2013
Edmund G. Brown, Jr.Governor
Mark S. GhilarducciDirector
California Governor’sOffice of Emergency Services
CALIFORNIAMULTI-HAZARD
MITIGATION PLAN
2013 STATE OF CALIFORNIA MULTI‐HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
PREPARED BY:
California Governor’s Office of Emergency Services 3650 Schriever Avenue Mather, CA 95655 www.caloes.ca.gov
WITH SUPPORT FROM:
City and Regional Planning Department Planning, Design & Construction Institute
Faculty Advisors and Consultants California Polytechnic State University
San Luis Obispo, CA 93407‐0283
OCTOBER 2013
STATE OF CALIFORNIA MULTI‐HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The Director of the California Governor’s Office of Emergency Services (Cal OES) wishes to thank the members of the State Hazard Mitigation Team (SHMT) for their guidance and support in the development of the 2013 State Multi‐Hazard Mitigation Plan. Additionally, the contributions of representatives of federal, state, and local governments, non‐governmental and community‐based organizations, and the private sector were invaluable. Development of the Plan was facilitated by Cal OES and the Planning, Design & Construction Institute (PDCI), Cal Poly University, San Luis Obispo.
CAL OES EXECUTIVE STAFF
Mark Ghilarducci Director
Mike Dayton Chief Deputy Director
Christina Curry Deputy Director
Brendan Murphy Deputy Director
Richard Devylder Chief
CAL OES HAZARD MITIGATION MANAGEMENT
Kirby Everhart State Hazard Mitigation Officer (Grants)Chief, Hazard Mitigation Grants Division
Joanne Brandani Acting State Hazard Mitigation Officer (Planning)Chief, Infrastructure Protection &Mitigation Division
Jose Lara Chief, Mitigation Planning Division
CAL OES SHMP MEMBERS
Julie Norris SHMP Lead Coordinator/
Senior Emergency Services Coordinator Mitigation Planning Division
Victoria LaMar‐Haas Senior Emergency Services Coordinator Mitigation Planning Division
Karen McCready Emergency Services Coordinator Mitigation Planning Division
Wendy Boemecke Emergency Services Coordinator Mitigation Planning Division
Paul Ransom Unit Supervisor Hazard Mitigation Grants Division
Linda Fong Unit Supervisor Hazard Mitigation Grants Division
Ted Ross Lead Senior Analyst Infrastructure Protection Division
Phil Oglesby Senior Analyst Infrastructure Protection Division
Ted Johnson Senior Analyst Infrastructure Protection Division
Brian Banning Senior Assessor Infrastructure Protection Division
Ron Hooks Senior Assessor Infrastructure Protection Division
STATE OF CALIFORNIA MULTI‐HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Tom Ducker Lead Senior Analyst Infrastructure Protection Division
Sam Cowan Senior Analyst Infrastructure Protection Division
Michelle Martinez Research Program Specialist II Infrastructure Protection Division
Johanna Fenton Senior Emergency Services Coordinator Earthquake & Tsunami Program
Kate Long Research Program Specialist II Earthquake & Tsunami Program
Kevin Miller Research Program Specialist II Earthquake & Tsunami Program
Diane Vaughan Division Chief Geographic Information Systems
Kris Higgs Research Program Specialist I Geographic Information Systems
James Nordstrom Research Program Specialist II Geographic Information Systems
Karen Jackson Associate Government Program Analyst Office for Access & Functional Needs
2013 SHMP CAL POLY STATE UNIVERSITY ADVISORY TEAM
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
W. David Conn, D.Phil. Project Director, Professor City and Regional Planning Department
Kenneth C. Topping, FAICP Senior Advisor, Lecturer City and Regional Planning Department
William J. Siembieda, Ph.D., AICP Project Advisor, Professor
Director City and Regional Planning Department
Planning, Design, & Construction Institute
Michael R. Boswell, Ph.D., AICP Project Advisor, Professor City and Regional Planning Department
Meg Henry Research Coordinator City and Regional Planning Department
FACULTY ADVISORS
James Guthrie, P.E., S.E., LEED AP Assistant Professor Architectural Engineering Department
Robb Moss Ph.D. P.E. Associate Professor Civil and Environmental Engineering
Department
Jill Nelson, P.E., S.E., LEED AP, PMP Assistant Professor Architectural Engineering Department
CONSULTANTS
Natalie Macris Plan Editor Urban & Environmental Planning
Carol Schuldt GIS Consultant City and Regional Planning Department
Paula Schulz State Liaison Consultant Natural Hazards Mitigation
GRADUATE STUDENTS/RESEARCH ASSISTANTS
Phillip Brennan Hannah Cha Michael Germeraad Garrett Norman Stephen Schmidt
STATE OF CALIFORNIA MULTI‐HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
2013 STATE HAZARD MITIGATION TEAM AGENCIES
American Planning Association California Chapter California Department of Water Resources
American Red Cross (Sacramento Chapter) California Earthquake Authority
Association of Contingency Planners California Emergency Services Association (CESA) – Sutter County
Association of Environmental Professionals California Energy Commission
California Environmental Protection Agency (CAL/EPA)
Integrated Waste Management Board
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment
State Water Resources Control Board
Business and Industry Council for Emergency Planning & Preparedness (BICEPP)
Business Executives For National Security (BENS)
Business Recovery Managers Association
California Coastal Commission California Fire Safe Council
California Coastal Conservancy California Geological Survey
California Conservation Corps California Highway Patrol
California Department of Conservation California Natural Resources Agency
California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation California Public Utilities Commission
California Department of Education California Seismic Safety Commission
California Department of Food and Agriculture California State Archives
California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CAL FIRE), Office of the Fire Marshal
California State Association of Counties (CSAC)
California Department of General Services California State Lands Commission
California Department of Housing and Community Development
California State Parks
California Department of Insurance California State University System (CSU)
California Department of Public Health California Utilities Emergency Association (CUEA)
California Department of Social Services CaliforniaVolunteers
California Department of Technology Services Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board
California Department of Transportation Community Outreach Promoting Emergency (COPE) Preparedness
STATE OF CALIFORNIA MULTI‐HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Delta Protection Commission Rural County Representatives of California (RCRC)
Dewberry Sacramento Area Council of Governments
Division of the State Architect Sacramento Municipality Utility District (SMUD)
Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI) San Francisco Conservation and Development Commission (BCDC)
Esri San Joaquin County Office of Emergency Services
FEMA Region IX Sierra Club
Floodplain Management Association Sierra Nevada Conservancy
Governor’s Office of Planning and Research State Humane Association of California
Institute for Building and Home Safety (IBHS) State of Nevada
League of California Cities Strategic Growth Council
Local Government Commission United States Army Corps of Engineers
Michael Baker Corporation United States Bureau of Indian Affairs
MMI Engineering United States Bureau of Land Management
Native American Heritage Commission United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
Natural Resources Conservation Services United States Forest Service
Nature Conservancy United States Fish and Wildlife Service
Ocean Protection Council/Coastal and Ocean Climate Action Team
United States Geological Survey
Office of Historic Preservation (see DPR) University of California Davis
Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development (part of Health and Human Services Department)
University of California (Office of the Secretary of the Regents)
Planning and Conservation League University of Southern California (USC)
Public Agency Risk Managers Associates Volunteer Centers of California
Reclamation Board Wildlife Conservation Board
STATE OF CALIFORNIA MULTI‐HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1 ‐ The Planning Process ................................................................ 1
Purpose of the Plan ............................................................................................................................ 1 1.1
1.1.1 California – What’s at Stake ....................................................................................................... 2
1.1.2 What is Hazard Mitigation? ........................................................................................................ 4
1.1.3 The SHMP – An Enhanced State Mitigation Plan ....................................................................... 4
Plan Overview .................................................................................................................................... 5 1.2
1.2.1 What’s New in the 2013 SHMP? ................................................................................................ 6
1.2.2 2013 SHMP Chapter Outline ...................................................................................................... 6
Preparing the 2013 SHMP .................................................................................................................. 7 1.3
1.3.1 Plan Update Procedure .............................................................................................................. 7
1.3.2 Coordination Among Agencies and Departments ...................................................................... 8
1.3.3 Public Involvement ................................................................................................................... 11
Implementing the 2013 SHMP ......................................................................................................... 14 1.4
1.4.1 Cal OES Coordination Role ....................................................................................................... 14
1.4.2 Cal OES Implementation Role .................................................................................................. 15
Integration with Other Planning Efforts ........................................................................................... 15 1.5
1.5.1 State Emergency Plan .............................................................................................................. 15
1.5.2 Hazard‐Specific Mitigation Plans .............................................................................................. 17
1.5.3 Related Planning Efforts ........................................................................................................... 18
1.5.4 Cal OES Local Hazard Mitigation Planning Program ................................................................. 18
Adoption by the State ...................................................................................................................... 19 1.6
Updating the Plan ............................................................................................................................ 19 1.7
Chapter 2 ‐ State Goals and Objectives ...................................................... 23
Background: Creating a Strategic Framework for Mitigation .......................................................... 23 2.1
Vision and Mission ........................................................................................................................... 24 2.2
Goals and Objectives ........................................................................................................................ 24 2.3
2.3.1 Reducing Life Loss and Injuries ................................................................................................ 24
2.3.2 Minimizing Damage and Service Interruptions ........................................................................ 26
2.3.3 Protecting the Environment ..................................................................................................... 27
2.3.4 Promoting Integrated Mitigation Policy ................................................................................... 28
State Priorities .................................................................................................................................. 30 2.4
2.4.1 Priority Determination ............................................................................................................. 30
2.4.2 Federal Hazard Mitigation Funding Priorities .......................................................................... 31
STATE OF CALIFORNIA MULTI‐HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN TABLE OF CONTENTS
Local Mitigation Planning ................................................................................................................ 33 2.5
2.5.1 The LHMP Process .................................................................................................................... 33
2.5.2 Goal and Objectives of the LHMP Program .............................................................................. 34
2.5.3 Relationships of Local Planning Processes to LHMPs ............................................................... 34
2.5.4 Status of LHMPs ....................................................................................................................... 35
Integration of Local and State Mitigation Efforts ............................................................................ 38 2.6
Chapter 3 ‐ State Mitigation Strategies and Actions .................................. 41
Institutional and Legal Context ........................................................................................................ 41 3.1
3.1.1 Federal Laws, Institutions and Policies .................................................................................... 42
3.1.2 California Laws, Institutions and Policies ................................................................................. 43
3.1.3 Local Government Laws, Institutions and Policies ................................................................... 47
3.1.4 Private Sector Emergency Management and Mitigation ......................................................... 48
State Capability Assessment ............................................................................................................ 49 3.2
3.2.1 Legal Foundations of State Capability ...................................................................................... 49
3.2.2 Levels of State Capability ......................................................................................................... 49
Local Government Capability Assessment........................................................................................ 51 3.3
3.3.1 Legal Foundations of Local Government Capability ................................................................. 51
3.3.2 Role of California Planning and Building Codes ....................................................................... 52
3.3.3 State Actions Supporting Local Capability ................................................................................ 55
3.3.4 Fostering Local Government Capability ................................................................................... 55
Types of State Mitigation Strategies ................................................................................................ 56 3.4
3.4.1 Direct vs. Indirect Strategies .................................................................................................... 56
3.4.2 Mandatory vs. Discretionary Strategies ................................................................................... 56
Strategies Enhancing State‐Local Mitigation Capabilities ............................................................... 58 3.5
3.5.1 Adopt Legislation Formalizing Mitigation Program .................................................................. 59
3.5.2 Strengthen Inter‐Agency Coordination .................................................................................... 62
3.5.3 Broaden Public and Private Sector Mitigation Linkages .......................................................... 63
3.5.4 Set Targets for Measuring Future Progress ............................................................................. 65
3.5.5 Enhance Data Systems and GIS Modeling ................................................................................ 67
3.5.6 Establish Mitigation Registry for Communicating Progress ..................................................... 68
3.5.7 Implement SMART Post‐Disaster Loss Avoidance Tracking ..................................................... 69
3.5.8 Connect Land Use Mitigation with Regional Planning ............................................................. 71
Comprehensive Multi‐Agency Mitigation Action Program .............................................................. 73 3.6
3.6.1 Multiple Funding Sources......................................................................................................... 73
3.6.2 Coordination of Mitigation Actions .......................................................................................... 73
3.6.3 Coordination of Mitigation Action Priorities ............................................................................ 73
STATE OF CALIFORNIA MULTI‐HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN TABLE OF CONTENTS
3.6.4 Role of SHMT in Plan Updates ................................................................................................. 74
Chapter 4 ‐ Risk Assessment Overview ...................................................... 75
Profile of Assets at Risk .................................................................................................................... 75 4.1
4.1.1 Population, Economy and Infrastructure ................................................................................. 77
4.1.2 Natural Environment ................................................................................................................ 81
4.1.3 Growth Patterns and Trends .................................................................................................... 84
California’s Disaster History ............................................................................................................. 87 4.2
4.2.1 Statewide Disaster Loss Findings ............................................................................................. 87
4.2.2 Primary Sources of Disaster Losses .......................................................................................... 90
Criteria for Hazards, Vulnerability and Risk Assessment .................................................................. 91 4.3
4.3.1 Hazard Impact Criteria ............................................................................................................. 91
4.3.2 Classification System: Primary, Secondary and Other Hazards ............................................... 91
4.3.3 Risk Assessment Components .................................................................................................. 92
4.3.4 Standard Risk Assessment Text Template Categories .............................................................. 92
Essential Terminology ...................................................................................................................... 93 4.4
4.4.1 Hazard, Risk, Vulnerability, Disaster ........................................................................................ 93
4.4.2 Mitigation, Preparedness, Response, Recovery ....................................................................... 95
4.4.3 Sustainability and Resilience .................................................................................................... 96
An Emerging Risk Factor: Climate Change ....................................................................................... 97 4.5
4.5.1 California’s Climate Change Initiatives ..................................................................................... 98
4.5.2 Climate Adaptation: State Efforts to Prepare for Climate Risks ............................................. 100
4.5.3 Local and Regional Climate Adaptation Planning .................................................................. 105
Multi‐Hazards Demonstration Project ........................................................................................... 108 4.6
4.6.1 The Great California ShakeOut Scenario ................................................................................ 108
4.6.2 ARkStorm ............................................................................................................................... 109
4.6.3 Science Application for Risk Reduction (SAFRR) Tsunami Scenario ....................................... 111
The National Preparedness System ................................................................................................ 112 4.7
4.7.1 Threat and Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment (THIRA) ............................................ 112
4.7.2 National Mitigation Framework ............................................................................................. 114
Chapter 5 ‐ Earthquakes, Floods and Wildfires: Risks and Mitigation ..... 115
Statewide GIS Hazard Analysis ....................................................................................................... 115 5.1
5.1.1 GIS Analysis of Vulnerability to Hazards ................................................................................ 116
5.1.2 Planning, Policy and Action Implications ............................................................................... 121
Earthquake Hazards, Vulnerability and Risk Assessment ............................................................... 122 5.2
5.2.1 Identifying Earthquake Hazards ............................................................................................. 122
STATE OF CALIFORNIA MULTI‐HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN TABLE OF CONTENTS
5.2.2 Profiling Earthquake Hazards ................................................................................................. 131
5.2.3 Assessment of State Earthquake Vulnerability and Potential Losses .................................... 134
5.2.4 Assessment of Local Earthquake Vulnerability and Potential Losses .................................... 145
5.2.5 Current Earthquake Hazard Mitigation Efforts ...................................................................... 188
5.2.6 Opportunities for Enhanced Earthquake Hazard Mitigation ................................................. 193
Flood Hazards, Vulnerability and Risk Assessment ........................................................................ 198 5.3
5.3.1 Identifying Flood Hazards....................................................................................................... 198
5.3.2 Profiling Flood Hazards .......................................................................................................... 198
5.3.3 Assessment of State Flood Vulnerability and Potential Losses .............................................. 204
5.3.4 Assessment of Local Flood Vulnerability and Potential Losses .............................................. 212
5.3.5 Current Flood Hazard Mitigation Efforts ................................................................................ 216
5.3.6 Opportunities for Enhanced Flood Hazard Mitigation Efforts ............................................... 241
Wildfire Hazards, Vulnerability and Risk Assessment .................................................................... 242 5.4
5.4.1 Identifying Wildfire Hazards ................................................................................................... 242
5.4.2 Profiling Wildfire Hazards ...................................................................................................... 249
5.4.3 Assessment of State Wildfire Vulnerability and Potential Losses .......................................... 253
5.4.4 Assessment of Local Wildfire Vulnerability and Potential Losses .......................................... 263
5.4.5 Current Wildfire Hazard Mitigation Efforts ............................................................................ 268
5.4.6 Opportunities for Enhanced Wildfire Hazard Mitigation ....................................................... 279
Chapter 6 ‐ Other hazards: Risks and Mitigation ..................................... 283
Levee Failure .................................................................................................................................. 283 6.1
6.1.1 Identifying Levee Hazards ...................................................................................................... 284
6.1.2 Profiling Levee Hazards .......................................................................................................... 288
6.1.3 Assessment of State and Local Vulnerability and Potential Losses ........................................ 290
6.1.4 Current Levee Failure Hazard Mitigation Efforts ................................................................... 290
Landslides and Other Earth Movements ........................................................................................ 293 6.2
6.2.1 Identifying Landslide Hazards ................................................................................................ 293
6.2.2 Profiling Landslide Hazards .................................................................................................... 294
6.2.3 Assessment of Vulnerability and Potential Losses ................................................................. 300
6.2.4 Current Landslide Hazard Mitigation Efforts .......................................................................... 303
Tsunami Hazards ............................................................................................................................ 307 6.3
6.3.1 Identifying Tsunami Hazards .................................................................................................. 307
6.3.2 Profiling Tsunami Hazards ...................................................................................................... 307
6.3.3 Assessment of State Vulnerability and Potential Losses ........................................................ 308
6.3.4 Assessment of Local Vulnerability and Potential Losses ........................................................ 309
6.3.5 Current Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Efforts ........................................................................... 309
STATE OF CALIFORNIA MULTI‐HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN TABLE OF CONTENTS
6.3.6 Opportunities for Enhanced Tsunami Mitigation .................................................................. 316
Climate‐Related Hazards ................................................................................................................ 316 6.4
6.4.1 Air Pollution ........................................................................................................................... 317
6.4.2 Avalanches ............................................................................................................................. 317
6.4.3 Coastal Flooding, Erosion and Sea Level Rise ......................................................................... 318
6.4.4 Droughts and Water Shortages .............................................................................................. 326
6.4.5 Energy Shortage and Energy Resiliency ................................................................................. 332
6.4.6 Extreme Heat ......................................................................................................................... 341
6.4.7 Freeze ..................................................................................................................................... 346
6.4.8 Insect Pests and Diseases ....................................................................................................... 349
6.4.9 Severe Weather and Storms .................................................................................................. 349
Volcanoes ....................................................................................................................................... 352 6.5
6.5.1 Identifying Volcano Hazards .................................................................................................. 352
6.5.2 Profiling Volcano Hazards ...................................................................................................... 352
6.5.3 Assessment of State Vulnerability and Potential Losses ........................................................ 360
6.5.4 Assessment of Local Vulnerability and Potential Losses ........................................................ 361
6.5.5 Current Volcano Hazard Mitigation Efforts ............................................................................ 361
6.5.6 Opportunities for Enhanced Volcano Hazard Mitigation ....................................................... 362
Other Hazards ................................................................................................................................ 363 6.6
6.6.1 Agriculture Pests and Diseases .............................................................................................. 363
6.6.2 Dam Failure ............................................................................................................................ 366
6.6.3 Epidemic/Pandemic/Vector Borne Disease Hazards.............................................................. 368
6.6.4 Hazardous Materials Release ................................................................................................. 376
6.6.5 Marine Invasive Species ......................................................................................................... 382
6.6.6 Natural Gas Pipeline Hazards ................................................................................................. 383
6.6.7 Oil Spills .................................................................................................................................. 392
6.6.8 Radiological Accidents............................................................................................................ 400
6.6.9 Terrorism ................................................................................................................................ 405
6.6.10 Cyber Threats ......................................................................................................................... 409
Additional Hazards ......................................................................................................................... 410 6.7
6.7.1 Airline Crashes ....................................................................................................................... 410
6.7.2 Civil Disturbances ................................................................................................................... 411
6.7.3 Metal Theft in California ........................................................................................................ 411
6.7.4 Train Accidents Resulting in Explosions and/or Chemical Releases ....................................... 411
6.7.5 Well Stimulation and Hydraulic Fracturing ............................................................................ 413
STATE OF CALIFORNIA MULTI‐HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 7 ‐ Enhanced Plan Criteria Achievements Program ..................... 419
Integration with Other Planning Initiatives .................................................................................... 419 7.1
7.1.1 SHMP Integration with Emergency Management ................................................................. 420
7.1.2 Legislative and Policy Integration .......................................................................................... 421
7.1.3 Institutional Integration ......................................................................................................... 421
7.1.4 Content Integration ................................................................................................................ 422
7.1.5 Functional Integration ............................................................................................................ 423
7.1.6 Financial Integration .............................................................................................................. 423
Project Implementation Capability ................................................................................................ 423 7.2
7.2.1 Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP) ............................................................................ 424
7.2.2 Pre‐Disaster Mitigation (PDM) Grants ................................................................................... 424
7.2.3 Legislative Pre‐Disaster Mitigation (LPDM) Grants ................................................................ 424
7.2.4 Flood Mitigation Assistance (FMA) Grants ............................................................................. 424
7.2.5 Severe Repetitive Loss (SRL) Grants ....................................................................................... 424
7.2.6 Determining Cost Effectiveness ............................................................................................. 425
7.2.7 The Proposal Process ............................................................................................................. 425
7.2.8 The Rating Process ................................................................................................................. 426
7.2.9 The Selection Process ............................................................................................................. 427
7.2.10 The Appeals Process ............................................................................................................... 428
Program Management Capability .................................................................................................. 429 7.3
7.3.1 Administration ....................................................................................................................... 429
7.3.2 Environmental Review and Benefit‐Cost Analyses ................................................................ 433
7.3.3 Quarterly Progress Reporting ................................................................................................ 433
7.3.4 Enhancements to Previous Local Assistance Monitoring Process ......................................... 434
7.3.5 Monitoring of Local Assistance .............................................................................................. 437
7.3.6 Mitigation Activities Completion and Closeout ..................................................................... 437
Assessment of Mitigation Actions .................................................................................................. 437 7.4
7.4.1 State Mitigation Assessment Review Team (SMART) System ................................................ 438
7.4.2 California Vital Infrastructure Vulnerability Assessment (Cal VIVA) ...................................... 446
Effective Use of Available Mitigation Funding ............................................................................... 447 7.5
Commitment to a Comprehensive Mitigation Program ................................................................. 448 7.6
7.6.1 Formalizing the Comprehensive Mitigation Program ............................................................ 453
7.6.2 Implementing the Comprehensive Mitigation Program ........................................................ 453
Monitoring, Evaluating and Updating the SHMP ........................................................................... 454 7.7
7.7.1 Monitoring the SHMP ............................................................................................................ 454
7.7.2 Evaluating the SHMP .............................................................................................................. 454
STATE OF CALIFORNIA MULTI‐HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN TABLE OF CONTENTS
7.7.3 Monitoring Hazard Mitigation Projects.................................................................................. 454
7.7.4 Systematic Plan Revision ........................................................................................................ 455
7.7.5 Expanded Role of the SHMT................................................................................................... 455
Annex 1 ‐ Guide to Community Planning and Hazard Mitigation ............... 1
1.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 1
1.2. What is Community Planning? ........................................................................................................... 1
1.3. Role of Community Planning in Emergency Management ................................................................. 2
1.4. Key Participants ................................................................................................................................. 3
1.5. General Plans ..................................................................................................................................... 8
1.6. Adoption of Local Hazard Mitigation Plans with Safety Elements ................................................... 11
1.7. Hazard‐Specific Legislative Mandates.............................................................................................. 11
1.8. The California Environmental Quality Act ........................................................................................ 15
1.9. General Plan Implementation .......................................................................................................... 15
1.10. Redevelopment ............................................................................................................................ 19
1.11. Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 19
Annex 2 ‐ Guide to California Hazard Mitigation Laws, Policies and Institutions ................................................................................................. 1
2.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 1
2.2. Flood Insurance Act ............................................................................................................................ 1
2.3. Stafford Act ........................................................................................................................................ 2
2.4. Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 ......................................................................................................... 2
2.4.1. Local Hazard Mitigation Plans .................................................................................................... 3
2.4.2. Hazard Mitigation Grant Program .............................................................................................. 3
2.4.3. Pre‐Disaster Mitigation .............................................................................................................. 3
2.5. Other Federal Disaster Laws .............................................................................................................. 3
2.6. Federal Emergency Management Directives ..................................................................................... 4
2.6.1. National Incident Management System (NIMS) ........................................................................ 4
2.6.2. National Response Framework (NRF) ........................................................................................ 4
2.6.3. National Preparedness System .................................................................................................. 6
2.6.4. Threat and Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment (THIRA) ................................................ 6
2.6.5. National Mitigation Framework ................................................................................................. 6
2.7. California Emergency Services Act ..................................................................................................... 7
2.7.1. State Emergency Plan ................................................................................................................ 7
2.7.2. Standardized Emergency Management System (SEMS) ............................................................ 9
2.7.3. Role of Cal OES and SEMS .......................................................................................................... 9
STATE OF CALIFORNIA MULTI‐HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN TABLE OF CONTENTS
2.7.4. Local Government Coordination ................................................................................................ 9
2.7.5. Cal OES Administrative Regions ............................................................................................... 10
2.8. Relationship of SHMP to Emergency Management ......................................................................... 12
2.8.1. Special Note on Relationship of Mitigation and Emergency Plans .......................................... 12
2.8.2. Vital Role of SHMP in Emergency Management ...................................................................... 12
2.9. State Agency Responsibilities ........................................................................................................... 14
2.10. State Emergency Management and Mitigation Laws .................................................................. 18
2.11. Local Emergency Management Responsibilities .......................................................................... 19
2.12. Local Hazard Mitigation Responsibilities ..................................................................................... 19
2.12.1. Building and Fire Codes ............................................................................................................ 19
2.12.2. Planning and Zoning ................................................................................................................. 19
2.12.3. Seismic Zonation ...................................................................................................................... 21
2.12.4. State Responsibility Areas ........................................................................................................ 21
2.12.5. Hazard Mitigation Through Local Land Use Planning............................................................... 21
2.13. Relationships of Local Planning Processes to LHMPs ................................................................... 22
2.14. Utilities ......................................................................................................................................... 23
2.15. Business, Industry and Community‐Based Organizations ............................................................ 23
Annex 3 ‐ Lifelines Infrastructure and Hazard Mitigation Planning ............ 1
3.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 1
3.1.1. Hazard Mitigation and California Lifeline Systems ..................................................................... 3
3.1.2. Cascading Lifeline Failures ......................................................................................................... 4
3.2. Lifeline Failure Case Examples ........................................................................................................... 5
3.2.1. Loma Prieta Earthquake ‐ Impact on Water and Transportation ............................................... 5
3.2.2. La Conchita Landslide – Impact on Transportation .................................................................... 7
3.2.3. Naples, Italy, Garbage Strike and San Francisco Combined Sewer Overflow ............................ 7
3.2.4. Chile Earthquake – Impact on Power, Water, Communication, and Transportation ................ 8
3.2.5. Japan Earthquake and Tsunami ‐ Nuclear Disaster .................................................................... 9
3.2.6. Hurricane Sandy ‐ Gas Shortage ................................................................................................. 9
3.3. Lifelines and Systems Concepts ........................................................................................................ 10
3.3.1. Types of Systems ...................................................................................................................... 10
3.3.2. Using “Fault Trees”: A Fictional Example ................................................................................. 12
3.4. Path Forward for Lifeline Resilience ................................................................................................. 13
3.4.1. Identifying Critical Restoration Timelines ................................................................................ 14
3.4.2. Assessing Lifeline System Risk .................................................................................................. 17
3.4.3. Lifeline Mitigation .................................................................................................................... 19
3.5. Summary .......................................................................................................................................... 19
STATE OF CALIFORNIA MULTI‐HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN TABLE OF CONTENTS
3.6. Resources ......................................................................................................................................... 20
3.6.1. Information Sources ................................................................................................................. 20
3.6.2. 20
3.6.3. References Used in This Annex ................................................................................................ 20
Annex 4 ‐ Public Sector Funding Sources ................................................... 1
4.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 1
4.2. Federal Funding Sources .................................................................................................................... 2
4.2.1. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) ..................................................................... 2
4.2.2. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) .................................................................................... 3
4.2.4. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) ...................................................... 4
4.2.5. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service ................................ 4
4.2.6. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) .......................................................... 5
4.2.8. Bureau of Land Management .................................................................................................... 6
4.2.9. U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) ..................................................................................... 6
4.2.11. Health and Economic Agencies .................................................................................................. 8
4.2.12. Research Agencies ..................................................................................................................... 8
4.2.13. U.S. Department of Homeland Security ..................................................................................... 9
4.3. State Funding Sources ........................................................................................................................ 9
4.3.1. Earthquake Hazard Mitigation Funding ..................................................................................... 9
4.3.2. Flood Hazard Mitigation Funding ............................................................................................. 11
4.3.3. Wildfire Hazard Mitigation Funding ......................................................................................... 14
4.3.4. Other State Hazard Mitigation Funding ................................................................................... 15
4.4. Local Funding Sources ...................................................................................................................... 17
4.4.1. Napa County Flood Protection and Watershed Improvement Expenditure Plan .................... 18
4.4.2. City of Roseville Floodplain Management ................................................................................ 18
4.4.3. San Francisco Public Utilities Commission Water System Improvement Program (WSIP) ...... 18
4.4.4. City of Santa Barbara Land Purchase ....................................................................................... 19
4.5. Alternative Funding Sources ............................................................................................................. 20
4.5.1. Combined Funding Approaches ............................................................................................... 20
4.5.2. California Financing Coordinating Committee (CFCC) .............................................................. 20
4.5.3. Nonprofit Government Partnerships ....................................................................................... 20
4.5.4. Utility Companies ..................................................................................................................... 20
4.6. Other Funding Sources ..................................................................................................................... 20
4.6.1. BayPrep .................................................................................................................................... 20
4.6.2. BART Earthquake Safety Bond ................................................................................................. 21
4.6.3. Port of Long Beach Mitigation Grant Program ......................................................................... 21
STATE OF CALIFORNIA MULTI‐HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN TABLE OF CONTENTS
4.6.4. Contra Costa County Keller Mitigation Fund............................................................................ 21
Annex 5 ‐ California Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Status Report .............. 1
5.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 1
5.2. Summary of Previous LHMP Findings ................................................................................................. 1
5.3. Progress on Improving LHMPs ........................................................................................................... 3
5.4. 2013 Updated Data and Analysis ....................................................................................................... 3
5.4.1. California LHMP Adoption Status ............................................................................................... 3
5.4.2. Preparation Trends .................................................................................................................... 8
5.4.3. Hazard and Risk Assessment Trends .......................................................................................... 8
5.4.4. Planning and Mitigation Trends ............................................................................................... 15
5.5. Conclusions....................................................................................................................................... 15
5.6. Recommendations ........................................................................................................................... 15
Annex 6 ‐ 2010 SHMP Stakeholder Survey Report..................................... 1
6.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 1
6.2. Purpose of the Stakeholder Surveys ................................................................................................... 1
6.3. Survey Development and Distribution Process ................................................................................... 2
6.3.1. Outreach Contacts ..................................................................................................................... 2
6.3.2. Survey Development .................................................................................................................. 2
6.3.3. Survey Distribution Process and Schedule ................................................................................. 4
6.4. Survey Responses ............................................................................................................................... 6
6.4.1. Perceived Concerns .................................................................................................................... 7
6.4.2. Private Sector Concerns ........................................................................................................... 10
6.4.3. Public Sector Implementation of Mitigation Actions ............................................................... 11
6.4.4. Private Sector Implementation of Mitigation Actions ............................................................. 15
6.4.5. Future Mitigation Actions ........................................................................................................ 16
6.5. Conclusions and Recommendations ................................................................................................. 20
6.5.1. Recommendations for Future Outreach and Building Partnerships ........................................ 21
6.5.2. Outreach Enhancements .......................................................................................................... 22
STATE OF CALIFORNIA MULTI‐HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN TABLE OF CONTENTS
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A Hazard Mitigation Team (SHMT) and Working Group Meeting Records………………………………………………… A‐1
APPENDIX B 2013 SHMP Agency Contact List……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… B‐1
APPENDIX C Assembly Bill 2140 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… C‐1
APPENDIX D Assembly Bill 162 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… D‐1
APPENDIX E Assembly Bill 70 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… E‐1
APPENDIX F Senate Bill 5 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… F‐1
APPENDIX G Senate Bill 1240 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… G‐1
APPENDIX H Senate Bill 1278 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… H‐1
APPENDIX I Assembly Bill 1965 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… I‐1
APPENDIX J SHMP Outreach Contacts ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… J‐1
APPENDIX K Working Group Reports ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… K‐1
APPENDIX L Comprehensive Multi‐Agency Mitigation Action Matrix ………………………………………………………………………… L‐1
APPENDIX M California Disaster History, 1950‐2012 …………………………………………………………………………………………………… M‐1
APPENDIX N GIS Risk Exposure Analysis Methodology ………………………………………………………………………………………………… N‐1
APPENDIX O Overall Progress Toward Earthquake Mitigation of Key Building Inventories ………………………………………… O‐1
APPENDIX P Top 10 California Repetitive Loss Communities Summary ……………………………………………………………………… P‐1
APPENDIX Q Hazard Mitigation Grants Rating And Closeout Processes………………………………………………………………………… Q‐1
APPENDIX R MyPlan User Guide Information …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… R‐1
APPENDIX S State Agency Functions – Agency Responsibility Matrix ………………………………………………………………………… S‐1
APPENDIX T Earthquake Hazard Mitigation Legislation, 1933‐2012 …………………………………………………………………………… T‐1
APPENDIX U Flood Hazard Mitigation Legislation, 1933‐2012 …………………………………………………………………………………… U‐1
APPENDIX V Wildfire Hazard Mitigation Legislation, 1933‐2012 ………………………………………………………………………………… V‐1
APPENDIX W Earthquake Hazard Mitigation Legislative History ………………………………………………………………………………… W‐1
STATE OF CALIFORNIA MULTI‐HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN TABLE OF CONTENTS
APPENDIX X SMART Memorandum of Understanding ……………………………………………………………………………………………… X‐1
APPENDIX Y 2004 State of California Multi‐Hazard Mitigation Plan List of Assurances……………………………………………… Y‐1
STATE OF CALIFORNIA MULTI‐HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN TABLE OF CONTENTS
INDEX OF MAPS
MAP 1.A: California Overlaid on Northeast States............................................................................................ 2
MAP 1.B: The State of California ........................................................................................................................ 3
MAP 2.A: Population Distribution and Density ............................................................................................... 25
MAP 2.B: FEMA‐Approved City and County LHMPs ......................................................................................... 36
MAP 3.A: Cal OES Administrative Regions ...................................................................................................... 46
MAP 4.A: California Population by County ..................................................................................................... 76
MAP 4.B: California Terrain ............................................................................................................................. 82
MAP 4.C: Public Lands ..................................................................................................................................... 83
MAP 4.D: California Population Change by County ........................................................................................ 85
MAP 4.E: California Residential Units Authorized by Permits ......................................................................... 86
MAP 4.F: State and Federal Declared Disasters, 1950‐December 2012 ......................................................... 88
MAP 4.G: Great ShakeOut Magnitude 7.8 Earthquake Scenario .................................................................. 109
MAP 4.H: Projected ARkStorm Flooding in California (Based on Modeled Scenario) .................................... 110
MAP 5.A: Population/Social Vulnerability Base Map .................................................................................... 117
MAP 5.B: Population/Social Vulnerability with Earthquake Hazard ............................................................. 118
MAP 5.C: Population/Social Vulnerability with Flood Hazard ....................................................................... 119
MAP 5.D: Population/Social Vulnerability with Wildfire Hazard .................................................................. 120
MAP 5.E: Historic Earthquakes In and Near California by Magnitude (1769‐2010) ...................................... 123
MAP 5.F: Areas Damaged by Earthquakes, 1800‐2007 ................................................................................. 126
MAP 5.G: ShakeMap ..................................................................................................................................... 127
MAP 5.H: State and Federal Declared Earthquake Disasters, 1950‐December 2012 ................................... 135
MAP 5.I: Earthquake Shaking Hazard Affecting Buildings of Three or More Stories .................................... 137
MAP 5.J: Probability of Earthquake Magnitudes Occurring in 30‐Year Time Frame..................................... 138
MAP 5.K: State‐Owned Buildings in Higher Earthquake Hazard Areas ......................................................... 143
MAP 5.L: Unreinforced Masonry Retrofit Progress in Seismic Zone 4 (High Seismicity Regions) ................. 150
MAP 5.M: Earthquake Shaking Hazard Affecting One‐ and Two‐Story Buildings ......................................... 165
MAP 5.N: California Aqueducts, Canals and Natural Hydrologic Regions ..................................................... 178
MAP 5.O: Southern California Water Resources Vulnerability to Earthquakes ............................................. 179
MAP 5.P: Transportation Infrastructure ....................................................................................................... 184
MAP 5.Q: Earthquake Hazard Ranking in Local Hazard Mitigation Plans ..................................................... 187
MAP 5.R: Seismic Hazards Mapping Act Progress as of 2013 ....................................................................... 190
MAP 5.S: Alquist‐Priolo Earthquake Fault Zoning Map as of 2013 ............................................................... 191
MAP 5.T: FEMA Funded Earthquake Mitigation Projects and Population/Social Vulnerability .................... 192
MAP 5.U: Natural Hydrologic Regions .......................................................................................................... 200
MAP 5.V: State and Federal Declared Flood Disasters, 1950‐December 2012 ............................................. 203
MAP 5.W: Flood Hazard Areas in California ................................................................................................... 205
MAP 5.X: FEMA Flood Insurance Rate Map .................................................................................................. 206
MAP 5.Y: Population Exposed to 500‐Year Flooding in California by Hydrogeologic Region ....................... 209
MAP 5.Z: Structures Exposed to 500‐Year Flooding In California by Hydrogeologic Region ........................ 209
MAP 5.AA: State‐Owned Buildings in Higher Flood Hazard Areas ................................................................ 211
STATE OF CALIFORNIA MULTI‐HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN TABLE OF CONTENTS
MAP 5.BB: Flood Hazard Ranking in Local Hazard Mitigation Plans ............................................................. 215
MAP 5.CC: Geographic Scope of Central Valley Flood Protection Plan ......................................................... 230
MAP 5.DD: FEMA‐Funded Flood Mitigation Projects and Population/Social Vulnerability .......................... 236
MAP 5.EE: Fire Frequency (Number of Times Burned), 1950‐2008 .............................................................. 244
MAP 5.FF: Fire Perimeters: Wildfires 1950‐2012 ......................................................................................... 247
MAP 5.GG: State of California Fire Threat .................................................................................................... 251
MAP 5.HH: State and Federal Declared Fire Disasters, 1950‐December 2012 ............................................. 256
MAP 5.II: State‐Owned Buildings in Higher Wildfire Threat Areas ............................................................... 257
MAP 5.JJ: Fire Regime Condition Classes ...................................................................................................... 259
MAP 5.KK: Wildfire Hazard Ranking in Local Hazard Mitigation Plans.......................................................... 264
MAP 5.LL: Fire Hazard Severity Zones in State Responsibility Areas ............................................................ 266
MAP 5.MM: FEMA‐Funded Wildfire Mitigation Projects and Population/Social Vulnerability .................... 280
MAP 6.A: Bay‐Delta Elevations Relative to Mean Sea Level (after DWR 1993) ............................................ 285
MAP 6.B: California Levee System with 100‐Year Flood Zones ..................................................................... 286
MAP 6.C: 1994‐1995 Winter Storm Landslide Events ................................................................................... 296
MAP 6.D: Relative Susceptibility to Deep‐seated Landslides in California ................................................... 298
MAP 6.E: State and Federal Declared Landslide Disasters, 1950‐December 2009 ........................................ 299
MAP 6.F: Palos Verdes Peninsula Area Landslide Hazard Map ..................................................................... 306
MAP 6.G: Tsunami Inundation Mapping Completed, 2009 .......................................................................... 314
MAP 6.H: Tsunami Inundation Map – Crescent City ..................................................................................... 315
MAP 6.I: Areas Potentially Vulnerable to Sea Level Rise using NOAA Coastal Services Center’s Interactive Mapping Tool ................................................................................................................................................. 321
MAP 6.J: State and Federal Declared Drought Disasters, 1950‐December 2012 ......................................... 329
MAP 6.K: California’s Electric Transmission Grid ........................................................................................... 334
MAP 6.L: California Historical and Projected Temperature, 1961‐2099 ....................................................... 343
MAP 6.M: State and Federal Declared Freeze Disasters, 1950‐December 2012 .......................................... 347
MAP 6.N: Potentially Hazardous Volcanoes of California .............................................................................. 353
MAP 6.O: Shasta Area Volcanic Hazard Zonation Map ................................................................................. 355
MAP 6.P: Clearlake Area Volcanic Hazard Zonation Map ............................................................................. 356
MAP 6.Q: Mono Area Volcanic Hazard Zonation Map .................................................................................. 356
MAP 6.R: Salton Area Volcanic Hazard Zonation Map .................................................................................. 357
MAP 6.S: Valley Fever Endemic Areas in the Southwestern U.S. .................................................................. 373
MAP 6.T: California Natural Gas Pipelines .................................................................................................... 384
MAP 6.U: Nuclear Power Plant Emergency Planning Zones (EPZs) ............................................................... 402
MAP 7.A: FEMA‐Funded Hazard Mitigation Grant Projects .......................................................................... 435
MAP 7.B: FEMA‐Funded Hazard Mitigation Grant Projects – Greater San Francisco Bay Area .................... 436
MAP 7.C: FEMA Funded Hazard Mitigation Grant Projects – Greater Los Angeles Area .............................. 436
MAP 7.D: Hazard Mitigation Grant Projects near 2010 December Storms .................................................. 439
MAP 7.E: CSU Campus Locations and Hazard Mitigation Projects ................................................................ 441
STATE OF CALIFORNIA MULTI‐HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN TABLE OF CONTENTS
INDEX OF PROGRESS SUMMARIES
Progress Summary 1.A: Plan Strategies ........................................................................................................... 10
Progress Summary 2.A: Jurisdictions with Approved LHMPs ......................................................................... 35
Progress Summary 2.B: Population Covered ................................................................................................... 38
Progress Summary 2.C: Geographic Distribution ............................................................................................. 38
Progress Summary 2.D: LHMP Training Workshops ....................................................................................... 39
Progress Summary 3.A: AB 2140 Implementation ........................................................................................... 59
Progress Summary 3.B: Flood Mitigation Handbook ...................................................................................... 60
Progress Summary 3.C: Central Valley Flood Protection Plan Consistency .................................................... 61
Progress Summary 3.D: The Delta Plan ............................................................................................................ 61
Progress Summary 3.E: Senate Bill 1241 Wildfire Legislation ......................................................................... 62
Progress Summary 3.F: SHMT Working Group Initiatives ............................................................................... 63
Progress Summary 3.G: LHMP Quality Improvements ................................................................................... 63
Progress Summary 3.H: Cross‐Sector Communications Working Group ........................................................ 64
Progress Summary 3.I: Mitigation Progress Indicators and Monitoring Working Group ............................... 66
Progress Summary 3.J: GIS TAWC and MyPlan ............................................................................................... 68
Progress Summary 3.K: Mitigation Action Registry ........................................................................................ 69
Progress Summary 3.L: SMART Post‐Disaster Loss Avoidance Tracking ......................................................... 70
Progress Summary 3.M: Reconciling Regional Planning and Hazard Mitigation ............................................ 72
Progress Summary 4.A: California Climate Adaptation Planning Guide (APG) ............................................. 106
Progress Summary 4.B: Additional Local Climate Adaptation Guidance Sources ......................................... 107
Progress Summary 5.A: GIS Modeling and MyPlan Enhancement ............................................................... 115
Progress Summary 5.B: Great California ShakeOut Earthquake Drill and Public Readiness Initiative .......... 133
Progress Summary 5.C: HAZUS ...................................................................................................................... 139
Progress Summary 5.D: Cal VIVA .................................................................................................................. 144
Progress Summary 5.E: State Building Retrofits ........................................................................................... 154
Progress Summary 5.F: UC Retrofits ............................................................................................................. 158
Progress Summary 5.G: Seismic Evaluation of Single‐Family Dwellings ....................................................... 166
Progress Summary 5.H: California Residential Mitigation Program Financial Incentives ............................. 166
Progress Summary 5.I: The Concrete Coalition ............................................................................................. 170
Progress Summary 5.J: Mobile Homes .......................................................................................................... 171
Progress Summary 5.K: MOTEMS – Building Code ....................................................................................... 181
Progress Summary 5.L: Highway Bridge Retrofits ......................................................................................... 183
Progress Summary 5.M: Seismic Hazards Mapping Projects ........................................................................ 188
Progress Summary 5.N: New Flood Laws ...................................................................................................... 216
Progress Summary 5.O: Senate Bill 1278 ‐ 200‐Year Floodplain Maps and General Plan Amendments ....... 219
Progress Summary 5.P: CRS Coordinator’s Manual Update .......................................................................... 221
Progress Summary 5.Q: Statewide Flood Management ................................................................................ 223
Progress Summary 5.R: Central Valley Flood Management ......................................................................... 227
Progress Summary 5.S: Water Plans and the Delta ...................................................................................... 237
Progress Summary 5.U: Significance of Senate Bill 1241 Wildfire Legislation ............................................... 267
STATE OF CALIFORNIA MULTI‐HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN TABLE OF CONTENTS
Progress Summary 5.V: Strategic Fire Plan ................................................................................................... 269
Progress Summary 6.A: Levee Hazard Mitigation ......................................................................................... 290
Progress Summary 6.B: Landslide Hazard Mapping ...................................................................................... 306
Progress Summary 6.C: Tsunami Hazards ...................................................................................................... 309
Progress Summary 6.D: New Tsunami Hazard Mapping ............................................................................... 310
Progress Summary 6.E: Adapting to Rising Sea Levels in San Francisco Bay ................................................ 320
Progress Summary 6.F: State of California Sea‐Level Rise Guidance Document ........................................... 321
Progress Summary 6.G: California Energy Assurance Planning (CaLEAP) ...................................................... 336
Progress Summary 6.H: California Solar Initiative ........................................................................................ 338
Progress Summary 6.I: Clean Energy Progress Tracking ................................................................................ 339
Progress Summary 6.J: The California Clean Energy Jobs Act ....................................................................... 340
Progress Summary 6.K: State Climate and Heat Guidance ........................................................................... 345
Progress Summary 6.L: Urban Heat Island Effect Research ........................................................................... 345
Progress Summary 6.M: Initiatives and Technology ..................................................................................... 365
Progress Summary 6.N: California Mosquito‐Borne Virus Surveillance and Response Plan ........................ 375
Progress Summary 6.O: Marine Invasive Species ......................................................................................... 383
Progress Summary 6.P: Gas Pipeline Safety Laws .......................................................................................... 390
Progress Summary 6.Q: Gas Safety Action .................................................................................................... 391
Progress Summary 6.R: PG&E Pipeline Safety ............................................................................................... 392
Progress Summary 6.S: California Cyber Security Task Force ........................................................................ 410
Progress Summary 7.A: Recent SMART Reviews .......................................................................................... 443
Progress Summary 7.B: State Reporting Plan on Facilities Needed for Response and Recovery ................. 447
STATE OF CALIFORNIA MULTI‐HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN TABLE OF CONTENTS
INDEX OF BEST PRACTICES HIGHLIGHTS
Best Practices Highlight 5.A: URM Retrofit Program Success in San Luis Obispo .......................................... 151
Best Practices Highlight 5.B: University of California Seismic Mitigation ...................................................... 159
Best Practices Highlight 5.C: Addressing Seismic Vulnerability of California’s Housing Stock ....................... 162
Best Practices Highlight 5.D: SF CAPSS and San Francisco’s Soft Story Ordinance April 2013 ....................... 168
Best Practices Highlight 5.E: San Francisco PUC’s Water System Improvement Program (WSIP) ................ 177
Best Practices Highlight 6.A: Hamilton City Flood Damage Reduction and Ecosystem Restoration Project (pending) ........................................................................................................................................................ 292
Best Practices Highlight 6.B: Devil’s Slide Tunnel Project .............................................................................. 304
Best Practices Highlight 6.C: The Adapting to Rising Tides Project: Collaborative Adaptation Planning on the Shoreline of Alameda County ........................................................................................................................ 324
Best Practices Highlight 6.D: Adaptation in Action: Managed Retreat at Surfer’s Point ............................... 325
Best Practices Highlight 6.E: Caltrans Incorporating Sea Level Rise into Corridor Planning .......................... 325
Best Practices Highlight 6.F: Kern County Cooling Centers ........................................................................... 346
STATE OF CALIFORNIA MULTI‐HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN TABLE OF CONTENTS
INDEX OF TABLES
Table 1.A: Public Participation Schedule .......................................................................................................... 13
Table 2.A: LHMP Status as of May 2013 ......................................................................................................... 35
Table 2.B: LHMP Status as of December 2009 ................................................................................................. 35
Table 2.C: LHMP Adoption by County as of May 2013 ................................................................................... 37
Table 3.A: Unreinforced Masonry Retrofit Program Findings ......................................................................... 58
Table 4.A: Top Ten Counties in Total Population, July 2012 ........................................................................... 77
Table 4.B: California Counties with 100,000+ Disability Households, 2010 .................................................... 79
Table 4.C: Top Ten Counties in Population Growth, 2000‐2012 ..................................................................... 84
Table 4.D: Disasters and Losses by Time Phase, 1950 ‐ 2012 ......................................................................... 87
Table 4.E: Population and Disaster Deaths and Injuries by Time Phase, 1950 – 2012 ................................... 89
Table 4.F: Disaster Incidents, Casualties, and Cost by Type, 1950 ‐ 2012 ....................................................... 89
Table 5.A: Abbreviated Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) Scale ................................................................. 125
Table 5.B: Recent Earthquake Losses ............................................................................................................ 132
Table 5.C: Projected Earthquake Scenario Losses, Northern California ....................................................... 140
Table 5.D: Projected Earthquake Scenario Losses, Southern California ....................................................... 141
Table 5.E: Estimating Earthquake Dollar Loss for State Owned and Leased Buildings, as of 2007 ............... 142
Table 5.F: Status of Unreinforced Buildings in Seismic Zone 4 ..................................................................... 150
Table 5.G: Hospital Structural Performance ................................................................................................. 153
Table 5.H: Mitigation of Tilt‐Ups and Similar Buildings ................................................................................. 161
Table 5.I: California Housing Units by Type, 2011 ......................................................................................... 162
Table 5.J: Seismic Gas Shutoff Valves Ordinances ........................................................................................ 172
Table 5.K: Mitigation of Utilities and Transportation Infrastructure ............................................................ 173
Table 5.L: Earthquake Loss Reduction Plan Goals ......................................................................................... 193
Table 5.M: Critically Important Initiatives ..................................................................................................... 194
Table 5.N: Residential Initiatives of Special Interest to California Earthquake Authority ............................. 195
Table 5.O: Estimated Expenditures on Earthquake Mitigation ..................................................................... 196
Table 5.P: Selected Future State Seismic Hazard Mitigation Commitments ................................................ 197
Table 5.Q: Selected Federal Seismic Hazard Mitigation Investments in California ....................................... 197
Table 5.R: Flood Disasters Since 1992 (as of July 2010) ................................................................................ 202
Table 5.S: FIRM Flood Zones ......................................................................................................................... 207
Table 5.T: Counties with 100,000+ People Living in FIRM Floodplains, 2000 ............................................... 208
Table 5.U: Potential Loss of State Facilities from Flood Hazards .................................................................. 210
Table 5.V: Individual Assistance (IA), Public Assistance (PA), and ................................................................ 213
Table 5.W: Fire History by Number of Structures Destroyed ....................................................................... 250
Table 5.X: Housing Unit Density Classes ....................................................................................................... 254
Table 5.Y: WUI Acreage by Density Class and Fire Threat ............................................................................. 254
Table 5.Z: WUI Housing Units by Density Class and Fire Threat ................................................................... 255
Table 5.AA: Potential Loss of State Facilities from Wildfire Hazards ............................................................ 255
Table 5.BB: Fire Regime Condition Class Descriptions .................................................................................. 258
Table 5.CC: Percentage of California Bioregions ........................................................................................... 260
STATE OF CALIFORNIA MULTI‐HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table 5.DD: Wildfire Mitigation Projects Funded by California Fire Safe Council ......................................... 273
Table 6.A: Bay Delta Levee Failures, 1900‐Present ....................................................................................... 288
Table 6.B: Notable Historic Landslides and Debris Flows in California ......................................................... 302
Table 6.C: Average Air Emissions in California, 1975‐2020 ........................................................................... 317
Table 6.D: Sea‐Level Rise Projections using 2000 as the Baseline Time Period ............................................. 319
Table 6.E: Drought Incidents, 1972 to 2009 .................................................................................................. 328
Table 6.F: Air Temperature and Relative Humidity ....................................................................................... 341
Table 6.G: Possible Heat Disorders by Heat Index Level ............................................................................... 341
Table 6.H: Freeze Disasters, 1950 to Present ............................................................................................... 348
Table 6.I: Fujita Tornado Scale ...................................................................................................................... 350
Table 6.J: Tornado Losses, 1950‐2006 .......................................................................................................... 351
Table 6.K: Classification of Types, Characteristics, and Potential Impacts .................................................... 354
Table 6.L: Vulnerability in Volcano Hazard Zones .......................................................................................... 360
Table 6.M: Ground‐Based Volcanic Hazard Alert Levels ................................................................................ 362
Table 6.N: Airborne Volcanic Hazards Alert Levels ........................................................................................ 362
Table 6.O: California Agriculture Pests and Diseases .................................................................................... 363
Table 6.P: West Nile Virus Activity 2003‐2012 ............................................................................................... 372
Table 6.Q: Examples of Hazardous Materials Releases Triggered by Natural Disasters ............................... 377
Table 6.R: Summary of California and Other Significant Oil Spills ................................................................ 396
Table 6.S: Levels of Nuclear Power Plant Emergencies ................................................................................. 401
Table 6.T: Civil Disturbances ......................................................................................................................... 411
Table 7.A: Hazard Mitigation Grants 2013 Application Process .................................................................... 428
Table 7.B: Summary of SMART Assessor Training Events .............................................................................. 440
Table 7.C: Yountville Flood Barrier Wall Project Loss Avoidance .................................................................. 442
Table 7.D: General Responsibilities under Memorandum of Understanding ............................................... 445
Table 7.E SMART Work Program Schedule ................................................................................................... 445
Table 7.F: Distribution of Major FEMA Support Grant Programs, 2010‐2012 .............................................. 448
STATE OF CALIFORNIA MULTI‐HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN TABLE OF CONTENTS
INDEX OF CHARTS
Chart 5.A: Annual Acres Burned by Decade and Life Form, 1950‐2000s ...................................................... 243
Chart 5.B: Structures Ignited in California Since 2000 .................................................................................. 252
Chart 5.C: Wildfire‐Related Dollar Damage in California Since 2000 ............................................................ 253
Chart 6.A: Multivariate ENSO Index .............................................................................................................. 297
Chart 6.B: Property Losses ............................................................................................................................ 297
Chart 6.C: Water Supply Conditions, 1996 to 2012 ...................................................................................... 330
Chart 6.D: Increase in Extreme Heat, 2070‐2099 .......................................................................................... 344
Chart 6.E: Schematic Representation of Natural Disaster Timelines, Emphasizing the Unique Build‐Up ..... 360
Chart 6.F: Natural Gas Incidents ................................................................................................................... 388
Chart 7.A: Cal OES Hazard Mitigation Program Organization ....................................................................... 430
Chart 7.B: State of California Mitigation Grant Application Development Process ...................................... 432
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