SESSION I
INTRODUCTION
SUBYEK
• Subyek adalah pelaku dalam kalimat yang diikuti oleh kata kerja.
• Bentuk Subyek yang umum dipakai adalah• Noun (kata benda) : Cars• Noun phrase (frasa benda) : The bank.....• Pseudo Subject : There / It
Berikut ini adalah beberapa contoh Subyek
Noun Pronoun Gerund Infinitive Noun Clause
Your lateness Itmakes the teacher upset. Your coming late To come late That you came late
makes the teacher upset.
VERB
• Verb adalah kata kerja yang melakukan tindakan dalam kalimat.
• Bentuk Kata kerja yang umum dipakai adalah:• - Single word (satu kata) : walks• - Verb phrase (frasa kata kerja) : is walking
COMPLEMENT
Complement adalah kata yang melengkap kalimat. Bentuknya mirip dengan Subyek yaitu berbentuk Noun atau noun phrase. Tidak semua kalimat memiliki complement dan biasanya hanya ada di kalimat transitive.
I met John yesterday
SUBJECT VERB COMPLEMENT MODIFIER
Noun Gerund
Noun
Pronoun
Infinitive
N. ClauseNounPhrase
PseudoSubject
SingleWord
VerbPhrase
Noun
NounPhrase
Place
Time
Manner
Prep.Phrase
Adv.Phrase
Cars..
He…
Swimming…
To swim …
To That all students went out …
walks
Is walking
John
John’s sister
Yesterday
At home
Very fast
In the morning on the table
Last night
Phoneme :- the smallest unit of language- has NO meaning- only sounds
Phoneme + phoneme = morpheme
Morpheme :- has meaning- bound : preffix, suffix- free : word (root)
morpheme + morpheme = word
Prefixes Meaning Words Meanings
anti- against antitoxin against toxin bi- two, twice bilingual two languageen- cause to be encourage cause to have courage/
give courage
mal- wrong malfunction wrong function/failurepre- before prevent come before/keep from
happening
sub- under subway under way/underground railway
Etc.
Negative Prefixes
Words Meaning
dis- disloyal not loyalin- incapable not capableim- impatient not patientir- irregular not regularmis- misplace not placed correctlynon- nonresident not a residentun- unable not able
Suffixes Forms Examples-able adjective Understandable,
lovable
-al adjective National, burial-ance noun Attendance,-en verb Darken, strengthen-ly adverb Quickly, clearly-ion noun Decision, action-ish adjective Childish, girlish
SESSION II
WORDS
Adverb and Adjective
Adverbs tell us in what way someone does something. Adverbs can modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs.Adjectives tell us something about a person or a thing Adjectives can modify nouns or pronouns.
Examples:
• Mandy is a careful girl.• Mandy drives carefully.• Mandy is very careful.• Mandy is a careful driver. This sentence is
about Mandy, the driver, so use the adjective. • Mandy drives carefully. This sentence is about
her way of driving, so use the adverb.
Types of adverbs
1) Adverbs of manner quicklykindly
2) Adverbs of degreeveryrather
3) Adverbs of frequencyoftensometimes
4) Adverbs of time nowtoday
5) Adverbs of place herenowhere
The position of adverbs in sentences
• We can put adverbs in different positions in sentences. There are three main positions but also a lot of exceptions.
• In English we never put an adverb between the verb and the object.
We often play handball. - CORRECT We play often handball. - WRONG
The three main positions of adverbs in English sentences
1) Adverb at the beginning of a sentence Unfortunately, we could not see Mount
Snowdon.2) Adverb in the middle of a sentence The children often ride their bikes.3) Adverb at the end of a sentence Andy reads a comic every afternoon.
• If there are more adverbs at the end of a sentence, the word order is normally:
• Manner - Place - Time Peter sang the song happily in the bathroom yesterday evening.
Word : - has meaning- has components : preffix, root, suffix- classified as : noun, verb, adjective, adverb
Examples of NOUN :
mother father theorist attentioncompetitor moviegoer teenager situationendeavor behavior producer difficultyinferiority identity capacity abilityachievement development eminence intelligence
Quiz :“Can you count how many morphemes there are in each word?”
Hints :Morphemes (preffix or suffix) to form nouns are : --y, --tion, --er/--or, --ity, --ment, --ance/--ence, --ist, --ess, etc.
Examples of VERB
optimize analyze summarize hypothesizeenlarge enrich entrust ensureredden blacken widen lengthenmodify glorify identify beautifydelimit demoralize deconstruct etc.
Note: preffix/suffix to form a verb are such as : --ize, en--, --en, --fy, de--, etc.
Other forms of verb:V.o : She will go..., The tool is to open... (verb)V.1 : She goes..., He works..., (verb)V.2 : She went..., John took... (verb)V.3 : She has gone... (verb), The child is pampered. (adjective)V.ing : She is going...(verb), Watching football is...(noun)
Quiz: Count the number of morphemes of the words above!
EXERCISE : Name the forms of the underlined verbs below!
1. The first child begins life as an only child.2. Alfred Adler is the first theorist to include .....3. The child may battle for the lost position.4. Birth order is understood in the context of individual’s special
circumstances.5. They dreamed of constant running without getting anywhere.6. Even if the weather cooperates.....7. The origin of the term has been traced .....8. They are usually afraid of having a ......9. Couples started their new life living together .....10. Phobias stem from an unconscious ......
SESSION III
PHRASE
Phrase : -- has meaning-- has roles as noun (noun phrase) and as verb (verb phrase)-- has components : head and Modifier
NOUN Phrase :
1. Noun + Noun (head)ex: birth order anxiety care family man
children problem nerve system identity formation
2. Adjective + Noun (head)ex: early influence flexible character sensitive response
strong reaction special personality etc.
3. V.ing + Noun (head)ex: abusing parents growing moments living quarters
4. V.3 + Noun (head)ex: pampered child developed process hidden character
Continued:
5. Noun (head) + preposition + NounEx: risk of sickness children with autism
children from preschool needs for dependency
6. Noun (head) + V.o + NounEx: attempts to explain motives
ability to fing balanceteraphy to treat patients with insomnia
7. Noun (head) + V.3 + NounEx: types categorized by action
skill resulted by special methodstest known as intelligence quotient
8. Noun (head) + V.ing + NounEx: programs resulting in creative skills
tendency having a negative persistence
VERB Phrase
The forms of verb in English:
Infinitive (V.o) :(to) go, (to) have, (to) be, (to) study, (to) understand,
etc.
Present (V.1) / (V.1 + s/es) :goes, has, studies, understands, cries, treats, etc.
Past (V.2) :went, had, studied, understood, did, treated, etc.
Past Participle (V.3) :gone, had, been, understood, studied, done, etc.
Present Participle (V.ing) :going, having, understanding, studying, treating, etc.
Usually, the Infinitive form (V.o) is preceded by the words of:
Noun : ability, attempt, change, desire, need, opportunity, readiness, willingness, way, etc.
Verb : afford, agree, appear, ask, attempt, choose, arrange, decide, demand, forget, etc.
Whereas, the Present Participle (V.ing) is preceded by the words :
Admit, appreciate, celebrate,avoid, consider, deny, delay, dislike, enjoy, explain finish, go, imagine, keep, mention, mind, miss, practice, recall, report, resist, risk, stop, suggest.
Basic construction of Verb Phrase
1) Modals (can, may, must, shall, will) + V.oIt has meaning as: dapat, kemungkinan, keharusan, nasehat, spekulasi, waktu yang akan datang, etc.Example: They will notice the children’s attitude.
2) To have (have, has, had) +V.3It has meaning as : sudah / belumExample: She has treated the pasient with the therapy.
3). To be (is, am, are, was, were) + V.ingIt has meaning as: sedang (berlangsung)Example: The psychologist is watching the changing.....
4). To be (is, am,are,was, were) + V.3It has meaning as : di--- / ter---- (passive)Example: Rudi was interviewed in the test.
The basic constructions can be developed into combinations of :
(1) + (2) = modals + V.o/have + V.3
(1) + (3) = modals + V.o + to be + V.ing
(1) + (4) = modals + V.o + to be + V.3
(2) + (3) = have + V.3 / to be + V.ing
(2) + (4) = have + V.3/to be + V.3
(3) + (4) = to be + V.ing + to be + V.3
(1) + (2) + (3)
(1) + (2) + (4)
(2) + (3) + (4)
(1) + (2) + (3) + (4)
SESSION IV
CLAUSES
CLAUSE~ a group of words forming part of a sentence but has a Subject and a Predicate. ~ can occupy the position as a Noun, Adjective, or Adverb
Noun Position:Do you notice the beauty? (noun)Do you notice the beauty of the scenery? (noun phrase)Do you notice that it is a beautiful scenery? (noun
clause)
Adjective Position:It is a beautiful thing. (adjective)It is a thing of a great beauty. (adjective phrase)It is a thing that is full of beauty. (adjective
clause)
Adverb Position:He speaks English well. (adverb)He speaks English pretty well. (adjective phrase)He speaks English so well that I can understand his speech. (adjective clause)
NOUN CLAUSE~ a clause as a noun in a sentence ( Subject or Object)
SUBJECTIt was interesting. (noun/pronoun)His story was interesting. (noun phrase)What he said was interesting. (noun clause)
OBJECTI heard that. (noun/pronoun)I heard their story. (non phrase)I heard what they said yesterday. (noun clause)
Words to begin a noun clause are:~ question words ( when, what, where, why, who, which, etc.)~ whether / if~ that
Mind this !!The clauses from questions (both “yes-no” and “wh-question”) change the sentence arrangement into “Subject + Predicate”
NOUN CLAUSE
SESSION V
Examples with Question Words:What did she say? What she said surprised me.Who is the girl? Please tell me who the girl is.Where does Amir live? The teacher asks me where Amir lives.What can I do for you? He asked what he could do for me.Which one is Ben’s house? We don’t know which one is Ben’s house.
Examples with “whether/if”:Will she attend the party? She doesn’t tell whether she will attend the party.Did you have a good time? He asked me if I had a good time.Are you hungry? They are not sure if I am hungry.Does Mary teach English? John is curious whether Mary teaches English.
Examples with “that” My father is a good doctor. He thinks that his father is a good doctor.The world is round. That the world is round is a fact.
It is a fact that the worls is round.Romeo loves Julie. Everybody knows that Romeo loves Julie.
Exercises : Change the questions and statements below into noun clause of your own sentences!
1. Where is the library?2. Did he borrow your dictionary?3. Is Drew having a big problem now?4. Who is doing the temporary job?5. How far is Tenggarong from Balikpapan?6. Should we wait for the boys?7. Are there any hotels in the town?8. Jack was late to class.9. It is about 60km away from Yogya to Solo.10.Mary lives with her grandmother in that small house.11.Drugs can damage one’s health.12.Irene failed her final exam.13.Everybody must speak English in the class.14.When will the show be started?15.Whose shoes are left on the stairs last niight?
ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
SESSION VI
ADJECTIVE CLAUSE~ a clause to modify a noun (describes, identifies, or gives further information about the noun.) It is also called : “Relative Clause”.
Words to begin adjective clause are : that, who, whom, whose, which, where, when
The book is mine.It is on the table The book which is on the table is mine.The book that is on the table is mine.
I thanked the woman. She helped me.I thanked the woman who helped me.I thanked the woman that helped me.
The movie was good. We saw it last night.The movie which we saw last night was good.The movie that we saw last night was good.
The man was Mr. Jones. I met him in the meeting.The man whom I met in the meeting was Mr.Jones.The man that I met in the meeting wasMr.Jones.
EXERCISESCombine the sentence-pairs below!
1. The girl is happy.She won the competition.
2. We are studying sentences.They contain adjective clauses.
3. The man called the police.His wallet has lost.
4. Boyolali is a small town.Joko grew up there.
5. I’ll never forget the day.I met you for the fisrt time then.
6. January is the first month.I was born then
7. The building is very hot.They have to stay there for two months.
8. People in Solo are nice.Visitors like them very much.
9. I know the woman.Her daughter has just killed in the robbery.
10.The picture was beautiful.Enny painted it in her teenage.
SESSION VII
ADVERB CLAUSE
ADVERB CLAUSE~ functions as an adverb of a sentence: modifying the predicate or the sentence.~ can be placed in the front, middle, or at the end of the sentence.
Words to begin adverb clause are devided into:
Time: Cause/Effect: Opposition: Condition:
After because eventhough ifBefore since although unlessWhen now that though only ifWhile as whereas even ifAs inasmuch as whileSince so....thatUntil in order thatAs soon asOnceWhenever
EXAMPLES
When we were in New York, we saw many plays.We saw many plays when we were in new York.
Because Adam was sleepy, he went to bed soon.Adam went to bed soon because he was sleepy.
If it rains now, I will take umbrella.I will take umbrella if it rains now.
Some people are fat, whereas others are thin.Whereas some people are fat, others are thin.
As long as they’re not busy, they can help me with this work.They can help me with this work as long as they’re not busy.
SESSION VIII
SENTENCE
SENTENCE>> is a construction consisting of at least a subject and a predicate.
Elements of a sentence: Subject : Noun, Pronoun, Infinitive, Gerund, Noun Phrase, Noun Clause Predicate : Verb, To be, Auxiliary, Modal, Verb Phrase. Complement : Noun, Adjective, Adverb, Pronoun, Prepositional Phrase Object : Noun, Pronoun, Infinitive, Gerund, Phrase, Caluse
Basic sentence arrangements:
Subject + PredicateBabies cry.The clients have waited.
Subject + Predicate + ComplementShe talks very slowly.The patients with cancer are treated in a special room.
Subject + Predicate + ObjectMary likes poems.The white skinned girl didn’t understand the clear instructions.
Subject + Predicate + Indirect Object + Direct ObjectAdam gives me red roses.The lecturer introduces the students new theory.She bought her children many electrical toys.
Subject + Predicate + Direct Object + Preposition + Indirect ObjectMy friends tag some photos to me.The faculty provides new computer for each lecturer.Mr.Jones shares his brilliant ideas to his followers.
Subject + Predicate + Object + ComplementPeople votes Obama the next president.They didn’t consider her their step-sister.The sweet Italian ice cream makes me fat.
TYPES of SENTENCE
1) Simple Sentencecontains one full subject and predicate. Such as:- statement : He lives in New York.- question : How old are you?- request : Please close the door.- exclamation : What a terrible temper he has!
2) Compound Sentencecontains two or more sentences joined into one by :- punctuation :
The weather was bad; all classes were canceled.- punctuation and conjunctive adverb :
The weather was bad; therefore all classes were canceled.- and, or, so, but, yet, for:
The weather was bad, so all classes were canceled.
3) Complex Sentencecontains one or more dependent clause, such as:- adverb clause :
All classes were canceled because the weather was bad.- adjective clause:
Children who are under 12 years must be accompanied by parents.- noun clause :
I can’t understand why you did such a thing.
4) Compound Complex Sentencecontains two or more independent clause and one or more dependent clause.
All classes were canceled because the weather was bad, and students were told to stand by with their email to find out when classes would begin again.
SESSION IX
CAUSATIVE AND CONDITONAL
CAUSATIVE VERBS : EXAMPLES
PENJELASAN CHART: CAUSATIVE VERBS
CONDITIONALS
FACTUAL CONDITIONAL & FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL & THIRD CONDITIONAL
SESSION X
MODAL
MODAL:ABILITYPRESENT
CAN
Ex: I can swim
TO BE (IS, AM, ARE)
I’d like to be able to swim
PAST
COULD
I could swim when I was 6 years old
TO BE (WAS, WERE, ABLE TO)Even though I’d hurt my leg, I was able to swim
back to the boat. (I managed to swim back to the boat)
MODAL:PERMISSION
Asking for permissionCAN
Can I smoke here?(informal)
COULDCould I smoke here?
(polite)
MAYMay I smoke here?
(formal)
Refusing permissionMAY
You may not smoke
CANYou can’t smoke here
BE ALLOWED TOYou are not allowed to smoke here
Giving permissionCAN/MAYA:
Can/Could/May I Borrow your laptop?B:
Of course you can/may
MODAL:POSSIBILITYPOSSIBILITY
It’s possible < 50% certainCOULD
It could be a pen
MIGHT
It might be a pen
MAY
It may be a pen
PROBABILITYIt’s probable 90% certain
MUST
It must be a lipstick
CAN’T
It can’t be a lipstick
MODAL:ADVISABILITY
SHOULD/OUGHT TO
You should / ought to stop making
HAD BETTER + Vo
You’d better stop smoking
TO BE SUPPOSED TO
Put that cigarette out!!You’re not supposed to smoke here
MODAL:OBLIGATION
+I must leave for school at 6:15.
(I think it is necessary)
I have to start teaching at 8:00.(it’s my teaching schedule)
-MUST NOT
I must leave for school at 6:15.(I think it is necessary)
DON’T HAVE TO
She doesn’t have to get up early today. (It is not necessary to get up early today)
MODAL:HABIT
+
MUST
I must leave for school at 6:15.
(I think it is necessary)
HAVE TO
I have to start teaching at 8:00.(It’s my teaching schedule)
MODAL:OBLIGATION
+
MUST
I must leave for school at 6:15
HAVE TO
I have to start teaching at 8:00
_
MUST NOT
I must leave for school at 6:15( I think it is necessary
DON’T HAVE TOShe doesn’t have to get up early today
(it is necessary to get up early today (it is necessary to get up early today)
MODAL:HABIT
WILL
Ann loves painting.She will paint for hours.
(typical behavior)
WOULD
When we were children we would play soccer together (typical behavior in the past
USED TO+
VO
He used to smoke.(but he doesn’t now)
TO BE + USED TO+ V-ING
he is used to smoking (he is accustomed to smoking)
SESSION XI
TENSES
TENSES
times
PAST PRESENT FUTURE
Forms:
Simple
Continuous
Perfect
Perfect Continuous
Studied study/studies will study
Was/were studying is/am/are studying will be studying
Had studied have/has studied will have studied
Had been studying have/has been will have been studying studying
PAST TENSES
Simple Past
Started and finished in the past
Something happenedafter another
She typed a letter last night.
When I came, she typed the letter.
ContinuousPast
Interrupted past
2 actions in progressat the same time inthe past
When I came, she was typing a letter.
When I was swimming, she was typing a letter.
----
----
----
----
Perfect Past An event happened Earlier than a past event
Ex: When I came, she had typed a letter.
Perfect Continuous Past
Recently stopped before a past event
Ex: She had been typing for two hours when I came
PRESENT TENSES
Simple Present
Habit
Fact
Ex: She types letter.(She may not typing now)
Ex: Water boils at 100 degrees.
ContinuousPresent
Temporary
In progress
Ex: He is typing letters this weekbecause the secretary is on leave.
Ex: The water is boiling. Can you turn the stove off?
PerfectPresent
Result Ex: He has typed 3 letters this morning.
PerfectContinuousPresent
In progress
Recently stopped
Ex: She has been typing letters all morning.
Ex: He has been typing letters all morning. (so he is very tired now)
FUTURE TENSES
Simple Future
Prediction/Plan : It will rain tomorrow.I will meet John next week.
Spontaneity : A: The phone rings!B: I’ll get it.
Evidence : It is going to rain. (because it’s cloudy now)
Decision :He is going to paint his house.(because he’s bringing a can of paint)
Definite A: What are you doing here?Arrangement : B: I’m meeting John.
(in a waiting room)
Fixed schedule/Program :The plane leaves at 10:00 tomorrow
Continuous Future
Action in progressat a time in the future
Perfect Future
Action completedby a certain time in the future
PerfectContinuous Future
Action completed by a certain time inthe future and stays in progress
I will be studying at 7:00 tonight.
I’ll have studied for three hours by 8:00 tonight.
I’ll have been studying in UMSin 2012.
SESSION XII
PASSIVE VOICE
PASSIVE VOICE
ACTIVEJohn writes the report.
Subject Verb(depends on tenses)
Object
PASSIVE Subject Verb(To be + Past Participle)
Object(by agent)
The report is written by John.
Examples
John wrote the report. The report was written by John.
John is writing the report. The report is being written by John.
John was writing the report. The report was being written by John.
John has written the report. The report has been written by John.
John has been writing the report.
John had written the report.
John had been writing the report.
Not Logical
The report had been written by John.
Not Logical
SOURCES
1) English Sentence StructureRobert Krohn. University of Michigan 1971
2) A Practical English GrammarA.J. Thomson & A.V. Martinet. Oxford Univ. Press. 1986
3) Modern English, A Practical Reference GuideMarcella Frank. Prentice –Hall Inc. 1972
4) Modern English Part II, Sentences and Complex StructuresMarcella Frank. Prentice-Hall Inc. 1984
5) English Grammar In UseMurphy Brown. Cambridge Univ. Press 1992
6) Understanding and Using English GrammarBetty S. Azar. Prentice-Hall Inc. 1989
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