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STATUS REPORT !Sanitation Conditions in Madanpur Khadar February, 2015 !! “Sani tat ion Beyond Sewers” B.4- Status Report on the Sanitation Conditions of Madanpur Khadar.
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Table&of&contents!
For more information on FORCE visit our website: www.force.org.in
FORCE–C-8/8035, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi–110070.T: 11 46018754 M: 09899812888 email
F O R C EForum for Organised Resource Conservation and Enhancement
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1. Introduction!!
2. Methodology!!
3. Urban!planning!in!Delhi!a. Brief!overview!b. Slum!relocation!
!4. Sanitation!norms!
a. Responsible!bodies!b. Norms!and!actual!provisions!
DToilets!DSolid!waste!management!DDrains!DGender!sensitivity!of!norms!
!5. !Madanpur!Khadar!
a. Overview!b. B2!block!
!6. Current!status!!
a. Toilets!$ Community!Toilet!Complexes!$ Household!$ Gender!perspective!
b. Solid!waste!$ Gender!Perspective!
c. Garbage!$ Gender!Perspective!
!7. Conclusion!
a. FORCE’s!impact!b. Recommendations!!
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!1.#Introduction!
! 3!
Sanitation!conditions!in!resettlement!colonies!have!been!a!resurgent!topic!of!academic!and!
technocratic!discussion,!particularly!in!regards!to!how!they!rarely!surpass!those!of!the!informal!
settlements!from!which!their!residents!are!relocated.!This!situation!further!complicates!itself!
when!the!resettlement!colonies!are!located!by!the!Yamuna!riverbed,!which!is!extremely!
contaminated!as!it!continues!to!be!used!as!a!public!waste!site!for!Delhi’s!growing!population.!
This!report!will!focus!on!Madanpur!Khadar,!a!resettlement!colony!in!South!West!Delhi.!More!
specifically,!it!will!be!looking!at!Madanpur!Khadar’s!B2!block,!where!FORCE!has!been!working!for!
two!years!on!improving!sanitation!!infrastructure!and!conditions.!FORCE!have!also!been!
mobilising!women!and!teenagers!!to!work!within!their!community!with!the!aim!of!raising!
awareness,!organising!to!influence!public!policy!and!creating!a!sense!of!empowerment!and!
accountability!among!the!residents.!
This!report!will!first!give!an!introduction!to!the!history!of!urban!planning!in!Delhi!in!recent!
decades!and!the!practice!of!slum!relocation.!It!will!then!provide!an!overview!of!Madanpur!
Khadar,!before!concentrating!on!B2!Block!in!greater!detail.!!The!report!concentrates!on!B2!as!this!
allows!a!more!manageable,!in!depth!analysis.!Moreover,!FORCE’s!experience!and!community!
reach!is!stronger!in!this!block!than!in!other!parts!of!the!colony,!facilitating!reliable!research!and!
data!collection.!!
After!the!overview!of!B2!Block!there!will!be!an!analysis!of!the!sanitation!facilities!and!conditions!
in!the!area.!Finally,!the!experience!of!FORCE!in!B2!Block!will!be!evaluated,!looking!at!the!nature!
of!their!impact!in!the!sanitation!conditions,!evaluating!which!strategies!were!successful!and!
identifying!the!areas!that!still!need!to!be!worked!on.!
!
!
2.#Methodology!
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!
The!sources!of!data!for!this!report!could!be!divided!into!three!categories:!
!
! Focus!group!discussions.!
Two!large!focus!group!discussions!were!organised!in!B2!Block!for!the!purpose!of!obtaining!
qualitative!data!for!this!report.!One!of!them!was!directed!at!boy!children!and!the!other!one!at!
girl!children!and!women,!both!comprising!of!10D15!participants.!The!discussions!were!carefully!
guided!through!the!required!topics,!lasting!between!one!and!two!hours!in!each!case.!The!
discussions!were!recorded!by!a!videographer,!after!which!a!transcript!and!a!translation!were!
produced.!
A!third!focus!group!discussion,!this!one!smaller,!was!organised!with!5!women,!focusing!more!
strongly!than!the!previous!on!the!topic!of!menstrual!management.!After!this,!the!women!
accompanied!us!to!a!Community!Toilet!Complex!and!gave!us!a!detailed!account!of!their!how!
they!experience!the!facility,!how!well!adapted!it!is!to!their!needs!and!what!changes!they!would!
recommend.!
!
! Participatory!photography!activity!
A!photography!workshop!was!held!with!boy!children!of!FORCE’s!children!group,!after!which!they!
were!divided!into!three!groups.!Each!group!was!given!a!camera!and!assigned!a!theme!related!to!
sanitation.!The!children!were!given!two!weeks!to!complete!a!photo!story!on!their!respective!
themes,!and!the!winning!team!was!rewarded.!
The!purpose!of!this!activity!was!to!involve!the!community!into!the!documentation!process,!to!
obtain!visual!documentation!from!the!children’s!perspective,!and!to!empower!the!children!with!
a!new!skill!and!interest.!The!children’s!photographs!have!been!used!throughout!this!report.!
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!
! Survey!
Finally!a!survey!was!conducted!to!monitor!the!gender!disaggregated!user!numbers!of!one!of!the!
Community!Toilet!Complexes.!A!person!stood!by!the!entrance!throughout!the!whole!day!
(excluding!the!toilet’s!closing!time),!counting!the!men,!women!and!children!that!used!the!toilets!
during!particular!periods!of!the!day.!
!
Additionally,!previous!surveys!carried!out!by!FORCE!were!also!used,!particularly!to!measure!the!
transition!of!B2!block!overtime:!the!baseline!survey!carried!out!in!2012,!and!the!end!line!survey!
carried!out!in!2014.!
!3.#Urban&planning&in&Delhi!
a.!Overview!!With!India’s!rapid!urbanisation,!cities!play!a!vital!role!in!the!economic!development!of!the!
country.!As!the!largest!commercial!centre!of!the!North,!Delhi!attracts!an!immense,!constant!flow!
of!migrants.!In!the!four!years!after!independence!Delhi’s!population!grew!from!0.7!million!to!1.7!
million.!Today,!population!growth!remains!extremely!highD!for!several!years!the!average!rate!has!
been!of!1000!persons!per!day!(Saini,!2009).!!
!
This!growth!places!a!great!deal!of!pressure!on!the!city’s!infrastructural!development.!As!a!result!
much!of!this!development!is!haphazard!and!unplanned,!leading!to!serious!consequences!on!
Delhi’s!environmental!conditions!and!the!quality!of!life!of!its!inhabitants,!particularly!the!poor.!
Currently!only!25%!of!people!live!in!planned!settlements!while!the!rest!live!in!substandard!
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housing.!49%!live!in!slums!and!unauthorised!colonies!(Times!of!India,!Oct!4!2012),!whilst!around!
18%!live!in!resettlement!colonies.!!
!
In!1955,!the!Delhi!Development!Authority!was!formed!in!1955!to!deal!with!this!rapid!
urbanisation.!Currently!the!governance!structure!regarding!Delhi’s!urbanisation!is!complexD!it!is!
monitored!by!national,!state!and!local!bodies,!all!of!which!have!overlapping!responsibilities.!!
b.!Slum!relocation!!
!
Figure'1.'Relocation'of'clusters'to'the'peripheries'of'the'city.'(Bhatia!and!Puri,!2009:7)!
!
During!Indira!Gandhi’s!Emergency!Period!(1975D77),!7,00,000!poor!people!were!evicted!from!
their!homes!and!their!protests!brutally!repressed!(Dupont,!2008:79).!
This!provoked!public!uproar,!and!as!a!result!the!practice!of!slum!relocation!was!abandoned!for!
two!decades.!
! 7!
Around!1!million!workers!migrated!into!Delhi!for!the!construction!of!infrastructure!for!the!1982!
Asian!Games,!and!stayed!as!informal!settlers,!many!of!them!on!the!river!bank.!By!2004,!almost!
3,50,000!poor!settlers!were!living!along!the!Yamuna!in!Delhi!(Baviskar,!2011:!48).!With!the!help!
of!NGOs,!these!settlements!soon!boasted!their!own!businesses,!schools!and!clinics.!Thus,!the!
Yamuna!Pushta!became!densely!populated!with!settlements!which,!though!illegal!and!unseen!by!
the!rest!of!the!public,!were!nevertheless!economically!and!culturally!vibrant.!
In!the!beginning!of!the!new!millennium,!the!Delhi!High!Court!ordered!the!demolition!of!the!
Yamuna!Pushta!informal!settlements!on!the!basis!that!they!were!polluting!the!river!and!
encroaching!on!government!land.!!Between!the!years!2000!and!2004,!an!estimated!8,00,000!
people!from!the!capital!were!displaced(Baviskar,!2011).!
4.#Sanitation'norms!
a.!Responsible!bodies!!There!is!a!multiplicity!of!agencies!in!Delhi!handling!different!elements,!often!with!overlapping!
responsibilities,!sometimes!leading!to!confusion!and!lack!of!accountability.!
The!Delhi!Jal!Board!(DJB)!is!responsible!for!the!production!and!distribution!of!water!as!well!as!the!
collection,!treatment!and!disposal!of!sewerage.!
Three!agencies!are!responsible!for!solid!waste!managementD!the!Municipal!Corporation!of!Delhi!
(MCD),!the!New!Delhi!Municipal!Council!(NDMC)!and!the!Delhi!Cantonment!Board!(DCB).!An!area!
of!Delhi!is!allocated!to!each!agency,!and!Madanpur!Khadar!falls!within!the!area!allocated!to!the!
MCD.!
!
Within!the!MCD,!it!is!the!Department!of!Environment!Management!Services!(DEMS).!The!area!
under!the!MCD!has!been!divided!into!12!zones,!and!there!is!a!Sanitary!Superintendent!who!leads!
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the!DEMS!in!each!zone,!with!a!full!team!under!his!supervision.!The!MCD!has!also!created!a!
Sanitation!Taskforce!in!each!zone,!with!8!safai%karamcharis,!equipped!with!a!refuse!removal!
truck!and!other!adequate!equipment.!!
b.!Norms!!The!National!Urban!Sanitation!Policy!(NUSP)!states!that!“Every!urban!dweller!should!be!provided!
with!minimum!levels!of!sanitation,!irrespective!of!the!legal!status!of!the!land!in!which!he/she!is!
dwelling,!possession!of!identity!proof!or!status!of!migration”!(Ministry!of!Urban!Development,!
2014:14).!The!importance!of!operation!and!maintenance!is!also!highlighted,!particularly!the!role!
of!NGOs!and!community!groups!is!managing!these!processes.!
Toilets%!As!part!of!the!Open!Defecation!Free!Delhi!Slum!Policy,!the!NUSP!claims!that!all!slum!dwellers!
must!have!access!to!clean,!functional,!community!driven!toilets.!This!includes!making!sure!that!
sanitation!infrastructure!is!available,!accessible!and!well!kept.!It!promotes!awareness!generation!
and!behaviour!change,!as!well!as!safe!disposal!of!faecal!matter!and!sustainability!planning!(MUD,!
2014).!
Though!there!are!many!contradicting!statements!from!different!planning!authorities,!the!
provision!of!public!toilets!in!resettlement!colonies!is!usually!calculated!from!a!1999!report!by!the!
National!Capital!Regional!Planning!Board,!as!well!as!the!specifications!made!by!the!
Environmental!Improvement!of!Urban!Slums!scheme,!both!of!which!stipulate!the!availability!of!
one!toilet!seat!per!twenty!five!persons.!
There!are!different!forms!of!public!toilets!that!may!be!installed,!including!mobile!toilets,!
community!toilets!and!biodegradable!toilets.!
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Figure'2.'Mobile'toilets'
!!!!!!!!!!
!A!DUSIB!proposal!suggests!the!usage!fees!for!community!toilets!should!be!between!1!and!2!Rs!(it!
is!not!specified!whether!this!is!per!day!or!per!single!use),!and!free!for!children!below!the!age!of!
12!(DUSIB,!2013:6).!
Below!is!a!plan!of!the!layout!of!a!typical!community!toilet!complex!(CTC).!
!
!
Figure'3.'Community'toilets!
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This!contains!approximately!the!same!number!of!both!bath!and!WC!cubicles!for!men!and!
women,!plus!one!hand!washing!area!in!each!side.!!
!
Figure'4.'Typical'community'toilet'cubicle'plan.!
!
The!WC!is!a!simple!latrine,!connected!to!a!septic!tank.!Whereas!for!formal!housing!a!connection!
to!the!cityDlevel!sewerage!system!is!mandatory,!there!is!no!such!norm!for!informal!housing.!
!
Solid%waste%management%!Solid!waste!management!may!be!divided!into!three!steps:!a)!garbage!collection!at!home,!b)!
transporting!home!garbage!to!first!deposit!point!(eg!public!garbage!bins)!and!c)!larger!scale!
transporting!of!trash!cans!garbage!to!a!dumping!site.!!
The!MCD!describes,!as!some!of!its!obligatory!responsibilities,!the!provison!of!“waste!collection!
services,!litter!bins,!dry!waste!sorting!centers,!and!composting!centers!![…]!wherever!possible!
and!essential,!in!consultation!with!local!citizens”!(MCD,!2009:6).!
!
Community!garbage!bins!are!provided!in!a!number!of!formats:!
! 11!
!Figure'5.'Community'bin'designs.
!
The!waste!is!then!collected!by!the!MCD!and!taken!to!one!of!the!three!landfills!currently!used!in!
Delhi!(Bhalaswa,!Gazipur!and!Okhla).!It!is!the!responsibility!of!the!Deputy!Commissioner!of!each!
zone!to!ensure!that!at!no!point!in!time!the!community!bins!are!overflowing!nor!exposed!to!
scattering!by!animals.!Where!applicable,!doorDtoDdoor!collection!services!will!be!offered,!but!
there!is!no!explanation!of!the!criteria!that!will!make!an!area!eligible!for!this!service.!
!
Drains%Below!is!a!map!of!Delhi’s!drainage!system.!
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!
The!National!Capital!Regional!Planning!Board!(NCRPB)!admits!that!drains!planning!in!the!NCR!
region!is!very!poor.!
CHANDPUR
MAJRI LINK DRAIN
NAHARPUR LINK DRAIN
MAN
DAU
RI
DRAIN
PACHAIRA
FATEHABADNITHAURA
MAHARAJPUR
PEHLAD GARH
MIN
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NORTHERN RLY.
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ALIPUR LINK DRAIN(AB12)
NEW DRAIN(AB7)
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MEHRAULI-GURGAON ROAD
JANAKPURINAJAFGARH ROAD
SAHABAD
MOHD.PUR
DRAIN(NB8)
BIJWASON DRAIN(NB6)
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OUTFALL DRAIN(TY3)
NIZAMUDDIN
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DICHAONKALAN
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VINOD NAGAR DRAIN
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DRAIN NO.1(TY1)
ESCAPE
NAGAR
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GHOGA LINK
SANOTH
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NOTE -- THIS DRAWING IS INDICATIVE & SHOULDNOT BE USED FOR ANY OTHER PURPOSE
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LINK
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NAGAR DRAIN
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KHYBERPASS DRAIN
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KHARKHARI RONDH
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DABAR LINK DRAIN
OUTFALL CHANNEL
DRAIN(NB12)
NAR
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TRUNK
KARAWAL
NAGAR
DR
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NAGAR DRAIN
DRAIN
DRAIN
DRAIN
NAGAR DRAIN
DRAIN(AB11)
LINK DRAIN(NB13)
DRAIN(AB8)
KAKRAULAREGULATOR
MENTARY
SUPPLE
DRAIN(AB
1)
MEERA BAGH
PASHCHIM PURI
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SUB
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SARASVATI VIHAR
LINK D
RAIN
SHAHDARA
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DRAIN(NB5)
DRAIN NO.I(TY9)
DR. NO.II(TY10)
DRAIN(TY5)
DRAIN(TY7)
DRAIN(TY6)
(NB11)
DETAILS OF DRAINS UNDER CONTROL OF I & F.C. DEPARTMENT
Sl. No. Name of Drain
1. Alipur Block-North Delhi 1. Supplementary Drain 34.50 1,26,000 5000
2. Bawana Escape 19.79 18,231 681 3. Drain No. 6 14.73 8,807 462 4. Burari Creek 8.86 1,476 74 5. Burari Drain 5.79 644 25 6. Bankner Link Drain 5.50 3,348 118 7. New Drain 5.40 28,038 1180 8. Khera Khurd Drain 5.21 1,013 71 9. Ghoga Link Drain 6.18 1,480 58 10. Naya Bas Link Drain 3.00 829 32 11. Sanoth Link Drain 3.00 1,062 41 12. Alipur Link Drain 0.88 622 31 13. Jagatpur Link Drain 2.80 250 10 14. Tikri Khurd Link Drain 1.94 620 11 15. Khera Kalan Drain (Link) 0.72 440 1.41 16. Jahangir Puri Outfall 5.47 1619.43 1700 17. Toe Drain 4.00 150.00 18
2. Kanjhawala Block-West Delhi 1. Mungesh Pur Drain 36.85 47138 1820 2. Bazidpur Drain 8.05 2202 85 3. Bawana Drain 11.40 2590 100 4. Daryapur Pond Drain 0.82 259 10 (Covered Drain) 5. Ladpur Link Drain 2.53 518 20 6. Katewara Link Drain 1.55 518 8 7. Jatkhor Link Drain 3.76 453 17.5 8. Nangal Thakran Link Drain 2.59 155.4 6 9. Bawana Jheel Link Drain 1.98 155.4 6 10. Nangloi Drain 8.60 3561 111 11. Madanpur Drain 8.23 4921 190 12. Karari SulemanNagarDrain 7.80 2875 168 13. Sultanpur Drain 9.02 1657.6 60 14. Rasulpur Link Drain 0.76 129.5 5 15. Mundka Peripheral Drain 2.50 686.4 104 16. Ranhola Pond Drain 0.65 259 10
3. Najafgarh Block-South West Delhi 1. Najafgarh Drain 57.40 1093900.00 10000 2. Palam Drain 8.78 5125.60 3037 3. Palam Link Drain 1.65 821.00 509 4. Najaf Garh Pond Drain 1.95 51.80 60 5. Nasirpur Link Drain 2.90 1038.60 1020 6. Bijwasan Drain 4.20 2755.80 170 7. Pankha Road Drain 5.30 818.00 1000 8. Shahbad Mohammadpur Drain 0.56 2427.00 155 9. Bhupania Chudania Drain 8.55 370.37 1430 (including Haryana portion) 10. Mudhela Drain 12.50 1554.00 60 11. Nangli Sakrawati Link Drain 2.34 20.70 24 12.Dichaon Kalan Link Drain 0.48 12.95 13 13. Kharkari Rondh Link Drain 1.53 12.95 15
4. Trans Yamuna Area - North East and East Delhi 1. Trunk Drain No.I 13.62 6660.00 3037 2. Trunk Drain No. II 4.54 2740.00 1766 3. Shahdara Outfall Drain 5.943 6099.00 5562 4. Ghazipur Drain 6.241 6741.90 5143 5. Shahdara Link Drain 4.54 151.70 1159 6. Karawal Nagar Drain 2.48 12.50 498 7. Biharipur Drain 1.01 14.56 33 8. Bund Drain 2.835 170.44 212 9. Escape Drain No. I 3.00 100.00 283 10. Escape Drain No. II 0.425 9.06 35 11. Relief Drain 6.025 500.00 45. Mehrauli Block - South Delhi 1. Ali Drain 2.780 3693.00 2500 2. Asola Drain 2.610 951.05 235 3. Molar Bund 1.40 48.56 60 Extension Drain 4. Sarita Vihar Drain 1.30 1294.99 2070
(in km.)(in Cusecs)
Length Catchment Design Area (in Hect.) Discharge(in km.)
(in Cusecs)
Length Catchment Design Area (in Hect.) Discharge Sl. No. Name of Drain
DRAIN(AB9)
LINK DRAIN(AB10)
DRAIN NO.II(TY2)
NANGALTHAKRAN
MUNGESHPUR
MADANPUR
SULTANPUR
BAWANA
DRAIN(KB3)
BAZIDPUR
DRAIN(KB2)
NANGLOI
DRAIN(KB10)
DRAIN(KB11)
LINKDRAIN(KB7)
RASOOLPUR
KIRARI
SULEMAN
LADPUR.
DARYAPUR
POND DRAIN(KB4)
DRAIN(KB6)
DRAIN (KB 1)
BAWANA JHEEL
LINK DRAIN(KB9)
LINK DRAIN(KB5) DRAIN(KB13)
LINK DRAIN(KB14)
LINK DRAIN(KB8)
MOHAMMADPUR
LINK DRAIN
TIKRIKHURD
KATEWRA LINK
BUND
DRAIN(TY8)
RELIEF DRAIN(TY11)
ALI DRAIN
DRAIN(
AB16)
DHAULAKUAN
SHADIPUR
SAFDARJANG
MAYAPURI
CHANAKYAPURI
NAQI PUR
RANGPURI
RAJOKRI
SAMALKHA
SULTANPURGHITORNI
J.L.N.UNIVERSITY
VASANT VIHAR
LADO SARAI
MEHRAULI
DERA
BHATI
JAUNA PUR
EAST PATEL NGR.
NARAINAVIHAR
GARDEN
BIRLAMANDIR
TALKTORA
SAMASPUR
QAZIPUR
DAULATPUR
DHANSA
UJWA
GUMANHERA
CHHATAR PUR
ASOLA
SURKHPUR
MUNDELA KALAN
BAKKARGARH
TUGHLAQABAD
SAROJNI NGR.
R.K.PURAM
RANHOLANILWAL
NIZAMPUR
BEGAMPUR
HAREOLIGHOGA
LAMPUR NARELA
BANKNER
HIRANKI
AKBARPURMAJRA
TIKRI KALAN
MAJRASALAHPUR
SHAHBAD DAIRY
QUTABGARH
LAD PUR
AKBARPUR
BAPRAULA
BAKHTAWARPUR
BRITANIA CHOWK
AIRPORT
HASTSAL
TD-I
DRAIN(NB7)
PANKHA ROAD
L E G E N DA B B R E V I A T I O N
1. Alipur Block AB
2. Kanjhawala Block KB
3. Najafgarh Block NB
4. Trans Yamuna Area TY
5. Mehrauli Block MB
JATKHOR
1. Drains Under Control Of I & F.C. Department
2. Drains Under Control Of Other Departments
3. ROADS
4. RAILWAYS LINES
5. INTER STATE BORDER
6. RIVER COURSE
(AB2)
SHAHDARA
DISTT.GURGAON
7. IRRIGATION CHANNEL
(NB4)
8. EMBANKMENTS.
BHATI B
UND
ASOLA BUND
DERA BUND
ALIPUR BUND
DHANSA
S.M. BUND
LEFT FORWARD
B U N D
GADAIPUR BUND
ASOLA
BUND N
O.2
R. M. E.
GHITOR
NI BUN
D
RAJOKRI
BUND
MAHIPALPUR BUND
NOIDABUND
ASH BUND
MUGHAL BUND
MEHRAULI BUND
SULT
ANPU
R BU
ND
FATEHPUR
BUND
L. M.
BUND
BUND
AIRPORT DRAIN (PWD)
DEOLI BUND
DWARKA
DHOOLSIR
AS
CHAAW
LA
MUNDKA PERIPHERALDRAIN (KB14)
(MB1)
DRAIN NO. 8
BERI BOUNDYAHYA NGR.
DRAIN(NB3)
YAM
UN
A R
IVER
MUNGESHPUR
DRAIN (K
B 1)
MUKHMA
ILPUR
BUND
DEFUNCT PORTION
OF BAWANA ESCAPE
! 13!
!
In!most!of!Delhi’s!low!income/unplanned!areas,!drains!have!an!open!design,!even!though!the!
2001!Regional!Plan!proposed!that!open!drains!should!be!discouraged!and!discontinued!(NCRPB,!
2001).!Open!drains!are!often!a!cause!of!nuisance!and!pollution!for!the!community!as!they!are!
highly!susceptible!to!blockages!and!flooding,!particularly!during!monsoon!period.!!
The!NUSP!claims!that!“unhealthy!and!illegal!behaviours”!such!as!disposing!of!waste!in!nalas!and!
drains!“need!to!be!brought!under!the!remit!of!the!respective!public!agency!and!properly!dealt!
with”!(MUD,!2014:27).!!
Gender%sensitivity%Sanitation!infrastructure!and!conditions!are!experienced!differently!by!men,!women!and!
children.!Planning!and!policy!should!take!this!into!account!and!adjust!itself!to!the!needs!of!both!
genders,!ensuring!that!all!people!are!equally!benefitted!by!the!norms.!The!lack!of!explicit!
mention!and!consideration!of!gender!or!women!in!virtually!all!sanitation!policy!!diminishes!its!
gender!sensitivity!credentials.!
!
Below!are!some!observations!about!the!lack!of!gender!sensitivity!in!sanitation!planning!policy:!
! Mobile!toilets,!due!to!their!nature!are!usually!positioned!on!the!roadside,!which!exposes!
all!users!to!comments!and!harassment!from!passing!vehicles!(though!women!are!
particularly!vulnerable!to!this!kind!of!aggression).!
!
! CTCs!are!better!in!this!respect!as!the!buildings!are!generally!surrounded!by!a!high!wall!
which!limits!the!exposure!of!users!who!enter.!However,!the!cubicle!designs!are!not!
different!for!men!and!for!women,!and!there!are!no!norms!which!aim!to!facilitate!
menstrual!hygiene!management,!or!baby!care!(for!instance!nappy!changing).!There!are!
! 14!
no!stipulations!for!the!availability!of!bins!to!dispose!of!menstrual!waste,!or!of!
hooks/clean!surfaces!to!place!items!of!clothing!or!other!objects!that!women!may!need!to!
free!their!hands!of.!Poor!menstrual!hygiene!management!facilities!can!result!in!women!
feeling!ashamed!when!disposing!of!menstrual!waste,!as!well!as!in!infections!and!
absenteeism!from!work/school,!particularly!during!puberty.!This!is!a!widespread!problem!
for!many!of!India’s!poor!urban!communities.!!
!
! Most!community!garbage!bins!are!not!user!friendlyD!they!are!quite!tall!and!thus!fail!to!
integrate!into!their!design!the!fact!that!children!are!often!the!ones!who!take!out!the!
garbage.!As!a!result,!garbage!bags!are!often!hurled!or!left!on!the!ground.!
!
! Though!there!is!mention!of!community!involvement!initiatives!and!awareness!campaigns,!
there!is!no!explanation!of!how!these!initiatives!will!ensure!female!inputs!and!
participation,!or!how!awareness!campaigns!will!tackle!those!areas!of!sanitation!which!are!
particularly!applicable!to!women.!
!
! CTCs!are!closed!during!a!large!part!of!the!day,!causing!inconvenience!to!women!and!
children!who!may!need!to!use!them.!Women!often!restrict!their!consumption!of!water!to!
avoid!needing!to!urinate!while!the!sun!is!out.!This!can!lead!to!urinary!tract!infections!and!
other!diseases.!
!
The!above!issues!are!not!sufficiently!assessed!in!sanitation!planning!norms.!Most!of!the!policies!
and!schemes!pertaining!to!urban!water!and!sanitation!in!India!could!be!called!‘gender!blind’!as!
they!do!not!recognise!the!genderDbased!disadvantages!in!accessing!a!safe!water!supply!and!
sewerage,!drainage!and!sanitation.!!%
! 15!
5.#Madanpur(Khadar!
a.!Overview!Madanpur!Khadar!is!located!in!South!East!Delhi,!by!the!Yamuna!river!bank.!In!the!year!2000!the!Delhi!
Development!Authority!began!relocating!residents!from!various!slums!around!the!area!into!this!colony.!!
!
Figure'6.'Trajectories'of'relocation'to'Madanpur'Khadar.!
Madanpur!Khadar!is!home!to!15000!families.!96%!of!the!residents!were!relocated!from!slums!in!
areas!including!Nehru!Place,!Hauz!Khas,!Chanakyapuri,!Sarojni!Nagar,!Nizamuddin!and!Kalkaji!.!
People!were!relocated!before!adequate!infrastructure!in!the!resettlement!colonies!was!set!in!
place.!According!to!the!residents,!they!were!taken!there!and!left!on!the!barren!plots!of!land!
without!any!housing!provisions.!Plots!of!land!were!provided!by!the!government!at!a!7000!Rs!
lease,!but!houses!were!built!by!the!residents!themselves.!Electricity!connections!were!not!
provided!until!four!years!after!relocation!(The!Hindu,!Jul!13!2004).!Around!15D20%!of!all!plots!are!
5D10!feet!below!ground!level!and!thus!vulnerable!to!flooding!(DUD,!2006:13).!!
! 16!
b.!B2!Block!
!
Figure'7.'Location'of'B2'block.!
!
Demographic%structure%!Officially,! there! are! 924! households! in! B2! Block! but! in! reality! more! than! 1,250! families! are!
residing! in! the! area,! including! tenants.! The! block! is! densely! populated,! with! a! population! of!
approximately!6,!300.!!
!
Most! of! the! families! belong! to! Scheduled! Castes! followed! by! Scheduled! Tribes! and! Other!
Backward!Castes.!The!majority!of!the!families!have!migrated!from!West!Bengal,!Bihar,!Jharkhand!
and!Eastern!Uttar!Pradesh,!with!a!smaller!proportion!coming!from!Orissa.!Finally!there!is!also!a!
significant!amount!of!Bangladeshi!refugees.!
The!average!family!comprises!of!6!members!and!50%!family!members!are!under!the!age!of!18.!!
On! average,! 2! persons! in! each! family! are! earning.! This!means!minors! are! engaged! in! income!
! 17!
generating! activities.! There! is! approximately! one! tenant! per! household,! so! most! of! the!
households!have!additional!earnings!from!the!monthly!rent.!
!
6.#Current'status'of'sanitation'conditions!in#B2#Block!
!
a.!Toilets!!
Community%Toilet%Complexes%!There!are!three!Community!Toilet!Complexes!(CTCs)!in!B2!block,!but!only!two!are!functioning.!
These!are!open!between!5.30!am!and!10.00pm!but!close!for!cleaning!between!12.00!am!and!
4.00!pm.!!
!
Figure'8.'Cleaner'mopping'the'Community'Toilet'Complex'
One!of!the!toilets!requires!a!2!rupee!fee!per!day,!and!the!other!requires!a!1!rupee!fee!per!single!
use!(though!children!and!the!elderly!are!exempt).!According!to!the!residents,!they!are!often!dirty!
and/or!broken.!Before!the!FORCE!intervention,!this!meant!most!people!would!prefer!to!defecate!
in!the!open.!Open!defecation!continues!to!be!a!problem!in!many!of!the!other!blocks!but!has!
almost!been!eradicated!in!B2!block,!thanks!to!the!construction!of!home!toilets.!Nevertheless!a!
! 18!
survey!showed!that!each!complex!is!used!around!230!times!each!day.!The!facilities!are!used!by!
men!more!than!by!women!(around!1/3!more),!and!over!half!of!their!usage!takes!place!in!the!
morning!(5.30!amD12.00!am).!
There!is!a!separate!part!for!men!and!women!within!each!CTC.!There!are!15!seats!for!men!and!!15!
seats!for!women!in!each!of!the!
complexes.!The!women’s!part!also!
contains!three!uncovered!latrines!for!
children.!If!the!total!population!of!B2!
block!is!taken!as!6,300!this!provides!one! seat!
per!95!residents,!which!greatly!
surpasses!the!formal!norm!of!one!seat!per!25!people.!!!
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''Figure'9.'Children's'toilets'in'the'CTC.'
The!design!of!the!cubicles!is!very!basic,!with!a!latrine,!and!a!ventilation!opening!at!the!top!of!
the!wall.!The!flushing!system!is!manual!and!water!is!provided!in!the!outside!area!for!this!
purpose.!The!buildings!are!well!lit$!with!light$bulbs!inside!the!building!and!street!lights!by!
the!entrance.!
There!is!a!sink!for!hand!washing!at!both!the!
men’s!and!the!women’s!sides!and!an!
incinerator!outside!both!of!the!buildings.!!This!
sink!is!generally!not!equipped!with!soap,!
which!prevents!!effective!hand!washing.!The!
toilets!are!not!connected!to!the!sewer!lines,!
but!to!a!septic!tank!which!is!emptied!every!
three!days.!!
Figure'10.'Hand'washing'facility.!
! 19!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
! Gender%perspective%
The!planning!of!these!toilets!assumes!children!are!the!responsibility!of!womenD!children’s!toilets!
are!only!in!the!women’s!side,!and!women!thus!must!always!pay!for!children’s!use!of!the!toilet!
(except!in!one!of!the!CTCs,!where!children!are!exempt!from!usage!fees).!
Women!claimed!in!the!interviews!and!discussions!that!they!feel!safe!in!the!CTCs!and!are!content!
with!the!current!levels!of!privacy.!The!facts!that!the!buildings!are!well!lit!and!guarded!by!a!
caretaker!are!important!in!ensuring!safety.!However,!women!call!attention!to!the!wall!that!joins!
Figure'12.'Gap'on'the'wall'between'women's'and'men's'sides'of'the'CTC.!
Figure'11.'Emptying'of'septic'tank.!
! 20!
the!women’s!side!and!the!men’s!side,!which!is!not!very!high!and!as!a!result!men!are!able!to!peek!
through!into!the!adjoining!toilets.!!!They!suggest!that!the!height!of!this!wall!is!increased!to!
impede!these!instances!of!harassment!from!happening.!
Finally,!the!CTCs!are!completely!nonDadapted!to!menstrual!hygiene!management.!There!are!no!
bins!in!the!cubicles,!only!a!tiny!one!in!the!main!area,!which!is!uncovered!and!thus!not!fit!for!
disposing!of!menstrual!waste.!!There!is!no!easy!access!to!plenty!of!water!for!flushing!and!
washing!oneself,!as!the!water!source!is!outside.!Moreover!there!are!no!surfaces!or!hooks!for!
placing!sanitary!pads/scarves/other!possessions.!!
%Household%toilets%!
In!a!FORCE!baseline!survey!before!the!intervention!about!42!%!people!reported!that!they!did!not!
have!a!toilet!and!they!defecated!in!open!area!nearby!the!habitation!and!the!school.!58%!people!
had!a!toilet!but!out!of!them!10%!were!also!defecating!in!open!area!(FORCE,!2012).!A!recent!
survey!carried!out!in!B2!Block!showed!that!89%!of!households!now!have!a!toilet!(845!out!of!945).!
These!household!toilets!were!not!provided!by!the!government!but!built!by!the!residents!
themselves,!mostly!during!the!past!few!years!(FORCE,!2014).!
This!is!very!beneficial!as!it!allows!residents!to!use!the!toilet!whenever!they!need.!They!are!
responsible!for!the!cleaning!and!upkeep!so!they!tend!to!be!in!a!better!condition,!reducing!the!
likelihood!of!disease.!
!
Designs!of!household!toilets!vary!greatly!across!the!block.!Those!who!are!able!to!invest!more!
have!tiled!western!style!toilets,!with!flush!and!even!showerDheads!and!geysers.!However,!most!
of!them!are!latrines!with!manual!flushing!systems!and!no!tiling.!Virtually!all!have!a!small!window!
! 21!
at!the!top!for!ventilation!purposes.!Most!toilets!are!found!inside!the!house,!but!there!are!some!
built!on!the!rooftops,!and!some!have!doors!whereas!others!just!have!a!curtain.!!
!
!
!Figure'13.'Household'toilets'in'B2'
!!!
! 22!
Some!residents!said!the!dimensions!of!their!septic!tanks!were!10x10x5!ft,!others!said!6x10x5!ft.!
These!are!emptied!on!a!regular!basis.!
!
School!toilets!are!very!poorly!maintained;!teachers!and!students!say!that!they!try!not!to!drink!
during!the!day!in!order!to!avoid!having!to!use!these!facilities.!This!doubtlessly!carries!negative!
health!implications.!!
!
! Gender%perspective%
The!construction!of!private!toilets!in!almost!every!house!has!been!particularly!beneficial!for!
women,!who!do!not!have!to!worry!about!needing!to!use!the!toilet!when!it!is!dark!or!altering!
their!daily!routines!during!menstruation.!!
When!they!are!menstruating,!most!women!change!their!pads!in!their!household!toilet,!as!this!is!
more!hygienic!and!convenient!than!the!CTCs!which!are!completely!hostile!to!menstrual!hygiene!
management.!!Most!women!have!a!dustbin!at!their!household!toilet,!which!they!use!for!
disposing!of!used!pads!and!then!empty!out!in!the!nearest!dumping!site.!Women!explained!that!
before!having!household!toilets,!they!had!to!change!their!pads!in!the!CTCs,!and!usually!disposed!
of!them!by!throwing!them!into!the!latrines,!the!river,!or!carrying!them!back!home.!
b.!Solid!waste!!Residents!recalled!that!before!the!FORCE!intervention!the!garbage!dumping!and!collection!
system!was!not!working,!and!it!was!not!efficiently!linked!with!the!proposed!dumping!site.!
Municipal!Corporation!of!Delhi!sweepers!did!not!come!regularly,!and!there!was!not!enough!
space!for!garbage!disposal.!!
! 23!
Currently!the!situation!is!better:!most!participants!in!the!Focus!Group!Discussion!said!they!
dispose!of!their!garbage!by!paying!a!monthly!20!rupee!fee!for!the!houseDtoDhouse!collection!
system.!Moreover,!the!sweepers!come!regularly!(twice!a!week).!However,!public!spaces!(which!
in!theory!are!parks)!are!still!littered!with!garbage,!as!some!people!use!them!as!dumping!sites.!
There!are!pigs!roaming!in!these!areas!and!residents!complain!that!they!spread!skin!conditions!
and!other!diseases.!This!deprives!the!community,!particularly!the!children,!of!a!clean!and!safe!
area!for!leisure!purposes.!
!
Figure'14.'MCD'sweeper'in'B2'block.!
! 24!
!
Figure'15.'Accummulation'of'solid'waste'in'public'open'areas.'
%
! Gender%perspective%
Though!not!always,!women!are!generally!responsible!for!the!domestic!and!care!work!within!a!
household.!This!means!that!they!are!often!the!ones!responsible!for!garbage!disposal.!The!
introduction!of!house$to$house!garbage!collection!therefore!signals!a!positive!transition!for!
women.!Moreover,!women!generally!bear!the!burden!of!their!family’s!health!problems!
caused!by!poor!sanitation!conditions.!For!instance!the!diseases!that!may!be!transmitted!in!
parks!full!of!garbage!do!not!only!pose!a!danger!for!the!children!but!also!have!an!impact!on!
the!women!of!their!family,!who!will!have!to!invest!much!time!and!energy!into!curing!them.!
c.!Drains!!The!streets!of!B2!block!are!lined!with!open!drains,!which!run!alongside!the!households.!
! 25!
Before!the!FORCE!intervention,!57!%!of!residents!reported!in!a!baseline!survey!that!drains!were!
continuously!blocked!and!dirty,!while!14!%!reported!that!their!drains!got!clogged!with!garbage!
and!other!debris!(FORCE,!2012).!Some!people!placed!rocks!in!the!drains!to!filter!out!this!debris,!
causing!further!blockage.!!Although!some!blockage!of!drains!can!still!be!observed,!FORCE!has!
been!encouraging!the!community!to!take!control!of!the!status!of!the!drains!by!demanding!
cleaning!services!from!the!government.!The!drains!are!now!regularly!cleaned!either!by!
community!members!or!by!government!employees,!so!that!their!status!is!always!kept!in!check.!
!
Figure'16.'Drain'blocked'with'waste'before'they'are'cleaned'by'government'cleaners.!
The!drains!are!not!connected!to!the!city!level!sewerage!system.!Some!drains!are!connected!to!a!
big!nala,!through!which!all!the!sewage!is!carried!to!the!Yamuna.!Residents!suggest!that!some!
drains!are!too!small!and!need!to!be!enlarged.!They!also!say!that!there!needs!to!be!a!sewer!
connection!constructed,!since!currently!there!is!not!one.!They!have!approached!the!government!
! 26!
several!times!regarding!this!issue!to!no!avail.
!
Figure'17.'Woman'cleaning'drain.'
!! Gender&perspective&
&The!gender!considerations!for!drains!are!similar!to!those!for!solid!waste!management.!
Women!will!generally!deal!with!cleaning!the!drains,!which!is!time!consuming!and!difficult!
work.!Moreover!they!will!often!deal!with!the!implications!of!a!decreased!status!of!health!and!
sanitation!conditions!near!their!home.!
!
7.#Conclusion!
!
This!report!has!analysed!the!status!of!the!current!sanitation!conditions!of!B2!block!in!
Madanpur!Khadar,!looking!at!the!transition!that!has!occurred!since!FORCE!began!working!in!
the!area.!!
In!2012!the!sanitation!conditions!were!very!poor,!but!with!the!help!of!FORCE!they!have!
since!vastly!improved!through!the!construction!of!household!toilets,!the!renovation!of!
existing!infrastructure,!negotiation!and!advocacy!with!government!bodies!and!the!execution!
of!campaigns!aimed!at!sensitizing!the!community!regarding!issues!of!health,!hygiene!and!
sanitation.!!
! 27!
Open!defecation!has!been!eradicated,!the!incidence!of!gastrointestinal!disease!has!been!
greatly!reduced!and!the!community!has!become!much!more!women$friendly!in!terms!of!
safety!and!menstrual!management.!Moreover,!residents!now!feel!capacitated!to!take!control!
of!their!sanitation!conditions,!demanding!the!provision!o!their!rights!when!required,!and!
also!making!changes!within!the!community.!
a.!FORCE’s!impact!!Both!quantitative!and!qualitative!indicators!strongly!suggest!that!sanitation!conditions!in!B2!
block!have!significantly!improved!in!the!past!couple!of!years.!As!this!is!not!necessarily!the!case!in!
other!areas!of!Madanpur!Khadar!where!FORCE!has!not!intervened,!this!suggests!a!relationship!
between!these!improvements!and!FORCE’s!intervention.!
FORCE’s!approach!has!been!both!to!improve!the!infrastructure!and!to!capacitate!the!community!
to!communicate,!take!decisions!and!demand!their!rights!to!water!and!sanitation.!They!have!been!
mobilising!women!and!teenagers!in!B2!block!(as!in!other!low!income!areas!around!Delhi)!to!work!
within!their!community!with!the!aim!of!raising!awareness,!organising!to! influence!public!policy!
and!also!creating!a!sense!of!empowerment!and!accountability!among!the!residents.!!
Toilets%and%sewerage%!FORCE!has!improved!the!Community!Toilet!Complex!facilities!by!constructing!incinerators,!
installing!water!pipeline!connections!to!enable!hand!washing,!reinforcing!the!concrete/cement!in!
the!area!and!placing!covers!on!the!septic!tanks,!as!well!as!painting!health!and!hygiene!related!
messages!on!the!walls.!!
The!fact!that!only!around!19%!of!residents!now!report!having!suffered!from!diarrhoea!in!the!past!
two!months,!whereas!previously!the!number!was!96%,!is!likely!to!be!connected!to!an!
improvement!in!sanitation!conditions!in!the!community!driven!by!the!renovation!of!the!
! 28!
Community!Toilet!Complexes,!the!construction!of!household!toilets!and!the!campaigns!run!to!
change!unsanitary!practices!(FORCE,!2014,!2012).!
!
Open!defecation!has!been!virtually!eradicated.!This!is!mainly!because!now!89%!of!residents!own!
a!household!toilet!whereas!previously!only!58%!did!(FORCE,!2014,!2012).!Moreover,!FORCE!has!
ran!several!campaigns!to!sensitize!the!community!about!the!dangers!of!open!defecation.!
Notably,!the!whistle!blowing!campaign,!in!which!participants!go!around!open!areas!in!the!
morning!and!at!nightDtime!blowing!whistles!to!dissuade!people!from!defecating!in!these!areas,!is!
perceived!by!the!locals!as!having!proved!very!effective.!
Women!report!feeling!safer!and!suffering!from!less!harassment,!due!to!the!fact!that!they!do!not!
longer!need!to!go!to!an!empty!open!area!when!it!is!dark.!Moreover,!women!say!that!the!
availability!of!home!toilets!has!made!menstrual!hygiene!management!much!easier!for!them.!!
!
Solid%%waste%management%!!FORCE!also!started!the!houseDtoDhouse!garbage!collection!system!and!has!arranged!for!
Municipal!Corporation!of!Delhi!!sweepers!to!come!regularly.!This!has!evidently!had!a!positive!
effectD!streets!within!the!block!are!very!clean!compared!to!their!previous!status!or!to!that!of!
other!blocks!in!the!colony.!Nevertheless,!garbage!continues!to!accumulate!in!open!public!spaces!
such!as!parks,!which!carries!obvious!health!and!wellbeing!implications.!This!is!because!members!
of!the!community!are!still!using!parks!as!dumping!grounds.!This!suggests!that!some!members!of!
the!community!are!not!yet!fully!sensitized!about!the!importance!of!keeping!public!spaces!clean,!
and!that!work!on!this!aspect!could!help!further!improve!the!environmental!and!sanitation!
conditions!of!B2!Block.!
%
! 29!
Drains%!FORCE!have!sensitized!the!community!about!the!necessity!to!keep!drains!clean!and!encouraged!
them!to!demand!manteinance!from!the!government.!They!are!now!regularly!cleaned!either!by!
community!members!or!by!government!employees,!so!their!status!is!always!kept!in!check.!
Despite!these!improvements,!the!fact!that!blockages!still!occur!could!be!due!to!the!open!design!
of!the!drains!(which!allows!debris!to!fall!in!and!cause!obstructions),!as!well!as!to!an!insufficient!
level!of!awareness!raising!and!behaviour!change!amongst!the!community,!who!persist!in!
throwing!garbage!in!the!drains.!
%Community%empowerment%!Finally,!one!of!the!most!important!changes!sparked!by!FORCE’s!work!has!been!to!empower!the!
community!with!the!skills!and!confidence!to!take!control!of!the!status!of!their!neighbourhood.!
This!point!is!emphasised!during!discussions!by!community!members,!who!talk!about!the!success!
of!previous!and!onDgoing!community!campaigns!and!sensitization!activities,!and!express!that!
they!understand!the!catalytic!role!that!they!can!have!in!their!society.!
b.!Recommendations!!This!analysis!carried!out!in!this!report!can!be!used!to!extract!a!number!of!recommendations,!
for!Madanpur!Khadar!!and/or!other!low!income!urban!areas:!
1. Ensure!handTwashing!facilities!are!in!good!condition!and!that!soap!is!always!
available.!This!is!vital!for!preventing!transmission!of!!waterborne!diseases.!!
2. Placing!a!raised'mesh!on!the!floors!of!the!cubicles!would!ensure!that!people’s!feet!do!
not!have!to!make!contact!with!the!dirty!water!that!is!usually!covering!the!floor.!
! 30!
3. Prioritise!gender'sensitivity!in!sanitation!policy!and!planning.!Consider!how!a!
certain!policy,!design!or!norm!may!be!experienced!differently!by!women!and!men,!
and!adjust!it!so!that!it!is!equally!beneficial!for!both!genders.!!
Below!are!a!few!specific!examples!derived!from!the!research:!
⇒ Appreciate!how!poor!infrastructure!can!endanger!women’s'safety:!
• Make!sure!the!walls!separating!the!women’s!side!and!men’s!side!in!CTCs!go!
up!to!the!ceiling!so!women!feel!safe!and!free!from!harassment.!
• Poor!sanitation!infrastructure!leads!to!open!defecation,!which!apart!from!
being!detrimental!to!the!community’s!health!and!environmental!
conditions,!puts!women!at!risk!of!sexual!harassment!and!violence.!
• Consider!the!possibility!of!creating!separate!entrances!for!women!and!men!
in!CTCs.!During!parts!of!the!day!where!the!toilets!are!empty,!it!is!dark,!
and/or!the!caretaker!is!not!there,!women!could!be!vulnerable!to!
harassment.!Of!course,!this!could!require!the!availability!of!two!caretakers!
to!guard!each!door.!
⇒ Integrate!menstrual'hygiene'management!into!policy!and!planning.!
• It!is!important!that!CTCs!are!adapted!for!menstrual!hygiene!management.!
This!includes!the!availability!of!a!sanitary!bin!in!each!cubicle,!with!an!
effective!system!for!safe!disposal!of!menstrual!waste.!!Moreover,!there!
must!be!a!water!source!within!each!cubicle!to!facilitate!washing.!
• A!rack/shelf!where!one!can!leave!objects!they!may!be!carrying!would!also!
be!helpful,!as!well!as!a!hook!to!hang!up!scarves,!so!that!one!can!free!their!
hands!and!not!have!to!worry!about!getting!their!possessions!dirty.!
! 31!
• Awareness!campaigns!about!menstruation$!many!women,!girls,!men!and!
boys!lack!awareness!about!this!issue,!which!can!lead!to!belief!in!harmful!
myths,!shaming!and!unhealthy!habits.!
⇒ In!many!areas!residents!are!dependent!on!community!toilets.!If!these!are!
closed!for!four!hours!in!the!middle!of!the!day!for!cleaning,!this!might!be!very!
inconvenient!for!certain!people,!particularly!women!who!work!at!home!
and/or!are!taking!care!of!small!children,!the!sick!or!disabled!and!the!elderly.!
⇒ Surveys!in!other!low$income!urban!areas!show!that!often,!usage!patterns!
throughout!the!day!vary!greatly!between!genders!(FORCE,!2013).!In!face!of!
this,!it!could!be!useful!to!have!a!‘floating’'area'of'‘gender'neutral’'toilets!(in!
addition!to!the!only!women!and!only!men!areas).!This!section!could!be!
designated!to!men!during!their!peak!time!of!usage,!and!to!women!during!
theirs.!
⇒ Consider!children’s'needs!in!the!planning!process.!For!instance:!
• Make!community!garbage!bins!user$friendly!for!children!as!they!are!often!
the!ones!who!take!out!the!garbage.!
• Ensure!that!school!toilets!are!in!good!condition.!It!is!important!that!
children!do!not!take!to!unhealthy!practices!such!as!limiting!water!intake!as!
a!result!of!poor!facilities.!
!
4. Integrate!elements!of!FORCE’s!strategy!into!the!government’s!strategy!for!sanitation!
management.!In!particular,!motivate!the!community'by!involving!them!in!the!
management'and'decision'making!process,!by!appointing!community!leaders!
and/or!watchdogs.!This!will!ensure!that!the!residents!are!having!a!say!in!the!
decisions!which!will!affect!their!communities,!and!it!will!place!responsibility!on!the!
! 32!
residents!themselves.!This!way,!as!shown!by!FORCE’s!experience,!there!is!generally!a!
drastic!improvement!in!conditions!and!external!help!becomes!unnecessary.!However,!
both!women!and!men!must!be!full!participants!in!the!decision!making!and!
management!process.!
!
5. Similarly,!continue!leading!awareness!and!behaviour'changing'campaigns!but!
ensuring!that!these!are!gender'sensitive.!This!involves!making!sure!that!there!is!
equal!participation!of!women!and!men,!and!that!the!campaigns!tackle!gender!
relevant!issues!such!as!menstruation.!Other!campaign!topics!that!are!generally!
framed!in!a!gender!neutral!manner,!such!as!open!defecation!and!waste!disposal,!are!
also!highly!important!but!they!should!be!approached!in!a!gender!sensitive!manner.!
!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
! 33!
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Bhatia,!Tripti!and!Puri,!Eshaan!(2009),!Commonwealth%games%2010:%Displacement%of%persons.!
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Dupont,!Veronique!(2008,!12!Jul),!Slum%Demolitions%in%Delhi%since%the%1990’s:%A%n%Appraisal,!
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