TBT102 Basic Information Technologies Osman Nuri AHN
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Brief Info Osman Nuri AHN, MSc Lecturer&Head of Comp.
Prog., Vocational School School of Foreign Languages Room: 111
Office Hours: Tuesday 10:00-12:00&15:00-16:00 E-mail:
[email protected] Twitter: @OsmanNuriSahin Facebook:
facebook.com/osmannurisahin
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Student can understand about computer designs and its
processes. Student know how to use current applications. CORE
objectives of this course:
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Scoring MidTerm 30% (Multiple Choice) Final 40% (Multiple
Choice) Assignment 10% Project 10% Attendance 10% (not mandatory
but to encourage)
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TBT102 Basic Information Technologies Chapter 1 Introduction to
Computers
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Chapter 1 Objectives Recognize the importance of computer
literacy and history Define the term computer and identify its
components Explain why a computer is a powerful tool Recognize the
purpose of a network Discuss the uses of the Internet and the World
Wide Web Recognize the difference between installing and running a
program Identify the various types of software Describe the
categories of computers Determine how the elements of an
information system interact Identify the various types of computer
users Discuss computer applications in society
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A World of Computers What is computer literacy? Computers are
everywhere 1. Business area 2. Medical science 3. Research 4. Banks
5. Defence, Military 6. New vehicle and transportation design 7.
Space exploration 8. Entertainment 9. Education 10. Animation and
graphic design
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8 How is a computer defined? What Is a Computer? A
programmable, electronic device that accepts data, performs
operations, presents the results, and can store the data or
results
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9 What is the information processing cycle? Input Process
Output Storage Communication
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FIVE ERAS IN COMPUTER DEVELOPMENT Pre-History Electronics Mini
Micro Network
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THE EARLIEST COMPUTING DEVICES Brief History of Computer
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ABACUS ( 300 B.C. by the Babylonians ) The abacus was an early
aid for mathematical computations. Its only value is that it aids
the memory of the human performing the calculation.
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A very old Abacus
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ABACUS A more modern abacus. Note how the abacus is really just
a representation of the human fingers: the 5 lower rings on each
rod represent the 5 fingers and the 2 upper rings represent the 2
hands.
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John Napier ( 1550 1617 ) John Napier is best known as the
inventor of logarithms. He also invented the so- called "Napier's
bones" and made common the use of the decimal point in arithmetic
and mathematics.
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NAPIER'S BONES In 1617 an eccentric Scotsman named John Napier
invented logarithms, which are a technology that allows
multiplication to be performed via addition. The magic ingredient
is the logarithm of each operand, which was originally obtained
from a printed table. But Napier also invented an alternative to
tables, where the logarithm values were carved on ivory
sticks.
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An original set of Napier's Bones [photo courtesy IBM]
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A more modern set of Napier's Bones
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William Oughtred s Slide Rule William Oughtred and others
developed the slide rule in the 17th century based on the emerging
work on logarithms by John Napier.
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Slide Rule
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Blaise Pascal In 1642 Blaise Pascal, at the age of 19, he
invented the Pascaline as an aid for his father who was a tax
collector. Pascal built 50 of this gear- driven one-function
calculator (it could only add) but couldn't sell many because of
their exorbitant cost and because they really weren't that accurate
(at that time it was not possible to fabricate gears with the
required precision).
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Pascaline or Pascal Calculator It can be called Arithmatique
Machine The first calculator or adding machine to be produced in
any quantity and actually used. It was designed and built by the
French mathematician- philosopher Blaise Pascal between 1642 and
1644. It could only do addition and subtraction, with numbers being
entered by manipulating its dials.
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A 6 digit model for those who couldn't afford the 8 digit
model
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A Pascaline opened up so you can observe the gears and
cylinders which rotated to display the numerical result
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Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (July 1, 1646 November 14, 1716) A
German mathematician and philosopher. He occupies a prominent place
in the history of mathematics and the history of philosophy.
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Stepped Reckoner The Step Reckoner (or Stepped Reckoner) was a
digital mechanical calculator invented by German mathematician
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz around 1672 and completed in 1694.
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Stepped Reckoner
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Joseph Marie Jacquard (7 July 1752 7 August 1834) A French
weaver and merchant. He played an important role in the development
of the earliest programmable loom (the "Jacquard loom"), which in
turn played an important role in the development of other
programmable machines, such as computers.
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The Jacquard Loom A mechanical loom, invented by Joseph Marie
Jacquard, first demonstrated in 1801, that simplifies the process
of manufacturing textiles with complex patterns such as brocade,
damask and matelasse. The loom was controlled by a "chain of
cards", a number of punched cards, laced together into a continuous
sequence.
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Jacquard's Loom showing the threads and the punched cards
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By selecting particular cards for Jacquard's loom you defined
the woven pattern
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A close-up of a Jacquard card
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This tapestry was woven by a Jacquard loom
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Charles Babbage (26 December 1791 18 October 1871) By 1822 the
English mathematician Charles Babbage was proposing a steam driven
calculating machine the size of a room, which he called the
Difference Engine. This machine would be able to compute tables of
numbers, such as logarithm tables.
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Babbages Differential Engine Designed to automate a standard
procedure for calculating roots of polynomials
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A small section of the type of mechanism employed in Babbage's
Difference Engine
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The Analytical Engine It was a proposed mechanical
general-purpose computer designed by English mathematician Charles
Babbage.
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Babbages Analytical Engine 2 main parts: the Store where
numbers are held and the Mill where they were woven into new
results 2 main parts: the Store where numbers are held and the Mill
where they were woven into new results
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Ada Lovelace Augusta Ada Byron, Lady Lovelace (10 December 1815
27 November 1852) English mathematician and writer chiefly known
for her work on Charles Babbage's early mechanical general purpose
computer, the Analytical Engine. Referred to as the First
Programmer
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Herman Hollerith (February 29, 1860 November 17, 1929) An
American statistician and inventor who developed a mechanical
tabulator based on punched cards to rapidly tabulate statistics
from millions of pieces of data. He was the founder of the
Tabulating Machine Company that later merged to become IBM.
Hollerith is widely regarded as the father of modern automatic
computation.
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Hollerith machine
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The first automatic data processing system. It was used to
count the 1890 U.S. census. Developed by Herman Hollerith, a
statistician who had worked for the Census Bureau, the system used
a hand punch to record the data as holes in dollar-bill-sized punch
cards and a tabulating machine to count them. The tabulating
machine contained a spring-loaded pin for each potential hole in
the card. When a card was placed in the reader and the handle was
pushed down, the pins that passed through the holes closed
electrical circuits causing counters to be incremented and a lid in
the sorting box to open.
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More Detail Each card was placed into this reader. When the
handle was pushed down, the data registered on the analog
dials.
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Hollerith's Keypunch Machine All 62 million Americans were
counted by punching holes into a card from the census forms.
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EARLY DEVELOPMENTS IN ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING
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Mark I developed by Howard Aiken at Harvard University
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Mark I Official name was Automatic Sequence Controlled
Calculator. Could perform the 4 basic arithmetic operations.
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ENIAC Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator developed
by John Presper Eckert Jr. and John Mauchly 1 st large-scale
vacuum-tube computer
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EDVAC Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer Developed
by John Von Neumann a modified version of the ENIAC employed binary
arithmetic has stored program capability
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EDSAC Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator built by
Maurice Wilkes during the year 1949 one of the first stored-program
machine computers and one of the first to use binary digits
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UNIVAC Universal Automatic Computer Developed by George Gray in
Remington Rand Corp. Manufactured as the first commercially
available first generation computer.
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IBM International Business Machines By 1960, IBM was the
dominant force in the market of large mainframe computers
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IBM 650 built in the year 1953 by IBM and marked the dominance
of IBM in the computer industry.
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IBM 701 IBMs 1st commercial business computer
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GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER
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FIRST GENERATION (1946-1959) Vacuum tube based The use vacuum
tubes in place of relays as a means of storing data in memory and
the use of storedprogram concept. It requires 3.5 KW of electricity
per day to keep the vacuum tubes running
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Per Day : 3.5 KW Per Week : 24.5 KW Per Month : 122.5 KW Per
Year : 1,470 KW
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WHO INVENT THE VACUUM TUBES? First invented by a British
scientist named John A. Fleming in 1919, although Edison had made
some diScoveries while working on the lightbulb. The vacuum tube
was improved by Lee DeForest.
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Vacuum Tubes
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The main features of First Generation are: Vacuum tube
technology Unreliable Supported Machine language only Very costly
Generate lot of heat Slow Input/Output device Huge size Need of
A.C. Non-portable Consumed lot of electricity
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Some computers of this generation were: ENIAC EDVAC UNIVAC
IBM-701
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First Generation(1951-1959) 1951: Mauchly and Eckert built the
UNIVAC I, the first computer designed and sold commercially,
specifically for business data-processing applications. 1950s : Dr.
Grace Murray Hopper developed the UNIVAC I compiler. 1957 : The
programming language FORTRAN (Formula Translator) was designed by
John Backus, an IBM engineer.
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SECOND GENERATION (1959-1965) This generation using the
transistor were cheaper, consumed less power, more compact in size,
more reliable and faster than the first generation machines made of
vacuum tubes. In this generation, magnetic cores were used as
primary memory and magnetic tape and magnetic disks as secondary
storage devices.
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WHO INVENTED THE TRANSISTORS? The first transistor was invented
at Bell Laboratories on December 16, 1947 by William Shockley
(seated at Brattain's laboratory bench), John Bardeen (left) and
Walter Brattain (right).
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The main features of Second Generation are: Use of transistors
Reliable as compared to First generation computers Smaller size as
compared to First generation computers Generate less heat as
compared to First generation computers Consumed less electricity as
compared to First generation computers Faster than first generation
computers Still very costly A.C. needed Support machine and
assembly languages
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Some computers of this generation were: IBM 1620 IBM 7094 CDC
1604 CDC 3600 UNIVAC 1108
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Second Generation (1959-1965) 1960s : Gene Amdahl designed the
IBM System/360 series of mainframe (G) computers, the first
general-purpose digital computers to use integrated circuits. 1961:
Dr. Hopper was instrumental in developing the COBOL (Common
Business Oriented Language) programming language. 1963 : Ken Olsen,
founder of DEC, produced the PDP-I, the first minicomputer (G).
1965 : BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code)
programming language developed by Dr. Thomas Kurtz and Dr. John
Kemeny.
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THIRD GENERATION (1965-1971) Integrated Circuits (IC's) in
place of transistors A single IC has many transistors, resistors
and capacitors along with the associated circuitry. Integrated
solidstate circuitry, improved secondary storage devices and new
input/output devices were the most important advances in this
generation.
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The main features of Third Generation are: IC used More
reliable Smaller size Generate less heat Faster Lesser maintenance
Still costly A.C. needed Consumed lesser electricity Support
high-level language
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WHO INVENT THE IC? The idea of integrating electronic circuits
into a single device was born, when the German physicist and
engineer Werner Jacobi (de) developed and patented the first known
integrated transistor amplifier in 1949 and the British radio
engineer Geoffrey Dummer proposed to integrate a variety of
standard electronic components in a monolithic semiconductor
crystal in 1952. A year later, Harwick Johnson filed a patent for a
prototype integrated circuit (IC).
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Some computers of this generation were: IBM-360 series
Honeywell-6000 series PDP (Personal Data Processor) IBM-370/168
TDC-316
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1969 : The Internet is started. 1970 : Dr. Ted Hoff developed
the famous Intel 4004 microprocessor (G) chip. 1971 : Intel
released the first microprocessor, a specialized integrated circuit
which was able to process four bits of data at a time. It also
included its own arithmetic logic unit. PASCAL, a structured
programming language, was developed by Niklaus Wirth.
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FOURTH GENERATION (1971-1980) Very-large-scale integration
(VLSI) VLSI circuits having about 5000 transistors and other
circuit elements and their associated circuits on a single chip
made it possible to have microcomputers of fourth generation.
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Fourth Generation computers became more powerful, compact,
reliable, and affordable. As a result, it gave rise to personal
computer (PC) revolution. In this generation, Remote processing,
Time-sharing, Real-time, Multi- programming Operating System were
used. All the higher level languages like C and C++, DBASE, etc.,
were used in this generation.
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The main features of Fourth Generation are: VLSI technology
used Very cheap Portable and reliable Use of PC's Very small size
Pipeline processing No A.C. needed Concept of internet was
introduced Great developments in the fields of networks Computers
became easily available
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Some computers of this generation were: DEC 10 STAR 1000 PDP 11
CRAY-1 (Super Computer) CRAY-X-MP (Super Computer)
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Fourth Generation (1971-Present) 1975 : Ed Roberts, the "father
of the microcomputer" designed the first microcomputer, the Altair
8800, which was produced by Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry
Systems (MITS). The same year, two young hackers, William Gates and
Paul Allen approached MITS and promised to deliver a BASIC
compiler. So they did and from the sale, Microsoft was born. 1976 :
Cray developed the Cray-I supercomputer (G). Apple Computer, Inc
was founded by Steven Jobs and Stephen Wozniak. 1977 : Jobs and
Wozniak designed and built the first Apple II microcomputer. 1970 :
1980: IBM offers Bill Gates the opportunity to develop the
operating system for its new IBM personal computer. Microsoft has
achieved tremendous growth and success today due to the development
of MS-DOS. Apple III was also released. 1981 : The IBM PC was
introduced with a 16-bit microprocessor. 1984 : Apple introduced
the Macintosh computer, which incorporated a unique graphical
interface, making it easy to use. The same year, IBM released the
286-AT. 1986 : Compaq released the DeskPro 386 computer, the first
to use the 80036 microprocessor. 1987 : IBM announced the OS/2
operating-system technology. 1988 : A nondestructive worm was
introduced into the Internet network bringing thousands of
computers to a halt. 1989 : The Intel 486 became the world's first
1,000,000 transistor microprocessor. 1993s: The Energy Star
program, endorsed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA),
encouraged manufacturers to build computer equipment that met power
consumption guidelines. When guidelines are met, equipment displays
the Energy Star logo. The same year, Several companies introduced
computer systems using the Pentium microprocessor from Intel that
contains 3.1 million transistors and is able to perform 112 million
instructions per second (MIPS).
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FIFTH GENERATION Present and Beyond: Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence is the branch of computer science concerned
with making computers behave like humans. The term was coined in
1956 by John McCarthy at the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology.
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Artificial intelligence includes: Games Playing Games Playing
programming computers to play games such as chess and
checkers.
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Fifth Generation(Present-Beyond) Fifth generation computing
devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in
development, though there are some applications, such as voice
recognition, that are being used today. The use of parallel
processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial
intelligence a reality. Quantum computation and molecular and
nanotechnology will radically change the face of computers in years
to come. The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop
devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of
learning and self-organization.
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FEATURES OF FIRST GENERATION 1. Use of vacuum tubes 2. Big
& Clumsy 3. High Electricity Consumption 4. Programming in
Mechanical Language 5. Larger AC were needed 6. Lot of electricity
failure occured FEATURES OF SECOND GENERATION 1. Transistors were
used 2. Core Memory was developed 3. Faster than First Generation
computers 4. First Operating System was developed 5. Programming
was in Machine Language & Aseembly Language 6. Magnetic tapes
& discs were used 7. Computers became smaller in size than the
First Generation computers 8. Computers consumed less heat &
consumed less electricity THIRD GENERATION FEATURES 1. Integrated
circuits developed 2. Power consumption was low 3. SSI & MSI
Technology was used 4. High level languages were used FOURTH
GENERATION COMPUTERS 1. LSI & VLSI Technology used 2.
Development of Portable Computers 3. RAID Technology of data
storage 4. Used in virtual reality, multimedia, simulation 5.
Computers started in use for Data Communication 6. Different types
of memories with very high accessing speed & storage capacity
FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTERS 1. Used in parallel processing 2. Used
superconductors 3. Used in speech recognition 4. Used in
intelligent robots 5. Used in artificial intelligence
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The Components of a Computer Processors Memory Storage devices
Input/Output devices
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102 The Components of a Computer What is an input device?
Hardware used to enter data and instructions Input devices
KKeyboard MMouse SScanner DDigital camera
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103 The Components of a Computer What is an output device?
Hardware that conveys information to a user Output Devices Monitor
(VDU) Printer Speakers
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104 The Components of a Computer What is the system unit?
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105 What is the magical inside the black box? CPU Memory card
Sound Card Video Card Storage Units Power Supply
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107 The Components of a Computer What are two main components
on the motherboard? Central Processing Unit (CPU) It determines how
fast your computer will run and is measured by its GHz or MHz speed
Carries out instructions that tell computer what to do In a
microcomputer, the entire CPU is contained on a tiny chip called
microprocessor. The chip has at least two basic parts: The control
unit The arithmetic and logic unit INTEL, AMD, VIA
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Memory Temporary holding place for data and instructions Most
common type of memory is called Random Access Memory (RAM). The
Components of a Computer
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RAM The RAM (Random Access Memory) is where the operating
system is loaded and also where your applications are copied to
when you load an application, such as a word processor or database
program. The Components of a Computer
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ROM The ROM-BIOS (Read Only Memory - Basic Input Output System)
chip is a special chip held on your computer's system (mother)
board. The Components of a Computer
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How Computer Memory Is Measured Bit All computers work on a
binary numbering system, i.e. they process data in ones or zeros.
This 1 or 0 level of storage is called a bit Byte A byte consists
of eight bits
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How Computer Memory Is Measured Byte A byte consists of eight
bits Kilobyte A kilobyte (KB) consists of 1024 bytes Megabyte A
megabyte (MB) consists of 1024 kilobytes Gigabyte A gigabyte (GB)
consists of 1024 megabytes Terabyte A terabyte (TB) consists of
1024 gigabytes
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113 The Components of a Computer What is storage? Storage media
Physical material on which data, instructions, and information are
stored Storage media Physical material on which data, instructions,
and information are stored Storage device Records and retrieves
items to and from a storage medium Storage device Records and
retrieves items to and from a storage medium Holds data,
instructions, and information for future use
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114 Storage device What is a floppy disk? Thin, circular,
flexible disk enclosed in rigid plastic shell A Zip disk looks
similar but has much greater storage capability (=170 floppy
disk)
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Memory Storage Devices Diskette (Floppy Disk) Speed: Very slow!
Capacity: Normally 1.44 Mbytes Cost: Very cheap
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Memory Storage Devices Zip Disk Speed: Slower than normal hard
disks but ideal for backups. Capacity: 100 or 250 Megabytes. Cost:
You have to consider both the cost of the drive, plus the cost of
each disk that you wish to use in the drive. Often suppliers will
sell the drive plus a pack of 5 disks at a bundled discount
price.
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117 The Components of a Computer What is a hard disk? Hard
disks are the main, large data storage area within your computer
They are used to store your operating system, your application
programs (i.e. your word processor, games etc) and your data
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Memory Storage Devices Hard Disk Speed: Very fast! The speed of
a hard disk is often quoted as "average access time" speed,
measured in milliseconds.. Capacity: Enormous! Often in excess of
80 Gigabytes. A Gigabyte is equivalent to 1024 Megabytes. Cost:
Hard disks costs are falling rapidly and normally represent the
cheapest way of storing data.
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119 The Components of a Computer What is a compact disc? Flat,
round, portable metal disc CD-ROM CD-RW Capacity: 673~768 MB
DVD-ROM DVD+RW Capacity:4.7 ~ 17.1 GB
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120 The Components of a Computer What is miniature storage
media? Digital cameras Handheld computers Portable, thin memory
cards used in:
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Input and Output Devices Input devices accept data and
instructions from user
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Devices for Inputting Data The Mouse Used to drive Windows The
Keyboard The keyboard is still the commonest way of entering
information into a computer Trackball an alternative to the
traditional mouse and often used by graphic designers
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Devices for Inputting Data Scanner A scanner allows you to scan
printed material and convert it into a file format that may be used
within the PC Touchpad A device that lays on the desktop and
responds to pressure Light Pen Used to allow users to point to
areas on a screen Joystick Many games require a joystick for the
proper playing of the game
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Digital camera This produces a digital picture file that can be
printed, sent via e-mail or posted to a web page A webcam enables
moving images to be viewed in real time via the internet Microphone
A device that allows sound signals to be converted into digital
files that may be stored on the computer Devices for Inputting
Data
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Common Output Devices Monitor (VDU) The computer screen is used
for outputting information in an understandable format for humans
Printers There are many different types of printers
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Plotters A plotter is an output device similar to a printer,
but normally allows you to print larger images Speakers Enhances
the value of educational and presentation products Speech
synthesisers Gives you the ability to not only to display text on a
monitor but also to read the text to you Common Output Devices
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Input/Output Devices Touchscreens Contact with the screen by
means of a digit provides the input by making a selection The
result is then displayed on the screen in the form of information
or gives a menu from which further choices may be made Try the
exercise on input and output devices!
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128 Why Is a Computer So Powerful? What makes a computer
powerful? Speed Reliability Accuracy Storage Communications
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Understand the Basic Concepts of Hardware, Software and
Information Technology (IT). Hardware The term hardware refers to
the physical parts of a computer such as the system unit, mouse,
keyboard, monitor etc Software The software is the set of
instructions that make the computer behave in a given way
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Hardware ~ Computer Physical parts of a computer, including
digital electronic circuitry. Devices for input, processing, and
output. Software ~ Program Introduced by John W. Tukey in 1958. A
program that enables a computer to perform a specific task, as
opposed to the hardware.
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132 Computer Software How do you install and run a software
program? Step 1. Insert the program disc into the CD-ROM drive Step
2. Install the software program by instruction in the disc, then
run the program Step 3. The program executes A program is a series
of instructions that tells the computer what to do
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133 Computer Software What is a graphical user interface (GUI)?
Allows you to interact with the software using graphics and
icons
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134 Computer Software What is system software? Operating System
(OS) Operating System (OS) is a set of programs that coordinates
all activities among computer hardware devices and allows users to
run application software Utility Programs Utility Programs allow
the user to perform maintenance-type tasks usually related to
managing a computer, its devices or its programs Programs that
control the operations of the computer and its devices
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135 Computer Software What is application software?
Presentation Graphics Spreadsheet Database Word Processing Programs
that perform specific tasks for users Suite Popular software
applications bundled together as a single unit
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List Some Common Software Applications Word processing
applications Microsoft Word Lotus Word Pro WordPerfect Spreadsheets
Microsoft Excel Lotus 123 Database Microsoft Access Lotus
Approach
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List Some Common Software Applications Payroll Sage software
Presentation tools Microsoft PowerPoint Lotus Freelance Desktop
publishing Microsoft Publisher Abode Photoshop Multimedia
applications Microsoft's Encarta CD-ROM based encyclopaedias
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138 Computer Software What is a programmer? Someone who
develops application or system software Programmer writes
instructions to direct computer to process data into
information
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Distinguish Between Main-frame Computer, Network Computer, PC,
Laptop and Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) Make sure you
understand the following terms: Mainframe computer Network computer
Personal computer Laptop computer Personal Digital Assistant
(PDA)
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140 Categories of Computers What are the categories of
computers? Personal computers (desktop) Mobile computers and mobile
devices Midrange servers Mainframe computers Supercomputers
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141 Personal Computers What are the two most popular series of
personal computers? PC and compatibles use the Windows operating
system Apple Macintosh uses the Macintosh operating system (Mac
OS)
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142 Personal Computers What is a desktop computer? Designed so
all of the components fit on or under a desk or table
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143 Personal Computers What is a notebook computer? Portable,
small enough to fit on your lap(2 lbs to 9 lbs ) Also called a
laptop Generally more expensive than a desktop computer
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144 Handheld Computers What is a tablet PC? Resembles a
letter-sized slate Allows you to write on the screen using a stylus
Smaller version is the modular computer What are Web-enabled
handheld computers? Allow you to check e-mail and access the
Internet Web-enabled telephone is a smart phone
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145 Handheld Computers What is a personal digital assistant
(PDA)? Provides personal organizer functions Calendar Appointment
book Address book Calculator Notepad
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146 Smart Phones What is a smart phone? Combination of
phone&tablet pc&Camera Call, SMS, MMS Video, Camera
Calendar Appointment book Address book Calculator Notepad
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147 Servers What types of servers are there? Midrange server
Powerful, large computer that supports up to a few thousand
computers Mainframe Very powerful, expensive computer that supports
thousands of computers Supercomputer The fastest, most powerful,
most expensive computer. Used for applications requiring complex
mathematical calculations
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Supercomputers Supercomputers are the most powerful computers.
They are used to process huge amounts of data, model of complex
processes and simulate the processes. Nuclear fission Air pollution
Weather forecast Astrophysics Fluid dynamics Genetic Chess Breaking
ciphers
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Mainframes Mainframe computer is the largest type computer in
use. Large memory, storage, I/O. Transactions Accounting ERP
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Minicomputers The capabilities of a minicomputer lies somewhere
between those of mainframes and those of microcomputer. But they
can handle more I/O and/or more terminals. Obsoleted by
microcomputer.
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Microcomputers The least powerful, but most widely used. The
term microcomputer and personal computer are interchangeable. PCs
are intented to be operated by end users. Size, price, capabilities
are right for individuals. Fastest growing ~ microprocessors,
memory chips, and storage devices keep making gains in speed and
capacity, while physical size and price remain stable or in some
cases are reduced.
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152 Examples of Computer Usage What are five categories of
computer users? HomeSmall Office/ Home Office (SOHO) Mobile Large
BusinessPower
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153 Examples of Computer Usage What software is available for a
home user? Web access Entertainment Communications Personal finance
management
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154 Examples of Computer Usage Local area network (LAN)
Productivity software Specialty software Web usage E-mail What
software is available for a small office/home office (SOHO)
user?
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155 Hardware Examples of Computer Usage What is available for a
mobile user? Software Productivity Presentation Personal
information manager Notebook computers Handheld computers
Web-enabled cellular phones
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156 Examples of Computer Usage What are the needs of the large
business user? Web access Public kiosk Telecommuting Network
Productivity software Scheduling
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157 Examples of Computer Usage What are the needs of a power
user? Speed and large amounts of storage Types of power users
Engineers Architects Desktop publishers Graphic artists
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158 Computer Applications in Society What are some examples of
computer applications in society? Education Finance Government
Healthcare Science Publishing Travel Industry
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159 One type is a modem Networks and the Internet What is a
network? Enables a connection between computers Cables Cellular
radio Telephone lines Satellites Communications Media
Communications Device Collection of computers and devices connected
together
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160 To share Networks and the Internet Why do we need network?
Resources Hardware devices Software programs Data To save time and
money Information
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Local Area Networks (LAN) and Wide Area Networks (WAN) LAN A
LAN (Local Area Network) is a system whereby individual PCs are
connected together within a company or organization WAN A WAN (Wide
Area Network) as the name implies allows you to connect to other
computers over a wider area (i.e. the whole world)
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Intranet & Extranet Intranet An intranet is a private
network that is contained within an enterprise The main purpose of
an intranet is to share company information and computing resources
among employees Extranet An extranet is a private network that uses
the Internet protocol and the public telecommunication system to
securely share part of a business's information or operations with
suppliers, vendors, partners, customers, or other businesses An
extranet requires security and privacy.
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Networks and the Internet What is a server? Manages the
resources on a network A client accesses the resources on the
server 163
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164 Networks and the Internet What is the Internet? Worldwide
collection of networks that connects millions of computers
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165 Networks and the Internet Why do users access the Internet?
2.Information 3.Shopping 4.Banking and Investing 5.Classes
6.Entertainment 1.Communications
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166 Networks and the Internet What is the World Wide Web (WWW)?
A Web site is a collection of related Web pages A Web page contains
text, graphics, sound, video, and links to other Web pages You can
share information by creating Web pages or posting photos on a
photo community Billions of documents, called Web pages, available
to anyone connected to the Internet
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Telephone Network in Computing PSTN Public Switched Telephone
Network is simply the technical name for the telephone system in
use today ISDN Stands for "Integrated Services Digital Network."
ISDN dates back to 1984, and allows much faster transfer rates than
when using modems. Using ISDN, you can transfer 64K or 128K of data
per second
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Telephone Network in Computing ADSL Asymmetric Digital
Subscriber Line is a technology for transmitting digital
information at a high bandwidth on existing phone lines to homes
and businesses ADSL provides continuously-available, "always on"
connection ADSL is asymmetric in that it uses most of the channel
to transmit downstream to the user and only a small part to receive
information from the user ADSL simultaneously accommodates analogue
(voice) information on the same line
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Telephone Network in Computing and Understand the Terminology
Digital vs. Analogue A digital system uses 1 or 0 to transmit data
or to represent data. Thus a digital clock will display whole
seconds, whole minutes and whole hours An analogue system, such as
a traditional clock, does not use multiples of 1 or 0, but rather
uses the full range of numbers, including fractions. In this way an
analogue clock can display fractions of a second Baud rate The baud
rate tells you how fast a modem can send/receive data. Most modern
modems have a maximum baud rate of 56 Kilobits per second
(Kb/sec)
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Telephone Network in Computing and Understand the Terminology
Modem Short for MODulate/DEModulate. The modem sends information
from your computer across the telephone system The modem at the
other end of the phone line, converts the signal back into a format
that can be used by the receiving computer
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Telephone Network in Computing and Understand the Terminology
Transfer rate In data communications, bits per second (bps) is a
common measure of data speed for computer modems and transmission
carriers The speed in bps is equal to the number of bits
transmitted or received each second One kilobit per second
(abbreviated to kbps) is equal to 1,000 bps Computer (dial-up)
modems usually operate at 57.6 kbps ADSL services offer 256 or 512
Kbps (or faster)
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A virus is a piece of programming code usually disguised as
something else that causes some unexpected and usually undesirable
event Some viruses are playful in intent and effect and some can be
harmful, erasing data or causing your hard disk to require
reformatting Computer Viruses
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Generally, there are three main classes of viruses: 1.File
infectors Some file infector viruses attach themselves to program
files Some can infect any program for which execution is requested
Other file infector viruses arrive as wholly-contained programs or
scripts sent as an attachment to an e- mail note Computer
Viruses
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types of virus Generally, there are three main classes of
viruses: 2. System or boot-record infectors These viruses infect
executable code found in certain system areas on a disk They attach
to the DOS boot sector on diskettes or the Master Boot Record on
hard disks
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types of virus Generally, there are three main classes of
viruses: 3. Macro viruses These are among the most common viruses,
and they tend to do the least damage Macro viruses infect your
Microsoft Word application and typically insert unwanted words or
phrases
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types of virus Generally, there are three main classes of
viruses: 3. Macro viruses These are among the most common viruses,
and they tend to do the least damage Macro viruses infect your
Microsoft Word application and typically insert unwanted words or
phrases
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types of virus A Trojan horse is a program in which malicious
or harmful code is contained inside apparently harmless programming
or data in such a way that it can get control and do its chosen
form of damage, such as ruining the file allocation table on your
hard disk A Trojan horse may be widely redistributed as part of a
computer virus
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types of virus A worm is a self-replicating virus that does not
alter files but resides in active memory and duplicates itself
Slide 179
when and how viruses can enter a computer system As a file
attached to an e-mail message Via instant messengers such as AOL,
Yahoo!, MSN and Windows Messenger On an infected diskette As a
download via the internet By hackers gaining access to your
computer via a communications port
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anti-virus measures Do not open e-mail attachments unless they
are from a trusted source Install a firewall program such as
ZoneAlarm (free from www.zonelabs.com) Buy anti-virus software that
can screen e-mail attachments Keep anti-virus software up to date
on a weekly basis Schedule regular virus scans of hard drives
Install all the critical Windows updates from Microsoft Be aware of
hoax e-mail warnings
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what to do when a virus infects a computer Viruses should be
detected by up to date anti-virus software The software will
normally attempt to repair (or disinfect) the file, delete it or
quarantine it Virus removal tools can be downloaded via the
internet (e.g. from www.symantec.com)