 16

a. Deixis ........................................................................................... 16

b. Presupposition ................................................................................. 21


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c. Cooperative Principles .................................................................... 22

d. Implicature ...................................................................................... 25

e. Speech Acts ..................................................................................... 26

1) Austin’s Categorization of Speech Acts ................................... 28

2) Searle’s Categorization of Speech Acts ................................... 29

3) Leech’s Categorization of Speech Acts .................................... 33

4. Felicity Condition .................................................................................. 34

5. Context ................................................................................................... 35

6. Language of Politics ............................................................................... 38

7. The Profile of Joko Widodo ................................................................... 39

B. Previous Research Findings ....................................................................... 41

C. Theoretical Framework .............................................................................. 44

CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A. Type of study ............................................................................................. 49

B. Data Collection Techniques .......................................................................... 50

C. Data analysis Techniques ............................................................................ 51

D. Research instruments ................................................................................. 53

E. The trustworthiness of the data............................................................................. 54

CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

A. The Types of Illocutionary Acts Found in Jokowi’s Speeches .................. 56

B. The Reasons of Performing Illocutionary Acts Viewed

from the Context of Situation ..................................................................... 69

C. The Possible Perlocutionary Effects of the Dominant Illocutionary Acts .. 79

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

A. Conclusions ................................................................................................ 81

B. Suggestions ................................................................................................ 83

REFERENCES ............................................................................................... 85

APPENDICES ............................................................................................... 88


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LIST OF TABLES

Page

Table 1 The Speech Act’s Classification Proposed by Austin (1962), Searle

(2005), and Leech (1996) ................................................................. 45

Table 2 The Frequency of Illocutionary Acts Found in Jokowi’s Speeches 52

Table 3 The Data Sheet of The Types of Illocutionary Acts Found in

Jokowi’s Speeches……………………………… ........................... 53

Table 4 The Frequency of Illocutionary Acts Found in Jokowi’s Speeches.. 58


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LIST OF APPENDICES

Page

Appendix 1 The Transcript of Jokowi’s Speech Delivered in APEC CEO

Summit 2014 ................................................................................. 89

Appendix 2 The Transcript of Jokowi’s Speech Delivered in The World

Economic Forum on East Asia 2015 ............................................. 92

Appendix 3 The Findings on The Types of Illocutionary Acts Found in

APEC CEO Summit 2014 Speech ……………………………… 94

Appendix 4 The Findings on The Types of Illocutionary Acts Found in The

World Economic Forum on East Asia 2015 speech ...................... 110

Appendix 5 The Frequency of Illocutionary Acts Found in Jokowi’s Speeches 120


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ABSTRACT

Eko Prasetyo Nugroho Saputro. 2015. The Analysis of Illocutionary Acts of

Jokowi’s Speeches. Yogyakarta: Graduate Program on English Language Studies,

Sanata Dharma University.

Speeches became an important media for a president like Joko Widodo

(Jokowi) to deliver messages, persuade people, influence audience and the like.

The speech making process involved a long discussion between Jokowi and a

particular team since they should consider some language aspects such as lexical

choices and sentence structure in order to achieve certain goals. With regard to

this, languages in speeches became important to be analyzed.

The objectives of this research were to answer the questions in problems

formulation. The research questions consisted of (1) what the types of

illocutionary acts found in Jokowi’s speeches were, (2) why Jokowi performed

such illocutionary acts viewed from the context of situation underlying the

speeches, and (3) what the possible perlocutionary effects of performing the

dominant illocutionary acts were. The research utilized Speech Act theory of

Austin (1962) and Searle (2005) in analyzing the data. The research data consisted

of two selected speeches delivered by Jokowi in APEC CEO summit 2014 forum

held in November 10, 2014 and the speech delivered in World Economic Forum

on East Asia held from 19-21 April 2015.

The research was a descriptive qualitative research. The data in this

research were speech videos downloaded from www.youtube.com. The videos

were then transcribed and analyzed. The main research instrument was the

researcher himself supported by the data analysis sheet. The data analysis was

performed by categorizing the data based on Searle’s categorization of speech acts

which include representatives; directives; commissives; expressives; and

declaratives. Each category was, then, thoroughly observed to find the answer of

the second and third research questions. The final step was presenting the data and

making a conclusion in reference to the findings of the research.

The research findings show that the types of illocutonary acts found in

Jokowi’s speeches consist of assertives, directives, commisives and expressives.

Assertives have the highest frequency of occurence or 49 (52,1%). It is followed

by commisives, expressives, and directives which occur 27 (28,7%), 10 (10,6%)

and 8 (8,5%) respectively. Furthermore, the types of assertives include informing,

convincing, questioning, describing, and stating. The kinds of directives consist of

inviting and requesting. Commisives include promising and offering. The kinds of

expressives are thanking, state of pleasure, greeting, saluting and expressions of

feeling.

The reasons of performing illocutionary acts viewed from the context of

situation included socializing the nation’s agenda, ensuring that the audience are

interested to collaborate with Indonesian government, providing description about

a sea toll program, providing background information to the audience why

changes should be undergone, making his speech attractive, giving an emphasis

on a certain issue, showing optimism, getting support from investors, showing the

potential of Indonesia, inviting the audience to jointly work with Indonesian

government, building the audience trust to Jokowi’s administration, getting the


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audience expect Jokowi’s government, building rapport to the audience, and

showing his seriousness to the audience that he could bring Indonesia into a better

nation.

The dominant illocutionary acts in Jokowi’s speeches were assertives and

commisives. Informing showed the highest frequency of assertives. The possible

perlocutionary effect of the dominant act of informing was that the audience

might jointly work with Jokowi especially in the business sectors. Another

dominant act of assertives is describing. By performing this act, the hearers or

audiences might perform the changes especially in the economic sector since the

economic condition in the world has been changing. In addition, the commisive

act was dominated by promising. The performance of this act had possible

perlocutionary effects that the audiences might put expectation to Jokowi’s

government.

Keywords: illocutionary acts, assertives, directives, commisives and expressives


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ABSTRAK

Eko Prasetyo Nugroho Saputro. 2015. The Analysis of Illocutionary Acts of

Jokowi’s Speeches. Yogyakarta: Program Magister Kajian Bahasa Inggris,

Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Pidato merupakan media yang penting bagi seorang presiden seperti Joko

Widodo (Jokowi) untuk menyampaikan pesan, membujuk orang, mempengaruhi

orang dan sebagainya. Proses pembuatan pidato melalui diskusi yang panjang

antara Jokowi dengan Tim khusus karena mereka mempertimbangkan beberapa

aspek bahasa yang digunakan dalam pidato sepeti pemilihan kata dan struktur

kalimat agar dapat mencapai tujuan tertentu. Dalam hal ini, bahasa dalam pidato

menjadi penting untuk dianalisis.

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menjawab pertanyaan dalam rumusan

masalah penelitian ini. Pertanyaan penelitian terdiri dari (1) apa jenis illocutionary

acts pada pidato Jokowi, (2) mengapa Jokowi menerapkan illocutionary acts

dilihat dari konteks situasinya dan (3) apa efek yang mungkin ditimbulkan dari

penerapan illocutionary acts yang paling dominan. Penelitian ini menggunakan

teori Speech Acts yang dikembangkan oleh Austin (1962) dan Searle (2005) untuk

menganalisis data penelitian. Data penelitian berupa dua pidato yang disampaikan

oleh Jokowi pada forum APEC CEO Summit 2014 pada tanggal 10 November

2014 dan pidato yang disampaikan pada Forum Ekonomi Dunia Asia Timur yang

diselenggarakan pada 19-21 April 2015.

Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Data penelitian

berupa video pidato Jokowi yang diunduh dari website www.youtube.com. Video

yang berisi pidato Jokowi kemudian di transkripsi dan dianalisis. Instrumen

penelitian utama adalah peneliti sendiri dengan didukung oleh lembar analisis

data. Analisi data dilakukan dengan melakukan kategorisasi data berdasarkan

kategorisasi speech acts yang dikembangkan oleh Searle meliputi assertives;

directives; commissives; expressives; and declaratives. Masing-masing kategori

ditelaah secara mendalam untuk menjawab pertanyaan penelitian yang kedua dan

ketiga. Langkah terakhir adalah menyajikan data dan menarik kesimpulan

berdasarkan temuan penelitian.

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jenis illocutionary acts pada pidato

Jokowi meliputi assertives, directives, commisives dan expressives. Assertive

menunjukkan frequensi kemunculan paling besar yaitu 49 kali (52,1%). Diikuti

commisives, expressives, dan directives dengan frekuensi 27 (28,7%), 10 (10,6%)

dan 8 (8,5%) secara berurutan. Jenis assertives terdiri dari informing, convincing,

questioning, describing, dan stating Sedangkan jenis directives meliputi inviting

dan requesting. Commisives terdiri dari promising dan offering. Tipe expressive

mencakup thanking, state of pleasure, greeting, saluting dan expressions of

feeling.

Alasan-alasan Jokowi menerapkan illocutionary acts dilihat dari

konteksnya terdiri dari mensosialisasikan program pemerintahan, memastikan

bahwa pendengar tertarik untuk bekerjasama dengan Jokowi, memberikan

deskripsi kepada pendengar tentang program tol laut, memberikan latar belakang

informasi kepada pendengar mengapa perubahan perlu dilakukan, menciptakan

pidato yang menarik, memberikan penekanan pada isu tertentu, menunjukkan


http://www.youtube.com/

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perasaan optimis, mendapatkan dukungan dari para investor, memaparkan potensi

yang dimiliki Indonesia, mengajak pendengar untuk bekerja sama dan

berkolaborasi denganpemerintah Indonesia, membangun kepercayaan kepada

pendengar, memberikan harapan kepada pendengar terhadap pemerintahannya,

membangun kedekatan dengan pendengarnya, dan menunjukkan keseriusan

kepada pendengar bahwa Jokowi mampu membawa Indonesia menjadi lebih baik

lagi.

Jenis illocutionary acts yang paling dominan pada pidato Jokowi adalah

assertive dan commisives. Informing merupakan jenis assertives yang memiliki

frekuensi kemunculan paling tinggi. Efek yang mungkin ditimbulkan dari

informing yang dominan ini adalah pendengar akan bekerjasama dengan

pemerintahan Jokowi terutama dalam sektor bisnis. Jenis assertive lainnya yang

dominan adalah describing. Dengan menerapkan tipe ini, efek yang mungkin

ditimbulkan adalah pendengar akan melakukan perubahan khususnya dibidang

ekonomi karena kondisi perekonomian dunia telah berubah. Disamping itu, tipe

commisive didominasi oleh promising. Penerapan promising ini akan

menimbulkan kemungkinan efek bahwa pendengar menaruh harapan terhadap

pemerintahan Jokowi.

Kata kunci: illocutionary acts, assertives, directives, commisives dan expressive.


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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents the background of the study and explains what

prompted the researcher to conduct the research. It then moves to identify the

problem that the researcher wants to discuss throughout this thesis and clarifies

the objectives and significance of doing this research.

A. Background of the study

Language plays crucial roles in human life since it is the main tool to

communicate with one another. People use language to express thought, ideas and

emotion by using sounds, gestures and signals for many different purposes and

reasons. According to Clark (1977) language stands at the centre of human affairs,

from the most prosaic to the most profound. This means that language cannot be

separated from everyday life.

When people use language in a conversation, they produce utterances in a

particular context. An utterance is a unit of analysis of speech which has been

defined in various ways but most commonly as a sequence of words within a

single person’s turn at talk that falls under a single intonation counter (Schmidt

and Richards, 2002). These utterances must be understood by the hearers in order

that the speakers’ messages can be delivered successfully. Therefore, it is

necessary to know the context of the conversation.

The example of an utterance that is influenced by the context is I now

pronounce you husband and wife. The sentence above may be uttered in at least

two different sets of circumstances, namely a minister who utters to a young


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couple getting married in the presence of their assembled families or an actor

dressed as a minister to two actors assembled in the same church for a filming.

The utterance I now pronounce you husband and wife will affect a marriage

between the couple intending to get married. However, the same utterance will

have no effect on marital status of any party on the movie location. Thus, the

circumstances of utterance create different meanings. The sentence uttered in the

wedding context and the sentence uttered in the film context has the same

sentence meaning but are different utterances, each with its own utterance

meaning.

When the speakers of the language produce utterances in a given context,

they also perform actions such as informing, commanding, requesting, etc. These

actions are known as speech acts. According to Austin (1962), there are three

types of speech acts, namely locutionary acts, illocutionary acts, and

perlocutionary acts. A locutionary act is the literal meaning of the utterances.

Meanwhile, illocutionary acts refer to the extra meaning of the utterance produced

on the basis of its literal meaning and perlocutionary acts deal with the effects of

the utterances on the hearer, depending on specific circumstances. In addition,

Searle (1976) categorizes speech acts into directives, commissives,

representatives, declaratives, and expressives.

The different types of speech act show many functions such as exchanging

factual information, intellectual information, emotional attitudes, moral attitudes,

persuasion, and socializing (Searle, 1976). Also, it reveals various communicative

intentions of the speakers in producing utterances. The speakers highly expect that


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the hearers understand speakers’ intention. In fact, the meaning in conversation is

sometimes expressed implicitly. The implicit expression provides proposition

which is not expressed explicitly in the utterances.

Language is also essential to politicians since most activities performed by

the politicians utilize language. Beard (2000) says that political campaigns,

speeches, written texts, broadcast are meant to inform and instruct voters about

issues that are considered to be of great importance. With regard to this, it is clear

that speech making is one of the political activities of politicians which are made

possible through the channel opened up by language.

One of the famous politicians in Indonesia is Joko Widodo (known as

Jokowi). He is the current President of the Republic of Indonesia and has been

successful in his political career. He won over voters in the last Indonesia’s

general election. The position of the president is the highest in any country,

therefore the president needs constant briefing or link with the people. One of the

ways to achieve this is through speech prepared to convey the messages to the

people. With regard to this, his speech is expected to highlight the spirit of having

better nation and hope to the whole union. Therefore, speech can be a media for

establishing and maintaining social relationships, building image, expressing

feelings, and selling ideas, policies and programmes in any society. With regard to

this, the researcher is interested to analyze the language used by Jokowi in his

speeches especially analyzing the speech acts.


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B. Limitation of the problems

The utterances produced by people may have both literal and implied

meaning. The implied meaning is often tied with the context. With regard to this,

the hearers will have different interpretations. This phenomenon is called

pragmatics. According to Widdowson (1996), pragmatics refers to what people

mean by the utterances they produce. In addition, Yule (1996) states that

pragmatics is the study of contextual meaning. This theory is very useful for

analyzing the utterances produced by the speakers.

This research is conducted under the theory of Pragmatics. There are many

issues which can be investigated under the scope of pragmatics. They include

deixis, presupposition, cooperative principles, implicature, speech acts and the

like. Yule (1996) states that deixis refers to pointing by using a language. There

are three types of deixis namely person, spatial, and temporal deixis. Person deixis

is used to indicate people, spatial deixis is used to indicate location and temporal

deixis is used to indicate time. All deictic expressions are much influenced by the

contexts that the speakers and the hearers have shared together.

The second issue is presupposition. Presupposition is an assumption

implicitly produced by speakers and hearers that are necessary for the correct

interpretation of utterances. In other words, it has something to do with the

speaker’s assumption before producing utterances. According to Finch (2000)

presupposition is the necessary preconditions for statements to be true e.g. My cat

was run over yesterday. This sentence is assumed for the truth condition of I have

a cat. In addition, Yule (1996) states that presupposition refers to the relationship


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between two propositions, that gives precondition to be true statements although

the statements are negated.

The third issue deals with cooperative principles. These principles describe

how hearers interpret speakers' intentions. According to Grice (1975), cooperative

principle is a kind of agreement between speakers and listeners to cooperate in

communication to make efficient conversation. In addition, Grice (1975) classifies

the cooperative principles into four conversational maxims which include the

maxims of quantity, quality, relation, and manner.

The maxim of quantity emphasizes that speakers should be as informative as

possible. Some people often give much information to the hearers. This causes

boredom to the hearers. On the other hand, some other people tend to give too

little information so that the hearer may not catch the messages delivered by the

speakers. With regard to this, the speakers should fulfill the maxim of quantity in

order that the information given is not too much or too little. Moreover, the

maxim of quality is treated as speakers are expected to say something

corresponding to the reality. In this case, speakers are assumed not to say

something that they believe to be false or lack of evidence. Some speakers often

draw the hearer’s attention to the fact that they say what they believe to be true

and that they lack adequate evidence. The next maxim is the maxim of relation. It

says that speakers are assumed to say something that is relevant to what has been

uttered before. The last maxim is the maxim of manner. This maxim suggests that

people should be brief and orderly, and avoid obscurity and ambiguity.


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The fourth issue is concerned with implicature. The notion of implicature

has become one of the central concepts in the study of pragmatics. Implicature has

something to do with implied meaning of utterances. Yule (1996) points out that

implicature is an additional conveyed meaning or something that is more than just

what the words mean. He adds that implicature is a primary example of more

being communicated than is said. In addition, Grice (1975) stresses that an

utterance may imply a proposition, statements which are not part of the utterances

and do not follow necessary consequence of the utterances. These implied

statements are called as implicatures. Furthermore, Grice (1975) distinguishes

between what is said by speakers and what is implied. He classifies implicature

into two i.e. conversational and conventional implicature. Conventional

implicature deals with the standing meaning of certain linguistic expression.

Meanwhile, conversational implicature refers to a non-conventional implicature

based on an addressee’s assumption that the speakers follow the conversational

maxims.

The fifth issue is related to speech acts. Every utterance produced by the

speaker always carries actions. This is referred to speech acts. Nunan (1993) says

that speech acts are simply things people do through language, for instance

apologizing, complaining, instructing, agreeing, and warning. Furthermore, Yule

(1996) says that actions performed via utterances are generally called speech acts.

They agree that speech act is an utterance that replaces an action for particular

purpose in certain situation.


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Many experts provide different categorization of speech acts. Austin

(1962) proposes three different levels of action beyond the act of utterances. They

consist of locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts. Meanwhile,

According to Searle in Leech (1983), the classification of illocutionary acts is

based on various criteria. Searle in Finch (2000) divides speech act into five main

types including representatives, directives, commisives, expressives, and

declaratives. Furthermore, Leech categorizes speech acts into competitives,

convivials, collaboratives, and conflictives.

The last issue may deal with context. Context plays important role in

pragmatic analysis since pragmatics is concerned with the meaning of words in

relation to its context. Finnegan et. al. (1997) states that the significant element in

the interpretation of an utterance is the context in which the language is uttered.

Therefore, analyzing the meaning of utterances cannot neglect the context because

the meaning of utterance will be different when the context is different. In

addition, Leech (1996) states that context helps understand the meaning of an

utterance because the speaker and the addressee share their background in

understanding their utterances through the context. Also, a context may provide

deeper meaning of utterances.

With regard to the issues presented above, this research only limits the

analysis on the speech acts especially illocutionary acts found in Jokowi’s selected

speeches. Also, the research analyzes the context underlying the speech in order to

get a comprehensive understanding of the speech as well as the possible effects of

the dominant illocutionary acts.


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C. Formulation of the problems

In reference to the limitation of the problems above, the research questions

are as follows:

1. What types of illocutionary acts are performed by Jokowi in his speeches?

2. Why did Jokowi perform the illocutionary acts viewed from the contexts

of situation underlying the speeches?

3. What are the possible perlocutionary effects of the dominant illocutionary

acts found in Jokowi’s speeches?

D. Research objectives

The language in speeches delivered by the president is different from the

daily life language. One of the differences is that the language used in presidential

speeches is well prepared by the president helped by a particular team in order to

achieve certain intentions such as to get the addressee to know, to do something,

to expect something and etc. Therefore, the first objective of this research is to

describe the types of illocutionary acts found in Jokowi’s selected speeches in

reference to the Austin (1962) and Searle (2005) categorization of speech acts.

They consist of assertives, commisives, directives, expressives and declaratives.

The next objective is to describe the reasons why Jokowi performs the

illocutionary acts. To meet this objective, the researcher deeply analyzes words,

phrases, and sentences by considering the context of situation. By doing so, the

speaker’s intentions in delivering speeches are expected to be explored.

The illocutionary acts performed by the speakers of the language may have

an effect on the hearers. The hearers may or may not perform the actions as


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expected by the speakers. With regard to this, the last objective of this research is

to describe the possible perlocutionary effects of the dominant illocutionary acts

performed by Jokowi in delivering speeches.

E. The significance of the study

This study offers both theoretical and practical significance. Theoretically,

the results of this study enrich the theories about the analysis of political language

utilized by Jokowi in his speeches which are used to build image, persuade and

influence people. Also, his language is characterized by the use of some terms in

the field of economics since he delivers his speech in the world economic forum.

Practically, this study can give the following significance:

1. The findings of the research help understand how a language is used to carry

certain actions, why certain actions should be performed, and how it affects

the hearers viewed from the analyses of speech acts.

2. This research is also beneficial for the linguistics lecturers and language

learners since this research provides examples and analysis of illocutionary acts

in speeches. Therefore, this model of speech acts analysis may become

linguistics learning sources.

3. The findings about the speech acts on Jokowi’s speeches may become

reference for other researchers to conduct further studies. In this case, other

researchers may refer to theoretical basis used to analyze the data and speech

acts data analysis procedure to perform speech acts analysis on different

contexts.


10

CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL REVIEW

This chapter is divided into three parts. The first part is the theoretical

review. It provides a description about the literature related to the topic of the

research such as pragmatics, aspects of pragmatics, scope of pragmatics, speech

acts, felicity condition, context, language of politics and the profile of Joko

Widodo. The next part is the previous research findings. It presents the findings of

the similar research that had been conducted. The last part is the theoretical

framework. It explains a theoretical basis for the research design adopted in this

study. Each is presented as follows.

A. Theoretical Review

1. Pragmatics

Pragmatics is one of linguistics branches which was developed in the late

1970s. It studies how people understand and produce a communicative act or

speech act in a concrete speech situation. There are many experts who provide a

definition of Pragmatics. According to Yule (1996), pragmatics deals with the

study of meaning as communicated by speakers or writers and interpreted by

listeners or readers. In addition, he defines pragmatics as (1) the study of

speaker’s meaning, (2) contextual meaning, (3) how more gets communicated

than is said, and (4) the expression of relative distance. Moreover, he says that

pragmatics is the study of the relationship between linguistic forms and the users

of those forms. He says that the benefits of studying language with the use of

pragmatics is that one may know about people’s intended meaning, their


11

assumptions, their purposes or goals, and the kinds of actions (for example,

request) that they perform when they speak.

Another expert has different definition of Pragmatics. Mey (1993) defines

pragmatics as the science of language viewed from the relation to its user. In this

case, pragmatics is seen as the science of language as it is used by real, live

people, for their own purpose and within their limitations and affordances. It

provides people greater understanding of how the human mind works, how human

communicate, how they manipulate one another.

With regard to the definition of Pragmatics, Parker in Wijayana (1996) says

that pragmatics is the study of the internal structure of language that is different

from grammar. Also, he asserts that pragmatics is the study of how language is

used in communication. Moreover, Levinson (1983) says that pragmatics is the

study of language use. In other words, it is the study of the relation between

language and context that are basic to an account of language understanding.

Another definition of pragmatics is presented by Finch (2000). He says that

pragmatics deals with the meaning of utterances. Also, pragmatics focuses on

what is not explicitly stated and on how people interpret utterances in situational

context.

In reference to the definitions of pragmatics stated by some experts above, it

can be summarized that pragmatics is the study of the speaker’s intended meaning

related to its context. It deals with how people use language within a context and

why they use language in a particular way.


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2. Aspects of Pragmatics

This part elaborates three sub-points namely utterances, situational

context, and aspects of speech situation. Each is explained as follows.

a. Utterances

When people have a conversation, they produce an utterance. Utterance is a

unit of analysis of speech which has been defined in various ways but most

commonly as a sequence of words within a single person’s turn at talk that falls

under a single intonation counter Schmidt and Richards (2002). They add that

utterances may sometimes consist of stretches of speech shorter than sentences.

Moreover, Hudson and Metham (1969) state that utterances are accredited

statement, irrespective of the ‘characters’ and ‘language used’. They add that an

utterance is a text which is preceded and followed by pauses and is therefore to be

complete and self-contained. It is a text, which is long enough to be relatable

directly to be a context of situation.

The meaning of an utterance is also influenced by the context. With regard

to this, Finnegan (1997) states that an utterance as the use of a sentence on a

particular occasion or in a particular context. He adds that the meaning of

utterance includes the (descriptive) meaning of the sentence, along with (social

and affective) meaning contributed by contextual factors.

b. Situational Context

Context is an important factor in all of pragmatics. Mey (1993) says that

pragmatic thinking is context-bound in contrast to strictly grammatical or

syntactic thinking. No matter how natural the language facilities or how


13

convention-bound their use, as language users one always operates in contexts.

With regard to this, context has to be taken into account whenever one formulates

his thoughts about language as rules and principles.

Linguists have become increasingly aware of the importance of context in

the interpretation of utterance since the beginning of the 1970s. The implications

of taking context into account are presented by Sadock in Brown and Yule (1983)

who states:

There is, then, a serious, methodological problem that confronts the

advocate of linguistic pragmatics. Given some aspects of what a

sentence conveys in a particular context, is that aspect part of what the

sentence conveys in virtue of its meaning… or should it be worked out

on the basis of Gricean principles for the head of meaning of the

sentence are relevant facts of the context of utterance.

Another expert has provided a definition of context. Cutting (2002) defines

context as the physical and social world and assumptions of knowledge that the

speaker and hearer share. Moreover, context can be classified into three types

namely situational, background knowledge, and co-textual context. Situational

context refers to what speakers know about what they can see around them.

Background knowledge context is what speakers know about each other and the

world. Meanwhile, Co-textual context is related to what speakers know about

what they have been saying.

Situational context is the immediate physical co-presence, the situation

where the interaction is taking place at the moment of speaking (Cutting, 2002). In

addition, Cook (1989) says that context is the social and physical world which

interacts with text to create discourse. He states that people are also influenced by

the situation in which they receive messages, by their cultural and social


14

relationship with the participants, by what they know and they assume the sender

knows.

The example of the situational context is presented by Cutting (2002) as

follows. The conversation in the example occurs in the classroom situation. A

male lecturer from London is explaining a mathematical problem to a male pupil

from London whose name is Berkam:

Lecturer : Forty-nine? Why you say forty-nine?

Pupil : Cos there’s another one here.

Lecturer : Right, we’ve got forty-nine there, haven’t we? But here there’s two.

Okay? Now, what is it that we’ve two of? Well, let me give you a clue.

Erm, this here is forty, that’s four tens, four ten are forty.

In reference to the conversation above, the situational context is obviously

the classroom. Moreover, the lecturer and the pupil are presumably pointing to

either the blackboard or an exercise book. The word ‘here’ and ‘there’ are

demonstrative adverbs indicating a figure in an equation. Meanwhile, ‘this here’ is

a demonstrative pronoun and adverb indicating what is being puzzled over.

Without the surrounding situation, the exchange makes little sense.

In reference to the explanation above, it is obviously known that context is

an important concept in discourse and pragmatics. Context is the decisive factor

influencing a deeper meaning of an utterance.

c. Aspects of Speech Situation

According to Leech (1983), pragmatic function is how language is used in

communication. It focuses on a goal-oriented speech situation in which the

speaker uses language in order to produce particular effect in the mind of hearer.

He says that since pragmatics studies meaning in relation to speech situation, there


15

are five aspects of situation to be considered namely, addresser and addressee, the

context of an utterance, the goal of an utterance, the utterance as a form of act, .

and the utterance as a product of verbal act deals with language at a more concrete

level than grammar. Each is elaborated as follows.

The first aspect is addressers or addressees. There is a significant difference

between a receiver and an an addressee. According to Lyon in Leech (1983), a

receiver is a person who receives and interprets the messages while an addressee

is a person who is an intended receiver of the message. A receiver might be a

bystander or an eavesdropper, rather than an addressee. This distinction is relevant

to the present inquiry, in that the analyst of pragmatic meaning is best thought of a

receiver who tries to make sense of the content of a discourse according to

whatever contextual evidence is available. The second aspect is context of an

utterance. Context has been understood in different ways. It may include

‘relevant’ aspects of the physical or social setting of an utterance. Leech (1983)

considers context to be any background knowledge assumed to be shared by

speaker and hearer and which contributes to hearer’s interpretation of what

speaker means by a given utterance.

The third aspect is the goal of an utterance. The term “goal” is more

neutral than intention because it does not commit its user to deal with conscious

volition or motivation but it can be used generally of goal-oriented activities. The

next aspect is the utterance as a form of act. In this case, Grammar deals with

abstract static entities for example sentences (in syntax) and propositions (in

semantics). Meanwhile, pragmatics deals with the verbal acts or performances


16

which take place in a particular situation, in time. The last aspect is the utterance

as a product of verbal act deals with language at a more concrete level than

grammar. With regard to this utterances may refer to the product of a verbal art,

rather than to the verbal acts itself. The words ‘Would you be quite please?’

spoken with a polite rising intonation, might be described as a sentence, or as a

question, or as a request. However, it is convenient to reserve term like sentence

and question for grammatical entities, identified by their use in a particular

situation. In this sense, utterances are the element whose meanings are studied in

discourse analysis. In fact, it can be described that discourse analysis deals with

utterances in relation to the context.

3. The Scope of Pragmatics

Pragmatics, as a branch of linguistics, has many scopes, i.e. deixis,

presupposition, cooperative principle, implicature, and speech act (Yule, 1996).

Since this research belongs to pragmatics study, this scope will be elaborated in

more detail.

a. Deixis

One of the ways to resolve the relationship between language and context

is utilizing the phenomenon of deixis. According to Levinson (1983), deixis

deals with the way in which a language encodes or grammaticalizes features of

the contexts of utterance of a speech event. With regard to this, deixis also

concerns with ways in which the interpretation of utterances depends on the

analysis of the context of those utterances.


17

Another definition of deixis is presented by Yule (1996). According to

him, deixis is a technical term (from Greek) for one of the most basic things

people do with utterances. In other words, deixis means ‘pointing’ via language.

He divides deixis into three categories:

1) Person Deixis

Person deixis functions to point people. The examples of person deixis

consist of the pronouns for first person I, second person you, and third person he,

she, or it. In many languages, these deictic categories of speaker, addressee, and

other(s) are elaborated with makers of relative social status for instance, addressee

with higher status versus addressee with lower status.The expressions which

indicate higher status are described as honorifics. In other words, person deixis is

deictic expressions that indicate people, for example the distinction between the

speaker I and the addressee you. It is divided into three parts, i.e. the pronouns for

the first person I, second person you, and third person he, she, or it. However, it is

not easy to learn these deictic expressions. It requires a very close observation on

what is actually happening in a conversation shift.

Some languages use deictic expressions to show the social status between

the speaker and addressee. This is often called social deixis. For example, in

French, the word ‘tu‘ is said by the speakers who have higher social status and

older speakers to a lower and younger addressee. On the contrary, ‘vous‘ is

spoken by lower and younger speakers to a higher and older addressee. In English,

the use of third person pronouns is the common form to create distance or non-

familiarity for example Would his majesty like some fried onions?. The example


18

shows an ironic or humorous case in which one person is very busy cleaning the

kitchen while another person at the same place may be reluctant to see the kitchen.

In summary, person deixis deals with how people address themselves as a speaker

and be addressed in return. It covers with the needs of people to make distance or

to be closer with.

2) Spatial Deixis

Spatial deixis functions to point location. In other words, spatial deixis

deals with deictic expressions that indicate the location of people and things. The

words that show deictic expressions include here, this, that, and there. Moreover,

some motion verbs such as “come” and ”go” may perform deictic expressions for

example “Come to the living room!‘ or ‘Go to the library!‘. The words “come”

and ”go” in those sentences are used to mark movement towards or away from the

speakers.

People must be familiar with how the definition of location in each

speaker‘s point of view is mentally and physically different. It is often called as a

deictic projection since speakers may project themselves into expected locations,

even when the location is manipulated due to the existence of technology for

example ‘I am not here now‘. If the sentence is projected to the answering

machine of someone‘s telephone, the word ‘now‘will do at any time someone tries

to call the telephone not to when someone records the words.

A similar deictic projection is also used in a direct speech to represent the

person, location, and someone’s feelings or something else for example ‘I was

after my cute little kitty to be more taken care because she is dirty’. She always


19

looks like ‘Here, clean me up, will you?‘. The word ‘here‘in that sentence does

not literally mean physical location of the speaker but it means the person in the

role of being the cute little kitty. If the speaker and the addressee have been so

close physically, they will tend to behave the same way psychologically. It is a

different treatment when a person is not close enough both physically and

psychologically, that person may say ‘that woman over there‘.

In summary, spatial deixis deals with how people project the location of

people or things indicated. Using the words ‘here‘, ‘there‘, ‘this‘, ‘that‘, and many

more may have different meanings depending on who is speaking, when to speak,

and how the speaker and addressee are physically and psychologically connected.

3) Temporal Deixis

Temporal deixis functions to point the time. This includes time adverbs

such as yesterday, now, then, tomorrow, soon, and forth, and also different tenses.

Speakers know how to use this knowledge when they listen and read, when they

speak and write or when they communicate. With regard to this, People need to

consider what kind of knowledge a person must have and use in certain acts of

communication. In other words, temporal deixis deals with deictic expressions

that indicate the time coinciding with the speaker‘s utterance and the time of the

speaker‘s voice being heard. There are many words showing temporal deixis and

they may be interpreted differently based on how and when the utterances are said

for instance the use of ‘then‘. The word ‘then‘ may be applied to both past and

future time and depend on the speaker‘s presence as presented in the following

sentences.


20

(a) I was smart and diligent then.

(b) I will come to your party then.

Temporal deixis makes ultimate reference to participant-role. Moreover,

the expressions depend on the interpretation known by the relevant utterance time

for example the expression ‘be back in an hour‘ which is written on an office

door. There will be a possibility for others not to know how long or how short the

person will come back.

In reference to the psychological basis, temporal deixis look similar with

spatial deixis. The projection can be treated to be near or far away from the

speakers like in some English expressions the past two years, the approaching

month, the coming year, this Monday morning, etc. Moreover, some types of

English temporal deixis are not widely recognized. One of the examples is related

to the choice of verb tense as presented in the sentences below.

(a) I work here now.

(b) I worked there then.

The present tense in the sentence I work here now indicates the use of

proximal forms or the words used to present the near speaker. Meanwhile, the past

tense in the sentence I worked there then indicates the opposite.

In conclusion, temporal deixis explains the presence of time. It describes

the proximal and the distal form. The proximal form is the near speaker function

as indicated by the use of ‘now‘ and‘this‘. Meanwhile, the distal form is used as

the away speaker function as to communicate distance from current time and

distance from current reality.


21

b. Presupposition

With regard to Presupossition, Yule (1996) states that it is something the speaker

assumes to be the case before producing utterances. Moreover, he says that

presupposition deals with the relationship between two propositions, for instance the

utterance “Mary’s dog is cute” means that Mary has a dog. He categorizes presupposition

into seven. They consist of potential presupposition, potential presupposition,

factive presupposition, lexical presupposition, structural presupposition, non-

factive presupposition, and counterfactual presupposition.

Potential presupposition is an assumption which is related to the use of

linguistic form for example the verb regret in “He regrets doing that” shows an

assumption that he actually did that. The second type of presupposition is

existential presupposition. It deals with assumptions in which someone or

something exists known by the use of a noun phrase e.g. “Your bag”. This is

assumed that you have a bag. The third type of presupposition is factive

presupposition. It refers to the assumptions in which information said after such

words as realize, regret, be, aware, odd and glad is true, for instance “We regret

telling him”. This is assumed that we told him.

The fourth type of presupposition is lexical presupposition. It has the idea

that the assumptions in which the speakers can act as if another meaning of words

is understood e.g. “He stopped smoking”. This is assumed that he used to smoke.

The fifth type of presupposition is structural presupposition. It is the assumptions

in which part of a sentence structure has information being considered as already

known e.g. “Where did you buy the bike?”. This is assumed that you bought the

bike. The next type of presupposition is non-factive presupposition. It is related to


22

the assumptions in which particular information is not true e.g. “We imagined we

were in Hawaii. This is assumed that we were not in Hawaii. The last type of

presupposition is counterfactual presupposition. It deals wirh the assumptions in

which certain information has the opposite meaning to the fact e.g “If you were

my friend, you would have helped me”. This is assumed that you are not my

friend.

c. Cooperative Principles

The cooperation between the interlocutors determines whether or not a

conversation runs succcesfully. Grice (1975) states that the cooperative principles

can be used as a guidance for the speakers and hearers in a conversation.

Moreover, Yule (1996) says that cooperative principle is the basic assumption in

conversation in which each participant tries to contribute appropriately, at the

required time, to the current exchange of talk. In referencce to Grice’s idea, the

cooperative principle in conversation can be explained in terms of four

conversational maxims. They include maxim of quantity, quality, relation and

manner. Each is described as follows.

The first maxim is maxim of quantity. It puts emphasis on the information.

The information delivered by speakers in a conversation are supposed to be

neither too little nor too much. In other words, the conversation should be

performed as informative as required. The following is an example of the maxim

of quantity:

(a) You can see me at 10.30 am at my office.

(b) You can see me at 10.30 am at my office. However, if you don‘t mind,

we can just go outside and have lunch together discussing your new


23

project. I‘m extremely hungry. Oh, and I hope it‘s going to be a success

for you! (Grice, 1975)

The conversation above shows that the speaker wants to make an

appointment with his/her colleague. In utterance (a), the speaker has fulfilled the

maxim of quantity by providing the required information i.e. the time and place of

the meeting. Meanwhile, the utterance (b) has violated the maxim of quantity

since it contains too much information about the speaker‘s intention. In this case,

the speaker overlaps the knowledge that must be shared by both i.e. having a

meeting.

The second maxim is maxim of quality. This maxim means that speakers

should provide valid infomation. They are supposed not to say something that

they believe to be false or make statement without adequate evidence as presented

in the following exmple:

(a) I will be there at 2 o‘clock sharp. Prepare what we‘ve been

discussing.

(b) Em, I will be there at 2 o‘clock as far as I remember. Well, prepare

what we‘ve been discussing. I hope I remember what I should do, I

guess. (Grice, 1975)

The two sentences above share the same context i.e.a person promises to

come to a meeting. This person has conducted a discussion with his/her friends.

The information presented in utterance (a) is accurate. In other words, the speaker

is not doubtful with his/her statement that he/she may not come late and even

prepares for things they have discussed. Meanwhile, the utterance (b) indicates

that what the speaker is saying may not be totally true. Therefore, the utterance in

(b) violates the maxim of quality.


24

The next maxim is maxim of relation. It emphasizes on relevance. In this

case, the speaker’s talk must be relevant with the topic being discussed. Speakers

who turn the topic of conversation abruptly are considered uncooperative. The

sentences below are examples of the maxim of relation:

(a) Q: There is someone at the door.

R: I‘m in the bath.

(b) I don‘t really know if this is important, but what time is it? (Grice,

1975)

The utterances (a) and (b) above have different context. The context in a

conversation (a) is that someone knocks at the door. R expects Q to understand

that his/her reason is relevant to Q‘s utterance i.e. even if there is someone at the

door, R cannot go and see who they are because R is in the bath. Meanwhile, the

context in utterance (b) is in a first date. In this case, there is a potential for the

speaker to have non-relevant material because he or she wants to stop the dating

due to some reasons such as getting bored with the situation or getting too late to

go home. In short, the speaker who utters sentence (b) flouts the maxim of

relation.

The last is maxim of manner. This kind of maxim emphasizes clarity. In a

conversation, speaker’s utterances are supposed to be clear and are not

ambigious. With regard to this, the speakers must avoid obscurity of expression.

The following presents an example of the maxim of manner:

(a) When I was 7, I vividly remembered the way I fell down from the

stairs. I was spinning so hard so I felt every single cold and hard stair.

I had acrophobia since then.

(b) This may be a bit confusing to me, but I remembered being in stairs‘

accident. (Grice, 1975)


25

The sentences above show that there is a person who tells how he/she fells

down from the stairs when he/she was a child. The utterance (a) has met the

maxim of manner. On the contrary, utterance (b) fails to fulfill the maxim of

manner since the person tries to remember the event but it becomes awkward

when he cannot actually remember what happened to him/her when he/she was a

child.

d. Implicature

In a conversation, there will be a lot of implied messages delivered by the

speakers. The hearers must understand the context of the conversation to get the

meaning of the implied messages. The implied messages are often referred to

implicature. According to Grice (1975), implicature is what speakers can imply,

suggest, or mean as distinct from what they literally say. In other words,

implicature is an implied message that is based on the interpretation of the

language use and its context. He stresses that there are two types of implicature,

namely conventional and conversational implicature.

Conventional implicature occurs when the speakers present a true fact in a

a wrong way. According to Yule (1996), it is associated with specific words and

result in additional conveyed meaning when those words are used. It does not

have to occur in conversation and does not rely on special context for the

interpretation. It can be said that certain expressions in language implicate

‘conventionally’ a certain state of the world, regardless of their use for instance,

the word last is denoted as ‘the ultimate item of a sequence’ in conventional


26

implicature. Another example is the conjunction but that will be interpreted as

‘contrast’ between the information presented before and after the conjunction.

The conversational implicature is another level at which speaker’s

meaning can differ from what is said, depends on the context of conversation. In

conversational implicature, meaning is conveyed not so much by what is said, but

by the fact that it is said. The cooperative principle and the maxims take part when

the conversational implicature arises. There are four kinds of conversational

implicature presented by Grice (1975) and Levinson (1983). They include

generalized, particularized, standard, and complex conversational implicature.

e. Speech Acts

The utterances produced by the speakers often carry actions such as to

inform, to persuade, to express feeling and etc. This is often called speech acts.

With regard to speech acts, the followings present the definition and

categorization of speech acts.

Speech acts have become important issues in the field of linguistics. There

are many linguists who have provided different definitions of speech acts. The

term speech act was initiated by Austin (1962) and developed by Searle (1969).

According to Austin, a speech act is an act performed when someone says

something. Moreover, he classifies the speech acts into locutionary, illocutionary,

and perlocutionary acts. In line with Austin (1962), Finegan et.al (1997) state that

speech acts are actions carried out through language.

Another definition is presented by Nunan (1993). According to him, Speech

acts are things people do through language for instance apologizing, complaining,


27

instructing, agreeing, and warning. Furthermore, Yule (1996) says that actions

performed via utterances are often called speech acts.

The next definition is proposed by Aitchison (2003) who states that speech

act is a number of utterance functioning like actions. Moreover, she says that

when someone utters a sequence of words, they are trying to achieve some effects

from those words. In summary, speech acts are utterances that replace actions for

particular goals in certain situations.

Some linguists offer different categorizationss of speech acts. There are

three categorizations of speech acts in reference to Austin (1962), Searle (1969)

and Leech (1983). Each is presented below.

1) Austin’s Categorization of Speech Acts

Austin (1962) proposes three different types of speech acts. They consist of

locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts. Locutionary act is uttering

certain utterances with particular sense and reference, which is roughly equivalent

to meaning in the traditional sense (Austin, 1962). In other words, locutionary acts

perform the acts of saying something. Moreover, Leech (1996) makes a formula

for this act into: s says to h that X. In this formula, s refers to the speaker, h refers

to the hearer, and X refers to the words spoken with a certain sense and reference.

Another definition is presented by Yule (1996). He states that this type of

act is the basic act of utterances to produce meaningful linguistic expressions.

Similarly, Cutting (2002) defines locutionary act into what is said or the form of

the words spoken. Locutionary acts can be classified into three types based on

how English sentences are constructed. They include declarative, imperative and


28

interrogative. Each has the idea of telling something, giving an order, and asking a

question respectively (Austin, 1962).

The second type of speech acts according to Austin (1962) is illocutionary

acts. This is the act of informing, ordering, warning, undertaking, and etc.

According to Austin (1962), illocutionary acts is an utterance which has a

particular conventional force. In other words, illocutionary act refers to what one

does in saying something. This act can be formulated into: in saying X, s asserts

that P in which P refers to the proposition or basic meaning of an utterance

(Leech, 1996). With regard to this kind of act, Yule (1996) gives an example “I’ve

just made some coffee”. In saying that utterance, the speaker makes an offer or a

statement.

The next type of speech acts is perlocutionary acts. This act deals with the

effects of utterances. In other words, It tells what speakers want achieve in saying

something such as to get hearers to know, to do something, to expect something,

to show speaker’s feeling and to praise (Austin, 1969). Furthermore, Austin

(1969) gives an example of this act: if someone shouts, “Fire!” then it causes

people to exit a room which is on fire, they have performed the perlocutionary act

of getting hearers to exit the room. Meanwhile, Leech (1996) states that the

formula of perlocutionary act is by saying X, s convinces h that P e.g. by saying

“I’ve just made some coffee”, the speakers performs the act of causing the hearers

to account for nice smell or to get the hearers to drink some coffee. In summary,

the speaker utterances may not be meaningless but their utterances can give


29

effects to the hearers in the form of the hearer’s reaction to the speaker’s

utterances.

2) Searle’s Categorization of Speech Acts

The classification of speech acts is presented differently by Searle (2005).

According to Searle (2005), someone performs three different acts when they are

speaking, namely utterance acts, propositional acts, and illocutionary acts.

Utterance acts refer to uttering collection of words. Meanwhile, propositional acts

and illocutionary acts deal with uttering words in sentences in certain context,

under certain conditions, and with certain intentions. Searle (2005) divides

illocutionary acts into five main types.

a) Representatives

Representatives refer to the acts which commit the speakers to the truth

of the expressed proposition. According Searle (2005), this act describes states or

events in the world including assertions, descriptions, claims, statements of fact,

reports, and conclusions. With regard to this, testing this act can be carried out

by simply giving questions whether a case can be classified as true or false.

Kreidler (1998) adds that representative acts are performed by speakers and

writers to tell what they know or believe. In other words, representative acts deal

with facts. By performing representative acts, the speakers make the words fit

the world or belief. With regard to this act, Yule (1996) provides an illustration

by giving an example below:

(a) The earth is flat

(b) It was a warm sunny day.


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The sentences (a) and (b) above illustrate the speakers who represent the

world as what they believe. In sentence (a), the speaker states their belief that the

earth is flat. Meanwhile, in sentence (b), the speaker describes their opinion that

the day is warm and sunny based on thier belief even though it may not be a hot

sunny day. In this case, the speakers make words fit with the world by

performing representative acts.

b) Directives

In speaking, speakers often intend to get hearers to do something. In this

case, the speakers have performed directive acts. According to Searle (2005),

directive acts deal with an attempt of the speakers to get the hearer to do

something through language. He adds that directive acts may include some

actions, namely commanding, forbidding, inviting, requesting, and suggesting.

Meanwhile, Yule (1996) says that it expresses what the speakers want. By

performing directive acts, the speakers try to make the world fit the words. With

regard to directive acts, Leech (1996) defines it as the speaker’s intention to

produce some effects through an action by the hearer. The following is presented

examples of directive acts by Leech (1996):

(a) You may ask.

(b) Would you make me a cup of tea?

(c) Freeze!

The sentence (a) is a suggestion to ask questions. It contains the directive

acts which function to get the hearers to ask questions as what the speaker wants.

Meanwhile, in sentence (b), the speaker intends to perform a request that


31

functions to get the hearer to do something, i.e. requesting someone to make a cup

of tea. The example (c) is a command which aims to get the hearers to freeze.

c) Commissives

Commissives deal with the acts which commit the speakers to some future

course of action. The commisives acts include promising, vowing, offering,

threatening, and refusing (Searle, 2005). In addition, Kreidler (1998) says that

commissive acts can be expressed using some verbs such as agree, ask, offer,

refuse, swear, all with following infinitives. A predicate for commisive is the

verbs that can be used to commit or refuse to commit oneself to some future

actions whereas the subject of the sentence is most likely to be I or We. The

examples are presented below:

(a) We’ll be right back.

(b) I’m gonna love you till the end. (Kreidler, 1998)

The content of the sentences above is related to the future actions of the

speakers. The modal will or be going to in certain rules, contexts and situation

signify a promise which is considered as commisives.

d) Expressives

Speakers of a language often express feelings to the hearers when they

speak. By doing so, the speakers have performed the expressive acts. According to

Searle (2005), expressive refer to acts that are performed to express a

psychological state of the speakers. Statement of pleasure, pain, like, dislike, joy

and sorrow can be categorized into this act. In addition, the expressive verbs may


32

consist of thank, congratulate, apologize, regret, deplore, and welcome. Yule

(1996) provides an example of this act as follows

(a) I’m terribly sorry.

(b) Congratulation!

(c) We greatly appreciate what you did for us.

The sentence (a) above is an expression which shows sympathy.

Meanwhile, the example (b) is aimed to congratulate someone and the sentence

(c) is used to thank or give appreciation to someone.

e) Declaratives

The utterances produced in a particular context may be able to change the

condition of the world immediately. That is the idea declarative acts. According to

Yule (1996) and Cutting (2002), declarative refers to kinds of speech acts that can

change the world via utterances. In order to perform declarative acts

appropriately, some circumstances must be met including the speakers must have

specific institutional roles and there must be a specific context. In addition, Leech

(1996) states that declarative acts are the illocution of which successful

performance brings about the correspondence between propositional content and

reality. The declarative acts may consist of Christening or baptizing, declaring

war, abdicating, dismissing, naming, resigning, and excommunicating. The

utterances showing declarative acts are described as follows:

(a) Boss: “You’re fired”

(b) Umpire: “Time out!” (Leech, 1996)


33

The utterance (a) and (b) are more than statements but they may lead to the

change of the condition in reality if they are expressed in an appropriate context.

The utterance (a) is used to perform the act of ending the employment while the

utterance (b) is used to perform the acts of ending the game.

3) Leech’s Categorization of Speech Acts

Another categorization of speech acts is presented by Leech (1996). Leech

(1996) says that the functions of illocutionary rely on how utterances relate to the

social goals of establishing and maintaining community. In this case, speech acts

are categorized into four types, namely competitive, convivial, collaborative and

conflictive.

The first kind of speech acts is competitive. In this type of speech act, the

goals of the illocutionary compete with the social goals. This speech act functions

to show politeness in the form of negative parameter. The important point

regarding this act is reducing the discord in the competition between what the

speakers want to gain and what ‘good manner’ is. Ordering, asking, demanding,

begging, and requesting are the examples of this kind of speech act.

The second type of speech acts is convivial. The illocutionary goals in

convivial acts are related to the social goals. In contrast to competitive acts,

convivial is intrinsically courteous. This means that politeness is in the positive

form of seeking opportunities for comity. Offering, inviting, greeting, thanking,

and congratulating are the examples of this type of speech acts.

The next type of speech acts is Collaborative. It has the idea that the

illocutionary goals are different from the social goals. In this case, politeness and


34

impoliteness are relevant. This is found in most of written discourse. Asserting,

reporting, announcing, and instructing belong to this type of speech acts.

The last type of speech acts is conflictive. This act suggests that the

illocutionary goals conflict with the social goals. With regard to this, politeness

does not need to be questioned because the terms in this illocutionary function are

used to cause offence or hurt the hearer’s feeling. Threatening, accusing, cursing,

and reprimanding are included as the examples of the conflictive.

4. Felicity Condition

Appropriate circumstances are badly needed in performing speech acts in

order to be recognized as intended. Also, the right context must be matched with

the right form of words. This condition is called as a felicity condition (Austin in

Finch, 2000). In addition, Austin in Cutting (2002) states that the felicity

conditions refer to the context and roles of participants that must be recognized by

all parties; the action must be carried out completely, and the speakers must have

the right intentions. Searle in Cutting (2002) adds that there is a general condition

for all speech acts including the hearers have to listen and understand the

language, and the speakers must not be pretending or acting. The performances of

speech acts will be inappropriate if there is no specific context e.g. I sentence you

to five months in the jail. This utterance will be inappropriate if it is said by

ordinary people but it can be an act if it is uttered by a judge in a courtroom.

With regard to felicity condition, Yule (1996) states that there are some pre-

conditions on speech acts among ordinary people in everyday contexts. The first

pre-condition deals with the general conditions of the participants. In this case, the


35

participants must understand the language being used and are not play-acting or

being nonsensical. The second pre-condition is content condition e.g. a promise in

that the content of the utterances must be about the future course of action. The

third pre-condition is preparatory condition, for instance when someone promises

to do something, there are two preparatory conditions namely the events will not

happen by itself and will have a beneficial effect. The next pre-condition is

sincerity condition for example a promise, the speaker genuinely intends to

perform the future action. The last condition is essential condition which covers

the fact that by uttering a promise, the speaker intends to create an obligation to

carry out the action as promised.

5. Context

Context belongs to an important aspect in pragmatics since pragmatics deals

with the meaning of words in context or interaction and how the persons involved

in the interaction. According to Nunan (1993), context is the situation giving rise

to the discourse and within which the discourse is embedded. Contexts can be

divided into two types. They include linguistic and non-linguistic contexts.

Linguistic contexts refer to the language that surrounds a part of discourse being

analyzed meanwhile non-linguistic contexts are related to the discourse within.

Non-linguistics context may consist of communication types, topics, purposes,

settings, participants, and shared background knowledge of a certain event. Also,

Context can be classified into context of situation and context of socio-cultural.

They are explained below.


36

a. Context of Situation

Context of situation plays an important role in communication. It refers to

what speakers know about what they can see around them (Cutting, 2002). In

addition, Hymes in Wardhaugh (1986) states that there are many factors involved

in speaking. They are described as ethnography of a communicative event which

is relevant with understanding how a particular communicative event achieves its

objectives. The first factor is Setting and scene (S). Setting deals with the time and

place. In other words, it has something to do with the concrete physical

circumstances in which a speech occurs. Meanwhile, scene is the abstract

psychological setting. The example of setting and scene is: a graduation speech

will have a joyful scene whereas the inaugural speech of USA President will have

a serious one within a certain setting.

The second factor is Participants (P). This enables many different

combinations between speakers and listeners, addressers and addressees, or

senders and receivers. Generally, they meet particular socially specified roles for

instance: teachers and students, doctors and patients, parents and children and the

like. The third factor is Ends (E). This deals with the conventionally recognized

and expected outcomes of an exchange. Also, it is related to the personal goals

that participants pursue to accomplish on certain events e.g. in a courtroom, each

person has personal goals to achieve since the court process involve many

participants such as the jury, the judge, the prosecutor, the witness, the accused,

and the defense. The fourth factor is Act of sequence (A). This deals with the

actual form and content of what is said. This may include how precise the words


37

are used, how the words are used, and how the relationship between what is said

and the actual topic being discussed is. For instance: in a public lecture, each

participant has their own sense of act sequence to follow the system of language

and things discussed within. The fifth factor is Key (K). It includes the tone,

manner, or spirit in which a certain message is delivered e.g. serious, humorous,

sarcastic, light-hearted, gesture, posture, and even deportment. The sixth factor is

Instrumentalities (I). Instrumentalities are related to the choice of channel, for

example oral, written, telegraphic, and the actual form of speech employed such

as the language, code, dialect, or register.

The next factor is Norms of interaction and interpretation (N). This refers to

specific behaviors and properties that attach to speaking and also to how these

may be viewed by someone who does not share them e.g. loudness, silence, gaze

return, and the like. The last factor is Genre (G). It is clearly a demarcated type of

utterances. This includes poems, proverbs, riddles, sermons, lectures, prayers, and

etc. They are different from casual speeches for instance church services to

conduct sermons, colleges’ public lectures, poems reading and etc.

In relation to context, Holmes (1992) states that contexts should be viewed

from several relevant and helpful factors. Holmes (1992) adds that linguistic

choices generally reflect the influence of one or more on the following: (1) the

participants, (2) The setting or social context of the interaction, (3) the topic being

talked, and (4) The function of speaking.


38

b. Context of Socio-cultural

Another type of context is socio-cultural context. This influences the

linguistic choices of the speakers. With regard to this, Malinowski in Halliday and

Hasan (1986) says that the context of culture refers to the institutional and

ideological background which provides value and contains an interpretation. For

instance, one says X that will be considered as rude in a particular group of

conversation but X may not be considered as rude in another group of

conversation because both groups of conversation may have different cultures.

Any linguistic interaction involves the whole cultural history of the

participants and the kind of practices they engage in. In short, it is not sufficient if

people only take into account the context of situation and ignore the cultural

context.

6. Language of Politics

Language is widely used in the field of politics to persuade and influence

people. According to Joseph (2006), language reflects the speaker‘s intelligence,

industry, and social worthiness level of exposure or education. Interpreting

language use in this way belongs to a political act. The power and responsibility

of the speakers can be reflected from the linguistic-political dimension that

utilizes languages to achieve their goals.

In relation to politics, Thomas (2004) states that politics deals with power

including the power of making decisions, controlling resources, controlling other

people‘s behavior and often controlling their values. Politics cannot be separated

from power. The power acquisition and political beliefs enforcement can be


39

gained using some strategies, namely through physical coercion or legal system.

The physical coercion events that are regarded as significant in history involve the

imposition, military rules, dictatorial regimes, and the like. Some types of

coercions are also implemented in a democracy through the legal system e.g. there

are laws which regulate where people are supposed to litter, laws on the

prohibition of destroying others belongings, and the laws that rule where and

when people can drink alcohol legally. If someone breaks these laws, they will be

fined, arrested and imprisoned. They are examples of political ends gained by

coercions.

In order to secure power, it is necessary to persuade and convince

everyone that what you want to achieve is the same as what they want. With

regard to this, an ideology needs to be established i.e. the ideology that makes the

beliefs which you want people to hold appear to be common sense. Therefore, it

makes difficult for them to question that dominant ideology.

7. The profile of JokoWidodo

Joko Widodo, commonly called Jokowi, was born in June 21, 1961, in

Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia. He is an Indonesian businessman, politician,

and government official. He successfully attracted international attention with his

populist style of campaigning and his anticorruption platform. His success at the

polls was viewed by many analysts as marking the beginning of a new, more

democratic era of Indonesian politics (Hollar, 2014).

Hollar (2014) adds that Jokowi applied himself at school and won

admittance to Gadjah Mada University in Yogyakarta, from which he graduated in


40

1985 with a degree in forestry engineering. For several years, he worked for a

state-owned pulp mill in the Aceh region of northern Sumatra, and he later

established his own furniture factory in Surakarta. By 2002, he had become a

highly successful furniture exporter, with showrooms on several continents, as

well as chairman of a local branch of the country’s influential furniture

manufacturers’ association.

Jokowi, as a member of the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle

(Partai Demokrasi Indonesia-Perjuangan; PDI-P), won election as mayor of

Surakarta in 2005. He was extraordinarily effective in reducing crime and

attracting foreign tourists to the city. His habit of making spontaneous visits to

poor neighbourhoods and his refusal to accept a salary for his public service

contributed to his reputation for humility and honesty. In 2010, Jokowi was

reelected as mayor with more than 90 percent of the vote. He was later ranked as

the third best mayor in the world by the international City Mayors Foundation.

During his gubernatorial run in Jakarta in 2012, Jokowi began to be widely

compared in the media to U.S. President Barack Obama partly because there was

a physical resemblance and Jokowi largely fit the Obama mold as a charismatic

non-traditional politician. Jokowi ousted the incumbent, Fauzi Bowo, in the

second round of that election, and, as governor of Jakarta, he launched programs

aimed at improving Jakartans’ access to health care and education.

In 2014 the PDI-P selected Jokowi to be its candidate for the Indonesian

presidential election, which was held on July 9. He was swept to victory with

more than 53 percent of the popular vote, defeating former general Prabowo


http://www.britannica.com/place/Aceh

http://www.britannica.com/place/Sumatra

http://www.britannica.com/topic/Indonesian-Democratic-Party-of-Struggle

http://www.britannica.com/biography/Barack-Obama

41

Subianto. Though Subianto alleged that there had been widespread vote rigging

and formally challenged the election result, the country’s Constitutional Court

unanimously rejected his claim in August, clearing the way for Jokowi to take

office on October 20. As Jokowi entered the presidency, he identified clamping-

down on corruption as among his top priorities and as a necessary step to attract

more foreign direct investment to the country. He also pushed a nine-point plan

for Indonesia that emphasized helping the poor by improving public services,

implementing land reforms, and developing more-affordable housing, among

other measures (Hollar, 2014).

B. Previous Research Findings

There are many researches which investigate speech acts. One of them

was conducted by Elizabeth (2004). She did her research in partial fulfillment of

the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The

Interdepartmental Program in Linguistics from Graduate Faculty of the

Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College. Her

research entitled “Variation in the Performance of Speech Acts in Peninsular

Spanish: Apologies and requests”. This research examines variations in the

performance of speech acts and additional discourse features in situational

speech patterns of Peninsular Spanish. Forty participants from Castile and

Andalusia were interviewed, and the data were coded to examine the differences

in speech act realizations and the use of specific discourse features. The

participants’ responses were classified by regional, gender, and age differences

for the data set. Sociolinguistic differences in the use of additional discourse


42

features were also compared, examining the use of alerters, personal address

items, intensifiers, polite markers, hedges, accepting responsibility, offering

repair, and the expression of need. In addition, native speaker judgments and

metalinguistic discussions were conducted to test the speech act data of

participants from Castile and Andalusia and to verify the acceptability of the

responses.

The research findings show that little variation is seen in the performance

of speech acts viewed from the aspects of region, gender, and age. The speech

acts for apologies and requests are formulaic in nature, and only change with

situational variation. Likewise, even though some differences exist, there is no

statistical significance in the use of additional discourse features according to

region, gender, and age. The use of these discourse features provides information

for Spanish language variation and in the areas of linguistic politeness and

language and gender. Results from the metalinguistic discussions provide

qualitative data, supporting the findings of speech act realizations.

The next research related to speech acts was conducted by Alaba (2013).

His research entitled “A Speech Act Analysis of the Acceptance of Nomination

Speeches of Chief Obafemi Awolowo and Chief M.K.O. Abiola”. This study

investigated the role of language in the communication and interpretation of

intentions by examining selected political speeches as pieces of discourse with

specific goals. It presented and documented some of the significant illocutionary

acts that conveyed the intentions of speakers in the acceptance of nomination

speeches of presidential candidates in Nigeria. The acceptance of nomination


43

speeches of Chief Obafemi Awolowo and Chief M.K.O. Abiola form the bulk of

data. The study was based on insight from J.L. Austin (1962) speech act theory.

The research findings showed that there were five categories of speech

acts. They included assertive acts (27.3%), expressive acts (22.70%), commissive

acts (22.70%), directive acts (18.2%) and declarative acts which account for 9.1%

of the total data. The study has revealed that the acceptance of nomination

speeches were characterised by illocutionary acts that were used to achieve

persuasion. Hence, the data were characterized by a preponderance of assertive,

expressive and commissive acts that were mostly used as mobilization strategies,

especially in political campaigns, where it was essential for candidates to persuade

their listeners to win elections. The acts performed in the speeches examined were

essentially similar; however, they were encoded more explicitly by Chief Abiola

than Chief Awolowo.

Another research regarding speech acts was conducted by Ardiansyah

(2015). His research for the attainment of Master degree from Muhammadiyah

University of Surakarta entitled “Students Expressive Speech Acts Operated in

Teaching Learning Conversation in ELTI GRAMEDIA Surakarta”. The research

aimed to describe the realizations of expressive speech acts used by students, to

explain the students’ strategies in their expressive utterances, to explain the

students’ intentions in performing expressive utterances. The data of the

research were collected from the teaching-learning conversation in ELTI

GRAMEDIA Surakarta employed by students aged 19-23 years old.


44

In reference to the research data, it was found that students were often

unaware of their expressive act and they employed only common expressive

speech acts in their talk. The types of expressive acts identified were thanking,

congratulating, blaming, praising and apologizing. In terms of their

strategy, the students barely made a direct expressive speech act in their

utterances. This seems to imply their low level of English proficiency.

This research has similarities and differences to the previous researches

presented above. The similarity of this research and the previous researches

above is that the researches analyze the speech acts. Meanwhile, the difference

lies on case being analyzed. The first research focuses on analysing Speech Acts

on Apologies and requests. The second research focuses on analyzing Speeches

of Chief Obafemi Awolowo and Chief M.K.O. Abiola. The third research

focuses on Students Expressive Speech Acts. Meanwhile, this research focuses

on investigating the selected speeches performed by the Seventh President of

The Republic of Indonesia, Jokowi. Also, this research has presented deeper

analysis by observing the reasons and the possible perlocutionary effects of

performing illocutionary acts. These differences may give new findings that lead

to different results.

C. Theoretical Framework

The first part of this chapter has presented a lot of theories which are

relevant with the topic of this research such as pragmatics, deixis, presupposition,

speech acts, context, felicity condition and etc. Among those theories, the


45

researcher has selected two theories as the basis of the analysis to find the answer

of the research questions. They include speech acts and contexts.

The theory of Speech Acts may serve as an appropriate basis for the

analysis of the selected speeches. The Speech Acts theory is selected as the

linguistic framework for the analysis of the two Speeches due to the fact that

people perform various actions through the use of words. When utterances are

produced, a particular act is performed. With regard to speech acts, many linguists

such as Austin (1962), Searle (2005), and Leech (1996) have proposed different

classifications of speech acts. However, the idea of classifying the speech acts are

similar. They are presented in the following table.

Table 1. The Speech Act’s Classification Proposed by Austin (1962), Searle

(2005), and Leech (1996)

Austin’s Classification

of Speech Acts

Searle’s Classification of

Speech Acts

Leech’s Classification

of Speech Acts

1. Locutionary 1. Utterance acts 1. Competitive

2. Illocutionary acts 2. Propositional acts 2. Convivial

3. Perlocutionary acts 3. Illocutionary acts 3. Collaborative

a. Representatives 4. Conflictive

b. Directives

c. Commisives

d. Expressive

e. Declarative

The idea of speech acts was firstly initiated by Austin (1962). In reference

to the table above, Austin (1962) categorizes speech acts into locutionary,

illocutionary and perlocutionary acts. While, Searle (2005) has classified into

utterance, propositional and illocutionary acts. Utterance acts share similar ideas


46

as locutionary acts as proposed by Austin. Meanwhile, the propositional and

illocutionary acts have the same ideas as illocutionary and perlocutionary acts

proposed by Austin (1962). The difference is that Searle (2005) makes detail

elaboration in classifying illocutionary acts which consist of representatives,

directives, commisives, expressives, and declaratives. In this case, Searle’s

classification of speech acts is the development of Austins. Meanwhile, Leech’s

categorization is based on social goals of establishing and maintaining community

which comprises of competitive, convivial, collaborative, and conflictive

This study comes up to employ the speech act theories suggested by

Austin (1962) and Searle (2005) to analyze the types of illocutionary acts found in

Jokowi’s speeches. It adopts Austin’s theory in order to describe the illocutionary

acts and perlocutionary acts. These acts are utterances which have a certain

(conventional) force. It can also be said that illocutionary act refers to what one

does in saying something. Meanwhile, a perlocutionary act is performed with the

intention of producing further effects.

The speech act theory suggested by Searle (2005) is employed to analyze

detail of the illocutionary acts which include assertives or representatives,

directives, commisives, expressives, and declaratives. The theory of speech acts

proposed by Austin(1962) and Searle (2005) were selected as the basis for

analysing the data in this research since they provided comprehensive and detail

elaboration of the cases. Also, many researchers and linguists have employed

those theories as a basis for research data analysis. The researcher did not use

Leech’s (1996) theory since it is too narrow and only focuses on social goals.


47

Instead of using the theory of speech acts for the basis of analysis, this

research also employs a theory of context especially to answer the second and

third research problems. The researcher used the theory of context proposed by

Nunan (1993). In this case, contexts can be classified into two namely linguistic

and non-linguistic contexts. Linguistic contexts deal with the language which

surrounds the discourse being analyzed while non-linguistics contexts consist of

communication types, topics, purposes, settings, participants, and shared

background knowledge of a certain event.

Non-linguistics contexts contribute to answer the research questions. The

first element of non-linguistics context is communication types. The

communications types of the research objects analyzed in this study is a

monologue in the form of speeches delivered by Jokowi in two different events

namely APEC CEO Summit and World Economic Forum on East Asia. The

second element is topics. The topics of the speeches deal with the field of

economics such as “Advancing Regional Economic Integration", "Promoting

Innovative development, Economic Reform and Growth" and "Strengthening

Comprehensive Connectivity and Infrastructure Development". The next element

of non-linguistics context is purposes. The events where the speeches were

delivered had some purposes. The purposes of the APEC CEO Summit are to

discuss Asia-Pacific economic issues and promote regional trade, investment and

cooperation meanwhile the World Economic Forum on East Asia aimed to

explore how enhancing trust can improve regional cooperation and advance

critical decisions for accelerating sustainable socio-economic development.


48

The next element of non-linguistics context include settings, participants,

and shared background knowledge. The settings deal with time and place of an

event. In this case, the APEC CEO Summit forum was held in November 10,

2014 in Tiongkok. This event was attended by 1500 APEC Economic Leaders,

CEOs and leading thinkers. Meanwhile, World Economic Forum on East Asia

was conducted in Shangri-La Hotel, Jakarta, Indonesia from 19 to 21 April 2015.

This event was attended by 700 participants from more than 40 countries,

including 180 CEOs and chairpersons, and 40 ministers and international

organization representatives. In addition, the shared background knowledge of

the particiants and speakers is related to the bussiness and economics.


49

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter elaborates the steps involved in the study. It consists of the type

of study, data collection techniques, data analysis techniques, research instruments,

and the trustworthiness of the data. The type of study discusses the approach used in

this research. Meanwhile, data collection techniques, data analysis techniques, and

instruments discuss how the data are collected and analyzed using research

instruments. The last section in this chapter discusses how the validity of the research

data is achieved. Each section is presented below.

A. Type of study

This study is categorized as descriptive qualitative because the nature of the

study is targeted to describe the types of illocutionary acts found in Jokowi’s

speeches, the reasons of performing such illocutionary acts viewed from its context

and the possible perlocutionary effects of the dominant types of illocutionary acts.

According to Bogdan and Biklen (1982), qualitative research has some

characteristics. Firstly, it is naturalistic. Qualitative research has actual settings as the

direct source of data and the researcher is the key instrument. Researchers enter and

spend considerable time in schools learning about educational concerns. Although

some people use video tape equipment and recording devices, many go completely

unarmed save for a pad and a pencil. Secondly, qualitative research is descriptive.

The collected data take the forms of words or pictures rather than numbers. The data


50

include interview transcripts, field notes, photographs, videotapes, personal

documents, memos, or other official records. The next characteristic of qualitative

research is that it is concerned with the process rather than with outcomes or

products. Also, it is inductive meaning that qualitative researchers tend to analyze

their data inductively. They do not search out the data or evidence to prove or

disprove hypotheses they hold before entering the study. The last characteristic is that

meaning becomes essential part of qualitative approach. In this case, the researchers

who use this approach are interested in how different people make sense of their

lives.

B. Data Collection Techniques

Data is an important element in a research and may have many different

forms. According to Subroto (1992), the data in a research are the fixed materials

which are suitable to solve the research problems. In this research, the data are in the

form of words, phrases, sentences found in Jokowi’s speeches which have been

transcribed. The speeches consist of 1568 words and 115 sentences. Also, there are

94 speech excerpts analyzed in this study.

The researcher utilized documentation technique in collecting the data. In this

case, the researcher browsed and downloaded the recorded speeches delivered by

Jokowi from www.youtube.com. The video was then transcribed and analyzed. There

are two speeches analyzed in this research. The first speech was delivered in APEC

CEO summit 2014 forum held in November 10, 2014 in Tiongkok. Meanwhile, the


51

second speech was delivered in World Economic Forum on East Asia held from 19-

21 April 2015 in Jakarta, Indonesia. Both speeches were delivered in English. In

making these speeches, Jokowi was helped by a certain team of which members

include the Head of the Presidential Staff, The Minister of Foreign Affair, The

Minister of State Secretariat and some other ministers.

The two speeches were selected as the objects of the research because the

speeches were delivered in a the world forum which promote the economic prosperity

of the nations. The main agenda of Jokowi as the seventh president of Indonesia is to

boost the economic condition in Indonesia. With regard to this, speech in the

bussiness forum becomes an important media for Jokowi to socialize his agenda as

well as persuade the relevant parties to collaborate in achieving the economic

prosperity. Also, the languages utilized in political speeches are characterized by the

intention of the speakers to persuade, build image, or influence people. Therefore,

speeches were interested to be analyzed.

C. Data Analysis Techniques

The next process, after data collection, was data analysis. According to

Moleong (2000), data analysis is a process of organizing and classifying data into

certain pattern, category and basic unit of analysis so that the theme can be found and

working hypothesis suggested by the data can be formulated. The goals of the data

analysis are to summarize the data and to present them, thus, they can be better

comprehended, interpreted, or related to some decision the user wishes to make.


52

The data in this research were analyzed using qualitative method. Miles and

Huberman (1992) state that qualitative method refers to a kind of analysis method

with the data in the form of words not number; qualitative method provides a

wide descriptive of process happening in the field being observed. There were

some steps of analysing the data in this research. The first step was transcribing the

speeches by listening the downloaded speeches and typing it in Microsoft Word. The

second step was reading the transcribed speeches carefully and sorting them by

looking for units of words, phrases, and sentences. In this step, the researcher

underlined the significant data that were appropriate with the research topics.

The next step was categorizing the data based on speech acts classification

proposed by Austin (1962) and Searle (2005) which consisted of representatives;

directives; commissives; expressives; and declaratives. In this step, the researcher put

all units having the same coding together. In reference, to the categorization of the

data, the researchers observed and calculated the occurence frequency of speech acts

in order that the data were easily read as illustrated in the following table.

Table 2. The Frequency of Illocutionary Acts Found in Jokowi’s Speeches

NO ILLOCUTIONARY

ACTS

ILLOCUTIONARY

FORCE

FREQUENCIES PRECENTAGE

(%)

1. Assertive a. Informing

b. Convincing

c. Questioning

d. Describing

e. Stating

26

4

3

12

4

52,1%

The categorization of speech acts was, then, deeply observed to find the

answer of the second and third research questions. The final step was presenting the


53

data. In this case, the researcher employed informal and formal methods of data

presentation as proposed by Sudaryanto (1993). According to him, informal refers to

the method of presenting the analyzed data using words while formal methods refer

to the presentation of the analyzed data using symbols, diagrams, figures, and tables

(artificial language). With regard to this, the data were presented in the forms of

phrases and sentences that are put in tables.

D. Research Instruments

The main instrument in this study is the researcher himself. In this case, the

researcher reads the transcribed data carefully. Then, the researcher analyzed the

types of illocutionary acts found in Jokowi’s speeches, the reasons of performing

such illocutionary acts, and the possible perlocutionary effects of the dominant type

of illocutionary acts. The second instrument is the data sheets. The data sheet is used

to record the types of illocutionary acts in Jokowi’s speeches. The format of the data

sheet is ilustrated below.

Table 3. The Data Sheet of The Types of Illocutionary Acts Found in Jokowi’s

Speeches

Data Code : I

Context of situation : The President of the Republic of Indonesia, Jokowi,

Gave a Speech in APEC CEO Summit 2014

Note. Ass : Assertives Exp : Expressives

Dir : Directives Dec : Declaratives

Com : Commissives


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No Speech excerpts acts Illocutionary acts

Ass Dir Com Exp Dec

E. The trustworthiness of the data

There are four criteria to check the trustworthiness in qualitative research

namely, credibility, dependability, confirmability, and transferability (Moleong,

2000). In this study, credibility and dependability are applied to achieve the

trustworthiness of the data. Credibility is the criterion to fulfill the truth-value of the

data collected (Syamsudin and Damaianti, 2007). This means that the result of the

study must be able to be trusted by all readers critically. With regard to this, the

researcher read, reread, and observe the data carefully and comprehensively to obtain

the credibility of the data.

Dependability is the criterion used to value whether the process of the

qualitative research is qualified or not, and to check if the researcher has successfully

conceptualized her research plan, collected the data, and interpreted them or there are

still many mistakes in them (Syamsudin and Damaianti, 2007). The dependability of

the data was achieved by triangulation technique. Triangulation is a method for

establishing reliability by checking propositions more often. The triangulation is

applied by discussing the data with the advisors and asking friends who are

knowledgeable about this research to confirm the research data. Also, the researchers

compared the data from one source with another source for instance the transcription


55

of the speech. Instead of trascribing the video of the speech directly, the researcher

also the downloaded the transcription of the speech from the internet to cross check

the data in this research.


56

CHAPTER IV

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the research findings and discussion. The first part

explains the types of illocutionary acts found in Jokowi’s selected speeches while

the next part discusses the reasons why Jokowi performed the acts viewed from

the context of situation underlying the speeches. The last part describes the

possible perlocutionary effects of the dominant illocutionary acts. Each is

presented as follows.

A. The Types of Illocutionary Acts Found in Jokowi’s Speeches

This part explains the findings of the research regarding the types of

illocutionary acts found in Jokowi’s speeches. There are two speeches analyzed in

this research. The first speech was delivered in APEC CEO Summit 2014 which

was held in November 10, 2014 in Tiongkok. The Summit was the premier

platform for the APEC Economic Leaders and business executives to discuss

Asia-Pacific economic issues and promote regional trade, investment and

cooperation. It was the most influential and high-level business event in the

region. Also, it gathered 1500 APEC Economic Leaders, CEOs and leading

thinkers in Beijing to deliberate the key issues facing the development of the Asia-

Pacific economic by sharing views on "Advancing Regional Economic

Integration", "Promoting Innovative development, Economic Reform and

Growth" and "Strengthening Comprehensive Connectivity and Infrastructure

Development"


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The second speech was delivered in the World Economic Forum on East

Asia. The World Economic Forum is an international institution committed to

improving the state of the world through public-private cooperation in the spirit of

global citizenship. It engages with business, political, academic and other leaders

of society to shape global, regional and industry agendas. Incorporated as a not-

for-profit foundation in 1971 and headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the

Forum is independent, impartial and not tied to any interests. It cooperates closely

with all leading international organizations.

Speech acts can be categorized into several types. They include locutionary,

illocutonary and perlocutionary. Locutionary is the act of saying something that is

the form of the words uttered, or “what is said”. There are three kinds of

locutionary acts namely a declarative when it tells something, an imperative when

it gives orders, and an interrogative when it asks questions (Austin, 1962).

Moreover, the kinds of Illocutionary acts consist of representatives/assertives,

directives, commissives, expressives and declaratives. In addition, perlocutionary

act is the effect of an utterance. It is what people want to achieve by saying

something such as to get hearer to know, to dosomething, to expect something, to

show pleasant feeling andto praise.

The first objective of this research is to describe the types of illocutionary

acts found in Jokowi’s speech. The research has found 94 types of illocutionary

acts. They show difference frequencies in terms of their occurence. The detail

frequency of the illocutionary acts is presented in table 4 below.


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Table 4. The Frequency of Illocutionary Acts Found in Jokowi’s Speeches

NO ILLOCUTIONARY

ACTS

ILLOCUTIONARY

FORCE


(%)


b. Convincing

c. Questioning

d. Describing

e. Stating

26

4

3

12

4

52,1%

2. Directive a. Inviting

b. Requesting

5

3 8,5%

3. Commissive a. Promising

b. Offering

22

5 28,7%

4. Expressive a. Thanking

b. State of

pleasure

c. Greeting

d. Saluting

e. Expression of

feeling

4

2

2

1

1

10,6%

5. Declarative - - -

TOTAL 94 100%

The table 4 above shows that the illocutionary acts found in Jokowi’s

speeches consist of assertives, directives, commisives and expressives. Assertives

have the highest frequency of occurence or 49 (52,1%). It is followed by

commisives, expressives, and directives which occur 27 (28,7%), 10 (10,6%) and

8 (8,5%) respectively. Furthermore, the types of assertives include informing,

convincing, questioning, describing, and stating. The kinds of directives consist of

inviting and requesting. Commisives include promising and offering. The kinds of

expressives are thanking, state of pleasure, greeting, saluting and expression of

feeling.

A declarative speech act is not found in Jokowi’s speeches because it

requires spesific circumtances to perform the acts. It is performed by someone in a


59

specific institutional role and context like a priest. By performing declarative acts,

the speakers may change the world. These circumtances are not found in Jokowi

speeches therefore there is no declarative acts found in this research.

In reference to the research data, the different types of illocutionary acts

found in Jokowi’s speeches which consist of assertives, directives, commisives,

and expresives are elaborated as follows.

a. Assertives

Assertives have the idea of what the speakers believe to be true. There are

five kinds of assertive acts found in Jokowi’s speeches. They consist of informing,

convincing, questioning, describing, and stating. Among those three acts,

informing is the most dominant act. Those types of assertives are explained as

follows.

The first type of assertive act is informing. In delivering a speech, Jokowi

performed many acts of informing. The information he delivered deals with the

condition of Indonesia including geographic, population, nation’s budget,

infrastructure projects, maritime agenda, mass transportation, land acquisition

strategies and etc. The information shows the current and real condition of

Indonesia. Jokowi wants the audience to know better about Indonesia with the

hope that many investors are interested to invest in Indonesia. Here are some

samples of information presented by Jokowi in his speech.

The picture shows you our map of Indonesia. (Datum I. No.4)

We have a population of 240 million and the distance is like from London

in UK to Istanbul in Turkey. (Datum I. No.5)

And imagine, we have 17,000 islands. 17,000 islands. (Datum I. No.8)


60

Our national budget for 2015 is $167 billion and for fuel subsidy is $27

billion. It's huge. (Datum I. No.9)

In reference to the research findings, the information presented by Jokowi

can be classified into two namely, the description about the geographical

condition of Indonesia and the nation’s projects. Each information was presented

in detail and some are equipped with examples, for instance when he explains the

comparation of commodity price in Java and Papua as presented in the following

speech excerpts.

So, the price, the cost of the transportation is more efficient.(Datum I.

No.42)

For example, the price of the cement, one sack cement, in Java island is $6

per sack cement. (Data I. No.43)

But in Papua island the price is $150 per sack cement. (Datum I. No.44)

The second type of assertive act is convincing. The data show that Jokowi

convinces the audience that Indonesia has potential ports which may support the

bussiness activities by saying This is the potential ports in Indonesia. For Jokowi,

the speech is an important media to promote the nation agenda since many

bussiness leaders listen to his speech. Therefore, he must be able to convince all

audience about the agenda of the nation.

In convincing the audience, Jokowi also provided a lot of information

about the streghts of Indonesia such as the people who are wise resourceful,

homurous, and passionate. Also, he stated that Indonesia is democratic country

and has become the 5th largest economy in Asia as well as a key member of the

G20. All the information is presented to let the audience know that Indonesia is so

potentials that it can develop joint bussinesses, investments and other programs


61

which may enhance the mutual benefits among nations. This is supported by the

following datum.

Today almost 20 years later. We are a vibrant and stable democracy. Our

unity in diversity what we call Bhinneka Tunggal Ika is stronger than ever.

We have become the 5th largest economy in Asia and a key member of the

G20. The Indonesian people are wise. They are resourceful and therefore I

am here to tell you with one hundred percent confidence Indonesia will

prevail. (Datum II. No.25)

When you spent time with Indonesia especially on facebook or twitter you

will find our people have incredible humor, our people have incredible

courage, our people have incredible wisdom. (Datum II. No.28)

Questioning also belongs to the assertive acts found in Jokowi’s speech.

This act is expressed in an interogative sentence. In reference to the findings of

the research, Jokowi rarely use interogative sentences. There are some

interogative acts found in Jokowi’s speeches. He uttered an interogative sentence

when he defined a sea toll as presented in the speech excerpt below.

What is sea toll? Sea toll is maritime transportation system to make our

transportation cost lower, to make our transportation cost more efficient.

(Datum I. No.63)

According to Jokowi, sea toll is a maritime transportation system. This is a

project that will be realized during his reign. The purpose of this project is

lowering the transportation cost.

Other acts of questioning were performed by Jokowi in his speeches to

give explanation about the reasons regarding the statement that he had made. He

stated that Indonesia has to change. Then, he was questioning why changes are

needed. Also, he told about the Asian Financial crisis, then he questioned whether

or not Indonesia can survive. This is supported by the following data.

Why do I beleive that Indonesia has to change?(Datum II. No.10)


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Because my people tell me, my people tell me that our country has to

change. Every week and every month I go into the villages. I go into the

cities, andmy people ask me Mr. Jokowi please change our

country.(Datum II. No.11)

After 1997, Asian Financial crisis, a lot of people around the world asked,

will the Indonesian people survive? (Datum II. No.25)

The next kind of assertives found in Jokowi’s speech is describing. Jokowi

often performed this act when delivering his speech. He described about the

current condition of the world and its future possibilities as presented in the

following data.

The world is in a fundamental transition. For us in Indonesia and for all

emerging market the condition is suddenly very challenging but when we

see challenges I see opportunity. In fact our challenges are your

opportunity.(Datum II. No.2)

I have just returned from official visits to Tokyo and Beijing, after many

meetings with President Xi Jinping and Prime Minister Shinzo Abe I would

like to share with you I am extremely optimistic. (Datum II. No.4)

I believe China and Japan today enjoy the best leadership we have had in

generation, and I believe this is the great benefits of Asia as a whole.

(Datum II. No.6)

If there is one thing that Prime Minister Abe presidency and I can agree

on it is that the world is changing very fast. (Datum II. No.7)


change. Every week and every month, I go into the villages. I go into the

cities, and my people ask me Mr. Jokowi please change our country.

(Datum II. No.11)

In reference to the data above, it is clear that Jokowi has provided a lot of

descriptions about the changing world. This change may become challenges for

Indonesia or other countries. With regard to this, Indonesia must undergo changes

in order to be able to compete in the international level. Also, he told the audience


63

that he had visited his peoples to get their aspirations. The people had ordered him

to perform a change. This implies that he want to tell the audience that the people

of Indonesia want to perform changes.

Jokowi also described a story in his speeches. He told the audience about

the export of crude oil in Indonesia. According to him, Indonesia had made an

achievement regarding the export of crude oil in the past. However, the export had

ever experienced a crisis. With regard to this, the peoples had asked him to change

the condition in order to overcome the crisis. This is shown by the following data.

Let me share with you a story. We have been here before in the 1970s.

Indonesia became rich on export of crude oil. Crude oil was booming. Oil

pricesis recorded high. At that time, Indonesia was the only member of

OPEC from Asia. Our energy minister Subroto was secretary general

OPEC. Then in 1980, the price of crude oil is press. By then oil and gas

export were 80 percent from our total export. We are forced to devalue our

currency. We have an economic crisis. (Datum II. No.14)

After the 1980, oil prices crashed, Indonesia begin to industrialized. Over

the next 15 years, We built up textile and garment industry, furniture

industry, pulp and papers industry, palm oil industries, chemical

industries. (Datum II. No.16)

Even with pain, my people tell me every week and every month. Please Mr.

Jokowi change our country. Our people are very wise, They recognize that

to have progress. They must be sacrifice. Fortunately, story is on our side,

I would even say God is on our side. (Datum II. No.24)

The data above show that Jokowi is not simply describing. At the end of

his description, he told the audience that the people of Indonesia want changes.

Even, he repeats this sentence several times. In this case, he wants to emphasize

that the people of Indonesia that he represents wants to undergo changes in order

to have better nation.


64

The next type of assertives is stating. The statements that Jokowi make

deal with the description that he had made earlier. He described about the

changing world which demands all nations around the world to perform changes.

With regard to this, he stated that Indonesia has to change. Although the changes

are difficult to carry out, it is a must since he beleives that there will be no gain

without pain. This is supported by the following data.

I believe that Indonesia has to change. (Datum II. No.9)

It can be no gain without pain. (Datum II. No.23)

b. Directives

Directive is used by the speaker to get the addressee to do something. By

performing this act, the speakers intend to produce some effects through action on

the hearers. The directive acts found in the first speech are inviting and requesting.

They are explained as follows.

The first directive act is inviting. In his speech, Jokowi invited all

audience to come and invest in Indonesia. This act was performed in the last part

of the speech after Jokowi gave detail explanation about the programs and

projects that will be realized during his administration. The following is the

speech excerpts which show an assertive act of inviting.

We are waiting for you to come to Indonesia. We are waiting for you to

invest in Indonesia. (Datum I. No.61)

The research data also show that Jokowi invited the audience to reinvent

the economies and societies. In addition, he invited the participants to join him

and his people. This is supported by the following data.


65

Within this global transition, our task is clear, We have to reinvent our

economies. (Datum II. No.12)

We have to reinvent our societies. (Datum II. No.13)

Therefore, Ladies and gentlemen, I stand here today to invite you to join me

and my people on an incredible journey and an incredible adventure to make

incredible profits. (Datum II. No.29)

The act of inviting aims at directing the audience towards Jokowi’s goal. As a

president of the Republic of Indonesia, Jokowi has many goals especially in the

sector of bussiness or economy. With regard to this, Jokowi invites the audience

to do things related to bussiness since he delivered the speech in a bussiness

forum.

Requesting is the next act which belongs to assertive found in this

research. The word request has an implication of asking the hearer to do

something. In his speech, Jokowi gave a lot of information to the audience and

asked the audience to think that Indonesia has many islands as presented in the

following datum.

And imagine, we have 17,000 islands. 17,000 islands. (Datum I. No 7)

The datum above shows that Jokowi is not only informing but also

requesting all audience in his speech. This also aims to make the audience aware

that Indonesia is a big country.

Another act of requesting was performed by Jokowi at the end of his

speech delivered in the World Economic Forum on East Asia. He requested the

audience to call him if they find problems. Before performing this act, he had


66

invited the audience to collaborate with him and the people of Indonesia to make

profits. The act of requesting is presented in the datum below.

And if you have any problem, call me. (Datum II. No.30)

The datum above implies that Jokowi is serious to solve the problems

especially related to investment that may be faced by the prospective investors.

This may improve the audience trust who may perform an investment in

Indonesia. Also, his language is very simple. He simply said “call me” to request

the audience.

c. Commisives

Commisives are acts which commit the speaker to some future actions.

The type of commisive performed by Jokowi in his speech is promising. Based on

the data, Jokowi gave many promises in his speech. The promises deal with the

nation’s agenda that will be realized during his administration. They consist of

channeling fuel subsidy from consumption to production activities which include

building dams, giving fishermen boats, maintaining water supply,increasing the

income of the fishermen, supporting macro and small enterprises, supporting

education and health sectors, constructing infrastructure, building seaports and

railway track, developing mass trasportation and sea toll, and helping solve the

land acquisition problems.

We want to channel our fuel subsidy to the farm for seeds, for fertilizers,

and also for irrigation. (Datum 1. No.11)

We want to buildour mass transportation in 6 big cities in Indonesia.

(Datum 1. No.32)

We want to build sea toll. (Datum 1. No.38)


67

Instead of the physical agenda of the nation, Jokowi also promises to

overcome the problem that may be faced by investors. The problem is related to

the land acquisition. This indicates that Jokowi wants to attract the audience to do

investment in Indonesia.

Many investors, a lot of investors, when they come to me, most of them

they always complain about land acquisition. (Datum 1. No.52) I will push

my ministers, my governors, my mayors, to help clear this problem.

(Datum 1. No.53)

In his speeches, Jokowi also promised that he wanted to move from

consumption to production and investment activities. The investments include the

investment of infrastructure and human capital. This is supported by the data

below

Today we must see from consumption back to production. From

consumption to investment.Investment in our infrastructure.Investment in

our industry. But most importantly investment in our human capital. The

most precious resource in the 21 century. (Datum II. No.21)

Based on the data above, it implies that Jokowi considers the nation’s

activities are mostly consumption. Therefore, he wants to change these activities

with other productive activities. This act aims to get the hearers expect something

from the speakers.

d. Expressives

Expressives are speech acts that express a psychological state. These acts

express the speaker’s inner state that says nothing about the world. The acts which

belong to this category are thanking, state of pleasure, greeting, saluting, and

expression of feeling. They are elaborated below.


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Thanking is stated in the beginning and at the end of the speech. In the

beginning of the speech, Jokowi thanks to all audience for coming to his

presentation. Moreover, at the end of the speech, he also expressed his gratitudes

to all audience by saying thank you twice. This act functions as an opening and

closing mark of the speech. The sentences and phrases showing thanking are

presented as follows.

I would like to thank you for coming to my presentation. (Datum I.No.1)

Finally, again on behalf of the Indonesian government and the people of

Indonesia, I would like to thank you for your listening (to) my

presentation. (Datum I.No.60)

Thank you. Thank you. (Datum I.No.62)

The second type of an expressive act found in Jokowi’s speeches is a state

of pleasure. Jokowi expressed his pleasure since he got an opportunity to share

about bussiness and investment to all audience who are mostly bussiness leaders.

His state of pleasure also marks the beginning of his speech before he further

explains about bussiness and investments. Even, he repeats his expression I am

very happy twice to emphasize his feeling of pleasure. Below are speech excerpts

showing his feeling of pleasure.

Today, I am happy, I am very happy, to be with you, because you know I

was a businessman years ago. (Datum I. No.2)

So, this morning, I am very happy because we can talk about business,

about investment with all of you. (Datum I. No.3)

The next act which belongs to the category of expressive act is greeting.

Greeting is part of a speech structure. The speakers often greet the audience at the

begining and end of the speech. The findings show that Jokowi greets the


69

audience by saying good morning. Also, Jokowi performs the act of greeting to

open the speech. He greets the audience by saying“Ladies and Gentlemen”. After

greeting, he moves directly to the topic that he wants to deliver.

The other type of expressive acts found in Jokowi’s speech is saluting.

He mentioned your excellencies to address the audience in between his speeches.

Jokowi rarely performs this act. This shows that he seldom paused his speech by

saluting the audience. In other words, he focused on delivering his messages to the

audience by describing and informing.

Expression of feeling also belongs to the category of expressive acts

found in the speeches. In reference to the research findings, Jokowi expressed his

feeling of optimism when delivering speeches. The following is the datum that

shows the expression of feeling.


meetings with President Xi Jinping and Prime Minister Shinzo Abe I

would like to share with you I am extremely optimistic.(Datum II. No.5)

Based on the datum above, Jokowi wants to show the audience that he

is very optimistic because he believes that China and Japan today enjoy the best

leadership. This condition provides great benefits to the other countries in the

Asian continent including Indonesia.

B. The Reasons of Performing Illocutionary Acts Viewed from the Context of

Situation

Context is an important aspect in language since it helps understand the

utterances produced by the speakers. The speeches analyzed in this research were

delivered in different events i.e. APEC CEO Summit 2014 and World Economic


70

Forum on East Asia speech. Therefore, understanding the background information

of the events could help explore Jokowi’s reasons in performing the illocutionary

acts. The description about the events is presented below.

The first event where Jokowi delivered his speech is APEC CEO Summit.

This event is Asia-Pacific’s premier business event, drawing economic leaders

and senior business figures from the region and beyond. It was initiated in 1996.

The APEC CEO Summit 2014 was held in Beijing just prior to the annual APEC

Economic Leaders’ Meeting, and is the most important business event in the

APEC Leaders’ Week. The theme of the APEC CEO Summit 2014 is “New

Vision for Asia Pacific: Creativity, Connectivity, Integration, Prosperity”. Under

this theme, the Summit brought together APEC Economic Leaders and over 1500

regional and global business executives for a wide ranging discussion on the

global economic outlook, regional integration, innovation, infrastructure, and

finance (Jiang, 2014).

Jiang (2014) adds that the APEC CEO Summit 2014 provide opportunities

for the CEOs to: (1) find insights, inspiration and business opportunities through

the Summit; (2) participate in international policy-shaping discussions on trade

and investment; (3) network with international high-level business executives and

thought leaders; and (4) dialogue with APEC senior officials.

The second event is the World Economic Forum on East Asia (WEF-EA).

In reference to the official website of the event (2015), WEF-EA an International

Organization for Public-Private Cooperation committed to improving the state of

the world. The Forum engages the foremost political, business and other leaders


71

of society to shape global, regional and industry agendas. It was established in

1971 as a not-for-profit foundation and is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.

It is independent, impartial and not tied to any special interests. The Forum strives

in all its efforts to demonstrate entrepreneurship in the global public interest while

upholding the highest standards of governance. Moral and intellectual integrity is

at the heart of everything it does.

The activities are shaped by a unique institutional culture founded on the

stakeholder theory, which asserts that an organization is accountable to all parts of

society. The institution carefully blends and balances the best of many kinds of

organizations, from both the public and private sectors, international organizations

and academic institutions.

East Asia continues to be the world’s economically fastest-growing region

and its most populous. Projected to maintain an average growth rate above 7% in

2015, it boasts some of the world’s most prosperous economies such as Australia,

China, Japan, Singapore and South Korea. East Asia is further bolstered by the

phenomenal rise of its emerging markets, including Indonesia, Myanmar and

Vietnam. Underscoring this economic success, the region is now preparing for the

launch of the ASEAN Economic Community by the end of 2015, heralding a new

era in the free movement of people, goods and services across a contiguous

economic bloc of 10 countries with over 600 million people.

At the same time, waning trust between key players and geopolitical

tensions present new challenges to East Asia’s regionalism and carry the risk of

undermining future economic growth, compromising poverty reduction and


72

detracting from shared prosperity. Additionally, hyperconnectivity and

innovations present inspiring opportunities as much as ominous challenges.

Ongoing resource scarcity, environmental degradation and shifting societal values

further exemplify the pressures that will require renewed trust in public and

private sector institutions, as well as much-improved dialogue between

government and business to address these short-term and longer-term challenges.

Marking a return to Indonesia after three years, the 24th World Economic

Forum on East Asia was held in Jakarta just months after the inauguration of

Indonesia’s third democratically elected government under the leadership of

President Joko Widodo.

Indonesia is the world’s fourth most populous nation, the largest Muslim-

majority democracy, 10th largest economy and a member of the G20. In this

context, the meeting will be an ideal platform for senior decision-makers from

different sectors to explore how enhancing trust can improve regional cooperation

and advance critical decisions for accelerating sustainable socio-economic

development.

In reference to context above and the research data, Jokowi performed the

illocutionary acts such as assertive, directives, commisives, and expressives due to

many different reasons. The first type of illocutionary act is assertive which

include informing, convincing, questioning, describing, and stating. The reasons

of performing each type of assertive acts are elaborated as follows.

Jokowi performs the act of informing because he is the new President of

the republic of Indonesia. As a new president he has a lot of programs that should


73

be socialized. In this case, APEC CEO Summit and World Economic Forum on

East Asia become the right forums for Jokowi to inform the audience about the

nation’s agenda that he has formulated.

The reason of performing convincing act is that Jokowi wants to let the

audience know that there will be many big projects he has planned. This may open

the opportunity for the investors to collaborate with Indonesian government in

realizing the projects. This is presented in the following data.

In 5 years we want to build 24 seaports and deep seaports. As you know,

we have 17,000 islands, so we need seaports and we need deep seaports.

And this is your opportunity: 24 seaports and deep seaports. The picture

shows our Jakarta Port, Tanjung Priok port. In 2009, the capacity is 3.6

million TEUs a year, and our plan in 2017 is around 15 million TEUs a

year. This is the potential ports in Indonesia. (Datum I. No 19-24)

In reference to the data above, the act of convincing is presented in the last

sentence This is the potential ports in Indonesia. This act was performed when

Jokowi described about ports that he wanted to build during his five-year

administration ahead. He targeted to build 24 seaports and deep seaports.

Another datum showing the act of convincing is Again one hundred

percent confidence Indonesia will prevail. (Datum II. No.27). Based on the

context of situation, Jokowi performs this act because he wants to show his

optimism that he can lead Indonesia to be able to actively engaged in the global

arena with all the streghts that Indonesia have.

Based on the context of situation, Jokowi performs the act of questioning

because he wants to provide a detail explanation about sea toll because sea toll is

a new term that Jokowi utilized to refer to maritime transportation system.

Therefore, the audience may get clear picture about what it looks like. This may


74

attract the audience to do investment in the development of sea toll in Indonesia.

This act is shown in the datum below.

What is sea toll? Sea toll is maritime transportation system to make our

transportation cost lower, to make our transportation cost more efficient.

(Datum I.No.63)

Further analysis shows that Jokowi performed the act of questioning

because of two reasons. Firstly, he wanted to make his speech attractive since

questioning might be used as a strategy to grasp the audience atention. Therefore,

the speech was not flat. Secondly, he wanted to put an emphasis on a certain issue.

They are supported by the data below.

Why do I beleive that Indonesia has to change?(Datum II. No.10)


change. Every week and every month I go into the villages. I go into the

cities, andmy people ask me Mr. Jokowi please change our

country.(Datum II. No.11)

After 1997, Asian Financial crisis, a lot of people around the world asked,

will the Indonesian people survive? (Datum II. No.25)

In reference to the data above, Jokowi said: ”Will the Indonesian

survive?”. Through this interogative sentence, Jokowi wants to stress Indonesia

could survive amidts the crisis although many have understimated Indonesia.

The reason of performing the act of describing is because Jokowi wants to

provide background information to the audience why changes should be

undergone since he noticed that the the world has been changing. Therefore, every

country including Indonesia need to perform changes. Undergoing nations

changes may provide an opportunity for other nations to take part to gain mutual

benefits as presented in the data below.


75

The world is in a fundamental transition. For us in Indonesia and for all

emerging market the condition is suddenly very challenging but when we

see challenges I see opportunity. In fact our challenges are your

opportunity. (Datum II. No.2)

Stating also belong assertive acts performed by Jokowi in his speeches. In

reference to the context of situation, Jokowi performed this act because he has

been trusted by the people of Indonesia as the president to make a better nation’s

life. One of the ways is performing the changes although it is hard to do. The

following data show the act of stating.

I believe that Indonesia has to change. (Datum II. No.9)

It can be no gain without pain. (Datum II. No.23)

The second type of illocutionary acts performed by Jokowi in his speeches

is directives which consist of inviting and requesting. The reasons of performing

each type of directive speech acts are described below.

Jokowi perform the act of inviting because he believes that he cannot

realize all the programs that he has planned without the support from the

investors. This is due to two reasons. Firstly, the nation’s budget is limited.

Secondly, huge budget has been allocated for fuel subsidy. Therefore, he performs

the acts of inviting to invite the investors to perform investment in Indonesia. The

following data provide the context of situation for the act of inviting.

We are waiting for you to come to Indonesia. We are waiting for you to

invest in Indonesia. Thank you. Thank you. (Datum I. No.61 and 62)

Our national budget for 2015 is $167 billion and for fuel subsidy is $27

billion. It's huge. (Datum I. No.9)

So, this is also your opportunity, because you know our national budget is

limited. (Datum I. No.35)


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Based on the context of situation, another reason of performing the acts of

inviting is that Jokowi wants the audience to collaborate and jointly work

especially in the sector of bussiness to make profits. In other words, Jokowi wants

to promote the world prosperity. This is supported by the following data.

Within this global transition, our task is clear, We have to reinvent our

economies. (Datum II. No.12)

Therefore, Ladies and gentlemen, I stand here today to invite you to join me

and my people on an incredible journey and an incredible adventure to make

incredible profits. (Datum II. No.29)

Instead of inviting, Jokowi also performed the act of requesting in his

speeches. He requested the audience to think about the price of cement in

Indonesia which show high difference in one island and other islands. He states

that the price of one sack of cement in Papua island is 25 times higher than that of

other islands. Also, he requested the audience to imagine that Indonesia has many

islands as explained in the following data.

For example, the price of the cement, one sack of cement, in Java island is

$6 per sack of cement. But in Papua island the price is $150 per sack of

cement. Imagine, 25 times. (Datum I. No.43-45)

And imagine, we have 17,000 islands. 17,000 islands. (Datum I. No.7)

In reference to the context of situation, Jokowi performs the acts of

requesting because he is aware that the audience come from different countries

around the world who may not know that Indonesia has huge potentials.

Therefore, he requested the audience to imagine how big the potential of

Indonesia for investment.

Another reason of performing a requesting act is that Jokowi wants to

build trust to the audience by solving the problems directly. In his speeches, he


77

said “And if you have any problem, call me.” In this case, Jokowi requested the

audience to call him directly if problems arise. This has become his leadership

style of solving the problem in that he goes down to the people, listen their voices

to know the problems and give solutions. By performing this acts, the audience

feel confident to jointly work with Indonesian govenrment since they have got

certainty about the the probelms solver.

The next type of illocutionary act is commisives which consist of

promising and offering. Jokowi performed the acts of promising a lot in his

speeches. He did it because there were some programs or policies of the previous

government that do not support the development of the nation like a huge

allocation of fuel subsidy. Also, the classic problems which inhibit the investors to

do investment in Indonesia like land acquisition problem that remain unsolved.

That is why Jokowi performs the act of promising to the audience in order to build

the audience trusts to the new government of Jokowi that his government can be

better than the previous one.

Another reason of performing the act of promising is that Jokowi wants

the audience to have expectations from his administration. He was sure that his

administration might lead to the joined prosperity. Moreover, he noticed that the

previous government focused on the compsution activities. With regard to this, he

promised to change the comsumption into production activities. Therefore, mutual

benefits between Indonesia and the investors will be achieved as indicated in the

datum below.

Today we must see from consumption back to production. From

consumption to investment.Investment in our infrastructure.Investment


78

in our industry.But most importantly investment in our human capital.

The most precious resource in the 21 century.(Datum II. No.21)

In his speeches, Jokowi also performed an offering act. In reference to the

context of situation, he performed this act because he has many projects during his

administration especially related to the infrastructure development which requires

a support from the investors. With regard this, he offers an opportunity for the

investors to do investment in Indonesia by saying This is also your opportunity to

invest in this project. (Datum I. No.50).

The last type of illocutionary acts is expressives which include thanking,

state of pleasure, and greeting, saluting, and expression of feeling. Based on the

context of situation, these expressive acts were performed by Jokowi because he

wanted to build rapport to the audience. Therefore, the speech may flow smoothly

and the messages that he wants to deliver can come across to the hearers mind.

For example, when Jokowi expressed his feeling as stated in the datum below.

Today, I am happy, I am very happy, to be with you, because you know I

was a businessman years ago. (Datum I. No.2)

In reference to the data above, Jokowi tried to build rapport with all

audience by showing his feeling of pleasure in speaking amidts the bussiness

leaders and diplomats. Also, he grasped the audience attention in saying I was a

bussiness man years ago. This indicates that he shares the same profesion as that

of the audiendes. Therefore, he may attract the audience’s interest to listen to his

speech. Moreover, he performed the act of expression of feeling as explained in

the data below.


79


meetings with President Xi Jinping and Prime Minister Shinzo Abe I

would like to share with you I am extremely optimistic.(Datum II. No.5)

Based on the data above, Jokowi performed expression of feeling because he

wanted to show his seriousness to the audience that he could bring Indonesia into

a better nation. This may lead to the success of running the agenda that he had

planned.

C. The Possible Perlocutionary Effects of the Dominant Illocutionary Acts

In reference to the research findings, the dominant illocutionary acts found

in Jokowi’s speeches are assertives and commisives. Their frequencies are 52,1%

and 28,7% respectively. The assertive acts consist of informing, convincing,

questioning, describing and stating. Among those types of assertives, informing

shows the highest frequency. It occurs 26 times. This implies that there is a lot of

information presented by Jokowi through his speeches since he is a new president

of the Republic of Indonesia therefore there are many things to tell especially

regarding the agenda of the nation that will be implemented during his

administration.

The act of informing aims to get the hearers know. In this case, Jokowi as

the speakers want to let the audience know about the facts he explains. If he

successfully performs this act, the audience will have a good understanding about

the information that he presents. Consequently, it may bring many positive effects

to Jokowi and the people of Indonesia in general. One of the possible effects is

that the audience may jointly work with Jokowi especially in the business sectors

because the information that Jokowi presented has business orientation.


80

Instead of informing, describing act also shows high frequency of

occurrence or 12 times. Based on the research findings, Jokowi described many

things such as the changing world. This implies that Jokowi want to perform

changes due to the changes that occur in the world. The act of describing also

functions to tell the audience about the fact, in this case the current condition of

the world. By performing this act, Jokowi wants to provide a rationale why they

should perform changes. The possible effect of performing this act is that the

hearers or audience may perform the changes especially in the economic sector

since the condition in the world has changed.

Another dominant illocutionary act is commisives. Based on the research

data, there are two different types of commisives namely promising and offering.

The act of promising is more dominant than that of offering. Promising occurs 22

times while offering occurs 5 times. The dominant act of promising has a possible

effect that the hearers may expect something from Jokowi’s government. The

expectations provided by Jokowi may build the optimism of the audience to do

business activities in Indonesia. This is relevant with the previous explanation that

assertive act especially informing also dominates the occurrence. This means

Jokowi presents information then give promises related to the information he had

presented.


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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

This chapter elaborates the conclusions and suggestions of the research.

The conclusion is presented in the first part while the suggestions come next. Each

part is explained below.

A. Conclusion

In reference to the research findings, the conclusion can be drawn as

follows. There are four types illocutionary acts found in Jokowi’s selected

speeches i.e. assertives, directives, commisives and expressives. Furthermore, the

types of assertives consist of informing, convincing, questioning, describing, and

stating. The kinds of directives include inviting and requesting. Commisives acts

consist of promising and offering. The kinds of expressives are thanking, state of

pleasure, greeting, saluting, and expression of feeling.

Jokowi performed different types of illocutionary acts such as assertives,

directives, commisives and expressives due to various reasons. Firstly, the reasons

of performing assertive acts include socializing the nation’s agenda, ensuring that

the audience are interested to collaborate with Indonesian government in realizing

the nation’s projects, providing description obout a sea toll program, providing

background information to the audience why changes should be undergone,

making his speech attractive, putting an emphasis on a certain issue, and showing

his optimism that he can lead Indonesia to be able to actively engaged in the

global arena with all the streghts that Indonesia have.


82

Secondly, directives acts were performed since Jokowi might not be able

to realize all his nation’s program without the support from investors and he

wanted to show how potential Indonesia is. In addition, Jokowi wanted the

audience to jointly work especially in the sector of bussiness and improved trust

to the audience by solving the problems directly. Thirdly, the commisive acts

were performed because Jokowi wanted to build the audience trust to his

administration that it can be better than the previous one and he had many

infrastructure projects which required a support from the investors. Also, Jokowi

wanted the audience to have expectations from his administration that might lead

to the joined prosperity. Fourthly, expressives acts were performed by Jokowi in

his speech because he wanted to build rapport to the audience. Therefore, the

speech flowed smoothly and the messages that he wanted to deliver could come

across to the hearers mind. Also, he wanted to show his seriousness to the

audience that he could bring Indonesia into a better nation.

The dominant illocutionary acts in Jokowi’s speeches consist of assertives

and commisives. Their frequencies are 52,1% and 28,7%respectively. The

assertive acts include informing, convincing, questioning, describing and stating.

Among those types of assertive, informing shows the highest frequency. This

implies that there is a lot of information presented by Jokowi through his speeches

especially about the nation’s agenda that will be implemented during his

administration. With regard to this, the possible perlocutionary effects is that the

audience will have a good understanding about the information that Jokowi

presents. Consequently, it may bring many positive effects to Jokowi and the


83

people of Indonesia in general. One of the effects is that the audience may

collaborate with Jokowi’s administration.

Another dominant assertive act is describing. Based on the research

findings, Jokowi described a rationale why they should perform changes. The

possible effect of performing this act is that the hearers or audience may perform

the changes especially in the economic sector since the condition in the world has

changed.

Instead of assertive, Jokowi’s speeches were dominated by commisives.

Based on the research data, there are two different types of commisives which

consist of promising and offering. The act of promising is more dominant than

that of offering. The dominant act of promising may give a possible effect that the

hearers may expect something from Jokowi’s government. The expectations

provided by Jokowi may improve the optimism of the audience to do business in

Indonesia.

B. Suggestions

The findings of this research may lead to the suggestions for the following

parties.

1. Students of English Language Studies

The students of English Language Studies may learn speech acts. This can

minimize the misunderstanding occurred in communication since the study of

speech acts gives knowledge about the intended meaning behind the utterance.

Also, there are many types of speech acts found in daily conversation. Therefore,

this study may smooth the communication process.


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2. Researchers

Speech act has a broad coverage. There are many interrelated aspects of

speech acts that can be analyzed. This research only focuses on the analysis of

illocutionary acts found in speeches. With regard to this, other researchers may

investigate speech acts in different context such as in a dialogue, song lyrics and

the like therefore it may enrich the pattern or model of speech acts.


85

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APPENDICES


89

APPENDIX 1

THE TRANSCRIPT OF JOKOWI’S SPEECH DELIVERED IN APEC CEO

SUMMIT 2014

Excellencies, distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen, and CEOs, good morning.

First, on behalf of the Indonesian Government and the people of Indonesia, I would

like to thank you for coming to my presentation. Today, I am happy, I am very happy,

to be with you, because you know I was a businessman years ago. So, this morning, I

am very happy because we can talk about business, about investment with all of you.

The picture shows you our map of Indonesia. We have a population of 240 million

and the distance is like from London in UK to Istanbul in Turkey. And imagine, we

have 17,000 islands. 17,000 islands.

Our national budget for 2015 is $167 billion and for fuel subsidy is $27 billion. It's

huge. So we want to channel our fuel subsidy from consumption to the productive

activities. From consumptive activities to productive activities. We want to channel

our fuel subsidy to the farm for seeds, for fertilizers, and also for irrigation. And we

want to build dams – 25 dams in 5 years from our fuel subsidy to maintain the water

supply to the farming area.

Some subsidy we want to channel to the fishermen, to give them boat engines, to give

them refrigerators. We want to increase the income of the fishermen. Some fuel

subsidy we want to give to micro and small enterprises in the villages. We want to

help them raise their working capital. And some subsidy we want to channel to the

health program, the education program. And some subsidy we want to channel to

infrastructure.

In 5 years we want to build 24 seaports and deep seaports. As you know, we have

17,000 islands, so we need seaports and we need deep seaports. And this is your

opportunity: 24 seaports and deep seaports.

The picture shows our Jakarta Port, Tanjung Priok port. In 2009, the capacity is 3.6

million TEUs a year, and our plan in 2017 is around 15 million TEUs a year. This is

the potential ports in Indonesia. This is your opportunity. We want to build in


90

Sumatera island, in Kalimantan island, in Java island, in Sulawesi island, in Maluku

island, also in Papua island.

And we plan to build our railway track, railway network. Now we have already in

Java and we want to build in Sumatera island, in Kalimantan island, in Sulawesi

island and also in Papua island. This is your opportunity.

Now we talk about mass transportation. We want to build our mass transportation in

6 big cities in Indonesia. We have started in Jakarta last year, and we want to build in

Medan, in Makassar, in Semarang, in Bandung, in Surabaya. So, this is also your

opportunity, because you know our national budget is limited.

Now we talk about our maritime agenda. We want to build sea toll. What is sea toll?

Sea toll is maritime transportation system to make our transportation cost lower, to

make our transportation cost more efficient. We want to build from the west to the

east. We hope not only the vessels can enter our sea toll but also mother vessels can

enter the sea toll. So, the price, the cost of the transportation is more efficient.

For example, the price of the cement, one sack cement, in Java island is $6 per sack

cement. But in Papua island the price is $150 per sack cement. Imagine, 25 times. So

we hope with our sea toll the price in our islands is the same.

Electricity. We need power plants. We need around 35,000 megavolts to build our

industries, to build our projects, to build our industrial zones, our manufacturing

zones. So, we need power plants. This is also your opportunity to invest in this

project. Because we need our power plants for manufacturing, for industrial zones.

Many investors, a lot of investors, when they come to me, most of them they always

complain about land acquisition. I will push my ministers, my governors, my mayors,

to help clear this problem. I have experience with land acquisition when I was a

governor. We have a project, the Jakarta Outer Ring Road, started 15 years ago but

was stopped 8 years ago, because we have a problem here: 1.5 kilometers unfinished

because there is 143 families who do not accept with the compensation price. So last

year I invite them. I go to them then I invite them to lunch and dinner. Four times.

Ah, this is me. I invite them and then we talk about the problem. Four times. Four

times meeting. And the problem is cleared.


91

And now the toll road has been used (starting) 7 month ago.

Now we talk business permit. We have national one-stop service office that can help

you, that will serve you, that will facilitate you, that will give you your business

permit. For example, principle business permit needs 3 days to process.

Finally, again on behalf of the Indonesian government and the people of Indonesia, I

would like to thank you for your listening (to) my presentation. We are waiting for

you to come to Indonesia. We are waiting for you to invest in Indonesia.

Thank you.

Thank you.

Good morning.


92

APPENDIX 2

THE TRANSCRIPT OF JOKOWI’S SPEECH DELIVERED IN THE WORLD

ECONOMIC FORUM ON EAST ASIA 2015

Ladies and Gentlemen

The world is in a fundamental transition. For us in Indonesia and for all emerging

market the condition is suddenly very challenging but when we see challenges I see

opportunity. In fact our challenges are your opportunity.

Your excellencies, ladies and gentlemen. I have just returned from official visits to

Tokyo and Beijing, after many meetings with President Xi Jinping and Prime

Minister Shinzo Abe I would like to share with you I am extremely optimistic. I

believe China and Japan today enjoy the best leadership we have had in generation,

and I believe this is the great benefits of Asia as a whole. If there is one thing that

prime minister Abe presidency and I can agree on it is that the world is changing very

fast. China is changing, Japan is changing and Indonesia is changing. I believe that

Indonesia has to change. Why do I believe that Indonesia has to change? Because my

people tell me, my people tell me that our country has to change Every week and

every month I go into the villages. I go into the cities, and my people ask me Mr.

Jokowi please change our country.

Within this global transition, our task is clear. We have to reinvent our economies.

We have to reinvent our societies. Let me share with you a story. We have been here

before in the 1970s. Indonesia became rich on export of crude oil. Crude oil was

booming. Oil prices is recorded high. At that time, Indonesia was the only member of

OPEC from Asia. Our energy minister Subroto was secretary general OPEC. Then in

1980, the price of crude oil is pressed. By then oil and gas export were 80 percent

from our total export. We were forced to devalue our currency. We have an economic

crisis but with crisis came an opportunity, again with crisis came opportunity. After

the 1980, oil prices crashed, Indonesia begin to industrialized. Over the next 15 years,


93

We built up textile and garment industry, furniture industry, pulp and papers industry,

palm oil industries, chemical industries.

By 1995, oil and gas exports were only 30 percent of our total exports. Export of

goods and services were 70 percent. Today we are in the same situation. Commodity

prices have crashed. Our currency has been hit. This is causing a lot of pain for a lot

of people. But let me tell you. We have done it before. And we shall do it again. Our

commodity reaches with us over consumptive. We neglected our human resources.

Our currency the rupiah has been shaken. Today we must see from consumption back

to production. From consumption to investment. Investment in our infrastructure.

Investment in our industry. But most importantly investment in our human capital.

The most precious resource in the 21 century. Change can be painful, change will

create winner or losers but there can be no progress without change. It can be no gain

without pain. Even with pain, my people tell me every week and every month. Please

Mr. Jokowi change our country. Our people are very wise. They recognize that to

have progress, they must be sacrifice. Fortunately, story is on our side, I would even

say God is on our side.

After 1997, Asian Financial crisis, a lot of people around the world asked, will the

Indonesian people survive? Today almost 20 years later. We are a vibrant and stable

democracy. Our unity in diversity what we call Bhinneka Tunggal Ika is stronger than

ever. We have become the 5th largest economy in Asia and a key member of the G20.

The Indonesian people are wise. They are resourceful and therefore I am here to tell

you with one hundred percent confidence Indonesia will prevail. Again one hundred

percent confidence Indonesia will prevail. When you spent time with Indonesia

especially on facebook or twitter you will find our people have incredible humor, our

people have incredible courage, our people have incredible wisdom. Therefore,

Ladies and gentlemen, I stand here today to invite you to join me and my people on

an incredible journey and an incredible adventure to make incredible profits. And if

you have any problem, call me. Thank you. Thank you


94

APPENDIX 3

THE FINDINGS ON THE TYPES OF ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS

FOUND IN APEC CEO SUMMIT SPEECH

Data Code : I


Gave a Speech in APEC CEO Summit 2014

Note. Ass : Assertive Exp : Expressive

Dir : Directive Dec : Declarative

Com : Commissive

No Speech excerpts acts

Illocutionary acts

Ass Dir Co

m

Exp Dec

1. I would like to

thank you for

coming to my

presentation.

Thanking √

2. Today, I am

happy, I am

very happy, to

be with you,

because you

know I was a

businessman

years ago

State of pleasure √

3. So, this morning, State of pleasure √


95


Illocutionary acts

Ass Dir Co

m

Exp Dec

I am very happy

because we can

talk about

business, about

investment with

all of you.

4. The picture

shows you our

map of Indonesia.

Informing √

5. We have a

population of

240 million and

the distance is

like from London

in UK to Istanbul

in Turkey.

Informing √

6. We have a

population of 240

million and the

distance is like

from London in

UK to Istanbul

in Turkey.

Informing √

7. And imagine, we Requesting √


96


Illocutionary acts

Ass Dir Co

m

Exp Dec

have 17,000

islands. 17,000

islands.

8. And imagine, we

have 17,000

islands. 17,000

islands.

Informing √

9. Our national

budget for 2015

is $167 billion

and for fuel

subsidy is $27

billion. It's huge.

Informing √

10. So we want to

channel our fuel

subsidy from

consumption to

the productive

activities. From

consumptive

activities to

productive

activities.

Promising √

11. We want to

channel our fuel

subsidy to the

Promising √


97


Illocutionary acts

Ass Dir Co

m

Exp Dec

farm for seeds,

for fertilizers, and

also for

irrigation.

12. And we want to

build dams – 25

dams in 5 years

from our fuel

subsidy to

maintain the

water supply to

the farming area.

Promising √

13. Some subsidy we

want to channel

to the fishermen,

to give them

boat engines, to

give them

refrigerators.

Promising √

14. We want to

increase the

income of the

fishermen.

Promising √

15. Some fuel

subsidy we want

to give to micro

Promising √


98


Illocutionary acts

Ass Dir Co

m

Exp Dec

and small

enterprises in

the villages.

16. We want to help

them raise their

working capital.

Promising √

17. And some

subsidy we want

to channel to the

health program,

the education

program.

Promising √

18. And some

subsidy we want

to channel to

infrastructure.

Promising √

19. In 5 years we

want to build 24

seaports and

deep seaports.

Promising √

20. As you know, we

have 17,000

islands, so we

need seaports and

we need deep

seaports.

Informing √


99


Illocutionary acts

Ass Dir Co

m

Exp Dec

21. And this is your

opportunity: 24

seaports and deep

seaports.

Offering √

22. The picture

shows our

Jakarta Port,

Tanjung Priok

port

Informing √

23. In 2009, the

capacity is 3.6

million TEUs a

year, and our

plan in 2017 is

around 15

million TEUs a

year.

Promising √

24. This is the

potential ports

in Indonesia.

Convincing √

25. This is your

opportunity.

Offering √

26. We want to build

in Sumatera

island, in

Kalimantan

Promising √


100


Illocutionary acts

Ass Dir Co

m

Exp Dec

island, in Java

island, in

Sulawesi island,

in Maluku island,

also in Papua

island.

27. And we plan to

build our railway

track, railway

network.

Promising √

28. Now we have

already in Java

and we want to

build in Sumatera

island, in

Kalimantan

island, in

Sulawesi island

and also in Papua

island.

Informing √

29. Now we have

already in Java

and we want to

build in Sumatera

island, in

Kalimantan

Promising √


101


Illocutionary acts

Ass Dir Co

m

Exp Dec

island, in

Sulawesi island

and also in Papua

island.

30. This is your

opportunity.

Offering √

31. Now we talk

about mass

transportation.

Informing √


our mass

transportation in

6 big cities in

Indonesia.

Promising √

33. We have started

in Jakarta last

year, and we

want to build in

Medan, in

Makassar, in

Semarang, in

Bandung, in

Surabaya.

Informing √

34. We have started

in Jakarta last

Promising √


102


Illocutionary acts

Ass Dir Co

m

Exp Dec

year, and we

want to build in

Medan, in

Makassar, in

Semarang, in

Bandung, in

Surabaya.

35. So, this is also

your

opportunity,

because you

know our

national budget is

limited.

Offering √

36. So, this is also

your opportunity,

because you

know our

national budget

is limited.

Informing √

37. Now we talk

about our

maritime

agenda.

Informing √

38. We want to

build sea toll.

Promising √


103


Illocutionary acts

Ass Dir Co

m

Exp Dec

39. What is sea toll?

Sea toll is

maritime

transportation

system to make

our transportation

cost lower, to

make our

transportation

cost more

efficient.

Questioning √


from the west to

the east.

Promising √

41. We hope not

only the vessels

can enter our sea

toll but also

mother vessels

can enter the sea

toll

Promising √

42. So, the price, the

cost of the

transportation is

more efficient.

Informing √

43. For example, the Informing √


104


Illocutionary acts

Ass Dir Co

m

Exp Dec

price of the

cement, one sack

cement, in Java

island is $6 per

sack cement.

44. But in Papua

island the price

is $150 per sack

cement.

Informing √

45. Imagine, 25

times.

requesting √

46. So we hope with

our sea toll the

price in our

islands is the

same.

Promising √

47. Electricity. We

need power

plants.

Informing √

48. We need around

35,000

megavolts to

build our

industries, to

build our

projects, to

Informing √


105


Illocutionary acts

Ass Dir Co

m

Exp Dec

build our

industrial zones,

our

manufacturing

zones.

49. So, we need

power plants.

Informing √

50. This is also your

opportunity to

invest in this

project.

Offering √

51. Because we need

our power

plants for

manufacturing,

for industrial

zones.

informing √

52. Many investors,

a lot of

investors, when

they come to me,

most of them

they always

complain about

land acquisition.

Informing √

53. I will push my Promising √


106


Illocutionary acts

Ass Dir Co

m

Exp Dec

ministers, my

governors, my

mayors, to help

clear this

problem.

54. I have

experience with

land acquisition

when I was a

governor.

Informing √

55. We have a

project, the

Jakarta Outer

Ring Road,

started 15 years

ago but was

stopped 8 years

ago, because we

have a problem

here: 1.5

kilometers

unfinished

because there is

143 families who

do not accept

with the

Informing √


107


Illocutionary acts

Ass Dir Co

m

Exp Dec

compensation

price.

56. So last year I

invite them.

Informing √

57. I go to them

then I invite

them to lunch

and dinner.

Four times.

Informing √

58. Ah, this is me. I

invite them and

then we talk

about the

problem. Four

times. Four

times meeting.

And the

problem is

cleared.

Informing √

59. And now the toll

road has been

used (starting) 7

month ago.

Now we talk

business permit.

We have

Informing √


108


Illocutionary acts

Ass Dir Co

m

Exp Dec

national one-

stop service

office that can

help you, that

will serve you,

that will

facilitate you,

that will give

you your

business permit.

For example,

principle

business permit

needs 3 days to

process.

60. Finally, again on

behalf of the

Indonesian

government and

the people of

Indonesia, I

would like to

thank you for

your listening

(to) my

presentation.

Thanking √


109


Illocutionary acts

Ass Dir Co

m

Exp Dec

61. We are waiting

for you to come

to Indonesia. We

are waiting for

you to invest in

Indonesia.

Inviting √

62. Thank you.

Thank you.

Thanking √

63. Good morning. Greeting √


110

APPENDIX 4

THE FINDINGS ON THE TYPES OF ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS FOUND IN

THE WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM ON EAST ASIA 2015 SPEECH

Data Code : II


Gave a speech World Economic Forum on East Asia

2015

Note. Ass : Assertive Exp : Expressive

Dir : Directive Dec : Declarative

Com : Commissive


Illocutionary acts

Ass Dir Co

m

Exp Dec

1. Ladies and

Gentlemen

Greeting √

2. The world is in a

fundamental

transition. For us in

Indonesia and for all

emerging market the

condition is suddenly

very challenging but

when we see

challenges I see

opportunity. In fact

Describing √


111


Illocutionary acts

Ass Dir Co

m

Exp Dec

our challenges are

your opportunity.

3. Your excellencies,

ladies and

gentlemen.

Saluting √

4. I have just returned

from official visits to

Tokyo and Beijing,

after many meetings

with President Xi

Jinping and Prime

Minister Shinzo Abe

I would like to share

with you I am

extremely optimistic.

describing √

5. I have just returned

from official visits to

Tokyo and Beijing,

after many meetings

with President Xi

Jinping and Prime

Minister Shinzo Abe I

would like to share

with you I am

extremely optimistic.

Expression of

feeling

√

6. I believe China and Describing √


112


Illocutionary acts

Ass Dir Co

m

Exp Dec

Japan today enjoy the

best leadership we

have had in

generation, and I

believe this is the

great benefits of Asia

as a whole

7. If there is one thing

that prime minister

Abe presidency and I

can agree on it is that

the world is changing

very fast

describing √

8. China is changing,

Japan is changing

and Indonesia is

changing.

describing √

9. I believe that

Indonesia has to

change

stating √

10. Why do I beleive

that Indonesia has to

change?

Questioning √

11. Because my people

tell me, my people tell

me that our country

describing √


113


Illocutionary acts

Ass Dir Co

m

Exp Dec

has to change. Every

week and every month

I go into the villages. I

go into the cities, and

my people ask me Mr.

Jokowi please change

our country.

12. Within this global

transition, our task is

clear, We have to

reinvent our

economies.

inviting √

13. We have to reinvent

our societies.

inviting √

14. Let me share with you

a story. We have been

here before in the

1970s. Indonesia

became rich on export

of crude oil. Crude oil

was booming. Oil

prices is recorded

high. At that time,

Indonesia was the

only member of

OPEC from Asia. Our

describing √


114


Illocutionary acts

Ass Dir Co

m

Exp Dec

energy minister

Subroto was secretary

general OPEC. Then

in 1980, the price of

crude oil is pressed.

By then oil and gas

export were 80

percent from our total

export. We are forced

to devalue our

currency. We have an

economic crisis.

15. But with crisis came

an opportunity. Again

with crisis came

opportunity

Stating √

16. After the 1980, oil

prices crashed,

Indonesia begin to

industrialized. Over

the next 15 years, We

built up textile and

garment industry,

furniture industry,

pulp and papers

industry, palm oil

Describing √


115


Illocutionary acts

Ass Dir Co

m

Exp Dec

industries, chemical

industries.

17. By 1995, oil and gas

exports were only 30

percent of our total

exports. Export of

goods and services

were 70 percent.

Today we are in the

same situation.

Commodity prices

have crashed. Our

currency has been hit.

This is causing a lot of

pain for a lot of

people.

describing √

18. But let me tell you.

We have done it

before.

describing √

19. And we shall do it

again.

inviting √

20. Our commodity

reaches with us over

consumptive. We

neglected our human

resources. Our

describing √


116


Illocutionary acts

Ass Dir Co

m

Exp Dec

currency the rupiah

has been shaken.

21. Today we must see

from consumtion back

to production. From

consumtion to

investment.

Investment in our

infrastructure.

Investment in our

industry. But most

importantly

investment in our

human capital. The

most preciuos

resource in the 21

century.

promising √

22. Change can be

paintful, change will

create......but there can

be no progress without

change.

stating √

23. It can be no gain

without pain.

stating √

24. Even with pain, my

people tell me every

describing √


117


Illocutionary acts

Ass Dir Co

m

Exp Dec

week and every

month. Please Mr.

Jokowi change our

country. Our people

are very wise, They

recgnize that to have

progress. They must

be sacrifice.

Furtunately, story is

on our side, I would

even say God is on

our side.

25. After 1997, Asian

Financial crisis, a lot

of people around the

world asked, will the

Indonesian people

survive?

questioning √

26. Today almost 20 years

later. We are a vibrant

and stable democracy.

Our unity in diversity

what we call Bhinneka

Tunggal Ika is

stronger than ever. We

have become the 5TH

convincing √


118


Illocutionary acts

Ass Dir Co

m

Exp Dec

largest economy in

Asia and a key

member of the G20.

The Indonesian people

are wise. They are

resourcefull and

therefore I am here to

tell you with one

hundred percent

confidence Indonesia

will prevail.

27. Again one hundred

percent confidence

Indonesia will prevail.

convincing √

28. When you spent time

with Indonesia

expecially on

facebook or twitter

you will find our

people have incredible

humor, our people

have incredible

courage, our people

have incredible

wisdom.

convincing √

29. Therefore, Ladies and inviting √


119


Illocutionary acts

Ass Dir Co

m

Exp Dec

gentlemen, I stand

here today to invite

you to join me and

my people on an

incredible journey and

an incredible

adventure to make

incredible profits.

30. And if you have any

problem call me.

requesting √

31. Thank you

Thank you

thanking √


120

APPENDIX 5

The Frequency of Illocutionary Acts Found in Jokowi’s Speeches

NO ILLOCUTIONARY

ACTS

ILLOCUTIONARY

FORCE


(%)


b. Convincing

c. Questioning

d. Describing

e. Stating

26

4

3

12

4

52,1%

2. Directive a. Inviting

b. Requesting

5

3 8,5%

3. Commissive a. Promising

b. Offering

22

5 28,7%

4. Expressive a. Thanking

b. State of

pleasure

c. Greeting

d. Saluting

e. Statement of

feeeling

4

2

2

1

1

10,6%

5. Declarative - - -

TOTAL 94 100%


THE ANALYSIS OF ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS OF JOKOWI’S · THE ANALYSIS OF ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS OF...

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