SESSION I

INTRODUCTION

SUBYEK

• Subyek adalah pelaku dalam kalimat yang diikuti oleh kata kerja.

• Bentuk Subyek yang umum dipakai adalah• Noun (kata benda) : Cars• Noun phrase (frasa benda) : The bank.....• Pseudo Subject : There / It

Berikut ini adalah beberapa contoh Subyek

Noun Pronoun Gerund Infinitive Noun Clause

 Your lateness Itmakes the teacher upset.  Your coming late    To come late  That you came late

makes the teacher upset.

VERB

• Verb adalah kata kerja yang melakukan tindakan dalam kalimat.

• Bentuk Kata kerja yang umum dipakai adalah:• - Single word (satu kata) : walks• - Verb phrase (frasa kata kerja) : is walking

COMPLEMENT

Complement adalah kata yang melengkap kalimat. Bentuknya mirip dengan Subyek yaitu berbentuk Noun atau noun phrase. Tidak semua kalimat memiliki complement dan biasanya hanya ada di kalimat transitive.

I met John yesterday

SUBJECT VERB COMPLEMENT MODIFIER

Noun Gerund

Noun

Pronoun

Infinitive

N. ClauseNounPhrase

PseudoSubject

SingleWord

VerbPhrase

Noun

NounPhrase

Place

Time

Manner

Prep.Phrase

Adv.Phrase

Cars..

He…

Swimming…

To swim …

To That all students went out …

walks

Is walking

John

John’s sister

Yesterday

At home

Very fast

In the morning on the table

Last night

Phoneme :- the smallest unit of language- has NO meaning- only sounds

Phoneme + phoneme = morpheme

Morpheme :- has meaning- bound : preffix, suffix- free : word (root)

morpheme + morpheme = word

Prefixes Meaning Words Meanings

anti- against antitoxin against toxin bi- two, twice bilingual two languageen- cause to be encourage cause to have courage/

give courage

mal- wrong malfunction wrong function/failurepre- before prevent come before/keep from

happening

sub- under subway under way/underground railway

Etc.

Negative Prefixes

Words Meaning

dis- disloyal not loyalin- incapable not capableim- impatient not patientir- irregular not regularmis- misplace not placed correctlynon- nonresident not a residentun- unable not able

Suffixes Forms Examples-able adjective Understandable,

lovable

-al adjective National, burial-ance noun Attendance,-en verb Darken, strengthen-ly adverb Quickly, clearly-ion noun Decision, action-ish adjective Childish, girlish

SESSION II

WORDS

Adverb and Adjective

Adverbs tell us in what way someone does something. Adverbs can modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs.Adjectives tell us something about a person or a thing Adjectives can modify nouns or pronouns.

Examples:

• Mandy is a careful girl.• Mandy drives carefully.• Mandy is very careful.• Mandy is a careful driver. This sentence is

about Mandy, the driver, so use the adjective. • Mandy drives carefully. This sentence is about

her way of driving, so use the adverb.

Types of adverbs

1) Adverbs of manner quicklykindly

2) Adverbs of degreeveryrather

3) Adverbs of frequencyoftensometimes

4) Adverbs of time nowtoday

5) Adverbs of place herenowhere

The position of adverbs in sentences

• We can put adverbs in different positions in sentences. There are three main positions but also a lot of exceptions.

• In English we never put an adverb between the verb and the object.

We often play handball. - CORRECT We play often handball. - WRONG

The three main positions of adverbs in English sentences

1) Adverb at the beginning of a sentence        Unfortunately, we could not see Mount

Snowdon.2) Adverb in the middle of a sentence The children often ride their bikes.3) Adverb at the end of a sentence Andy reads a comic every afternoon.

• If there are more adverbs at the end of a sentence, the word order is normally:

• Manner - Place - Time Peter sang the song happily in the bathroom yesterday evening.

Word : - has meaning- has components : preffix, root, suffix- classified as : noun, verb, adjective, adverb

Examples of NOUN :

mother father theorist attentioncompetitor moviegoer teenager situationendeavor behavior producer difficultyinferiority identity capacity abilityachievement development eminence intelligence

Quiz :“Can you count how many morphemes there are in each word?”

Hints :Morphemes (preffix  or suffix) to form nouns are : --y, --tion, --er/--or, --ity, --ment, --ance/--ence, --ist, --ess, etc.

Examples of VERB

optimize analyze summarize hypothesizeenlarge enrich entrust ensureredden blacken widen lengthenmodify glorify identify beautifydelimit demoralize deconstruct etc.

Note: preffix/suffix to form a verb are such as : --ize, en--, --en, --fy, de--, etc.

Other forms of verb:V.o : She will go..., The tool is to open... (verb)V.1 : She goes..., He works..., (verb)V.2 : She went..., John took... (verb)V.3 : She has gone... (verb), The child is pampered. (adjective)V.ing : She is going...(verb), Watching football is...(noun)

Quiz:  Count the number of morphemes of the words above!

EXERCISE  :  Name the forms of the underlined verbs below!

1. The first child begins life as an only child.2. Alfred Adler is the first theorist to include .....3. The child may battle for the lost position.4. Birth order is understood in the context of individual’s special

circumstances.5. They dreamed of constant running without getting anywhere.6. Even if the weather cooperates.....7. The origin of the term has been traced .....8. They are usually afraid of having a ......9. Couples started their new life living together .....10. Phobias stem from an unconscious ......

SESSION III

PHRASE

Phrase : -- has meaning-- has roles as noun (noun phrase) and as verb (verb phrase)-- has components : head and Modifier

NOUN Phrase :

1. Noun + Noun (head)ex: birth order anxiety care family man

children problem nerve system identity formation

2. Adjective + Noun (head)ex: early influence flexible character sensitive response

strong reaction special personality etc.

3. V.ing + Noun (head)ex: abusing parents growing moments living quarters

4. V.3 + Noun (head)ex: pampered child developed process hidden character

Continued:

5. Noun (head) + preposition + NounEx: risk of sickness children with autism

children from preschool needs for dependency

6. Noun (head) + V.o + NounEx: attempts to explain motives

ability to fing balanceteraphy to treat patients with insomnia

7. Noun (head) + V.3 + NounEx: types categorized by action

skill resulted by special methodstest known as intelligence quotient

8. Noun (head) + V.ing + NounEx: programs resulting in creative skills

tendency having a negative persistence

VERB Phrase

The forms of verb in English:

Infinitive (V.o) :(to) go, (to) have, (to) be, (to) study, (to) understand,

etc.

Present (V.1) / (V.1 + s/es) :goes, has, studies, understands, cries, treats, etc.

Past (V.2) :went, had, studied, understood, did, treated, etc.

Past Participle (V.3) :gone, had, been, understood, studied, done, etc.

Present Participle (V.ing) :going, having, understanding, studying, treating, etc.

Usually, the Infinitive form (V.o) is preceded by the words of:

Noun : ability, attempt, change, desire, need, opportunity, readiness, willingness, way, etc.

Verb : afford, agree, appear, ask, attempt, choose, arrange, decide, demand, forget, etc.

Whereas, the Present Participle (V.ing) is preceded by the words :

Admit, appreciate, celebrate,avoid, consider, deny, delay, dislike, enjoy, explain finish, go, imagine, keep, mention, mind, miss, practice, recall, report, resist, risk, stop, suggest.

Basic construction of Verb Phrase

1) Modals (can, may, must, shall, will) + V.oIt has meaning as: dapat, kemungkinan, keharusan, nasehat, spekulasi, waktu yang akan datang, etc.Example: They will notice the children’s attitude.

2) To have (have, has, had) +V.3It has meaning as : sudah / belumExample: She has treated the pasient with the therapy.

3). To be (is, am, are, was, were) + V.ingIt has meaning as: sedang (berlangsung)Example: The psychologist is watching the changing.....

4). To be (is, am,are,was, were) + V.3It has meaning as : di--- / ter---- (passive)Example: Rudi was interviewed in the test.

The basic constructions can be developed into combinations of :

(1) + (2) = modals + V.o/have + V.3

(1) + (3) = modals + V.o + to be + V.ing

(1) + (4) = modals + V.o + to be + V.3

(2) + (3) = have + V.3 / to be + V.ing

(2) + (4) = have + V.3/to be + V.3

(3) + (4) = to be + V.ing + to be + V.3

(1) + (2) + (3)

(1) + (2) + (4)

(2) + (3) + (4)

(1) + (2) + (3) + (4)

SESSION IV

CLAUSES

CLAUSE~ a group of words forming part of a sentence but has a Subject and a Predicate. ~ can occupy the position as a Noun, Adjective, or Adverb

Noun Position:Do you notice the beauty? (noun)Do you notice the beauty of the scenery? (noun phrase)Do you notice that it is a beautiful scenery? (noun

clause)

Adjective Position:It is a beautiful thing. (adjective)It is a thing of a great beauty. (adjective phrase)It is a thing that is full of beauty. (adjective

clause)

Adverb Position:He speaks English well. (adverb)He speaks English pretty well. (adjective phrase)He speaks English so well that I can understand his speech. (adjective clause)

NOUN CLAUSE~ a clause as a noun in a sentence ( Subject or Object)

SUBJECTIt was interesting. (noun/pronoun)His story was interesting. (noun phrase)What he said  was interesting. (noun clause)

OBJECTI heard that. (noun/pronoun)I heard their story. (non phrase)I heard what they said yesterday. (noun clause)

Words to begin a noun clause are:~ question words ( when, what, where, why, who, which, etc.)~ whether / if~ that

Mind this !!The clauses from questions (both “yes-no” and “wh-question”) change the sentence arrangement into “Subject + Predicate”

NOUN CLAUSE

SESSION V

Examples with Question Words:What did she say? What she said surprised me.Who is the girl? Please tell me who the girl is.Where does Amir live? The teacher asks me where Amir lives.What can I do for you? He asked what he could do for me.Which one is Ben’s house? We don’t know which one is Ben’s house.

Examples with “whether/if”:Will she attend the party? She doesn’t tell whether she will attend the party.Did you have a good time? He asked me if I had a good time.Are you hungry? They are not sure if I am hungry.Does Mary teach English? John is curious whether Mary teaches English.

Examples with “that” My father is a good doctor. He thinks that his father is a good doctor.The world is round. That the world is round is a fact.

It is a fact that the worls is round.Romeo loves Julie. Everybody knows that Romeo loves Julie.

Exercises : Change the questions and statements below into noun clause of your own sentences!

1. Where is the library?2. Did he borrow your dictionary?3. Is Drew having a big problem now?4. Who is doing the temporary job?5. How far is Tenggarong from Balikpapan?6. Should we wait for the boys?7. Are there any hotels in the town?8. Jack was late to class.9. It is about 60km away from Yogya to Solo.10.Mary lives with her grandmother in that small house.11.Drugs can damage one’s health.12.Irene failed her final exam.13.Everybody must speak English in the class.14.When will the show be started?15.Whose shoes are left on the stairs last niight?

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

SESSION VI

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE~ a clause to modify a noun (describes, identifies, or gives further information about the noun.) It is also called : “Relative Clause”.

Words to begin adjective clause are : that, who, whom, whose, which, where, when

The book is mine.It is on the table The book which is on the table is mine.The book that is on the table is mine.

I thanked the woman. She helped me.I thanked the woman who helped me.I thanked the woman that helped me.

The movie was good. We saw it last night.The movie which we saw last night was good.The movie that we saw last night was good.

The man was Mr. Jones. I met him in the meeting.The man whom I met in the meeting was Mr.Jones.The man that I met in the meeting wasMr.Jones.

EXERCISESCombine the sentence-pairs below!

1. The girl is happy.She won the competition.

2. We are studying sentences.They contain adjective clauses.

3. The man called the police.His wallet has lost.

4. Boyolali is a small town.Joko grew up there.

5. I’ll never forget the day.I met you for the fisrt time then.

6. January is the first month.I was born then

7. The building is very hot.They have to stay there for two months.

8. People in Solo are nice.Visitors like them very much.

9. I know the woman.Her daughter has just killed in the robbery.

10.The picture was beautiful.Enny painted it in her teenage.

SESSION VII

ADVERB CLAUSE

ADVERB CLAUSE~ functions as an adverb of a sentence: modifying the predicate or the sentence.~ can be placed in the front, middle, or at the end of the sentence.

Words to begin adverb clause are devided into:

Time: Cause/Effect: Opposition: Condition:

After because eventhough ifBefore since although unlessWhen now that though only ifWhile as whereas even ifAs inasmuch as whileSince so....thatUntil in order thatAs soon asOnceWhenever

EXAMPLES

When we were in New York, we saw many plays.We saw many plays when we were in new York.

Because Adam was sleepy, he went to bed soon.Adam went to bed soon because he was sleepy.

If it rains now, I will take umbrella.I will take umbrella if it rains now.

Some people are fat, whereas others are thin.Whereas some people are fat, others are thin.

As long as they’re not busy, they can help me with this work.They can help me with this work as long as they’re not busy.

SESSION VIII

SENTENCE

SENTENCE>> is a construction consisting of at least a subject and a predicate.

Elements of a sentence: Subject : Noun, Pronoun, Infinitive, Gerund, Noun Phrase, Noun Clause Predicate : Verb, To be, Auxiliary, Modal, Verb Phrase. Complement : Noun, Adjective, Adverb, Pronoun, Prepositional Phrase Object : Noun, Pronoun, Infinitive, Gerund, Phrase, Caluse

Basic sentence arrangements:

Subject + PredicateBabies cry.The clients have waited.

Subject + Predicate + ComplementShe talks very slowly.The patients with cancer are treated in a special room.

Subject + Predicate + ObjectMary likes poems.The white skinned girl didn’t understand the clear instructions.

Subject + Predicate + Indirect Object + Direct ObjectAdam gives me red roses.The lecturer introduces the students new theory.She bought her children many electrical toys.

Subject + Predicate + Direct Object + Preposition + Indirect ObjectMy friends tag some photos to me.The faculty provides new computer for each lecturer.Mr.Jones shares his brilliant ideas to his followers.

Subject + Predicate + Object + ComplementPeople votes Obama the next president.They didn’t consider her their step-sister.The sweet Italian ice cream makes me fat.

TYPES of SENTENCE

1) Simple Sentencecontains one full subject and predicate. Such as:- statement : He lives in New York.- question : How old are you?- request : Please close the door.- exclamation : What a terrible temper he has!

2) Compound Sentencecontains two or more sentences joined into one by :- punctuation :

The weather was bad; all classes were canceled.- punctuation and conjunctive adverb :

The weather was bad; therefore all classes were canceled.- and, or, so, but, yet, for:

The weather was bad, so all classes were canceled.

3) Complex Sentencecontains one or more dependent clause, such as:- adverb clause :

All classes were canceled because the weather was bad.- adjective clause:

Children who are under 12 years must be accompanied by parents.- noun clause :

I can’t understand why you did such a thing.

4) Compound Complex Sentencecontains two or more independent clause and one or more dependent clause.

All classes were canceled because the weather was bad, and students were told to stand by with their email to find out when classes would begin again.

SESSION IX

CAUSATIVE AND CONDITONAL

CAUSATIVE VERBS : EXAMPLES

PENJELASAN CHART: CAUSATIVE VERBS

CONDITIONALS

FACTUAL CONDITIONAL & FIRST CONDITIONAL

SECOND CONDITIONAL & THIRD CONDITIONAL

SESSION X

MODAL

MODAL:ABILITYPRESENT

CAN

Ex: I can swim

TO BE (IS, AM, ARE)

I’d like to be able to swim

PAST

COULD

I could swim when I was 6 years old

TO BE (WAS, WERE, ABLE TO)Even though I’d hurt my leg, I was able to swim

back to the boat. (I managed to swim back to the boat)

MODAL:PERMISSION

Asking for permissionCAN

Can I smoke here?(informal)

COULDCould I smoke here?

(polite)

MAYMay I smoke here?

(formal)

Refusing permissionMAY

You may not smoke

CANYou can’t smoke here

BE ALLOWED TOYou are not allowed to smoke here

Giving permissionCAN/MAYA:

Can/Could/May I Borrow your laptop?B:

Of course you can/may

MODAL:POSSIBILITYPOSSIBILITY

It’s possible < 50% certainCOULD

It could be a pen

MIGHT

It might be a pen

MAY

It may be a pen

PROBABILITYIt’s probable 90% certain

MUST

It must be a lipstick

CAN’T

It can’t be a lipstick

MODAL:ADVISABILITY

SHOULD/OUGHT TO

You should / ought to stop making

HAD BETTER + Vo

You’d better stop smoking

TO BE SUPPOSED TO

Put that cigarette out!!You’re not supposed to smoke here

MODAL:OBLIGATION

+I must leave for school at 6:15.

(I think it is necessary)

I have to start teaching at 8:00.(it’s my teaching schedule)

-MUST NOT

I must leave for school at 6:15.(I think it is necessary)

DON’T HAVE TO

She doesn’t have to get up early today. (It is not necessary to get up early today)

MODAL:HABIT

+

MUST

I must leave for school at 6:15.

(I think it is necessary)

HAVE TO

I have to start teaching at 8:00.(It’s my teaching schedule)

MODAL:OBLIGATION

+

MUST

I must leave for school at 6:15

HAVE TO

I have to start teaching at 8:00

_

MUST NOT

I must leave for school at 6:15( I think it is necessary

DON’T HAVE TOShe doesn’t have to get up early today

(it is necessary to get up early today (it is necessary to get up early today)

MODAL:HABIT 

WILL

Ann loves painting.She will paint for hours.

(typical behavior)

WOULD

When we were children we would play soccer together (typical behavior in the past

USED TO+

VO

He used to smoke.(but he doesn’t now)

TO BE + USED TO+ V-ING

he is used to smoking (he is accustomed to smoking)

SESSION XI

TENSES

TENSES

times

PAST PRESENT FUTURE

Forms:

Simple

Continuous

Perfect

Perfect Continuous

Studied study/studies will study

Was/were studying is/am/are studying will be studying

Had studied have/has studied will have studied

Had been studying have/has been will have been studying studying

PAST TENSES

Simple Past

Started and finished in the past

Something happenedafter another

She typed a letter last night.

When I came, she typed the letter.

ContinuousPast

Interrupted past

2 actions in progressat the same time inthe past

When I came, she was typing a letter.

When I was swimming, she was typing a letter.

----

----

----

----

Perfect Past An event happened Earlier than a past event

Ex: When I came, she had typed a letter.

Perfect Continuous Past

Recently stopped before a past event

Ex: She had been typing for two hours when I came

PRESENT TENSES

Simple Present

Habit

Fact

Ex: She types letter.(She may not typing now)

Ex: Water boils at 100 degrees.

ContinuousPresent

Temporary

In progress

Ex: He is typing letters this weekbecause the secretary is on leave.

Ex: The water is boiling. Can you turn the stove off?

PerfectPresent

Result Ex: He has typed 3 letters this morning.

PerfectContinuousPresent

In progress

Recently stopped

Ex: She has been typing letters all morning.

Ex: He has been typing letters all morning. (so he is very tired now)

FUTURE TENSES

Simple Future

Prediction/Plan : It will rain tomorrow.I will meet John next week.

Spontaneity : A: The phone rings!B: I’ll get it.

Evidence : It is going to rain. (because it’s cloudy now)

Decision :He is going to paint his house.(because he’s bringing a can of paint)

Definite A: What are you doing here?Arrangement : B: I’m meeting John.

(in a waiting room)

Fixed schedule/Program :The plane leaves at 10:00 tomorrow

Continuous Future

Action in progressat a time in the future

Perfect Future

Action completedby a certain time in the future

PerfectContinuous Future

Action completed by a certain time inthe future and stays in progress

I will be studying at 7:00 tonight.

I’ll have studied for three hours by 8:00 tonight.

I’ll have been studying in UMSin 2012.

SESSION XII

PASSIVE VOICE

PASSIVE VOICE

ACTIVEJohn writes the report.

Subject Verb(depends on tenses)

Object

PASSIVE Subject Verb(To be + Past Participle)

Object(by agent)

The report     is written by John.

Examples

John wrote the report. The report was written by John.

John is writing the report. The report is being written by John.

John was writing the report. The report was being written by John.

John has written the report. The report has been written by John.

John has been writing the report.

John had written the report.

John had been writing the report.

Not Logical                                         

 The report had been written by John.

 Not Logical

SOURCES

1) English Sentence StructureRobert Krohn. University of Michigan 1971

2) A Practical English GrammarA.J. Thomson & A.V. Martinet. Oxford Univ. Press. 1986

3) Modern English, A Practical Reference GuideMarcella Frank. Prentice –Hall Inc. 1972

4) Modern English Part II, Sentences and Complex StructuresMarcella Frank. Prentice-Hall Inc. 1984

5) English Grammar In UseMurphy Brown. Cambridge Univ. Press 1992

6) Understanding and Using English GrammarBetty S. Azar. Prentice-Hall Inc. 1989