SMARTnet –Results of Test
Campaigns
Hauke Fiedler, Thomas Schildknecht, Martin Weigel, Michael
Meinel, Rolf Hempel, Johannes Herzog, Marcel Prohaska, Martin
Ploner, Jan Siminski
www.DLR.de • Folie 1
Processed Conjunctions
2012 2013 2014
Satellite Altitude CSM CAM CSM CAM CSM/CDM CAM
TSX/TDX
(excl.tdtx)
510 16 2 2222
(1560)
0 7366
(4237)
4
GRACE-1 460 (-400) 1 0 0 0 0 0
GRACE-2 460 (-400) 1 0 2 0 0 0
BIR 510 (-480) 8 0 0 0 10 0
TET 500 (-460) 3 0 1 0 0 0
SBW-1
(excl.ctrl)
GEO 35
(6)
1 19
(6)
0 110
(8)
0
SBW-2
(excl.ctrl)
GEO 59
(0)
0 135
(2)
0 224
(6)
0
- CSM generation thresholds for TSX/TDX were enlarged August 2013
- Message format was changed to CDM in May 2014
www.DLR.de • Folie 2
Precise orbit information of (all) objects required
Sensors for: LEO (expansive) – GEO (not so expansive)
www.DLR.de • Folie 3
10.02.2009 Motivation: Operational Collision Avoidance at GSOC
TerraSAR-X (2007-) / TanDEM-X (2010-)
- Controlled against a reference orbit inside a tube of 250 m radius
- Flying in a close formation with the relative distance < 500 m
- 510 km altitude
Conjunction on 2014/03/03
SMARTnet
Optical Network for Monitoring
Geostationary Orbits
www.DLR.de • Folie 4
Global network for monitoring the geostationary ring
• Theory: complete coverage with 3 locations
• Northern / southern hemisphere for compensating
seasonal variations 6 locations
• Telerobotical operation
• Close cooperation with AIUB / ZIMsmart-telescope
• Optimized scheduler for all telescopes
SMART-01:
• Mounting with 2 telescopes
Ø50cm, 0.7° FOV, 0.6“/Pixel
Ø20cm, 2.0° FOV, 1.8“/Pixel
• Sutherland Observatory, South Africa
Motivation: Operational Collision Avoidance in GEO
www.DLR.de • Folie 5
Global network for monitoring the geostationary ring
• Theory: complete coverage with 3 locations
• Northern / southern hemisphere for compensating
seasonal variations 6 locations
• Telerobotical operation
• Close cooperation with AIUB / ZIMsmart-telescope
• Optimized scheduler for all telescopes
SMART-01:
• Mounting with 2 telescopes
Ø50cm, 0.7° FOV, 0.6“/Pixel
Ø20cm, 2.0° FOV, 1.8“/Pixel
• Sutherland Observatory, South Africa
Motivation: Operational Collision Avoidance in GEO
www.DLR.de • Folie 6
Sutherland
Zimmerwald ---- Sunset
Sunrise
Integrated Obs-Time:
Average > 11.5h!
Motivation: Operational Collision Avoidance in GEO
www.DLR.de • Folie 7
Coverage: - 32% of geostationary ring
- 61% of active satellites
Coverage: - 83% of geostationary ring
- 89% of active satellites
Coverage: - 100% of geostationary ring
- 100% of active satellites
Status
• Mounting, 50cm telescope
and CCD camera tested
• Serveral nights
• Objects down to 18.5mag
detected
• First 2 nights:
• Long test run: May – June
o 46 COSPAR Objects
o 14 AIUB Objects
o 10 unknown objects
Geostationary object
Tracklet: Epoch + RA / DEC from image
SMARTnet: Test Campaign at Zimmerwald
www.DLR.de • Folie 8
Object Identification with Optical Measurements
Least squares fit
New measurement type:
Attributable
www.DLR.de • Folie 9
Loss function L
Optimisation Lambert-Solution
www.DLR.de • Folie 10
Object Identification with Optical Measurements
• Separation of real / false tracklets above threshold of loss function (chi-
squared distribution)
• Filter rate depends on accuracy, time difference, survey strategy, …
Object Correlation
www.DLR.de • Folie 11
Maximum
161m
84m
78m
74m
71m
64m
www.DLR.de • Folie 12
Residuals to GPS Reference Orbit
New focusser, telescope fully collimated
Improvement: schedule observations for orbit refinement
Results: GEO Cluster (Eutelsat Hotbird 13B, 13C, 13D)
• 111 Tracklets of two nights
(Sep. 25/26, 26/27)
• TLE orbits lead to erroneous
correlation (06032A?)
• Iterative process: correlation,
orbit determination,
correlation…
• Residuals orbit determination
06032A RMS α=0.25“ δ=0.35“
08065A RMS α=0.30“ δ=0.34“
09008B RMS α=0.29“ δ=0.34“
• Final solution after 3rd iteration
with correlation of all tracklets
www.DLR.de • Folie 13
• Hardware and software components are tested
o Astrometric accuracy better than expected
o Limiting magnitude of telescope estimated
o Detection of unknown objects
o Identification of known objects
o Orbit determination with very small deviation to reference orbit
• Foundations in South Africa are planned this month
• Final end-to-test in Zimmerwald / Switzerland: Scheduling,
observing, pre-processing, transferring data to GSOC, cataloguing
at GSOC with BACARDI in autonomous mode
• Start of operations: end of 2015
Results
www.DLR.de • Folie 14
What is BACARDI?
BACARDI
Backbone Catalogue of Relational
Debris Information
Visit of Paul Cefola, / 09. October 2012
www.DLR.de • Folie 15
Science and Research
• Data bank of up to 1.000.000 objects
• HPC for object correlation, orbit determination,
propagation, object identification and detection
of manoeuvres and fragmentations
Mission Support
• Orbit information, collision prediction, re-entry prediction
Objective
• Data bank with preferably high completeness
and high accuracy
• Primary source: sensor data and operator data
• Secondary source: externally generated
ephemerides
BACARDI: Backbone Catalogue of Relational Debris
Information
www.DLR.de • Folie 16
Network of sensors
Prozessors
Interfaces
Tracking Radar Surveillance Radar Laser Tracking Telescopes Space Based
External Data
Orbit information Object properties User Sensor scheduler Solar activity
Data bank
• Sensor data
• Correlation
• Catalogue objects and candidates
• Ephemerides incl. covariance
• Maneuver planned / executed
• Meta- and log data
• Data policy
• Object correlation
• Orbit determination
• Orbit propagation
• Maneuver detection
• Fragmentation detection
• Prediction of collisions
• Re-Entry prediction
BACARDI
BACARDI Overview
www.DLR.de • Folie 17
(provenance data)
BACARDI: Internal Nodes
www.DLR.de • Folie 18
Sensor Organisation
Observation
Observation Error
Correction of Observations
Sensor Error Statistic
Object
TLE
Osculating
Elements
Ephemeris
DSST
Orbit
TLE Error Statistic
Manoeuvre
Satellite Launch
Fragmentation
Re-Entry
CA (Close
Approach)
Orbit Propagation
Orbit Modelling
Space Weather
Time & Coordinate
System
Orbit Determination
CA Analysis /
Warning
CA Detection
CA Threshold
Correlation
Features
• Definable roles for each user
• Each individual datum might has its own data policy
• Possibility of a distributed system
• Data Provenance: Provenance is information about entities, activities,
and people involved in producing a piece of data or thing, which can
be used to form assessments about its quality, reliability or
trustworthiness.
o Backtracking of each produced product (ephemerides, state
vectors, correlated objects, …)
o Reproducibility of products and data generated
BACARDI
www.DLR.de • Folie 19
Conclusions
www.DLR.de • Folie 20
• Collision analyses cost manpower, maneuver costs mission
time
• Precise orbit information essential (ephemeris - including
covariance - is required, no knowledge of object necessary)
• No information of all objects with sufficient accuracy
publically available
• Desirable: information about satellite status, post mission
disposal in GEO, and maneuvers
• SMARTnet and BACARDI set up as a GEO surveillance
system
Suggestion: open catalogue for satellite operators
with highly accurate orbit information
www.DLR.de • Folie 21
Thanks for Your Attention!
Re-Entry Predictions 2012
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