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THOMAS MALTHUS

AN ESSAY ON THE PRINCIPLE OF POPULATION 1798An essay on the principle of population, as it affects the future improvementof society with remarks on the speculations of Mr. godwin, M. condorcet, andother writers.

LONDON, PRINTED FOR J. JOHNSON, IN ST. PAUL'S CHURCH-YARD, 1798.

PREFACE

THE followi ! E""#$ ow%" i&" o i!i &o # (o )% "#&io wi&* # f i% +, o &*%" %(& of / 0o+wi '" %""#$ o 'A)# i(% # + P of "io ' i *i" E i % . T*%+i"( ""io "&# &%+ &*% !% % #l %"&io of &*% f & % i23 o)%2% & of "o(i%&$.# + &*% A &*o #& fi "& "#& +ow wi&* # i &% &io of 2% %l$ "&#&i ! *i"&*o !*&" &o *i" f i% +, 3o 3#3% , i # (l%# % 2# % &*# *% &*o !*& *% (o l++o i (o )% "#&io . 4 & #" &*% " %(& o3% %+ 3o *i2, "o2% i+%#" o(( %+,w*i(* *% +i+ o& %(oll%(& &o *#)% 2%& wi&* %fo %5 # + #" *% (o (%i)%+ &*#&%)% $ l%#"& li!*&, o # &o3i( "o !% % #ll$ i &% %"&i !, 2i!*& % %(%i)%+ wi&*(# +o , *% +%&% 2i %+ &o 3 & *i" &*o !*&" i # fo 2 fo 3 li(#&io .

T*% E""#$ 2i!*&, +o &%+l$, *#)% %% % +% %+ 2 (* 2o % (o23l%&% $ #(oll%(&io of # ! %#&% 2 % of f#(&" i %l (i+#&io of &*% !% % #l # ! 2% &.4 & # lo ! # + #l2o"& &o&#l i &% 3&io f o2 )% $ 3# &i( l# "i %"", oi %+&o # +%"i % 63% *#3" i23 +% & of o& +%l#$i ! &*% 3 li(#&io 2 (* %$o + &*%&i2% &*#& *% o i!i #ll$ 3 o3o"%+, 3 %)% &%+ &*% A &*o f o2 !i)i ! &o &*%" %(& # +i)i+%+ #&&% &io . H% 3 %" 2%", *ow%)% , &*#& &*% f#(&" w*i(* *%*#" #++ (%+ will % fo + &o fo 2 o i (o "i+% # l% %)i+% (% fo &*% & &* of*i" o3i io %"3%(&i ! &*% f & % i23 o)%2% & of 2# i +. A" &*% A &*o(o &%23l#&%" &*i" o3i io #& 3 %"% &, li&&l% 2o % #33%# " &o *i2 &o % %(%""# $&*# # 3l#i "&#&%2% &, i #++i&io &o &*% 2o"& ( "o $ )i%w of "o(i%&$, &o%"&# li"* i&.

I& i" # o )io " & &*, w*i(* *#" %% &# % o&i(% of $ 2# $ w i&% ", &*#&3o3 l#&io 2 "& #lw#$" % %3& +ow &o &*% l%)%l of &*% 2%# " of " "i"&% (%5

& o w i&% &*#& &*% A &*o %(oll%(&" *#" i i %+ 3# &i( l# l$ i &o &*%2%# " $ w*i(* &*i" l%)%l i" %ff%(&%+ # + i& i" # )i%w of &*%"% 2%# " w*i(*fo 2", &o *i" 2i +, &*% "& o !%"& o "&#(l% i &*% w#$ &o # $ )% $ ! %#& f & %i23 o)%2% & of "o(i%&$. H% *o3%" i& will #33%# &*#&, i &*% +i"( ""io of &*i"i &% %"&i ! " %(&, *% i" #(& #&%+ "ol%l$ $ # lo)% of & &*, # + o& $ # $3 % +i(%" #!#i "& # $ 3# &i( l# "%& of 2% , o of o3i io ". H% 3 of%""%" &o*#)% %#+ "o2% of &*% "3%( l#&io " o &*% f & % i23 o)%2% & of "o(i%&$ i #&%23% )% $ +iff% % & f o2 # wi"* &o fi + &*%2 )i"io # $, & *% *#" o&#( i %+ &*#& (o22# + o)% *i" +% "&# +i ! w*i(* wo l+ % # l% *i2 &o %li%)%w*#& *% wi"*%", wi&*o & %)i+% (%, o &o %f "% *i" #""% & &o w*#& 2i!*& %

3l%#"i !, w*% #((o23# i%+ wi&* %)i+% (%.

T*% )i%w w*i(* *% *#" !i)% of * 2# lif% *#" # 2%l# (*ol$ * %, & *% f%%l"(o "(io " &*#& *% *#" + #w &*%"% +# &i &" f o2 # (o )i(&io &*#& &*%$ # %

%#ll$ i &*% 3i(& %, # + o& f o2 # # +i(%+ %$% o # i *% % & "3l%% of+i"3o"i&io . T*% &*%o $ of 2i + w*i(* *% *#" " %&(*%+ i &*% &wo l#"& (*#3&% "#((o &" &o *i" ow +% "&# +i ! i # "#&i"f#(&o $ 2# % fo &*% %:i"&% (% of2o"& of &*% %)il" of lif%, & w*%&*% i& will *#)% &*% "#2% %ff%(& 3o o&*% "2 "& % l%f& &o &*% +!%2% & of *i" %#+% ".

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If *% "*o l+ " ((%%+ i + #wi ! &*% #&&% &io of 2o % # l% 2% &o w*#& *%(o (%i)%" &o % &*% 3 i (i3#l +iffi( l&$ i &*% w#$ &o &*% i23 o)%2% & of"o(i%&$ # + "*o l+, i (o "% % (%, "%% &*i" +iffi( l&$ %2o)%+, %)% i &*%o $,*% will !l#+l$ %& #(& *i" 3 %"% & o3i io " # + % oi(% i # (o )i(&io of *i"% o .

7 J % 1798

CHAPTER 1 Question stated - Little prospect of a determination of it, from the enmity ofthe opposing parties - The principal argument against the perfectibility of manand of society has never been fairly answered - ature of the difficultyarising from population - !utline of the principal argument of the "ssay

THE ! %#& # + loo %+ fo +i"(o)% i%" &*#& *#)% &# % 3l#(% of l#&% $%# " i#& #l 3*ilo"o3*$, &*% i ( %#"i ! +iff "io of !% % #l owl%+!% f o2 &*%

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T*% #+)o(#&% fo &*% 3 %"% & o +% of &*i !" i" #3& &o & %#& &*% "%(& of

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$ # #&&% &io &o w*#& i" #+)# (%+ $ *i" o33o % &".

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"&, &ill #ll &*% # ! 2% &" #!#i "& i& *#)% %% 2#& %l$ w%i!*%+ # + (l%# l$# + (o "i"&% &l$ %f &%+.

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(i)il. A "&% 3*ilo"o3*$ 2i!*& &%#(* 2% #&*% &o &*i &*#& 2$ %$%"+%(%i)%+ 2% # + &*#& &*% off% w#" o& %#ll$ w*#& I (o (%i)%+ i& &o %.

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%#li;#&io of w*i(* (# o& % i f% %+ 3o # $ "& 3*ilo"o3*i(#l ! o +". Aw i&% 2#$ &%ll 2% &*#& *% &*i " 2# will l&i2#&%l$ %(o2% # o"& i(*. I(# o& 3 o3% l$ (o & #+i(& *i2. 4 & %fo % *% (# %:3%(& &o i ! # $ %#"o # l%3% "o o)% &o *i" o3i io , *% o !*& &o "*%w &*#& &*% %( " of 2# i + *#)% %%! #+ #ll$ %lo !#&i !, &*#& &*% li3" *#)% ! ow *# +% # + 2o % 3 o2i % &, &*#&&*% l%!" # + f%%& # % +#il$ #l&% i ! &*%i "*#3%, # + &*#& &*% *#i i" %!i i !&o (*# !% i &o "& " of f%#&*% ". A + &ill &*% 3 o # ili&$ of "o wo +% f l #(o )% "io (# % "*%w , i& i" " %l$ lo"& &i2% # + lo"& %lo % (% &o %:3#&i#&%o &*% *#33i %"" of 2# i " (* # "&#&%5 &o +%"( i % *i" 3ow% ", o&* of i !# + fl$i !, &o 3#i & *i2 i # (o +i&io w*% % #ll # ow l : i%" wo l+ %(o &%2 %+, w*% % *% wo l+ % %23lo$%+ o l$ i (oll%(&i ! &*% %(%""# i%" oflif%, # + w*% %, (o "% % &l$, %#(* 2# '" "*# % of l# o wo l+ % li!*&, # +*i" 3o &io of l%i" % #23l%.

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Fi "&, T*#& foo+ i" %(%""# $ &o &*% %:i"&% (% of 2# .

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4$ &*#& l#w of o #& % w*i(* 2# %" foo+ %(%""# $ &o &*% lif% of 2# , &*%%ff%(&" of &*%"% &wo % #l 3ow% " 2 "& % %3& % #l.

T*i" i23li%" # "& o ! # + (o "&# &l$ o3% #&i ! (*%( o 3o3 l#&io f o2 &*%+iffi( l&$ of " "i"&% (%. T*i" +iffi( l&$ 2 "& f#ll "o2%w*% % # + 2 "&

%(%""# il$ % "%)% %l$ f%l& $ # l# !% 3o &io of 2# i +.

T* o !* &*% # i2#l # + )%!%&# l% i !+o2", #& % *#" "(#&&% %+ &*% "%%+" oflif% # o#+ wi&* &*% 2o"& 3 of "% # + li % #l *# +. S*% *#" %% (o23# #&i)%l$"3# i ! i &*% oo2 # + &*% o i"*2% & %(%""# $ &o %# &*%2. T*% !% 2" of%:i"&% (% (o &#i %+ i &*i" "3o& of %# &*, wi&* #23l% foo+, # + #23l% oo2 &o%:3# + i , wo l+ fill 2illio " of wo l+" i &*% (o "% of # f%w &*o "# + $%# ".N%(%""i&$, &*#& i23% io " #ll 3% )#+i ! l#w of #& %, %"& #i " &*%2 wi&*i &*%3 %"( i %+ o +". T*% #(% of 3l# &" # + &*% #(% of # i2#l" "* i +% &*i"! %#& %"& i(&i)% l#w. A + &*% #(% of 2# (# o&, $ # $ %ffo &" of %#"o ,%"(#3% f o2 i&. A2o ! 3l# &" # + # i2#l" i&" %ff%(&" # % w#"&% of "%%+,"i( %"", # + 3 %2#& % +%#&*. A2o ! 2# i +, 2i"% $ # + )i(%. T*% fo 2% ,2i"% $, i" # # "ol &%l$ %(%""# $ (o "% % (% of i&. @i(% i" # *i!*l$ 3 o # l%(o "% % (%, # + w% &*% %fo % "%% i& # +# &l$ 3 %)#il, & i& o !*& o&,3% *#3", &o % (#ll%+ # # "ol &%l$ %(%""# $ (o "% % (%. T*% o +%#l of )i & %i" &o %"i"& #ll &%23&#&io &o %)il.

T*i" #& #l i % #li&$ of &*% &wo 3ow% " of 3o3 l#&io # + of 3 o+ (&io i &*%%# &*, # + &*#& ! %#& l#w of o #& % w*i(* 2 "& (o "&# &l$ %%3 &*%i %ff%(&"% #l, fo 2 &*% ! %#& +iffi( l&$ &*#& &o 2% #33%# " i " 2o &# l% i &*% w#$ &o&*% 3% f%(&i ili&$ of "o(i%&$. All o&*% # ! 2% &" # % of "li!*& # + " o +i #&%(o "i+% #&io i (o23# i"o of &*i". I "%% o w#$ $ w*i(* 2# (# %"(#3% f o2&*% w%i!*& of &*i" l#w w*i(* 3% )#+%" #ll # i2#&%+ #& %. No f# (i%+ % #li&$,

o #! # i# %! l#&io " i &*%i &2o"& %:&% &, (o l+ %2o)% &*% 3 %"" % of i&%)% fo # "i !l% (% & $. A + i& #33%# ", &*% %fo %, &o % +%(i"i)% #!#i "& &*%3o""i l% %:i"&% (% of # "o(i%&$, #ll &*% 2%2 % " of w*i(* "*o l+ li)% i %#"%,*#33i %"", # + (o23# #&i)% l%i" %5 # + f%%l o # :i%&$ # o & 3 o)i+i ! &*%2%# " of " "i"&% (% fo &*%2"%l)%" # + f#2ili%".

Co "% % &l$, if &*% 3 %2i"%" # % "&, &*% # ! 2% & i" (o (l "i)% #!#i "& &*%3% f%(&i ili&$ of &*% 2#"" of 2# i +.

I *#)% &* " " %&(*%+ &*% !% % #l o &li % of &*% # ! 2% &, & I will %:#2i % i&2o % 3# &i( l# l$, # + I &*i i& will % fo + &*#& %:3% i% (%, &*% & % "o (%# + fo +#&io of #ll owl%+!%, i )# i# l$ (o fi 2" i&" & &*.

CHAPTER 2 The different ratio in which population and food increase - The necessaryeffects of these different ratios of increase - !scillation produced by them inthe condition of the lower classes of society - #easons why this oscillationhas not been so much observed as might be e$pected - Three propositions onwhich the general argument of the "ssay depends -- The different states inwhich mankind have been known to e$ist proposed to be e$amined with referenceto these three propositions.



I SAID &*#& 3o3 l#&io , w*% (*%( %+, i ( %#"%+ i # !%o2%& i(#l #&io, # +" "i"&% (% fo 2# i # # i&*2%&i(#l #&io.

L%& " %:#2i % w*%&*% &*i" 3o"i&io % "&. I &*i i& will % #llow%+, &*#&o "&#&% *#" *i&*% &o %:i"&%+ 6#& l%#"& &*#& w% *#)% # $ #((o & of w*% % &*%

2# % " w% % "o 3 % # + "i23l%, # + &*% 2%# " of " "i"&% (% "o # +# &, &*#&o (*%( w*#&%)% *#" %:i"&%+ &o %# l$ 2# i#!%", #2o ! &*% low% (l#""%", f o2

# f%# of o& 3 o)i+i ! w%ll fo &*%i f#2ili%", o #2o ! &*% *i!*% (l#""%",f o2 # f%# of low% i ! &*%i (o +i&io i lif%. Co "% % &l$ i o "&#&% &*#&w% *#)% $%& ow *#" &*% 3ow% of 3o3 l#&io %% l%f& &o %:% & i&"%lf wi&*3% f%(& f %%+o2.

=*%&*% &*% l#w of 2# i#!% % i "&i& &%+ o o&, &*% +i(&#&% of #& % # +)i & % "%%2" &o % # %# l$ #&&#(*2% & &o o % wo2# . S 33o"i ! # li % &$ of(*# !i ! i &*% (#"% of # fo & #&% (*oi(%, &*i" li % &$ wo l+ o& #ff%(&3o3 l#&io &ill i& # o"% &o # *%i!*& ! %#&l$ )i(io "5 # + w% # % ow " 33o"i !&*% %:i"&% (% of # "o(i%&$ w*% % )i(% i" "(# (%l$ ow .

I # "&#&% &*% %fo % of ! %#& % #li&$ # + )i & %, w*% % 3 % # + "i23l% 2# % "3 %)#il%+, # + w*% % &*% 2%# " of " "i"&% (% w% % "o # +# & &*#& o 3# & of&*% "o(i%&$ (o l+ *#)% # $ f%# " # o & 3 o)i+i ! #23l$ fo # f#2il$, &*% 3ow%of 3o3 l#&io %i ! l%f& &o %:% & i&"%lf (*%( %+, &*% i ( %#"% of &*% * 2#"3%(i%" wo l+ %)i+% &l$ % 2 (* ! %#&% &*# # $ i ( %#"% &*#& *#" %% *i&*% &o

ow .

I &*% U i&%+ S&#&%" of A2% i(#, w*% % &*% 2%# " of " "i"&% (% *#)% %% 2o %#23l%, &*% 2# % " of &*% 3%o3l% 2o % 3 %, # + (o "% % &l$ &*% (*%( " &o %# l$2# i#!%" f%w% , &*# i # $ of &*% 2o+% "&#&%" of E o3%, &*% 3o3 l#&io *#"

%% fo + &o +o l% i&"%lf i &w% &$-fi)% $%# ".

T*i" #&io of i ( %#"%, &*o !* "*o & of &*% &2o"& 3ow% of 3o3 l#&io , $%& #"

&*% %" l& of #(& #l %:3% i% (%, w% will &# % #" o l%, # + "#$, &*#&3o3 l#&io , w*% (*%( %+, !o%" o +o li ! i&"%lf %)% $ &w% &$-fi)% $%# " oi ( %#"%" i # !%o2%& i(#l #&io.

L%& " ow &# % # $ "3o& of %# &*, &*i" I"l# + fo i "&# (%, # + "%% i w*#&#&io &*% " "i"&% (% i& #ffo +" (# % " 33o"%+ &o i ( %#"%. =% will %!i wi&*

i& +% i&" 3 %"% & "&#&% of ( l&i)#&io .

If I #llow &*#& $ &*% %"& 3o""i l% 3oli($, $ %# i ! 3 2o % l# + # + $! %#& % (o #!%2% &" &o #! i( l& %, &*% 3 o+ (% of &*i" I"l# + 2#$ % +o l%+i &*% fi "& &w% &$-fi)% $%# ", I &*i i& will % #llowi ! #" 2 (* #" # $3% "o (# w%ll +%2# +.

I &*% %:& &w% &$-fi)% $%# ", i& i" i23o""i l% &o " 33o"% &*#& &*% 3 o+ (%(o l+ % #+ 3l%+. I& wo l+ % (o & # $ &o #ll o owl%+!% of &*% #li&i%"of l# +. T*% )% $ &2o"& &*#& w% (# (o (%i)%, i", &*#& &*% i ( %#"% i &*%"%(o + &w% &$-fi)% $%# " 2i!*& % #l &*% 3 %"% & 3 o+ (%. L%& " &*% &# % &*i"fo o l%, &*o !* (% &#i l$ f# %$o + &*% & &*, # + #llow &*#&, $ ! %#&%:% &io , &*% w*ol% 3 o+ (% of &*% I"l# + 2i!*& % i ( %#"%+ %)% $ &w% &$-fi)%$%# ", $ # # &i&$ of " "i"&% (% % #l &o w*#& i& #& 3 %"% & 3 o+ (%". T*%2o"& % &* "i#"&i( "3%( l#&o (# o& " 33o"% # ! %#&% i ( %#"% &*# &*i". I #f%w (% & i%" i& wo l+ 2# % %)% $ #( % of l# + i &*% I"l# + li % # !# +% .

B



Y%& &*i" #&io of i ( %#"% i" %)i+% &l$ # i&*2%&i(#l.

I& 2#$ % f#i l$ "#i+, &*% %fo %, &*#& &*% 2%# " of " "i"&% (% i ( %#"% i ## i&*2%&i(#l #&io. L%& " ow i ! &*% %ff%(&" of &*%"% &wo #&io" &o!%&*% .

T*% 3o3 l#&io of &*% I"l# + i" (o23 &%+ &o % # o & "%)% 2illio ", # + w% will" 33o"% &*% 3 %"% & 3 o+ (% % #l &o &*% " 33o & of " (* # 2 % . I &*% fi "&&w% &$-fi)% $%# " &*% 3o3 l#&io wo l+ % fo &%% 2illio ", # + &*% foo+ %i !#l"o +o l%+, &*% 2%# " of " "i"&% (% wo l+ % % #l &o &*i" i ( %#"%. I &*%

%:& &w% &$-fi)% $%# " &*% 3o3 l#&io wo l+ % &w% &$-%i!*& 2illio ", # + &*%2%# " of " "i"&% (% o l$ % #l &o &*% " 33o & of &w% &$-o % 2illio ". I &*%

%:& 3% io+, &*% 3o3 l#&io wo l+ % fif&$-"i: 2illio ", # + &*% 2%# " of" "i"&% (% "& " ffi(i% & fo *#lf &*#& 2 % . A + #& &*% (o (l "io of &*%fi "& (% & $ &*% 3o3 l#&io wo l+ % o % * + %+ # + &w%l)% 2illio " # + &*%2%# " of " "i"&% (% o l$ % #l &o &*% " 33o & of &*i &$-fi)% 2illio ", w*i(*wo l+ l%#)% # 3o3 l#&io of "%)% &$-"%)% 2illio " &o&#ll$ 3 o)i+%+ fo .

A ! %#& %2i! #&io %(%""# il$ i23li%" *#33i %"" of "o2% i + o o&*% i &*%(o & $ &*#& i" +%"% &%+. Fo f%w 3% "o " will l%#)% &*%i f#2ili%",(o %(&io ", f i% +", # + #&i)% l# +, &o "%% # "%&&l%2% & i & i%+ fo %i!(li2%", wi&*o & "o2% "& o ! " "i"&i ! (# "%" of %#"i %"" w*% % &*%$ # %, o&*% *o3% of "o2% ! %#& #+)# &#!%" i &*% 3l#(% &o w*i(* &*%$ # % !oi !.

4 & &o 2# % &*% # ! 2% & 2o % !% % #l # + l%"" i &% 3&%+ $ &*% 3# &i#l )i%w"of %2i! #&io , l%& " &# % &*% w*ol% %# &*, i "&%#+ of o % "3o&, # + " 33o"%&*#& &*% %"& #i &" &o 3o3 l#&io w% % i)% "#ll$ %2o)%+. If &*% " "i"&% (%fo 2# &*#& &*% %# &* #ffo +" w#" &o % i ( %#"%+ %)% $ &w% &$-fi)% $%# " $ #

# &i&$ % #l &o w*#& &*% w*ol% wo l+ #& 3 %"% & 3 o+ (%", &*i" wo l+ #llow &*%3ow% of 3 o+ (&io i &*% %# &* &o % # "ol &%l$ li2i&%+, # + i&" #&io ofi ( %#"% 2 (* ! %#&% &*# w% (# (o (%i)% &*#& # $ 3o""i l% %:% &io " of2# i + (o l+ 2# % i&.

T# i ! &*% 3o3 l#&io of &*% wo l+ #& # $ 2 % , # &*o "# + 2illio ", fo

i "&# (%, &*% * 2# "3%(i%" wo l+ i ( %#"% i &*% #&io of -- 1, <, ?, 8, 1B,><, B?, 1<8, < B, 1<, %&(. # + " "i"&% (% #" -- 1, <, >, ?, , B, 7, 8, 9, 1 ,%&(. I &wo (% & i%" # + # # &% , &*% 3o3 l#&io wo l+ % &o &*% 2%# " of" "i"&% (% #" 1< &o 1 i &* %% (% & i%" #" ? 9B &o 1>, # + i &wo &*o "# +$%# " &*% +iff% % (% wo l+ % #l2o"& i (#l( l# l%, &*o !* &*% 3 o+ (% i &*#&&i2% wo l+ *#)% i ( %#"%+ &o # i22% "% %:&% &.

No li2i&" w*#&%)% # % 3l#(%+ &o &*% 3 o+ (&io " of &*% %# &*5 &*%$ 2#$ i ( %#"%fo %)% # + % ! %#&% &*# # $ #""i! # l% # &i&$. $%& "&ill &*% 3ow% of3o3 l#&io %i ! # 3ow% of # " 3% io o +% , &*% i ( %#"% of &*% * 2# "3%(i%"(# o l$ % %3& (o22% " #&% &o &*% i ( %#"% of &*% 2%# " of " "i"&% (% $ &*%(o "&# & o3% #&io of &*% "& o ! l#w of %(%""i&$ #(&i ! #" # (*%( 3o &*%! %#&% 3ow% .

T*% %ff%(&" of &*i" (*%( %2#i ow &o % (o "i+% %+.

A2o ! 3l# &" # + # i2#l" &*% )i%w of &*% " %(& i" "i23l%. T*%$ # % #lli23%ll%+ $ # 3ow% f l i "&i (& &o &*% i ( %#"% of &*%i "3%(i%", # + &*i"i "&i (& i" i &% 3&%+ $ o %#"o i ! o +o &" # o & 3 o)i+i ! fo &*%ioff"3 i !. =*% %)% &*% %fo % &*% % i" li % &$, &*% 3ow% of i ( %#"% i"%:% &%+, # + &*% " 3% # +# & %ff%(&" # % %3 %""%+ #f&% w# +" $ w# & of oo2# + o i"*2% &, w*i(* i" (o22o &o # i2#l" # + 3l# &", # + #2o ! # i2#l" $

%(o2i ! &*% 3 %$ of o&*% ".

7



T*% %ff%(&" of &*i" (*%( o 2# # % 2o % (o23li(#&%+. I23%ll%+ &o &*% i ( %#"%of *i" "3%(i%" $ # % #ll$ 3ow% f l i "&i (&, %#"o i &% 3&" *i" (# %% # +#" " *i2 w*%&*% *% 2#$ o& i ! %i !" i &o &*% wo l+ fo w*o2 *% (# o&3 o)i+% &*% 2%# " of " "i"&% (%. I # "&#&% of % #li&$, &*i" wo l+ % &*%"i23l% %"&io . I &*% 3 %"% & "&#&% of "o(i%&$, o&*% (o "i+% #&io " o(( .=ill *% o& low% *i" # i lif% =ill *% o& " %(& *i2"%lf &o ! %#&%+iffi( l&i%" &*# *% #& 3 %"% & f%%l" =ill *% o& % o li!%+ &o l# o *# +%# + if *% *#" # l# !% f#2il$, will *i" &2o"& %:% &io " % # l% *i2 &o " 33o &&*%2 /#$ *% o& "%% *i" off"3 i ! i #!" # + 2i"% $, # + (l#2o i ! fo %#+&*#& *% (# o& !i)% &*%2 A + 2#$ *% o& % %+ (%+ &o &*% ! #&i ! %(%""i&$ offo f%i&i ! *i" i +%3% +% (%, # + of %i ! o li!%+ &o &*% "3# i ! *# + of (*# i&$fo " 33o &

T*%"% (o "i+% #&io " # % (#l( l#&%+ &o 3 %)% &, # + (% &#i l$ +o 3 %)% &, # )% $! %#& 2 % i #ll (i)ili;%+ #&io " f o2 3 " i ! &*% +i(&#&% of #& % i #%# l$ #&&#(*2% & &o o % wo2# . A + &*i" %"& #i & #l2o"& %(%""# il$, &*o !* o&# "ol &%l$ "o, 3 o+ (%" )i(%. Y%& i #ll "o(i%&i%", %)% &*o"% &*#& # % 2o"&)i(io ", &*% &% +% ($ &o # )i & o " #&&#(*2% & i" "o "& o ! &*#& &*% % i" #(o "&# & %ffo & &ow# +" # i ( %#"% of 3o3 l#&io . T*i" (o "&# & %ffo & #"(o "&# &l$ &% +" &o " %(& &*% low% (l#""%" of &*% "o(i%&$ &o +i"& %"" # + &o3 %)% & # $ ! %#& 3% 2# % & #2%lio #&io of &*%i (o +i&io .

T*% w#$ i w*i(*, &*%"% %ff%(&" # % 3 o+ (%+ "%%2" &o % &*i". =% will " 33o"%&*% 2%# " of " "i"&% (% i # $ (o & $ "& % #l &o &*% %#"$ " 33o & of i&"i *# i&# &". T*% (o "&# & %ffo & &ow# +" 3o3 l#&io , w*i(* i" fo + &o #(& %)%i &*% 2o"& )i(io " "o(i%&i%", i ( %#"%" &*% 2 % of 3%o3l% %fo % &*% 2%# "of " "i"&% (% # % i ( %#"%+. T*% foo+ &*% %fo % w*i(* %fo % " 33o &%+ "%)%2illio " 2 "& ow % +i)i+%+ #2o ! "%)% 2illio " # + # *#lf o %i!*& 2illio ".T*% 3oo (o "% % &l$ 2 "& li)% 2 (* wo "%, # + 2# $ of &*%2 % %+ (%+ &o"%)% % +i"& %"". T*% 2 % of l# o % " #l"o %i ! # o)% &*% 3 o3o &io of &*%wo i &*% 2# %&, &*% 3 i(% of l# o 2 "& &% + &ow# + # +%( %#"%, w*il% &*%3 i(% of 3 o)i"io " wo l+ #& &*% "#2% &i2% &% + &o i"%. T*% l# o % &*% %fo %

2 "& wo *# +% &o %# &*% "#2% #" *% +i+ %fo %. D i ! &*i" "%#"o of+i"& %"", &*% +i"(o #!%2% &" &o 2# i#!%, # + &*% +iffi( l&$ of %# i ! #f#2il$ # % "o ! %#& &*#& 3o3 l#&io i" #& # "&# +. I &*% 2%# &i2% &*%(*%#3 %"" of l# o , &*% 3l% &$ of l# o % ", # + &*% %(%""i&$ of # i ( %#"%+i + "& $ #2o !"& &*%2, % (o #!% ( l&i)#&o " &o %23lo$ 2o % l# o 3o &*%il# +, &o & 3 f %"* "oil, # + &o 2# % # + i23 o)% 2o % (o23l%&%l$ w*#& i"#l %#+$ i &ill#!%, &ill l&i2#&%l$ &*% 2%# " of " "i"&% (% %(o2% i &*% "#2%3 o3o &io &o &*% 3o3 l#&io #" #& &*% 3% io+ f o2 w*i(* w% "%& o &. T*%"i& #&io of &*% l# o % %i ! &*% #!#i &ol% # l$ (o2fo &# l%, &*% %"& #i &"&o 3o3 l#&io # % i "o2% +%! %% loo"% %+, # + &*% "#2% %& o! #+% # +3 o! %""i)% 2o)%2% &" wi&* %"3%(& &o *#33i %"" # % %3%#&%+.

T*i" "o & of o"(ill#&io will o& % %2# %+ $ " 3% fi(i#l o "% )% ", # + i&

2#$ % +iffi( l& %)% fo &*% 2o"& 3% %& #&i ! 2i + &o (#l( l#&% i&" 3% io+".Y%& &*#& i #ll ol+ "&#&%" "o2% " (* )i #&io +o%" %:i"&, &*o !* f o2 )# io "& # ")% "% (# "%", i # 2 (* l%"" 2# %+, # + i # 2 (* 2o % i %! l# 2# %&*# I *#)% +%"( i %+ i&, o %fl%(&i ! 2# w*o (o "i+% " &*% " %(& +%%3l$ (#w%ll +o &.

/# $ %#"o " o(( w*$ &*i" o"(ill#&io *#" %% l%"" o )io ", # + l%""+%(i+%+l$ (o fi 2%+ $ %:3% i% (%, &*# 2i!*& #& #ll$ % %:3%(&%+.

O % 3 i (i3#l %#"o i" &*#& &*% *i"&o i%" of 2# i + &*#& w% 3o""%"" # %

8



*i"&o i%" o l$ of &*% *i!*% (l#""%". =% *#)% & f%w #((o &" &*#& (# %+%3% +%+ 3o of &*% 2# % " # + ( "&o2" of &*#& 3# & of 2# i + w*% % &*%"%

%& o! #+% # + 3 o! %""i)% 2o)%2% &" (*i%fl$ &# % 3l#(%. A "#&i"f#(&o $ *i"&o $of &*i" i +, o o % 3%o3l%, # + of o % 3% io+, wo l+ % i % &*% (o "&# & # +2i &% #&&% &io of # o "% )i ! 2i + + i ! # lo ! lif%. So2% of &*% o %(&" ofi i $ wo l+ %, i w*#& 3 o3o &io &o &*% 2 % of #+ l&" w#" &*% 2 % of2# i#!%", &o w*#& %:&% & )i(io " ( "&o2" 3 %)#il%+ i (o "% % (% of &*%

%"& #i &" 3o 2#& i2o $, w*#& w#" &*% (o23# #&i)% 2o &#li&$ #2o ! &*% (*il+ %of &*% 2o"& +i"& %""%+ 3# & of &*% (o22 i&$ # + &*o"% w*o li)%+ #&*% 2o % #&&*%i %#"%, w*#& w% % &*% )# i#&io " i &*% %#l 3 i(% of l# o , # + w*#& w% %&*% o "% )# l% +iff% % (%" i &*% "&#&% of &*% low% (l#""%" of "o(i%&$ wi&*

%"3%(& &o %#"% # + *#33i %"", #& +iff% % & &i2%" + i ! # (% &#i 3% io+.

S (* # *i"&o $ wo l+ &% + ! %#&l$ &o %l (i+#&% &*% 2# % i w*i(* &*% (o "&# &(*%( 3o 3o3 l#&io #(&" # + wo l+ 3 o # l$ 3 o)% &*% %:i"&% (% of &*%

%& o! #+% # + 3 o! %""i)% 2o)%2% &" &*#& *#)% %% 2% &io %+, &*o !* &*% &i2%"of &*%i )i #&io " 2 "& %(%""# il$ % % +% %+ i %! l# f o2 &*% o3% #&io of2# $ i &% 3&i ! (# "%", " (* #" &*% i & o+ (&io o f#il % of (% &#i2# f#(& %", # ! %#&% o l%"" 3 %)#l% & "3i i& of #! i( l& #l % &% 3 i"%,$%# " of 3l% &$, o $%# " of "(# (i&$, w# " # + 3%"&il% (%, 3oo l#w", &*%i )% &io of 3 o(%""%" fo "*o &% i ! l# o wi&*o & &*% 3 o3o &io #l %:&% "ioof &*% 2# %& fo &*% (o22o+i&$, # +, 3# &i( l# l$, &*% +iff% % (% %&w%% &*%

o2i #l # + %#l 3 i(% of l# o , # (i ( 2"&# (% w*i(* *#" 3% *#3" 2o % &*# # $o&*% (o & i &%+ &o (o (%#l &*i" o"(ill#&io f o2 (o22o )i%w.

I& )% $ # %l$ *#33% " &*#& &*% o2i #l 3 i(% of l# o i)% "#ll$ f#ll", &w% w%ll ow &*#& i& f % % &l$ %2#i " &*% "#2%, w*il% &*% o2i #l 3 i(% of3 o)i"io " *#" %% ! #+ #ll$ i ( %#"i !. T*i" i", i %ff%(&, # %#l f#ll i &*%3 i(% of l# o , # + + i ! &*i" 3% io+ &*% (o +i&io of &*% low% o +% " of &*%(o22 i&$ 2 "& ! #+ #ll$ ! ow wo "% # + wo "%. 4 & &*% f# 2% " # + (#3i&#li"&"# % ! owi ! i(* f o2 &*% %#l (*%#3 %"" of l# o . T*%i i ( %#"%+ (#3i&#l"% # l% &*%2 &o %23lo$ # ! %#&% 2 % of 2% . =o &*% %fo % 2#$ % 3l% &if l,# + &*% 3 i(% of l# o wo l+ (o "% % &l$ i"%. 4 & &*% w# & of f %%+o2 i &*%

2# %& of l# o , w*i(* o(( " 2o % o l%"" i #ll (o22 i&i%", %i&*% f o23# i"* l#w", o &*% 2o % !% % #l (# "% of &*% f#(ili&$ of (o2 i #&io #2o ! &*%

i(*, # + i&" +iffi( l&$ #2o ! &*% 3oo , o3% #&%" &o 3 %)% & &*% 3 i(% of l# of o2 i"i ! #& &*% #& #l 3% io+, # + %%3" i& +ow "o2% &i2% lo !% 5 3% *#3"&ill # $%# of "(# (i&$, w*% &*% (l#2o i" &oo lo + # + &*% %(%""i&$ &oo#33# % & &o % %"i"&%+.

T*% & % (# "% of &*% #+)# (% i &*% 3 i(% of l# o i" &* " (o (%#l%+, # + &*%i(* #ff%(& &o ! # & i& #" # #(& of (o23#""io # + f#)o &o &*% 3oo , i

(o "i+% #&io of # $%# of "(# (i&$, # +, w*% 3l% &$ %& ", i + l!%&*%2"%l)%" i &*% 2o"& %#"o # l% of #ll (o23l#i &", &*#& &*% 3 i(% +o%" o&#!#i f#ll, w*% # li&&l% % %(&io wo l+ "*%w &*%2 &*#& i& 2 "& *#)% i"% lo !

%fo % & f o2 # "& (o "3i #($ of &*%i ow .

4 & &*o !* &*% i(* $ f#i (o2 i #&io " (o & i &% f % % &l$ &o 3 olo ! #"%#"o of +i"& %"" #2o ! &*% 3oo , $%& o 3o""i l% fo 2 of "o(i%&$ (o l+ 3 %)% &&*% #l2o"& (o "&# & #(&io of 2i"% $ 3o # ! %#& 3# & of 2# i +, if i # "&#&%of i % #li&$, # + 3o #ll, if #ll w% % % #l.

T*% &*%o $ o w*i(* &*% & &* of &*i" 3o"i&io +%3% +" #33%# " &o 2% "o%:& %2%l$ (l%# &*#& I f%%l #& # lo"" &o (o %(& % w*#& 3# & of i& (# %+% i%+.

9



T*#& 3o3 l#&io (# o& i ( %#"% wi&*o & &*% 2%# " of " "i"&% (% i" #3 o3o"i&io "o %)i+% & &*#& i& %%+" o ill "& #&io .

T*#& 3o3 l#&io +o%" i )# i# l$ i ( %#"% w*% % &*% % # % &*% 2%# " of" "i"&% (%, &*% *i"&o $ of %)% $ 3%o3l% &*#& *#)% %)% %:i"&%+ will # +# &l$3 o)%.

A + &*#& &*% " 3% io 3ow% of 3o3 l#&io (# o& % (*%( %+ wi&*o & 3 o+ (i !2i"% $ o )i(%, &*% #23l% 3o &io of &*%"% &oo i&&% i ! %+i% &" i &*% ( 3 of* 2# lif% # + &*% (o &i # (% of &*%. 3*$"i(#l (# "%" &*#& "%%2 &o *#)%3 o+ (%+ &*%2 %# &oo (o )i (i ! # &%"&i2o $.

4 &, i o +% 2o % f ll$ &o #"(% &#i &*% )#li+i&$ of &*%"% &* %% 3 o3o"i&io ",l%& " %:#2i % &*% +iff% % & "&#&%" i w*i(* 2# i + *#)% %% ow &o %:i"&.E)% # ( "o $ %)i%w will, I &*i , % " ffi(i% & &o (o )i (% " &*#& &*%"%3 o3o"i&io " # % i (o & o)% &i l% & &*".

CHAPTER 3 The savage or hunter state shortly reviewed - The shepherd state, or the tribesof barbarians that overran the #oman "mpire - The superiority of the power of

population to the means of subsistence - the cause of the great tide oforthern "migration.

IN &*% +%"& "&#&% of 2# i +, i w*i(* * &i ! i" &*% 3 i (i3#l o(( 3#&io ,# + &*% o l$ 2o+% of #( i i ! foo+, &*% 2%# " of " "i"&% (% %i ! "(#&&% %+o)% # l# !% %:&% & of &% i&o $, &*% (o23# #&i)% 3o3 l#&io 2 "& %(%""# il$ %&*i . I& i" "#i+ &*#& &*% 3#""io %&w%% &*% "%:%" i" l%"" # +% & #2o ! &*%No &* A2% i(# I +i# " &*# #2o ! # $ o&*% #(% of 2% . Y%&, o&wi&*"&# +i !&*i" #3#&*$, &*% %ffo & &ow# +" 3o3 l#&io , %)% i &*i" 3%o3l%, "%%2" &o %#lw#$" ! %#&% &*# &*% 2%# " &o " 33o & i&. T*i" #33%# " f o2 &*% (o23# #&i)%l$

#3i+ 3o3 l#&io &*#& &# %" 3l#(% w*% %)% # $ of &*% & i %" *#33% &o "%&&l% i"o2% f% &il% "3o& # + &o + #w o i"*2% & f o2 2o % f i&f l "o (%" &*# &*#&of * &i !, # + i& *#" %% f % % &l$ %2# %+ &*#& w*% # I +i# f#2il$ *#"&# % 3 i&" # o+% %# # $ E o3%# "%&&l%2% & # + #+o3&%+ # 2o % %#"$ # +(i)ili;%+ 2o+% of lif%, &*#& o % wo2# *#" %# %+ fi)%, o "i:, o 2o %(*il+ % , &*o !* i &*% "#)#!% "&#&% i& # %l$ *#33% " &*#& # o)% o % o &wo i# f#2il$ ! ow 3 &o 2#& i&$. T*% "#2% o "% )#&io *#" %% 2#+% wi&* %!# + &o&*% Ho&&% &o&" %# &*% C#3%. T*%"% f#(&" 3 o)% &*% " 3% io 3ow% of 3o3 l#&io&o &*% 2%# " of " "i"&% (% i #&io " of * &% ", # + &*#& &*i" 3ow% #lw#$""*%w" i&"%lf &*% 2o2% & i& i" l%f& &o #(& wi&* f %%+o2.

I& %2#i " &o i i % w*%&*% &*i" 3ow% (# % (*%( %+, # + i&" %ff%(&" %3&% #l &o &*% 2%# " of " "i"&% (%, wi&*o & )i(% o 2i"% $.

T*% No &* A2% i(# I +i# ", (o "i+% %+ #" # 3%o3l%, (# o& "&l$ % (#ll%+ f %%# + % #l. I #ll &*% #((o &" w% *#)% of &*%2, # +, i +%%+, of 2o"& o&*%"#)#!% #&io ", &*% wo2% # % %3 %"% &%+ #" 2 (* 2o % (o23l%&%l$ i # "&#&% of"l#)% $ &o &*% 2% &*# &*% 3oo # % &o &*% i(* i (i)ili;%+ (o & i%". O %*#lf &*% #&io #33%# " &o #(& #" H%lo&" &o &*% o&*% *#lf, # + &*% 2i"% $ &*#&(*%( " 3o3 l#&io f#ll" (*i%fl$, #" i& #lw#$" 2 "& +o, 3o &*#& 3# & w*o"%(o +i&io i" low%"& i &*% "(#l% of "o(i%&$. T*% i f# ($ of 2# i &*% "i23l%"&"&#&% % i %" (o "i+% # l% #&&% &io , & &*i" %(%""# $ #&&% &io &*% wo2%(# o& !i)%, (o +%2 %+ #" &*%$ # % &o &*% i (o )% i% (%" # + *# +"*i3" of

1



f % % & (*# !% of 3l#(% # + &o &*% (o "&# & # + %2i&&i ! + +!% $ of3 %3# i ! %)% $ &*i ! fo &*% %(%3&io of &*%i &$ # i( lo +". T*%"%%:% &io ", "o2%&i2%" + i ! 3 %! # ($ o wi&* (*il+ % #& &*%i #( ", 2 "&o((#"io f % % & 2i"(# i#!%", # + 3 %)% & # $ & &*% 2o"& o "& i f# &" f o2! owi ! &o 2#& i&$. A++ &o &*%"% *# +"*i3" of &*% wo2% &*% (o "&# & w# &*#&3 %)#il" #2o ! "#)#!%", # + &*% %(%""i&$ w*i(* &*%$ f % % &l$ l# o +% of%:3o"i ! &*%i #!%+ # + *%l3l%"" 3# % &", # + of &* " )iol#&i ! &*% fi "&f%%li !" of #& %, # + &*% 3i(& % will o& #33%# )% $ f %% f o2 &*% lo& of2i"% $. I %"&i2#&i ! &*% *#33i %"" of # "#)#!% #&io , w% 2 "& o& fi: o %$%"o l$ o &*% w# io i &*% 3 i2% of lif% *% i" o % of # * + %+ *% i" &*%!% &l%2# , &*% 2# of fo & %, &*% (*# (%" *#)% %% i *i" f#)o # + 2# $%ffo &" *#)% f#il%+ % % &*i" fo & #&% %i ! w#" 3 o+ (%+, w*o"% ! # +i# !% i ""*o l+ 3 %"% )% *i2 &* o !* &*% 2 % l%"" +# !% " wi&* w*i(* *% wo l+ %" o +%+ f o2 i f# ($ &o 2# *oo+. T*% & % 3oi &" of (o23# i"o %&w%% &wo

#&io " "%%2 &o % &*% # " i %#(* w*i(* #33%# %# %"& &o # "w% &o %#(*o&*% . A + i &*i" )i%w, I "*o l+ (o23# % &*% w# io " i &*% 3 i2% of lif% wi&*&*% !% &l%2% , # + &*% wo2% , (*il+ % , # + #!%+, wi&* &*% low% (l#""%" of &*%(o22 i&$ i (i)ili;%+ "&#&%".

/#$ w% o& &*% f#i l$ i f% f o2 &*i" "*o & %)i%w, o #&*% , f o2 &*%#((o &" &*#& 2#$ % %f% %+ &o of #&io " of * &% ", &*#& &*%i 3o3 l#&io i"&*i f o2 &*% "(# (i&$ of foo+, &*#& i& wo l+ i22%+i#&%l$ i ( %#"% if foo+ w#"i ! %#&% 3l% &$, # + &*#&, 3 &&i ! )i(% o & of &*% %"&io #2o ! "#)#!%",2i"% $ i" &*% (*%( &*#& %3 %""%" &*% " 3% io 3ow% of 3o3 l#&io # + %%3"i&" %ff%(&" % #l &o &*% 2%# " of " "i"&% (%. A(& #l o "% )#&io # + %:3% i% (%&%ll " &*#& &*i" (*%( , wi&* # f%w lo(#l # + &%23o # $ %:(%3&io ", i"(o "&# &l$ #(&i ! ow 3o #ll "#)#!% #&io ", # + &*% &*%o $ i +i(#&%" &*#& i&3 o # l$ #(&%+ wi&* %# l$ % #l "& % !&* # &*o "# + $%# " #!o, # + i& 2#$ o&

% 2 (* ! %#&% # &*o "# + $%# " *% (%.

Of &*% 2# % " # + *# i&" &*#& 3 %)#il #2o ! #&io " of "*%3*% +", &*% %:&"&#&% of 2# i +, w% # % %)% 2o % i! o # & &*# of &*% "#)#!% "&#&%. 4 & &*#&&*%"% #&io " (o l+ o& %"(#3% &*% !% % #l lo& of 2i"% $ # i"i ! f o2 &*% w# &

of " "i"&% (%, E o3%, # + #ll &*% f#i %"& (o & i%" i &*% wo l+, %# #23l%&%"&i2o $. =# & w#" &*% !o#+ &*#& + o)% &*% S($&*i# "*%3*% +" f o2 &*%i #&i)%*# &", li % "o 2# $ f#2i"*%+ wol)%" i "%# (* of 3 %$. S%& i 2o&io $ &*i"#ll 3ow% f l (# "%, (lo +" of 4# # i# " "%%2%+ &o (oll%(& f o2 #ll 3oi &" of&*% o &*% *%2i"3*% %. 0#&*% i ! f %"* +# %"" # + &% o #" &*%$ oll%+ o ,&*% (o ! %!#&%+ o+i%" #& l% !&* o "( %+ &*% " of i&#l$ # + " &*% w*ol%wo l+ i i)% "#l i!*&. T*%"% & %2% +o " %ff%(&", "o lo ! # + "o +%%3l$ f%l&&* o !*o & &*% f#i %"& 3o &io " of &*% %# &*, 2#$ % & #(%+ &o &*% "i23l% (# "%of &*% " 3% io 3ow% of 3o3 l#&io &o &*% 2%# " of " "i"&% (%.

I& i" w%ll ow &*#& # (o & $ i 3#"& % (# o& " 33o & "o 2# $ i *# i&# &" #"# (o & $ i &ill#!%, & w*#& % +% " #&io " of "*%3*% +" "o fo 2i+# l% i" &*%3ow% w*i(* &*%$ 3o""%"" of 2o)i ! #ll &o!%&*% # + &*% %(%""i&$ &*%$

f % % &l$ f%%l of %:% &i ! &*i" 3ow% i "%# (* of f %"* 3#"& % fo &*%i*% +". A & i % &*#& w#" i(* i (#&&l% *#+ # i22%+i#&% 3l% &$ of foo+. E)% &*%3# % & "&o( 2i!*& % +%)o %+ i # (#"% of # "ol &% %(%""i&$. T*% wo2% li)%+i ! %#&% %#"% &*# #2o ! #&io " of * &% ". T*% 2% ol+ i &*%i i&%+"& % !&* # + (o fi+i ! i &*%i 3ow% of 3 o( i ! 3#"& % fo &*%i (#&&l% $(*# !% of 3l#(%, f%l&, 3 o # l$, & f%w f%# " # o & 3 o)i+i ! fo # f#2il$.T*%"% (o2 i %+ (# "%" "oo 3 o+ (%+ &*%i #& #l # + i )# i# l% %ff%(&, #%:&% +%+ 3o3 l#&io . A 2o % f % % & # + #3i+ (*# !% of 3l#(% %(#2% &*%

%(%""# $. A wi+% # + 2o % %:&% "i)% &% i&o $ w#" " ((%""i)%l$ o(( 3i%+. Ao#+% +%"ol#&io %:&% +%+ #ll # o + &*%2. =# & 3i (*%+ &*% l%"" fo & #&%

11



2%2 % " of &*% "o(i%&$, # +, #& l% !&*, &*% i23o""i ili&$ of " 33o &i ! " (* #2 % &o!%&*% %(#2% &oo %)i+% & &o % %"i"&%+. Yo ! "(io " w% % &*% 3 "*%+

o & f o2 &*% 3# % &-"&o( # + i "& (&%+ &o %:3lo % f %"* %!io " # + &o !#i*#33i% "%#&" fo &*%2"%l)%" $ &*%i "wo +". 'T*% wo l+ w#" #ll %fo % &*%2w*% % &o (*oo"%.' R%"&l%"" f o2 3 %"% & +i"& %"", fl "*%+ wi&* &*% *o3% off#i % 3 o"3%(&", # + # i2#&%+ wi&* &*% "3i i& of *# +$ % &% 3 i"%, &*%"% +# i !#+)% & % " w% % li %l$ &o %(o2% fo 2i+# l% #+)% "# i%" &o #ll w*o o33o"%+&*%2. T*% 3%#(%f l i *# i&# &" of &*% (o & i%" o w*i(* &*%$ "*%+ (o l+ o&lo ! wi&*"&# + &*% % % !$ of 2% #(&i ! +% " (* 3ow% f l 2o&i)%" of %:% &io .A + w*% &*%$ f%ll i wi&* # $ & i %" li % &*%i ow , &*% (o &%"& w#" # "& !!l%fo %:i"&% (%, # + &*%$ fo !*& wi&* # +%"3% #&% (o #!%, i "3i %+ $ &*%

%J%(&io &*#& +%#&* w#" &*% 3 i"*2% & of +%f%#& # + lif% &*% 3 i;% of )i(&o $.

I &*%"% "#)#!% (o &%"&" 2# $ & i %" 2 "& *#)% %% &&% l$ %:&% 2i #&%+. So2%,3 o # l$, 3% i"*%+ $ *# +"*i3 # + f#2i %. O&*% ", w*o"% l%#+i ! "&# *#+ !i)%&*%2 # *#33i% +i %(&io , %(#2% ! %#& # + 3ow% f l & i %", # +, i &*%i & ","% & off f %"* #+)% & % " i "%# (* of "&ill 2o % f% &il% "%#&". T*% 3 o+i!io "w#"&% of * 2# lif% o((#"io %+ $ &*i" 3% 3%& #l "& !!l% fo oo2 # + foo+ w#"2o % &*# " 33li%+ $ &*% 2i!*&$ 3ow% of 3o3 l#&io , #(&i !, i "o2% +%! %%,

"*#( l%+ f o2 &*% (o "% & *# i& of %2i! #&io . T*% & i %" &*#& 2i! #&%+&ow# +" &*% So &*, &*o !* &*%$ wo &*%"% 2o % f i&f l %!io " $ (o &i #l

#&&l%", #3i+l$ i ( %#"%+ i 2 % # + 3ow% , f o2 &*% i ( %#"%+ 2%# " of" "i"&% (%. Till #& l% !&* &*% w*ol% &% i&o $, f o2 &*% (o fi %" of C*i # &o&*% "*o %" of &*% 4#l&i(, w#" 3%o3l%+ $ # )# io " #(% of 4# # i# ", #)%,

o "&, # + % &% 3 i"i !, i %+ &o *# +"*i3, # + +%li!*&i ! i w# . So2% & i %"2#i &#i %+ &*%i i +%3% +% (%. O&*% " # !%+ &*%2"%l)%" +% &*% "&# +# + of"o2% # # i( (*i%f&#i w*o l%+ &*%2 &o )i(&o $ #f&% )i(&o $, # + w*#& w#" of2o % i23o &# (%, &o %!io " # o +i ! i (o , wi %, # + oil, &*% lo ! wi"*%+fo (o " 22#&io , # + ! %#& %w# + of &*%i l# o ". A Al# i(, # A&&il#, o #

i !i" *# , # + &*% (*i%f" # o + &*%2, 2i!*& fi!*& fo !lo $, fo &*% f#2% of%:&% "i)% (o %"&", & &*% & % (# "% &*#& "%& i 2o&io &*% ! %#& &i+% of

o &*% %2i! #&io , # + &*#& (o &i %+ &o 3 o3%l i& &ill i& oll%+ #& +iff% % &

3% io+" #!#i "& C*i #, P% "i#, i&#l$, # + %)% E!$3&, w#" # "(# (i&$ of foo+, #3o3 l#&io %:&% +%+ %$o + &*% 2%# " of " 33o &i ! i&.

T*% # "ol &% 3o3 l#&io #& # $ o % 3% io+, i 3 o3o &io &o &*% %:&% & of&% i&o $, (o l+ %)% % ! %#&, o #((o & of &*% 3 o+ (&i)% #& % of "o2%of &*% %!io " o(( 3i%+5 & &*% % #33%# " &o *#)% %% # 2o"& #3i+ " ((%""ioof * 2# %i !", # + #" f#"& #" "o2% w% % 2ow%+ +ow $ &*% "($&*% of w# o off#2i %, o&*% " o"% i i ( %#"%+ 2 % " &o " 33l$ &*%i 3l#(%. A2o ! &*%"% ol+# + i23 o)i+% & 4# # i# ", 3o3 l#&io w#" 3 o # l$ & li&&l% (*%( %+, #" i2o+% "&#&%", f o2 # f%# of f & % +iffi( l&i%". A 3 %)#ili ! *o3% of

%&&% i ! &*%i (o +i&io $ (*# !% of 3l#(%, # (o "&# & %:3%(&#&io of 3l +% ,# 3ow% %)% , if +i"& %""%+, of "%lli ! &*%i (*il+ % #" "l#)%", #++%+ &o &*%

#& #l (# %l%"" %"" of &*% # # i( (*# #(&% , #ll (o "3i %+ &o #i"% #

3o3 l#&io w*i(* %2#i %+ &o % %3 %""%+ #f&% w# +" $ f#2i % o w# .

=*% % &*% % i" # $ i % #li&$ of (o +i&io ", # + #2o ! #&io " of "*%3*% +" &*i""oo &# %" 3l#(%, &*% +i"& %"" # i"i ! f o2 # "(# (i&$ of 3 o)i"io " 2 "& f#ll*# +%"& 3o &*% l%#"& fo & #&% 2%2 % " of &*% "o(i%&$. T*i" +i"& %"" #l"o 2 "&f % % &l$ *#)% %% f%l& $ &*% wo2% , %:3o"%+ &o (#" #l 3l +% i &*% # "% (%of &*%i * " # +", # + " %(& &o (o &i #l +i"#33oi &2% &" i &*%i %:3%(&%+

%& .

4 & wi&*o & owi ! % o !* of &*% 2i &% # + i &i2#&% *i"&o $ of &*%"% 3%o3l%,

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&o 3oi & o & 3 %(i"%l$ o w*#& 3# & &*% +i"& %"" fo w# & of foo+ (*i%fl$ f%ll,# + &o w*#& %:&% & i& w#" !% % #ll$ f%l&, I &*i w% 2#$ f#i l$ "#$, f o2 #ll&*% #((o &" &*#& w% *#)% of #&io " of "*%3*% +", &*#& 3o3 l#&io i )# i# l$i ( %#"%+ #2o ! &*%2 w*% %)% , $ %2i! #&io o # $ o&*% (# "%, &*% 2%# " of" "i"&% (% w% % i ( %#"%+, # + &*#& # f &*% 3o3 l#&io w#" (*%( %+, # + &*%#(& #l 3o3 l#&io %3& % #l &o &*% 2%# " of " "i"&% (%, $ 2i"% $ # + )i(%.

Fo , i +%3% +% &l$ of # $ )i(io " ( "&o2" &*#& 2i!*& *#)% 3 %)#il%+ #2o !"& &*%2wi&* %!# + &o wo2% , w*i(* #lw#$" o3% #&% #" (*%( " &o 3o3 l#&io , i& 2 "& %#( owl%+!%+, I &*i , &*#& &*% (o22i""io of w# i" )i(%, # + &*% %ff%(& of i&2i"% $, # + o % (# +o & &*% 2i"% $ of w# & of foo+.

CHAPTER 4 %tate of civili&ed nations - 'robability that "urope is much more populous nowthan in the time of (ulius )aesar - *est criterion of population - 'robableerror of +ume in one the criterions that he proposes as assisting in anestimate of population - %low increase of population at present in most of thestates of "urope - The two principal checks to population - The first, or

preventive check e$amined with regard to "ngland.

IN %:#2i i ! &*% %:& "&#&% of 2# i + wi&* %l#&io &o &*% %"&io %fo % ",&*% "&#&% of 2i:%+ 3#"& % # + &ill#!%, i w*i(* wi&* "o2% )# i#&io i &*%3 o3o &io " &*% 2o"& (i)ili;%+ #&io " 2 "& #lw#$" %2#i , w% "*#ll % #""i"&%+i o %)i%w $ w*#& w% +#il$ "%% # o + ", $ #(& #l %:3% i% (%, $ f#(&"&*#& (o2% wi&*i &*% "(o3% of %)% $ 2# '" o "% )#&io .

No&wi&*"&# +i ! &*% %:#!!% #&io " of "o2% ol+ *i"&o i# ", &*% % (# %2#i o+o & i &*% 2i + of # $ &*i i ! 2# &*#& &*% 3o3 l#&io of &*% 3 i (i3#l(o & i%" of E o3%, F # (%, E !l# +, 0% 2# $, R ""i#, Pol# +, Sw%+% , # +D% 2# i" 2 (* ! %#&% &*# %)% i& w#" i fo 2% &i2%". T*% o )io " %#"o of

&*%"% %:#!!% #&io " i" &*% fo 2i+# l% #"3%(& &*#& %)% # &*i l$ 3%o3l%+ #&io2 "& *#)%, w*% (oll%(&%+ &o!%&*% # + 2o)i ! #ll #& o (% i "%# (* of f %"*"%#&". If &o &*i" & %2% +o " #33%# # (% % #++%+ # " ((%""io #& (% &#ii &% )#l" of "i2il# %2i! #&io ", w% "*#ll o& % 2 (*. " 3 i"%+ &*#& &*% f%# "of &*% &i2i+ #&io " of &*% So &* %3 %"% &%+ &*% No &* #" # %!io # "ol &%l$"w# 2i ! wi&* * 2# %i !". A %# % # + "&% )i%w of &*% " %(& #& 3 %"% &% # l%" " &o "%% &*#& &*% i f% % (% w#" #" # " + #" if # 2# i &*i" (o & $,w*o w#" (o &i #ll$ 2%%&i ! o &*% o#+ + o)%" of (#&&l% f o2 =#l%" # + &*%No &*, w#" i22%+i#&%l$ &o (o (l +% &*#& &*%"% (o & i%" w% % &*% 2o"& 3 o+ (&i)%of #ll &*% 3# &" of &*% i !+o2.

T*% %#"o &*#& &*% ! %#&% 3# & of E o3% i" 2o % 3o3 lo " ow &*# i& w#" ifo 2% &i2%", i" &*#& &*% i + "& $ of &*% i *# i&# &" *#" 2#+% &*%"% (o & i%"

3 o+ (% # ! %#&% # &i&$ of * 2# " "i"&% (%. Fo I (o (%i)% &*#& i& 2#$ %l#i+ +ow #" # 3o"i&io o& &o % (o & o)% &%+, &*#&, &# i ! # " ffi(i% & %:&% &of &% i&o $ &o i (l +% wi&*i i& %:3o &#&io # + i23o &#&io , # + #llowi ! "o2%)# i#&io fo &*% 3 %)#l% (% of l : $, o of f !#l *# i&", &*#& 3o3 l#&io(o "&# &l$ %# " # %! l# 3 o3o &io &o &*% foo+ &*#& &*% %# &* i" 2#+% &o3 o+ (%. I &*% (o & o)% "$ (o (% i ! &*% 3o3 lo " %"" of # (i% & # + 2o+%

#&io ", (o l+ i& % (l%# l$ #"(% &#i %+ &*#& &*% #)% #!% 3 o+ (% of &*%(o & i%" i %"&io , &# % #l&o!%&*% , i" ! %#&% ow &*# i& w#" i &*% &i2%"of J li " C#%"# , &*% +i"3 &% wo l+ % #& o (% +%&% 2i %+.

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=*% w% # % #"" %+ &*#& C*i # i" &*% 2o"& f% &il% (o & $ i &*% wo l+, &*#&#l2o"& #ll &*% l# + i" i &ill#!%, # + &*#& # ! %#& 3# & of i& %# " &wo ( o3"%)% $ $%# , # + f &*% , &*#& &*% 3%o3l% li)% )% $ f !#ll$, w% 2#$ i f% wi&*(% &#i &$ &*#& &*% 3o3 l#&io 2 "& % i22% "%, wi&*o & "$i ! o "%l)%" ii i i%" i &o &*% 2# % " # + *# i&" of &*% low% (l#""%" # + &*%% (o #!%2% &" &o %# l$ 2# i#!%". 4 & &*%"% i i i%" # % of &*% &2o"&i23o &# (%, # + # 2i &% *i"&o $ of &*% ( "&o2" of &*% low% C*i %"% wo l+ % of&*% ! %#&%"& "% i #"(% &#i i ! i w*#& 2# % &*% (*%( " &o # f &*%3o3 l#&io o3% #&%5 w*#& # % &*% )i(%", # + w*#& # % &*% +i"& %""%" &*#& 3 %)% &# i ( %#"% of 2 % " %$o + &*% # ili&$ of &*% (o & $ &o " 33o &.

H 2%, i *i" %""#$ o &*% 3o3 lo " %"" of # (i% & # + 2o+% #&io ", w*% *%i &% 2i !l%", #" *% "#$", # i i $ (o (% i ! (# "%" wi&* &*#& (o (% i !f#(&", +o%" o& "%%2 &o "%% wi&* *i" " #l 3% %& #&io *ow )% $ li&&l% "o2% of&*% (# "%" *% #ll +%" &o (o l+ % # l% *i2 &o fo 2 # $ +!%2% & of &*% #(& #l3o3 l#&io of # (i% & #&io ". If # $ i f% % (% (# % + #w f o2 &*%2, 3% *#3"i& "*o l+ % +i %(&l$ &*% %)% "% of w*#& H 2% + #w", &*o !* I (% &#i l$ o !*&&o "3%# wi&* ! %#& +iffi+% (% i +i""% &i ! f o2 # 2# w*o of #ll o&*% " o" (* " %(&" w#" &*% l%#"& li %l$ &o % +%(%i)%+ $ fi "& #33%# # (%". If Ifi + &*#& #& # (% &#i 3% io+ i # (i% & *i"&o $, &*% % (o #!%2% &" &o *#)% #f#2il$ w% % ! %#&, &*#& %# l$ 2# i#!%" w% % (o "% % &l$ )% $ 3 %)#l% &, # +&*#& f%w 3% "o " %2#i %+ "i !l%, I "*o l+ i f% wi&* (% &#i &$ &*#& 3o3 l#&iow#" #3i+l$ i ( %#"i !, & $ o 2%# " &*#& i& w#" &*% #(& #ll$ )% $ ! %#&,

#&*% 5 i +%%+, &*% (o & # $, &*#& i& w#" &*% &*i # + &*#& &*% % w#" oo2 # +foo+ fo # 2 (* ! %#&% 2 % . O &*% o&*% *# +, if I fi + &*#& #& &*i" 3% io+&*% +iffi( l&i%" #&&% +i ! # f#2il$ w% % )% $ ! %#&, &*#&, (o "% % &l$, f%w%# l$ 2# i#!%" &oo 3l#(%, # + &*#& # ! %#& 2 % of o&* "%:%" %2#i %+"i !l%, I i f% wi&* (% &#i &$ &*#& 3o3 l#&io w#" #& # "&# +, # +, 3 o # l$,

%(# "% &*% #(& #l 3o3 l#&io w#" )% $ ! %#& i 3 o3o &io &o &*% f% &ili&$ of&*% l# + # + &*#& &*% % w#" "(# (%l$ oo2 # + foo+ fo 2o %. T*% 2 % offoo&2% , *o "%2#i+", # + o&*% 3% "o " %2#i i ! 2# i%+ i 2o+% "&#&%",H 2% #llow" &o % #&*% # # ! 2% & #!#i "& &*%i 3o3 l#&io . I "*o l+ #&*%+ #w # (o & # $ i f% % (% # + (o "i+% i& # # ! 2% & of &*%i f ll %"", &*o !*

&*i" i f% % (% i" o& (% &#i , %(# "% &*% % # % 2# $ &*i l$ i *# i&%+ "&#&%"&*#& # % $%& "&#&io # $ i &*%i 3o3 l#&io . To "3%# , &*% %fo %, (o %(&l$,3% *#3" i& 2#$ % "#i+ &*#& &*% 2 % of 2# i%+ 3% "o " i 3 o3o &io &o &*%w*ol% 2 % , %:i"&i ! #& +iff% % & 3% io+", i &*% "#2% o +iff% % & "&#&%"will % # l% " &o +!% w*%&*% 3o3 l#&io #& &*%"% 3% io+" w#" i ( %#"i !,"&#&io # $, o +%( %#"i !, & will fo 2 o ( i&% io $ w*i(* w% (# +%&% 2i %&*% #(& #l 3o3 l#&io .

T*% % i", *ow%)% , # (i ( 2"&# (% &# % o&i(% of i 2o"& of &*% #((o &" w%*#)% of C*i # &*#& i& "%%2" +iffi( l& &o %(o (il% wi&* &*i" %#"o i !. I& i""#i+ &*#& %# l$ 2# i#!%" )% $ !% % #ll$ 3 %)#il &* o !* #ll &*% # " of &*%C*i %"%. Y%& D A+#2 S2i&* " 33o"%" &*#& 3o3 l#&io i C*i # i" "&#&io # $.T*%"% &wo (i ( 2"&# (%" #33%# &o % i %(o (il# l%. I& (% &#i l$ "%%2" )% $

li&&l% 3 o # l% &*#& &*% 3o3 l#&io of C*i # i" f#"& i ( %#"i !. E)% $ #( % ofl# + *#" %% "o lo ! i ( l&i)#&io &*#& w% (# *# +l$ (o (%i)% &*% % i" # $! %#& $%# l$ #++i&io &o &*% #)% #!% 3 o+ (%. T*% f#(&, 3% *#3", of &*%

i)% "#li&$ of %# l$ 2# i#!%" 2#$ o& % " ffi(i% &l$ #"(% &#i %+. If i& %" 33o"%+ & %, &*% o l$ w#$ of #((o &i ! fo &*% +iffi( l&$, wi&* o 3 %"% &

owl%+!% of &*% " %(&, #33%# " &o % &*#& &*% %+ +# & 3o3 l#&io ,%(%""# il$ o((#"io %+ $ &*% 3 %)#l% (% of %# l$ 2# i#!%", 2 "& % %3 %""%+$ o((#"io #l f#2i %", # + $ &*% ( "&o2 of %:3o"i ! (*il+ % , w*i(*, i &i2%"

of +i"& %"", i" 3 o # l$ 2o % f % % & &*# i" %)% #( owl%+!%+ &o E o3%# ".R%l#&i)% &o &*i" # # o " 3 #(&i(%, i& i" +iffi( l& &o #)oi+ %2# i !, &*#&

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&*% % (# o& % # "& o !% 3 oof of &*% +i"& %""%" &*#& *#)% %% f%l& $2# i + fo w# & of foo+, &*# &*% %:i"&% (% of # ( "&o2 &*#& &* " )iol#&%" &*%2o"& #& #l 3 i (i3l% of &*% * 2# *%# &. I& #33%# " &o *#)% %% )% $ !% % #l#2o ! # (i% & #&io ", # + (% &#i l$ &% +%+ #&*% &o i ( %#"% 3o3 l#&io .

I %:#2i i ! &*% 3 i (i3#l "&#&%" of 2o+% E o3%, w% "*#ll fi + &*#& &*o !*&*%$ *#)% i ( %#"%+ )% $ (o "i+% # l$ i 3o3 l#&io "i (% &*%$ w% % #&io " of"*%3*% +", $%& &*#& #& 3 %"% & &*%i 3 o! %"" i" & "low, # + i "&%#+ of+o li ! &*%i 2 % " %)% $ &w% &$-fi)% $%# " &*%$ % i % &* %% o fo* + %+ $%# ", o 2o %, fo &*#& 3 3o"%. So2%, i +%%+, 2#$ % # "ol &%l$"&#&io # $, # + o&*% " %)% %& o! #+%. T*% (# "% of &*i" "low 3 o! %"" i3o3 l#&io (# o& % & #(%+ &o # +%(#$ of &*% 3#""io %&w%% &*% "%:%". =% *#)%" ffi(i% & %#"o &o &*i &*#& &*i" #& #l 3 o3% "i&$ %:i"&" "&ill i

+i2i i"*%+ )i!o . =*$ &*% +o o& i&" %ff%(&" #33%# i # #3i+ i ( %#"% of&*% * 2# "3%(i%" A i &i2#&% )i%w of &*% "&#&% of "o(i%&$ i # $ o % (o & $i E o3%, w*i(* 2#$ "% )% % #ll$ fo #ll, will % # l% " &o # "w% &*i"

%"&io , # + &o "#$ &*#& # fo %"i!*& of &*% +iffi( l&i%" #&&% +i ! &*% %# i !of # f#2il$ #(&" #" # 3 %)% &i)% (*%( , # + &*% #(& #l +i"& %""%" of "o2% of &*%low% (l#""%", $ w*i(* &*%$ # % +i"# l%+ f o2 !i)i ! &*% 3 o3% foo+ # +#&&% &io &o &*%i (*il+ % , #(& #" # 3o"i&i)% (*%( &o &*% #& #l i ( %#"% of3o3 l#&io .

E !l# +, #" o % of &*% 2o"& flo i"*i ! "&#&%" of E o3%, 2#$ % f#i l$ &# %fo # %:#23l%, # + &*% o "% )#&io " 2#+% will #33l$ wi&* & li&&l% )# i#&io&o # $ o&*% (o & $ w*% % &*% 3o3 l#&io i ( %#"%" "lowl$.

T*% 3 %)% &i)% (*%( #33%# " &o o3% #&% i "o2% +%! %% &* o !* #ll &*% # " of"o(i%&$ i E !l# +. T*% % # % "o2% 2% , %)% i &*% *i!*%"& # , w*o # %3 %)% &%+ f o2 2# $i ! $ &*% i+%# of &*% %:3% "%" &*#& &*%$ 2 "& %& % (*, # +&*% f# (i%+ 3l%#" %" &*#& &*%$ 2 "& +%3 i)% &*%2"%l)%" of, o &*% " 33o"i&ioof *#)i ! # f#2il$. T*%"% (o "i+% #&io " # % (% &#i l$ & i)i#l, & # 3 %)% &i)%fo %"i!*& of &*i" i + *#" o %(&" of 2 (* ! %#&% w%i!*& fo i&" (o &%23l#&io#" w% !o low% .

A 2# of li % #l %+ (#&io , & wi&* # i (o2% o l$ "& " ffi(i% & &o % # l%*i2 &o #""o(i#&% i &*% # of !% &l%2% , 2 "& f%%l # "ol &%l$ (% &#i &*#& if*% 2# i%" # + *#" # f#2il$ *% "*#ll % o li!%+, if *% 2i:%" #& #ll i "o(i%&$,&o # *i2"%lf wi&* 2o+% #&% f# 2% " # + &*% low% (l#"" of & #+%"2% . T*%wo2# &*#& # 2# of %+ (#&io wo l+ #& #ll$ 2# % &*% o %(& of *i" (*oi(%wo l+ % o % o !*& 3 i &*% "#2% &#"&%" # + "% &i2% &" wi&* *i2"%lf # + "%+&o &*% f#2ili# i &% (o "% of # "o(i%&$ &o&#ll$ +iff% % & f o2 &*#& &o w*i(*"*% 2 "& % %+ (%+ $ 2# i#!%. C# # 2# (o "% & &o 3l#(% &*% o %(& of *i"#ff%(&io i # "i& #&io "o +i"(o +# &, 3 o # l$, &o *% &#"&%" # +i (li #&io " Two o &* %% "&%3" of +%"(% & i "o(i%&$, 3# &i( l# l$ #& &*i"

o + of &*% l#++% , w*% % %+ (#&io % +" # + i! o # (% %!i ", will o& %(o "i+% %+ $ &*% !% % #li&$ of 3%o3l% #" # f# (i%+ # + (*i2% i(#l, & # %#l

# + %""% &i#l %)il. If "o(i%&$ % *%l+ +%"i # l%, i& " %l$ 2 "& % f %%, % #l,# + %(i3 o(#l "o(i%&$, w*% % % %fi&" # % (o f% %+ #" w%ll #" %(%i)%+, # +o& " (* #" &*% +%3% +% & fi +" wi&* *i" 3#& o o &*% 3oo wi&* &*% i(*.

T*%"% (o "i+% #&io " +o &%+l$ 3 %)% & # ! %#& 2 % i &*i" # of lif%f o2 followi ! &*% % & of &*%i i (li #&io " i # %# l$ #&&#(*2% &. O&*% ",! i+%+ %i&*% $ # "& o !% 3#""io , o # w%# % +!%2% &, %# &* o !* &*%"%

%"& #i &", # + i& wo l+ % *# + i +%%+, if &*% ! #&ifi(#&io of "o +%li!*&f l #3#""io #" )i & o " lo)%, +i+ o&, "o2%&i2%", 2o % &*# (o &% #l# (% #ll i&"#&&% +# & %)il". 4 & I f%# i& 2 "& % ow %+ &*#& &*% 2o % !% % #l (o "% % (%"

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of " (* 2# i#!%" # % #&*% (#l( l#&%+ &o "&if$ &*# &o %3 %"" &*%fo % o+i !" of &*% 3 +% &.

T*% "o " of & #+%"2% # + f# 2% " # % %:*o &%+ o& &o 2# $, # + !% % #ll$ fi +i& %(%""# $ &o 3 " % &*i" #+)i(% &ill &*%$ # % "%&&l%+ i "o2% "i %"" of# 2 &*#& 2#$ % # l% &*%2 &o " 33o & # f#2il$. T*%"% %)% &" 2#$ o&, 3% *#3",o(( &ill &*%$ # % f# #+)# (%+ i lif%. T*% "(# (i&$ of f# 2" i" # )% $!% % #l (o23l#i & i E !l# +. A + &*% (o23%&i&io i %)% $ i + of "i %"" i""o ! %#& &*#& i& i" o& 3o""i l% &*#& #ll "*o l+ % " ((%""f l.

T*% l# o % w*o %# " %i!*&%% 3% (% # +#$ # + li)%" wi&* "o2% +%! %% of(o2fo & #" # "i !l% 2# , will *%"i&#&% # li&&l% %fo % *% +i)i+%" &*#& 3i&&# (%#2o ! fo o fi)%, w*i(* "%%2" &o % & "& " ffi(i% & fo o %. H# +% f# %# + *# +% l# o *% wo l+ " 2i& &o fo &*% "# % of li)i ! wi&* &*% wo2# &*#&*% lo)%", & *% 2 "& f%%l (o "(io ", if *% &*i " #& #ll, &*#& "*o l+ *% *#)% #l# !% f#2il$, # + # $ ill l ( w*#&%)% , o +%! %% of f !#li&$, o 3o""i l%%:% &io of *i" 2# #l "& % !&* (o l+ 3 %"% )% *i2 f o2 &*% *%# &- % +i !"% "#&io of "%%i ! *i" (*il+ % "&# )%, o of fo f%i&i ! *i" i +%3% +% (%, # +

%i ! o li!%+ &o &*% 3# i"* fo &*%i " 33o &. T*% lo)% of i +%3% +% (% i" #"% &i2% & &*#& " %l$ o % wo l+ wi"* &o % % #"%+ f o2 &*% %#"& of 2# ,&*o !* &*% 3# i"* l#w of E !l# +, i& 2 "& % (o f%""%+, i" # "$"&%2 of #llo&*% " &*% 2o"& (#l( l#&%+ ! #+ #ll$ &o w%# % &*i" "% &i2% &, # + i &*% % +2#$ % #+i(#&% i& (o23l%&%l$.

T*% "% )# &" w*o li)% i !% &l%2% '" f#2ili%" *#)% %"& #i &" &*#& # % $%&"& o !% &o %# &* o !* i )% & i ! 3o 2# i#!%. T*%$ 3o""%"" &*%

%(%""# i%", # + %)% &*% (o2fo &" of lif%, #l2o"& i #" ! %#& 3l% &$ #" &*%i2#"&% ". T*%i wo i" %#"$ # + &*%i foo+ l : io " (o23# %+ wi&* &*% (l#"" ofl# o % ". A + &*%i "% "% of +%3% +% (% i" w%# % %+ $ &*% (o "(io " 3ow% of(*# !i ! &*%i 2#"&% ", if &*%$ f%%l &*%2"%l)%" off% +%+. T* " (o2fo &# l$"i& #&%+ #& 3 %"% &, w*#& # % &*%i 3 o"3%(&" i 2# $i ! =i&*o & owl%+!% o(#3i&#l, %i&*% fo "i %"", o f# 2i !, # + "%+ # + &*% %fo % # l%, &o%# # " "i"&% (% $ +#il$ l# o , &*%i o l$ %f !% "%%2" &o % # 2i"% # l%

#l%*o "%, w*i(* (% &#i l$ off% " o )% $ % (*# &i ! 3 o"3%(& of # *#33$ %)% i !&o &*%i li)%". 4$ 2 (* &*% ! %#&% 3# &, &*% %fo %, +%&% %+ $ &*i" i )i&i !)i%w of &*%i f & % "i& #&io , (o &% & &*%2"%l)%" wi&* %2#i i ! "i !l% w*% %&*%$ # %.

If &*i" " %&(* of &*% "&#&% of "o(i%&$ i E !l# + % %# &*% & &*, # + I +oo& (o (%i)% &*#& i& i" %:#!!% #&%+, i& will % #llow%+ &*#& &*% 3 %)% &i)%

(*%( &o 3o3 l#&io i &*i" (o & $ o3% #&%", &*o !* wi&* )# i%+ fo (%, &* o !*#ll &*% (l#""%" of &*% (o22 i&$. T*% "#2% o "% )#&io will *ol+ & % wi&*

%!# + &o #ll ol+ "&#&%". T*% %ff%(&", i +%%+, of &*%"% %"& #i &" 3o 2# i#!%# % & &oo (o "3i( o " i &*% (o "% % & )i(%" &*#& # % 3 o+ (%+ i #l2o"&%)% $ 3# & of &*% wo l+, )i(%" &*#& # % (o &i #ll$ i )ol)i ! o&* "%:%" ii %:& i(# l% *#33i %"".

1B



CHAPTER 5 The second, or positive check to population e$amined, in "ngland - The truecause why th immense sum collected in "ngland for the poor does not bettertheir condition - The powerful tendency of the poor laws to defeat their own

purpose - 'alliative of the distresses of the poor proposed - The absoluteimpossibility, from the fi$ed laws of our nature, that the pressure of want canever be completely removed from the lower classes of society - All the checksto population may be resolved into misery or vice.

THE 3o"i&i)% (*%( &o 3o3 l#&io , $ w*i(* I 2%# &*% (*%( &*#& %3 %""%" #i ( %#"% w*i(* i" #l %#+$ %! , i" (o fi %+ (*i%fl$, &*o !* o& 3% *#3" "ol%l$,&o &*% low%"& o +% " of "o(i%&$. T*i" (*%( i" o& "o o )io " &o (o22o )i%w #"&*% o&*% I *#)% 2% &io %+, # +, &o 3 o)% +i"&i (&l$ &*% fo (% # + %:&% & of i&"o3% #&io wo l+ % i %, 3% *#3", 2o % +#&# &*# w% # % i 3o""%""io of. 4 & I

%li%)% i& *#" %% )% $ !% % #ll$ %2# %+ $ &*o"% w*o *#)% #&&% +%+ &o ill"of 2o &#li&$ &*#& of &*% 2 % of (*il+ % w*o +i% # #ll$, 2 (* &oo ! %#& #3 o3o &io %lo !" &o &*o"% w*o 2#$ % " 33o"%+ # l% &o !i)% &*%i off"3 i !3 o3% foo+ # + #&&% &io , %:3o"%+ #" &*%$ # % o((#"io #ll$ &o "%)% % +i"& %""# + (o fi %+, 3% *#3", &o w*ol%"o2% *# i&#&io " # + *# + l# o . T*i"2o &#li&$ #2o ! &*% (*il+ % of &*% 3oo *#" %% (o "&# &l$ &# % o&i(% of i#ll &ow ". I& (% &#i l$ +o%" o& 3 %)#il i # % #l +%! %% i &*% (o & $, &&*% " %(& *#" o& *i&*% &o %(%i)%+ " ffi(i% & #&&% &io &o % # l% # $o % &o"#$ &*#& &*% % # % o& 2o % +%#&*" i 3 o3o &io #2o ! &*% (*il+ % of &*% 3oo ,%)% i &*% (o & $, &*# #2o ! &*o"% of &*% 2i++li ! # + *i!*% (l#""%".I +%%+, i& "%%2" +iffi( l& &o " 33o"% &*#& # l# o % '" wif% w*o *#" "i:(*il+ % , # + w*o i" "o2%&i2%" i # "ol &% w# & of %#+, "*o l+ % # l% #lw#$"&o !i)% &*%2 &*% foo+ # + #&&% &io %(%""# $ &o " 33o & lif%. T*% "o " # ++# !*&% " of 3%#"# &" will o& % fo + " (* o"$ (*% " i %#l lif% #" &*%$# % +%"( i %+ &o % i o2# (%". I& (# o& f#il &o % %2# %+ $ &*o"% w*o li)%2 (* i &*% (o & $ &*#& &*% "o " of l# o % " # % )% $ #3& &o % "& &%+ i&*%i ! ow&*, # + # % # lo ! w*il% # i)i ! #& 2#& i&$. 4o$" &*#& $o wo l+! %"" &o % fo &%% o fif&%% # %, 3o i i $, f % % &l$ fo + &o %

%i!*&%% o i %&%% . A + &*% l#+" w*o + i)% 3lo !*, w*i(* 2 "& (% &#i l$ % #*%#l&*$ %:% (i"%, # % )% $ # %l$ "%% wi&* # $ #33%# # (% of (#l)%" &o &*%il%!" # (i ( 2"&# (% w*i(* (# o l$ % #&& i &%+ &o # w# & %i&*% of 3 o3% oof " ffi(i% & o i"*2% &.

To %2%+$ &*% f % % & +i"& %""%" of &*% (o22o 3%o3l%, &*% 3oo l#w" of E !l# +*#)% %% i "&i& &%+5 & i& i" &o % f%# %+, &*#& &*o !* &*%$ 2#$ *#)%#ll%)i#&%+ # li&&l% &*% i &% "i&$ of i +i)i+ #l 2i"fo & %, &*%$ *#)% "3 %#+ &*%!% % #l %)il o)% # 2 (* l# !% " f#(%. I& i" # " %(& of&% "&# &%+ i(o )% "#&io # + 2% &io %+ #lw#$" #" # 2#&&% of ! %#& " 3 i"% &*#&,

o&wi&*"&# +i ! &*% i22% "% " 2 &*#& i" # #ll$ (oll%(&%+ fo &*% 3oo iE !l# +, &*% % i" "&ill "o 2 (* +i"& %"" #2o ! &*%2. So2% &*i &*#& &*% 2o %$2 "& % %2 %;;l%+, o&*% " &*#& &*% (* (*-w# +% " # + o)% "%% " (o " 2% &*%

! %#&% 3# & of i& i +i % ". All #! %% &*#& "o2%*ow o o&*% i& 2 "& % )% $ill-2# #!%+. I "*o & &*% f#(& &*#& %# l$ &* %% 2illio " # % (oll%(&%+ # #ll$fo &*% 3oo # + $%& &*#& &*%i +i"& %""%" # % o& %2o)%+ i" &*% " %(& of(o &i #l #"&o i"*2% &. 4 & # 2# w*o "%%" # li&&l% %low &*% " f#(% of &*i !"wo l+ % )% $ 2 (* 2o % #"&o i"*%+ if &*% f#(& w% % o&*% wi"% &*# i& i"o "% )%+ &o %, o %)% if # (oll%(&io i)% "#ll$ of %i!*&%% "*illi !" i &*%3o +, i "&%#+ of fo , w% % 2#&% i#ll$ &o #l&% i&. I will "&#&% # (#"% w*i(* I*o3% will %l (i+#&% 2$ 2%# i !.

S 33o"% &*#& $ # " "( i3&io of &*% i(* &*% %i!*&%% 3% (% # +#$ w*i(* 2%

17



%# ow w#" 2#+% 3 fi)% "*illi !", i& 2i!*& % i2#!i %+, 3% *#3", &*#& &*%$wo l+ &*% % # l% &o li)% (o2fo &# l$ # + *#)% # 3i%(% of 2%#& %)% $ +#$ fo&*%i +i % ". 4 & &*i" wo l+ % # )% $ f#l"% (o (l "io . T*% & # "f% of &* %%"*illi !" # + "i:3% (% # +#$ &o %)% $ l# o % wo l+ o& i ( %#"% &*% # &i&$of 2%#& i &*% (o & $. T*% % i" o& #& 3 %"% & % o !* fo #ll &o *#)% # +%(% &"*# %. =*#& wo l+ &*% % &*% (o "% % (% T*% (o23%&i&io #2o ! &*% $% " i&*% 2# %& of 2%#& wo l+ #3i+l$ #i"% &*% 3 i(% f o2 "i:3% (% o "%)% 3% (%, &o&wo o &* %% "*illi !" i &*% 3o +, # + &*% (o22o+i&$ wo l+ o& % +i)i+%+#2o ! 2# $ 2o % &*# i& i" #& 3 %"% &. =*% # # &i(l% i" "(# (%, # + (# o& %+i"& i &%+ &o #ll, *% &*#& (# "*%w &*% 2o"& )#li+ 3#&% &, &*#& i", *% &*#&off% " 2o"& 2o %$, %(o2%" &*% 3o""%""o . If w% (# " 33o"% &*% (o23%&i&io#2o ! &*% $% " of 2%#& &o (o &i % lo ! % o !* fo # ! %#&% 2 % of (#&&l%&o % %# %+ # #ll$, &*i" (o l+ o l$ % +o % #& &*% %:3% "% of &*% (o , w*i(*wo l+ % # )% $ +i"#+)# &#!o " %:(*# !%, fo i& i" w%ll ow &*#& &*% (o & $(o l+ o& &*% " 33o & &*% "#2% 3o3 l#&io , # + w*% " "i"&% (% i" "(# (% i3 o3o &io &o &*% 2 % of 3%o3l%, i& i" of li&&l% (o "% % (% w*%&*% &*%low%"& 2%2 % " of &*% "o(i%&$ 3o""%"" %i!*&%% 3% (% o fi)% "*illi !". T*%$2 "& #& #ll %)% &" % %+ (%+ &o li)% 3o &*% *# +%"& f# % # + i &*% "2#ll%"&

# &i&$.

I& will % "#i+, 3% *#3", &*#& &*% i ( %#"%+ 2 % of 3 (*#"% " i %)% $# &i(l% wo l+ !i)% # "3 &o 3 o+ (&i)% i + "& $ # + &*#& &*% w*ol% 3 o+ (% of&*% i"l# + wo l+ % i ( %#"%+. T*i" 2i!*& i "o2% +%! %% % &*% (#"%. 4 & &*%"3 &*#& &*%"% f# (i%+ i(*%" wo l+ !i)% &o 3o3 l#&io wo l+ 2o % &*#(o &% #l# (% i&, # + &*% i ( %#"%+ 3 o+ (% wo l+ % &o % +i)i+%+ #2o ! # 2o %&*# 3 o3o &io # l$ i ( %#"%+ 2 % of 3%o3l%. All &*i" &i2% I #2 " 33o"i !&*#& &*% "#2% # &i&$ of wo wo l+ % +o % #" %fo %. 4 & &*i" wo l+ o&

%#ll$ &# % 3l#(%. T*% %(%i3& of fi)% "*illi !" # +#$, i "&%#+ of %i!*&%%3% (%, wo l+ 2# % %)% $ 2# f# ($ *i2"%lf (o23# #&i)%l$ i(* # + # l% &o i + l!%*i2"%lf i 2# $ *o " o +#$" of l%i" %. T*i" wo l+ !i)% # "& o ! # + i22%+i#&%(*%( &o 3 o+ (&i)% i + "& $, # +, i # "*o & &i2%, o& o l$ &*% #&io wo l+ %3oo % , & &*% low% (l#""%" &*%2"%l)%" wo l+ % 2 (* 2o % +i"& %""%+ &*# w*%&*%$ %(%i)%+ o l$ %i!*&%% 3% (% # +#$.

A (oll%(&io f o2 &*% i(* of %i!*&%% "*illi !" i &*% 3o +, %)% if+i"& i &%+ i &*% 2o"& +i(io " 2# % , wo l+ *#)% # li&&l% &*% "#2% %ff%(& #"&*#& %" l&i ! f o2 &*% " 33o"i&io I *#)% "& 2#+%, # + o 3o""i l%(o & i &io " o "#( ifi(%" of &*% i(*, 3# &i( l# l$ i 2o %$, (o l+ fo # $&i2% 3 %)% & &*% %( % (% of +i"& %"" #2o ! &*% low% 2%2 % " of "o(i%&$,w*o%)% &*%$ w% %. 0 %#& (*# !%" 2i!*&, i +%%+, % 2#+%. T*% i(* 2i!*& %(o2%3oo , # + "o2% of &*% 3oo i(*, & # 3# & of &*% "o(i%&$ 2 "& %(%""# il$ f%%l# +iffi( l&$ of li)i !, # + &*i" +iffi( l&$ will #& #ll$ f#ll o &*% l%#"&fo & #&% 2%2 % ".

I& 2#$ #& fi "& #33%# "& # !%, & I %li%)% i& i" & %, &*#& I (# o& $ 2%# "of 2o %$ #i"% # 3oo 2# # + % # l% *i2 &o li)% 2 (* %&&% &*# *% +i+ %fo %,

wi&*o & 3 o3o &io # l$ +%3 %""i ! o&*% " i &*% "#2% (l#"". If I %& % (* &*%# &i&$ of foo+ (o " 2%+ i 2$ *o "%, # + !i)% *i2 w*#& I *#)% ( & off, I &*%% %fi& *i2, wi&*o & +%3 %""i ! # $. & 2$"%lf # + f#2il$, w*o, 3% *#3", 2#$ %

w%ll # l% &o %# i&. If I & 3 # 3i%(% of ( l&i)#&%+ l# +, # + !i)% *i2&*% 3 o+ (%, I &*% % %fi& o&* *i2 # + #ll &*% 2%2 % " of &*% "o(i%&$, %(# "%w*#& *% %fo % (o " 2%+ i" &* ow i &o &*% (o22o "&o( , # + 3 o # l$ "o2% of&*% %w 3 o+ (% wi&* i&. 4 & if I o l$ !i)% *i2 2o %$, " 33o"i ! &*% 3 o+ (% of&*% (o & $ &o %2#i &*% "#2%, I !i)% *i2 # &i&l% &o # l# !% "*# % of &*#&3 o+ (% &*# fo 2% l$, w*i(* "*# % *% (# o& %(%i)% wi&*o & +i2i i"*i ! &*%"*# %" of o&*% ". I& i" %)i+% & &*#& &*i" %ff%(&, i i +i)i+ #l i "&# (%", 2 "&

18



% "o "2#ll #" &o % &o&#ll$ i23% (%3&i l%5 & "&ill i& 2 "& %:i"&, #" 2# $o&*% %ff%(&" +o, w*i(*, li % "o2% of &*% i "%(&" &*#& 3%o3l% &*% #i , %l +% o! o""% 3% (%3&io ".

S 33o"i ! &*% # &i&$ of foo+ i # $ (o & $ &o %2#i &*% "#2% fo 2# $ $%# "&o!%&*% , i& i" %)i+% & &*#& &*i" foo+ 2 "& % +i)i+%+ #((o +i ! &o &*% )#l % of%#(* 2# '" 3#&% &, o &*% " 2 of 2o %$ &*#& *% (# #ffo + &o "3% + o &*i"(o22o+i&$ "o i)% "#ll$ i % %"&. 6/ 0o+wi (#ll" &*% w%#l&* &*#& # 2#

%(%i)%" f o2 *i" # (%"&o " # 2o l+$ 3#&% &. I& 2#$, I &*i , )% $ 3 o3% l$ %&% 2%+ # 3#&% &, & I *# +l$ "%% &*% 3 o3 i%&$ of (#lli ! i& # 2o l+$ o %, #"i& i" # # &i(l% i " (* (o "&# & "%. I& i" # +%2o "& #&i)% & &*, &*% %fo %,&*#& &*% 3#&% &" of o % "%& of 2% (o l+ o& % i ( %#"%+ i )#l % wi&*o &+i2i i"*i ! &*% )#l % of &*% 3#&% &" of "o2% o&*% "%& of 2% . If &*% i(* w% %&o " "( i % # + !i)% fi)% "*illi !" # +#$ &o fi)% * + %+ &*o "# + 2% wi&*o &

%& % (*i ! &*%i ow &# l%", o +o & (# %:i"&, &*#& #" &*%"% 2% wo l+#& #ll$ li)% 2o % #& &*%i %#"% # + (o " 2% # ! %#&% # &i&$ of 3 o)i"io ",

&*% % wo l+ % l%"" foo+ %2#i i ! &o +i)i+% #2o ! &*% %"&, # + (o "% % &l$%#(* 2# '" 3#&% & wo l+ % +i2i i"*%+ i )#l % o &*% "#2% 2 % of 3i%(%" of"il)% wo l+ 3 (*#"% # "2#ll% # &i&$ of " "i"&% (%.

A i ( %#"% of 3o3 l#&io wi&*o & # 3 o3o &io #l i ( %#"% of foo+ will %)i+% &l$*#)% &*% "#2% %ff%(& i low% i ! &*% )#l % of %#(* 2# '" 3#&% &. T*% foo+ 2 "&

%(%""# il$ % +i"& i &%+ i "2#ll% # &i&i%", # + (o "% % &l$ # +#$'"l# o will 3 (*#"% # "2#ll% # &i&$ of 3 o)i"io ". A i ( %#"% i &*% 3 i(%of 3 o)i"io " wo l+ # i"% %i&*% f o2 # i ( %#"% of 3o3 l#&io f#"&% &*# &*%2%# " of " "i"&% (%, o f o2 # +iff% % & +i"& i &io of &*% 2o %$ of &*%"o(i%&$. T*% foo+ of # (o & $ &*#& *#" %% lo ! o(( 3i%+, if i& % i ( %#"i !,i ( %#"%" "lowl$ # + %! l# l$ # + (# o& % 2#+% &o # "w% # $ " ++% +%2# +",

& )# i#&io " i &*% +i"& i &io of &*% 2o %$ of # "o(i%&$ # % o&i f % % &l$ o(( i !, # + # % +o &%+l$ #2o ! &*% (# "%" &*#& o((#"io &*%(o &i #l )# i#&io " w*i(* w% o "% )% i &*% 3 i(% of 3 o)i"io ".

T*% 3oo l#w" of E !l# + &% + &o +%3 %"" &*% !% % #l (o +i&io of &*% 3oo i

&*%"% &wo w#$". T*%i fi "& o )io " &% +% ($ i" &o i ( %#"% 3o3 l#&io wi&*o &i ( %#"i ! &*% foo+ fo i&" " 33o &. A 3oo 2# 2#$ 2# $ wi&* li&&l% o o3 o"3%(& of %i ! # l% &o " 33o & # f#2il$ i i +%3% +% (%. T*%$ 2#$ % "#i+&*% %fo % i "o2% 2%#" % &o ( %#&% &*% 3oo w*i(* &*%$ 2#i &#i , # + #" &*%3 o)i"io " of &*% (o & $ 2 "&, i (o "% % (% of &*% i ( %#"%+ 3o3 l#&io , %+i"& i &%+ &o %)% $ 2# i "2#ll% 3 o3o &io ", i& i" %)i+% & &*#& &*% l# oof &*o"% w*o # % o& " 33o &%+ $ 3# i"* #""i"&# (% will 3 (*#"% # "2#ll%

# &i&$ of 3 o)i"io " &*# %fo % # + (o "% % &l$ 2o % of &*%2 2 "& % + i)%&o #" fo " 33o &.

S%(o +l$, &*% # &i&$ of 3 o)i"io " (o " 2%+ i wo *o "%" 3o # 3# & of &*%"o(i%&$ &*#& (# o& i !% % #l % (o "i+% %+ #" &*% 2o"& )#l # l% 3# &+i2i i"*%" &*% "*# %" &*#& wo l+ o&*% wi"% %lo ! &o 2o % i + "& io " # + 2o %

wo &*$ 2%2 % ", # + &* " i &*% "#2% 2# % fo (%" 2o % &o %(o2% +%3% +% &. If&*% 3oo i &*% wo *o "%" w% % &o li)% %&&% &*# &*%$ ow +o, &*i" %w+i"& i &io of &*% 2o %$ of &*% "o(i%&$ wo l+ &% + 2o % (o "3i( o "l$ &o+%3 %"" &*% (o +i&io of &*o"% o & of &*% wo *o "%" $ o((#"io i ! # i"% i&*% 3 i(% of 3 o)i"io ".

Fo & #&%l$ fo E !l# +, # "3i i& of i +%3% +% (% "&ill %2#i " #2o ! &*%3%#"# & $. T*% 3oo l#w" # % "& o !l$ (#l( l#&%+ &o % #+i(#&% &*i" "3i i&. T*%$*#)% " ((%%+%+ i 3# &, & *#+ &*%$ " ((%%+%+ #" (o23l%&%l$ #" 2i!*& *#)% %%%:3%(&%+ &*%i 3% i(io " &% +% ($ wo l+ o& *#)% %% "o lo ! (o (%#l%+.

19



H# + #" i& 2#$ #33%# i i +i)i+ #l i "&# (%", +%3% +% & 3o)% &$ o !*& &o %*%l+ +i"! #(%f l. S (* # "&i2 l " "%%2" &o % # "ol &%l$ %(%""# $ &o 3 o2o&%&*% *#33i %"" of &*% ! %#& 2#"" of 2# i +, # + %)% $ !% % #l #&&%23& &o w%# %&*i" "&i2 l ", *ow%)% % %)ol% & i&" #33# % & i &% &io , will #lw#$" +%f%#& i&"ow 3 3o"%. If 2% # % i + (%+ &o 2# $ f o2 # 3 o"3%(& of 3# i"* 3 o)i"io ,wi&* li&&l% o o (*# (% of 2#i &#i i ! &*%i f#2ili%" i i +%3% +% (%, &*%$ # %

o& o l$ "&l$ &%23&%+ &o i ! *#33i %"" # + +%3% +% (% 3o &*%2"%l)%"# + (*il+ % , & &*%$ # % &%23&%+, wi&*o & owi ! i&, &o i % #ll i &*%"#2% (l#"" wi&* &*%2"%l)%". A l# o % w*o 2# i%" wi&*o & %i ! # l% &o " 33o &# f#2il$ 2#$ i "o2% %"3%(&" % (o "i+% %+ #" # % %2$ &o #ll *i" f%llow-l# o % ".

I f%%l o +o & w*#&%)% &*#& &*% 3# i"* l#w" of E !l# + *#)% (o & i &%+ &o#i"% &*% 3 i(% of 3 o)i"io " # + &o low% &*% %#l 3 i(% of l# o . T*%$ *#)%

&*% %fo % (o & i &%+ &o i23o)% i"* &*#& (l#"" of 3%o3l% w*o"% o l$ 3o""%""ioi" &*%i l# o . I& i" #l"o +iffi( l& &o " 33o"% &*#& &*%$ *#)% o& 3ow% f ll$(o & i &%+ &o !% % #&% &*#& (# %l%"" %"" # + w# & of f !#li&$ o "% )# l% #2o !&*% 3oo , "o (o & # $ &o &*% +i"3o"i&io f % % &l$ &o % %2# %+ #2o ! 3%&&$& #+%"2% # + "2#ll f# 2% ". T*% l# o i ! 3oo , &o "% # ) l!# %:3 %""io ,"%%2 #lw#$" &o li)% f o2 *# + &o 2o &*. T*%i 3 %"% & w# &" %23lo$ &*%i w*ol%#&&% &io , # + &*%$ "%l+o2 &*i of &*% f & %. E)% w*% &*%$ *#)% #o33o & i&$ of "#)i ! &*%$ "%l+o2 %:% (i"% i&, & #ll &*#& i" %$o + &*%i3 %"% & %(%""i&i%" !o%", !% % #ll$ "3%# i !, &o &*% #l%-*o "%. T*% 3oo l#w" ofE !l# + 2#$ &*% %fo % % "#i+ &o +i2i i"* o&* &*% 3ow% # + &*% will &o "#)%#2o ! &*% (o22o 3%o3l%, # + &* " &o w%# % o % of &*% "& o !%"& i (% &i)%" &o"o i%&$ # + i + "& $, # + (o "% % &l$ &o *#33i %"".

I& i" # !% % #l (o23l#i & #2o ! 2#"&% 2# f#(& % " &*#& *i!* w#!%" i #ll&*%i wo 2% , & i& i" +iffi( l& &o (o (%i)% &*#& &*%"% 2% wo l+ o& "#)% #3# & of &*%i *i!* w#!%" fo &*% f & % " 33o & of &*%i f#2ili%", i "&%#+ of"3% +i ! i& i + % %"" # + +i""i3#&io , if &*%$ +i+ o& %l$ o 3# i"*#""i"&# (% fo " 33o & i (#"% of #((i+% &". A + &*#& &*% 3oo %23lo$%+ i

2# f#(& %" (o "i+% &*i" #""i"&# (% #" # %#"o w*$ &*%$ 2#$ "3% + #ll &*%w#!%" &*%$ %# # + % o$ &*%2"%l)%" w*il% &*%$ (# #33%# " &o % %)i+% & f o2&*% 2 % of f#2ili%" &*#&, 3o &*% f#il % of # $ ! %#& 2# f#(&o $,i22%+i#&%l$ f#ll 3o &*% 3# i"*, w*% 3% *#3" &*% w#!%" %# %+ i &*i"2# f#(&o $ w*il% i& flo i"*%+ w% % " ffi(i% &l$ # o)% &*% 3 i(% of (o22o(o & $ l# o &o *#)% #llow%+ &*%2 &o "#)% % o !* fo &*%i " 33o & &ill &*%$(o l+ fi + "o2% o&*% (*# %l fo &*%i i + "& $.

A 2# w*o 2i!*& o& % +%&% %+ f o2 !oi ! &o &*% #l%-*o "% f o2 &*%(o "i+% #&io &*#& o *i" +%#&*, o "i( %"", *% "*o l+ l%#)% *i" wif% # +f#2il$ 3o &*% 3# i"* 2i!*& $%& *%"i&#&% i &* " +i""i3#&i ! *i" %# i !" if *%w% % #"" %+ &*#&, i %i&*% of &*%"% (#"%", *i" f#2il$ 2 "& "&# )% o % l%f&&o &*% " 33o & of (#" #l o &$. I C*i #, w*% % &*% %#l #" w%ll #" o2i #l

3 i(% of l# o i" )% $ low, "o " # % $%& o li!%+ $ l#w &o " 33o & &*%i #!%+# + *%l3l%"" 3# % &". =*%&*% " (* # l#w wo l+ % #+)i"# l% i &*i" (o & $ Iwill o& 3 %&% + &o +%&% 2i %. 4 & i& "%%2" #& # $ #&% *i!*l$ i23 o3% , $3o"i&i)% i "&i& &io ", w*i(* % +% +%3% +% & 3o)% &$ "o !% % #l, &o w%# % &*#&+i"! #(%, w*i(* fo &*% %"& # + 2o"& * 2# % %#"o " o !*& &o #&&#(* &o i&.

T*% 2#"" of *#33i %"" #2o ! &*% (o22o 3%o3l% (# o& & % +i2i i"*%+ w*% o %of &*% "& o !%"& (*%( " &o i+l% %"" # + +i""i3#&io i" &* " %2o)%+, # + w*%2% # % &* " #ll %+ &o 2# $ wi&* li&&l% o o 3 o"3%(& of %i ! # l% &o2#i &#i # f#2il$ i i +%3% +% (%. E)% $ o "&#(l% i &*% w#$ of 2# i#!% 2 "&

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+o &%+l$ % (o "i+% %+ #" # "3%(i%" of *#33i %"". 4 & #" f o2 &*% l#w" ofo #& % "o2% (*%( &o 3o3 l#&io 2 "& %:i"&, i& i" %&&% &*#& i& "*o l+ %(*%( %+ f o2 # fo %"i!*& of &*% +iffi( l&i%" #&&% +i ! # f#2il$ # + &*% f%# of+%3% +% & 3o)% &$ &*# &*#& i& "*o l+ % % (o #!%+, o l$ &o % %3 %""%+#f&% w# +" $ w# & # + "i( %"".

I& "*o l+ % %2%2 % %+ #lw#$" &*#& &*% % i" # %""% &i#l +iff% % (% %&w%%foo+ # + &*o"% w o !*& (o22o+i&i%", &*% #w 2#&% i#l" of w*i(* # % i ! %#&3l% &$. A +%2# + fo &*%"% l#"& will o& f#il &o ( %#&% &*%2 i #" ! %#& #

# &i&$ #" &*%$ # % w# &%+. T*% +%2# + fo foo+ *#" $ o 2%# " &*% "#2%( %#&i)% 3ow% . I # (o & $ w*% % #ll &*% f% &il% "3o&" *#)% %% "%i;%+, *i!*off% " # % %(%""# $ &o % (o #!% &*% f# 2% &o l#$ *i" + %""i ! o l# + f o2w*i(* *% (# o& %:3%(& # 3 ofi&# l% %& fo "o2% $%# ". A + %fo % &*%3 o"3%(& of #+)# &#!% i" " ffi(i% &l$ ! %#& &o % (o #!% &*i" "o & of#! i( l& #l % &% 3 i"%, # + w*il% &*% %w 3 o+ (% i" i"i !, ! %#& +i"& %""%"2#$ % " ff% %+ f o2 &*% w# & of i&. T*% +%2# + fo # i ( %#"%+ # &i&$ of" "i"&% (% i", wi&* f%w %:(%3&io ", (o "&# & %)% $w*% %, $%& w% "%% *ow "lowl$i& i" # "w% %+ i #ll &*o"% (o & i%" &*#& *#)% %% lo ! o(( 3i%+.

T*% 3oo l#w" of E !l# + w% % +o &%+l$ i "&i& &%+ fo &*% 2o"& % %)ol% &3 3o"%, & &*% % i" ! %#& %#"o &o &*i &*#& &*%$ *#)% o& " ((%%+%+ i&*%i i &% &io . T*%$ (% &#i l$ 2i&i!#&% "o2% (#"%" of )% $ "%)% % +i"& %""w*i(* 2i!*& o&*% wi"% o(( , $%& &*% "&#&% of &*% 3oo w*o # % " 33o &%+ $3# i"*%", (o "i+% %+ i #ll i&" (i ( 2"&# (%", i" )% $ f# f o2 %i ! f %% f o22i"% $. 4 & o % of &*% 3 i (i3#l o %(&io " &o &*%2 i" &*#& fo &*i" #""i"&# (%w*i(* "o2% of &*% 3oo %(%i)%, i i&"%lf #l2o"& # +o &f l l%""i !, &*% w*ol%(l#"" of &*% (o22o 3%o3l% of E !l# + i" " %(&%+ &o # "%& of ! #&i !,i (o )% i% &, # + &$ # i(#l l#w", &o&#ll$ i (o "i"&% & wi&* &*% !% i % "3i i&of &*% (o "&i& &io . T*% w*ol% "i %"" of "%&&l%2% &", %)% i i&" 3 %"% &#2% +%+ "&#&%, i" &&% l$ (o & #+i(&o $ &o #ll i+%#" of f %%+o2. T*% 3# i"*3% "%( &io of 2% w*o"% f#2ili%" # % li %l$ &o %(o2% (*# !%# l%, # + of 3oowo2% w*o # % %# l$i !-i , i" # 2o"& +i"! #(%f l # + +i"! "&i ! &$ # $. A +&*% o "& (&io " (o &i i&$ o((#"io %+ i &*% 2# %& of l# o $ &*%"% l#w"

*#)% # (o "&# & &% +% ($ &o #++ &o &*% +iffi( l&i%" of &*o"% w*o # % "& !!li !&o " 33o & &*%2"%l)%" wi&*o & #""i"&# (%.

T*%"% %)il" #&&% +# & o &*% 3oo l#w" # % i "o2% +%! %% i %2%+i# l%. If#""i"&# (% % &o % +i"& i &%+ &o # (% &#i (l#"" of 3%o3l%, # 3ow% 2 "& %!i)% "o2%w*% % of +i"( i2i #&i ! &*% 3 o3% o %(&" # + of 2# #!i ! &*%(o (% " of &*% i "&i& &io " &*#& # % %(%""# $, & # $ ! %#& i &% f% % (% wi&*&*% #ff#i " of o&*% 3%o3l% i" # "3%(i%" of &$ # $, # + i &*% (o22o (o "% of&*i !" &*% %:% (i"% of &*i" 3ow% 2#$ % %:3%(&%+ &o %(o2% ! #&i ! &o &*o"% w*o# % + i)% &o #" fo " 33o &. T*% &$ # $ of J "&i(%", C* (*-w# +% ", # +O)% "%% ", i" # (o22o (o23l#i & #2o ! &*% 3oo , & &*% f# l& +o%" o& li% "o2 (* i &*%"% 3% "o ", w*o 3 o # l$, %fo % &*%$ w% % i 3ow% , w% % o& wo "%&*# o&*% 3%o3l%, & i &*% #& % of #ll " (* i "&i& &io ".

T*% %)il i" 3% *#3" !o % &oo f# &o % %2%+i%+, & I f%%l li&&l% +o & i 2$ow 2i + &*#& if &*% 3oo l#w" *#+ %)% %:i"&%+, &*o !* &*% % 2i!*& *#)% %% #f%w 2o % i "&# (%" of )% $ "%)% % +i"& %"", $%& &*#& &*% #!! %!#&% 2#"" of*#33i %"" #2o ! &*% (o22o 3%o3l% wo l+ *#)% %% 2 (* ! %#&% &*# i& i" #&3 %"% &.

/ Pi&&'" Poo 4ill *#" &*% #33%# # (% of %i ! f #2%+ wi&* % %)ol% &i &% &io ", # + &*% (l#2o #i"%+ #!#i "& i& w#" i 2# $ %"3%(&" ill +i %(&%+,# + %#"o # l%. 4 & i& 2 "& % (o f%""%+ &*#& i& 3o""%""%" i # *i!* +%! %%

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&*% ! %#& # + #+i(#l +%f%(& of #ll "$"&%2" of &*% i +, &*#& of &% +i ! &oi ( %#"% 3o3 l#&io wi&*o & i ( %#"i ! &*% 2%# " fo i&" " 33o &, # + &* " &o+%3 %"" &*% (o +i&io of &*o"% &*#& # % o& " 33o &%+ $ 3# i"*%", # +,(o "% % &l$, &o ( %#&% 2o % 3oo .

To %2o)% &*% w# &" of &*% low% (l#""%" of "o(i%&$ i" i +%%+ # # + o " &#" .T*% & &* i" &*#& &*% 3 %"" % of +i"& %"" o &*i" 3# & of # (o22 i&$ i" #%)il "o +%%3l$ "%#&%+ &*#& o * 2# i !% i&$ (# %#(* i&. =% % I &o 3 o3o"% #3#lli#&i)%, # + 3#lli#&i)%" # % #ll &*#& &*% #& % of &*% (#"% will #+2i&, i&"*o l+ %, i &*% fi "& 3l#(%, &*% &o&#l # oli&io of #ll &*% 3 %"% & 3# i"*-l#w". T*i" wo l+ #& # $ #&% !i)% li % &$ # + f %%+o2 of #(&io &o &*% 3%#"# & $of E !l# +, w*i(* &*%$ (# *# +l$ % "#i+ &o 3o""%"" #& 3 %"% &. T*%$ wo l+ &*%

% # l% &o "%&&l% wi&*o & i &% 3&io , w*% %)% &*% % w#" # 3 o"3%(& of #! %#&% 3l% &$ of wo # + # *i!*% 3 i(% fo l# o . T*% 2# %& of l# o wo l+&*% % f %%, # + &*o"% o "&#(l%" %2o)%+ w*i(*, #" &*i !" # % ow, of&% fo #(o "i+% # l% &i2% 3 %)% & &*% 3 i(% f o2 i"i ! #((o +i ! &o &*% +%2# +.

S%(o +l$, 3 %2i 2" 2i!*& % !i)% fo & i ! 3 f %"* l# +, # + i& 3o""i l%% (o #!%2% &" *%l+ o & &o #! i( l& % # o)% 2# f#(& %", # + &o &ill#!% # o)%! #;i !. E)% $ % +%#)o "*o l+ % "%+ &o w%# % # + +%"& o$ #ll &*o"%i "&i& &io " %l#&i ! &o (o 3o #&io ", #33 % &i(%"*i3", %&(., w*i(* (# "% &*%l# o " of #! i( l& % &o % wo "% 3#i+ &*# &*% l# o " of & #+% # +2# f#(& %". Fo # (o & $ (# %)% 3 o+ (% i&" 3 o3% # &i&$ of foo+ w*il%&*%"% +i"&i (&io " %2#i i f#)o of # &i"# ". S (* % (o #!%2% &" &o#! i( l& % wo l+ &% + &o f i"* &*% 2# %& wi&* # i ( %#"i ! # &i&$ of*%#l&*$ wo , # + #& &*% "#2% &i2%, $ # !2% &i ! &*% 3 o+ (% of &*% (o & $,wo l+ #i"% &*% (o23# #&i)% 3 i(% of l# o # + #2%lio #&% &*% (o +i&io of &*%l# o % . 4%i ! ow i %&&% (i ( 2"&# (%", # + "%%i ! o 3 o"3%(& of 3# i"*#""i"&# (%, *% wo l+ % 2o % # l%, #" w%ll #" 2o % i (li %+, &o % &% i &o#""o(i#&io " fo 3 o)i+i ! #!#i "& &*% "i( %"" of *i2"%lf o f#2il$.

L#"&l$, fo (#"%" of %:& %2% +i"& %"", (o &$ wo *o "%" 2i!*& % %"&# li"*%+," 33o &%+ $ #&%" 3o &*% w*ol% i !+o2, # + f %% fo 3% "o " of #ll (o &i%",

# + i +%%+ of #ll #&io ". T*% f# % "*o l+ % *# +, # + &*o"% &*#& w% % # l%o li!%+ &o wo . I& wo l+ % +%"i # l% &*#& &*%$ "*o l+ o& % (o "i+% %+ #"(o2fo &# l% #"$l 2" i #ll +iffi( l&i%", & 2% %l$ #" 3l#(%" w*% % "%)% %+i"& %"" 2i!*& fi + "o2% #ll%)i#&io . A 3# & of &*%"% *o "%" 2i!*& % "%3# #&%+,o o&*% " il& fo # 2o"& % %fi(i#l 3 3o"%, w*i(* *#" o& %% i f % % &l$&# % o&i(% of, &*#& of 3 o)i+i ! # 3l#(% w*% % # $ 3% "o , w*%&*% #&i)% ofo %i! % , 2i!*& +o # +#$'" wo #& #ll &i2%" # + %(%i)% &*% 2# %& 3 i(% foi&. /# $ (#"%" wo l+ +o &%+l$ % l%f& fo &*% %:% &io of i +i)i+ #l

% %)ol% (%.

A 3l# of &*i" i +, &*% 3 %li2i # $ of w*i(* "*o l+ % # # oli&io of #ll &*%3 %"% & 3# i"* l#w", "%%2" &o % &*% %"& (#l( l#&%+ &o i ( %#"% &*% 2#"" of*#33i %"" #2o ! &*% (o22o 3%o3l% of E !l# +. To 3 %)% & &*% %( % (% of

2i"% $, i", #l#" G %$o + &*% 3ow% of 2# . I &*% )#i % +%#)o &o #&&#i w*#&i &*% #& % of &*i !" i" i23o""i l%, w% ow "#( ifi(% o& o l$ 3o""i l% &(% &#i % %fi&". =% &%ll &*% (o22o 3%o3l% &*#& if &*%$ will " 2i& &o # (o+%of &$ # i(#l %! l#&io ", &*%$ "*#ll %)% % i w# &. T*%$ +o " 2i& &o &*%"%

%! l#&io ". T*%$ 3% fo 2 &*%i 3# & of &*% (o & #(&, & w% +o o&, #$ (# o&,3% fo 2 o ", # + &* " &*% 3oo "#( ifi(% &*% )#l # l% l%""i ! of li % &$ # +

%(%i)% o&*i ! &*#& (# % (#ll%+ # % i)#l% & i %& .

No&wi&*"&# +i !, &*% , &*% i "&i& &io of &*% 3oo l#w" i E !l# +, I &*i i&will % #llow%+ &*#& (o "i+% i ! &*% "&#&% of &*% low% (l#""%" #l&o!%&*% , o&*

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i &*% &ow " # + i &*% (o & $, &*% +i"& %""%" w*i(* &*%$ " ff% f o2 &*% w# &of 3 o3% # + " ffi(i% & foo+, f o2 *# + l# o # + w*ol%"o2% *# i&#&io ",2 "& o3% #&% #" # (o "&# & (*%( &o i (i3i% & 3o3 l#&io .

To &*%"% &wo ! %#& (*%( " &o 3o3 l#&io , i #ll lo ! o(( 3i%+ (o & i%", w*i(* I*#)% (#ll%+ &*% 3 %)% &i)% # + &*% 3o"i&i)% (*%( ", 2#$ % #++%+ )i(io " ( "&o2"wi&* %"3%(& &o wo2% , ! %#& (i&i%", w*ol%"o2% 2# f#(& %", l : $,3%"&il% (%, # + w# .

All &*%"% (*%( " 2#$ % f#i l$ %"ol)%+ i &o 2i"% $ # + )i(%. A + &*#& &*%"% # %&*% & % (# "%" of &*% "low i ( %#"% of 3o3 l#&io i #ll &*% "&#&%" of 2o+%E o3%, will #33%# " ffi(i% &l$ %)i+% & f o2 &*% (o23# #&i)%l$ #3i+ i ( %#"%&*#& *#" i )# i# l$ &# % 3l#(% w*% %)% &*%"% (# "%" *#)% %% i # $(o "i+% # l% +%! %% %2o)%+.

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CHAPTER 6 ew colonies - #easons for their rapid increase - orth American )olonies -

"$traordinary instance of increase in the back settlements - #apidity withwhich even old states recover the ravages of war, pestilence, famine, or theconvulsions of nature.

IT *#" %% i)% "#ll$ %2# %+ &*#& #ll %w (olo i%" "%&&l%+ i *%#l&*$(o & i%", w*% % &*% % w#" 3l% &$ of oo2 # + foo+, *#)% (o "&# &l$ i ( %#"%+wi&* #"&o i"*i ! #3i+i&$ i &*%i 3o3 l#&io . So2% of &*% (olo i%" f o2 # (i% &0 %%(%, i o )% $ lo ! 3% io+, 2o % &*# % #ll%+ &*%i 3# % & "&#&%" i

2 % " # + "& % !&*. A + o& &o +w%ll o %2o&% i "&# (%", &*% E o3%#"%&&l%2% &" i &*% %w wo l+ %# #23l% &%"&i2o $ &o &*% & &* of # %2# ,w*i(*, i +%%+, *#" %)% , &*#& I ow of, %% +o &%+. A 3l% &$ of i(* l# +,&o % *#+ fo li&&l% o o&*i !, i" "o 3ow% f l # (# "% of 3o3 l#&io #" &oo)% (o2% #ll o&*% o "&#(l%". No "%&&l%2% &" (o l+ w%ll *#)% %% wo "% 2# #!%+&*# &*o"% of S3#i i /%:i(o, P% , # + i&o. T*% &$ # $, " 3% "&i&io , # +)i(%" of &*% 2o&*% -(o & $ w% % i & o+ (%+ i #23l% # &i&i%" #2o ! *%(*il+ % . E:o i&# & &#:%" w% % %:#(&%+ $ &*% C ow . T*% 2o"& # i& # $

%"& i(&io " w% % i23o"%+ o &*%i & #+%. A + &*% !o)% o " w% % o& %*i + *# +i #3#(i&$ # + %:&o &io fo &*%2"%l)%" #" w%ll #" &*%i 2#"&% . Y%&, +% #ll&*%"% +iffi( l&i%", &*% (olo i%" 2#+% # i( 3 o! %"" i 3o3 l#&io . T*% (i&$of Li2#, fo +%+ "i (% &*% (o %"&, i" %3 %"% &%+ $ Ullo# #" (o &#i i ! fif&$&*o "# + i *# i&# &" %# fif&$ $%# " #!o.B i&o, w*i(* *#+ %% & # *#2l%&of i +i# ", i" %3 %"% &%+ $ &*% "#2% # &*o #" i *i" &i2% % #ll$ 3o3 lo "./%:i(o i" "#i+ &o (o &#i # * + %+ &*o "# + i *# i&# &", w*i(*, o&wi&*"&# +i !&*% %:#!!% #&io " of &*% S3# i"* w i&% ", i" " 33o"%+ &o % fi)% &i2%" ! %#&%&*# w*#& i&. (o &#i %+ i &*% &i2% of /o &%; 2#.

I &*% Po & ! %"% (olo $ of 4 #;il, !o)% %+ wi&* #l2o"& % #l &$ # $, &*% %w% % " 33o"%+ &o %, &*i &$ $%# " "i (%, "i: * + %+ &*o "# + i *# i&# &" ofE o3%# %:& #(&io .

T*% D &(* # + F % (* (olo i%", &*o !* +% &*% !o)% 2% & of %:(l "i)%(o23# i%" of 2% (*# &", w*i(*, #" D A+#2 S2i&* "#$" )% $ "&l$, i" &*% wo "&of #ll 3o""i l% !o)% 2% &", "&ill 3% "i"&%+ i &* i)i ! +% %)% $+i"#+)# &#!%.

4 & &*% E !li"* No &* A2% i(# (olo i%", ow &*% 3ow% f l 3%o3l% of &*% U i&%+S&#&%" of A2% i(#, 2#+% $ f# &*% 2o"& #3i+ 3 o! %"". To &*% 3l% &$ of !oo+l# + w*i(* &*%$ 3o""%""%+ i (o22o wi&* &*% S3# i"* # + Po & ! %"% "%&&l%2% &",&*%$ #++%+ # ! %#&% +%! %% of li % &$ # + % #li&$. T*o !* o& wi&*o & "o2%

%"& i(&io " o &*%i fo %i! (o22% (%, &*%$ w% % #llow%+ # 3% f%(& li % &$ of2# #!i ! &*%i ow i &% #l #ff#i ". T*% 3oli&i(#l i "&i& &io " &*#& 3 %)#il%+w% % f#)o # l% &o &*% #li% #&io # + +i)i"io of 3 o3% &$. L# +" &*#& w% % o&( l&i)#&%+ $ &*% 3 o3 i%&o wi&*i # li2i&%+ &i2% w% % +%(l# %+ ! # &# l% &o

# $ o&*% 3% "o . I P% "$l)# i# &*% % w#" o i!*& of 3 i2o!% i& %, # + i&*% 3 o)i (%" of N%w E !l# + &*% %l+%"& *#+ o l$ # +o l% "*# %. T*% % w% % o&i&*%" i # $ of &*% S&#&%", # + "(# (%l$ # $ &#:%". A + o #((o & of &*%%:& %2% (*%#3 %"" of !oo+ l# + # (#3i&#l (o l+ o& % 2o % #+)# &#!%o "l$%23lo$%+ &*# i #! i( l& %, w*i(* #& &*% "#2% &i2% &*#& i& " 33li%" &*%! %#&%"& # &i&$ of *%#l&*$ wo #ffo +" 2 (* &*% 2o"& )#l # l% 3 o+ (% &o &*%"o(i%&$.

T*% (o "% % (% of &*%"% f#)o # l% (i ( 2"&# (%" i&%+ w#" # #3i+i&$ ofi ( %#"% 3 o # l$ wi&*o & 3# #ll%l i *i"&o $. T* o !*o & #ll &*% o &*%

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(olo i%", &*% 3o3 l#&io w#" fo + &o +o l% i&"%lf i &w% &$-fi)% $%# ". T*%o i!i #l 2 % of 3% "o " w*o *#+ "%&&l%+ i &*% fo 3 o)i (%" of %w E !l# +i 1B?> w#" <1,< .6I &# % &*%"% fi! %" f o2 D P i(%'" &wo )ol 2%" ofO "% )#&io "5 o& *#)i ! D S&$l%"' 3#23*l%&, f o2 w*i(* *% o&%", $ 2%.Af&% w# +", i& i" " 33o"%+ &*#& 2o % l%f& &*%2 &*# w% & &o &*%2. I &*% $%#17B , &*%$ w% % i ( %#"%+ &o *#lf # 2illio . T*%$ *#+ &*% %fo % #ll #lo !+o l%+ &*%i ow 2 % i &w% &$-fi)% $%# ". I N%w J% "%$ &*% 3% io+ of+o li ! #33%# %+ &o % &w% &$-&wo $%# "5 # + i R*o+% i"l# + "&ill l%"". I &*%

#( "%&&l%2% &", w*% % &*% i *# i&# &" #33li%+ &*%2"%l)%" "ol%l$ &o.#! i( l& %, # + l : $ w#" o& ow , &*%$ w% % fo + &o +o l% &*%i ow

2 % i fif&%% $%# ", # 2o"& %:& #o +i # $ i "&# (% of i ( %#"%. Alo ! &*%"%# (o#"&, w*i(* wo l+ #& #ll$ % fi "& i *# i&%+, &*% 3% io+ of +o li ! w#"# o & &*i &$-fi)% $%# "5 # + i "o2% of &*% 2# i&i2% &ow ", &*% 3o3 l#&io w#"# "ol &%l$ #& # "&# +.

6I i "&# (%" of &*i" i + &*% 3ow% " of &*% %# &* #33%# &o % f ll$ % #l &o# "w% i& &*% +%2# +" fo foo+ &*#& (# % 2#+% 3o i& $ 2# . 4 & w% "*o l+ %l%+ i &o # % o if w% w% % &*% (% &o " 33o"% &*#& 3o3 l#&io # + foo+ %)%

%#ll$ i ( %#"% i &*% "#2% #&io. T*% o % i" "&ill # !%o2%& i(#l # + &*% o&*%# # i&*2%&i(#l #&io, &*#& i", o % i ( %#"%" $ 2 l&i3li(#&io , # + &*% o&*%

$ #++i&io . =*% % &*% % # % f%w 3%o3l%, # + # ! %#& # &i&$ of f% &il% l# +,&*% 3ow% of &*% %# &* &o #ffo + # $%# l$ i ( %#"% of foo+ 2#$ % (o23# %+ &o #! %#& %"% )oi of w#&% , " 33li%+ $ # 2o+% #&% "& %#2. T*% f#"&% 3o3 l#&ioi ( %#"%", &*% 2o % *%l3 will % !o& &o + #w off &*% w#&% , # + (o "% % &l$ #i ( %#"i ! # &i&$ will % &# % %)% $ $%# . 4 & &*% "oo % , +o &%+l$, will&*% %"% )oi % %:*# "&%+, # + &*% "& %#2" o l$ %2#i . =*% #( % *#" %%#++%+ &o #( %, &ill #ll &*% f% &il% l# + i" o(( 3i%+, &*% $%# l$ i ( %#"% offoo+ will +%3% + 3o &*% #2%lio #&io of &*% l# + #l %#+$ i 3o""%""io 5 # +%)% &*i" 2o+% #&% "& %#2 will % ! #+ #ll$ +i2i i"*i !. 4 & 3o3 l#&io , (o l+i& % " 33li%+ wi&* foo+, wo l+ !o o wi&* %:*# "&%+ )i!o , # + &*% i ( %#"%of o % 3% io+ wo l+ f i"* &*% 3ow% of # ! %#&% i ( %#"% &*% %:&, # + &*i"wi&*o & # $ li2i&.

T*%"% f#(&" "%%2 &o "*%w &*#& 3o3 l#&io i ( %#"%" %:#(&l$ i &*% 3 o3o &io&*#& &*% &wo ! %#& (*%( " &o i&, 2i"% $ # + )i(%, # % %2o)%+, # + &*#& &*% % i"

o& # & % ( i&% io of &*% *#33i %"" # + i o(% (% of # 3%o3l% &*# &*%#3i+i&$ of &*%i i ( %#"%. T*% w*ol%"o2% %"" of &ow ", &o w*i(* "o2% 3% "o "

# % %(%""# il$ + i)% f o2 &*% #& % of &*%i & #+%", 2 "& % (o "i+% %+ #" #"3%(i%" of 2i"% $, # + %)% $ &*% "li!*&%"& (*%( &o 2# i#!%, f o2 # 3 o"3%(& of&*% +iffi( l&$ of 2#i &#i i ! # f#2il$, 2#$ % f#i l$ (l#""%+ +% &*% "#2%*%#+. I "*o & i& i" +iffi( l& &o (o (%i)% # $ (*%( &o 3o3 l#&io w*i(* +o%"

o& (o2% +% &*% +%"( i3&io of "o2% "3%(i%" of 2i"% $ o )i(%.

T*% 3o3 l#&io of &*% &*i &%% A2% i(# S&#&%" %fo % &*% w# w#" %( o %+ #&# o & &* %% 2illio ". No o+$ i2#!i %" &*#& 0 %#& 4 i&#i i" l%"" 3o3 lo " #&3 %"% & fo &*% %2i! #&io of &*% "2#ll 3# % & "&o( &*#& 3 o+ (%+ &*%"%

2 % ". O &*% (o & # $, # (% &#i +%! %% of %2i! #&io i" ow &o %f#)o # l% &o &*% 3o3 l#&io of &*% 2o&*% (o & $. I& *#" %% 3# &i( l# l$%2# %+ &*#& &*% &wo S3# i"* 3 o)i (%" f o2 w*i(* &*% ! %#&%"& 2 % of 3%o3l%

%2i! #&%+ &o A2% i(#, %(#2% i (o "% % (% 2o % 3o3 lo ". =*#&%)% w#" &*%o i!i #l 2 % of 4 i&i"* %2i! # &" &*#& i ( %#"%+ "o f#"& i &*% No &*A2% i(# Colo i%", l%& " #" , w*$ +o%" o& # % #l 2 % 3 o+ (% # % #li ( %#"% i &*% "#2% &i2% i 0 %#& 4 i&#i T*% ! %#& # + o )io " (# "% &o %#""i! %+ i" &*% w# & of oo2 # + foo+, o , i o&*% wo +", 2i"% $, # + &*#& &*i"i" # 2 (* 2o % 3ow% f l (# "% %)% &*# )i(% #33%# " " ffi(i% &l$ %)i+% & f o2&*% #3i+i&$ wi&* w*i(* %)% ol+ "&#&%" %(o)% &*% +%"ol#&io " of w# ,

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3%"&il% (%, o &*% #((i+% &" of #& %. T*%$ # % &*% fo # "*o & &i2% 3l#(%+ #li&&l% i &*% "i& #&io of %w "&#&%", # + &*% %ff%(& i" #lw#$" # "w% # l% &ow*#& 2i!*& % %:3%(&%+. If &*% i + "& $ of &*% i *# i&# &" % o& +%"& o$%+ $f%# o &$ # $, " "i"&% (% will "oo i ( %#"% %$o + &*% w# &" of &*% %+ (%+

2 % ", # + &*% i )# i# l% (o "% % (% will % &*#& 3o3 l#&io w*i(* %fo %,3% *#3", w#" %# l$ "&#&io # $, will %!i i22%+i#&%l$ &o i ( %#"%.

T*% f% &il% 3 o)i (% of Fl# +% ", w*i(* *#" %% "o of&% &*% "%#& of &*% 2o"&+%"& (&i)% w# ", #f&% # %"3i&% of # f%w $%# ", *#" #33%# %+ #lw#$" #"f i&f l # + #" 3o3 lo " #" %)% . E)% &*% P#l#&i #&% lif&%+ 3 i&" *%#+ #!#i#f&% &*% %:%( # l% #)#!%" of Lo i" &*% Fo &%% &*. T*% %ff%(&" of &*% + %#+f l3l#! % i Lo +o i 1BBB w% % o& 3% (%3&i l% fif&%% o &w% &$ $%# "#f&% w# +". T*% & #(%" of &*% 2o"& +%"& (&i)% f#2i %" i C*i # # + I +o"&# # %

$ #ll #((o &" )% $ "oo o li&% #&%+.1 I& 2#$ %)% % +o &%+ w*%&*% T %$# + E!$3& # % 3o # #)% #!% 2 (* l%"" 3o3 lo " fo &*% 3l#! %" &*#&3% io+i(#ll$ l#$ &*%2 w#"&%. If &*% 2 % of 3%o3l% w*i(* &*%$ (o &#i % l%""

ow &*# fo 2% l$, i& i", 3 o # l$, #&*% &o % #&& i &%+ &o &*% &$ # $ # +o33 %""io of &*% !o)% 2% & +% w*i(* &*%$ ! o# , # + &*% (o "% % &+i"(o #!%2% &" &o #! i( l& %, &*# &o &*% lo"" w*i(* &*%$ " "&#i $ &*%3l#! %. T*% 2o"& & %2% +o " (o ) l"io " of #& %, " (* #" )ol(# i( % 3&io "# + %# &* # %", if &*%$ +o o& *#33% "o f % % &l$ #" &o + i)% #w#$ &*%i *# i&# &", o &o +%"& o$ &*%i "3i i& of i + "& $, *#)% & # & ifli ! %ff%(&o &*% #)% #!% 3o3 l#&io of # $ "&#&%. N#3l%", # + &*% (o & $ +% @%" )i ",# % "&ill )% $ 3o3 lo ", o&wi&*"&# +i ! &*% %3%#&%+ % 3&io " of &*#&2o &#i . A + Li" o # + Li2# # % ow, 3 o # l$, %# l$ i &*% "#2% "&#&% wi&*

%!# + &o 3o3 l#&io #" &*%$ w% % %fo % &*% l#"& %# &* # %".

CHAPTER 7 A probable cause of epidemics - "$tracts from Mr %uessmilch s tables -'eriodical returns of sickly seasons to be e$pected in certain cases -'roportion of births to burials for short periods in any country an inade uate

criterion of the real average increase of population - *est criterion of a permanent increase of population - reat frugality of living one of the causes

of the famines of )hina and /ndostan - "vil tendency of one of the clauses inMr 'itt s 'oor *ill - !nly one proper way of encouraging population - )auses of the +appiness of nations - 0amine, the last and most dreadful mode by whichnature represses a redundant population - The three propositions considered asestablished.

4Y ! %#& #&&% &io &o (l%# li %"", &*% 3l#! % "%%2" #& l% !&* &o % (o23l%&%l$%:3%ll%+ f o2 Lo +o . 4 & i& i" o& i23 o # l% &*#& #2o ! &*% "%(o +# $ (# "%"&*#& 3 o+ (% %)% "i( l$ "%#"o " # + %3i+%2i(" o !*& &o % # %+ # ( ow+%+3o3 l#&io # + w*ol%"o2% # + i " ffi(i% & foo+. I *#)% %% l%+ &o &*i"

%2# , $ loo i ! o)% "o2% of &*% &# l%" of / S %""2il(*, w*i(* D P i(% *#"%:& #(&%+ i o % of *i" o&%" &o &*% 3o"&"( i3& o &*% (o & o)% "$ %"3%(&i !&*% 3o3 l#&io of E !l# + # + =#l%". T*%$ # % (o "i+% %+ #" )% $ (o %(&, # + if" (* &# l%" w% % !% % #l, &*%$ wo l+ &* ow ! %#& li!*& o &*% +iff% % & w#$" $w*i(* 3o3 l#&io i" %3 %""%+ # + 3 %)% &%+ f o2 i ( %#"i ! %$o + &*% 2%# " of" "i"&% (% i # $ (o & $. I will %:& #(& # 3# & of &*% &# l%", wi&* D P i(%'"

%2# ".

IN THE IN0DO/ F PRUSSIA, AND DU EDO/ OF LITHUANIA

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A #l A)% #!% 4i &*" 4 i#l" /# i#!%" P o3o &ioof 4i &*" &o

/# i#!%"

P o3o &ioof 4i &*"

&o 4 i#l"1 Y ". &o 17 < <19B> 1?718 9<8 >7 &o 1 1 &o 1

Y ". &o 171B <1B < 1198? ?9B8 >7 &o 1 18 &o 1 Y ". &o 17 B <8>9< 191 ? 99 &o 1 1?8 &o 1

1 .*. /n 2345 and 2324, a pestilence carried off 673,388 of the inhabitants ofthis country, and in 2389 and 2383, epidemics prevailed, which again checkedits increase.1 I& 2#$ % %2# %+, &*#& &*% ! %#&%"& 3 o3o &io of i &*" &o i#l", w#" i&*% fi)% $%# " #f&% &*% ! %#& 3%"&il% (%.

DUCHY OF PO/ERANIA


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&o 4 i#l"B Y ". &o 17 < B ? ?B?7 181 >B &o 1 1? &o 1B Y ". &o 17 8 7? ?< 8 187 >9 &o 1 177 &o 1

B Y ". &o 17<B 8?>< B<7 <1>1 >9 &o 1 1 &o 1? Y ". &o 17 B 1<7B7 9<81 <9 7 ?> &o 1 1>7 &o 1

1/n this instance the inhabitants appear to have been almost doubled in fifty-si$ years, no very bad epidemics having once interrupted the increase, but thethree years immediately follow ing the last period :to 23;5< were so sicklythat the births were sunk to 24,665 and the burials raised to 2;,49=.1

I" i& o& 3 o # l% &*#& i &*i" (#"% &*% 2 % of i *# i&# &" *#+ i ( %#"%+f#"&% &*# &*% foo+ # + &*% #((o22o+#&io " %(%""# $ &o 3 %"% )% &*%2 i*%#l&* T*% 2#"" of &*% 3%o3l% wo l+, 3o &*i" " 33o"i&io , % o li!%+ &o li)%*# +% , # + # ! %#&% 2 % wo l+ % ( ow+%+ &o!%&*% i o % *o "%, # + i& i"

o& " %l$ i23 o # l% &*#& &*%"% w% % #2o ! &*% #& #l (# "%" &*#& 3 o+ (%+ &*%

&* %% "i( l$ $%# ". T*%"% (# "%" 2#$ 3 o+ (% " (* # %ff%(&, &*o !* &*% (o & $,# "ol &%l$ (o "i+% %+, 2#$ o& % %:& %2%l$ ( ow+%+ # + 3o3 lo ". I # (o & $%)% &*i l$ i *# i&%+, if # i ( %#"% of 3o3 l#&io &# % 3l#(%, %fo % 2o % foo+i" #i"%+, # + 2o % *o "%" # % il&, &*% i *# i&# &" 2 "& % +i"& %""%+ i "o2%+%! %% fo oo2 # + " "i"&% (%. =% % &*% 2# i#!%" i E !l# +, fo &*% %:&%i!*& o &% $%# ", &o % 2o % 3 olifi( &*# " #l, o %)% w% % # ! %#&%

2 % of 2# i#!%" &*# " #l &o &# % 3l#(%, " 33o"i ! &*% 2 % of *o "%" &o%2#i &*% "#2%, i "&%#+ of fi)% o "i: &o # (o&&#!%, &*% % 2 "& % "%)% o

%i!*&, # + &*i", #++%+ &o &*% %(%""i&$ of *# +% li)i !, wo l+ 3 o # l$ *#)% #)% $ f#)o # l% %ff%(& o &*% *%#l&* of &*% (o22o 3%o3l%.

NEU/AR OF 4RANDEN4UR0H


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&o 4 i#l" Y ". &o 17 1 ?>> >?8> 1?>B >7 &o 1 1 &o 1 Y ". &o 17<B 7 1< ?< ? 171> ? &o 1 1B? &o 1 Y ". &o 17 B 7978 B7 1891 ?< &o 1 1?> &o 1

1"pidemics prevailed for si$ years, from 2389, to 2372, which checked theincrease.1

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DU EDO/ OF /A0DE4UR0H


/# i#!%"

P o3o &ioof 4i &*"

&o 4 i#l" Y ". &o 17 < B?>1 ?1 > 1B81 >8 &o 1 1 B &o 1

Y ". &o 1717 7 9 >> < 7B >B &o 1 1?< &o 1 Y ". &o 17 B 88 8 B9 <19> ? &o 1 1 9 &o 1

1The years 238=, 2374, 23;4, and 23;2, were particularly sickly.1

Fo f &*% i fo 2#&io o &*i" " %(&, I %f% &*% %#+% &o / S %""2il(*'"&# l%". T*% %:& #(&" &*#& I *#)% 2#+% # % " ffi(i% & &o "*%w &*% 3% io+i(#l,&*o !* i %! l# , %& " of "i( l$ "%#"o ", # + i& "%%2" *i!*l$ 3 o # l% &*#& #"(# &i %"" of oo2 # + foo+ w#" o % of &*% 3 i (i3#l (# "%" &*#& o((#"io %+&*%2.

I& #33%# " f o2 &*% &# l%" &*#& &*%"% (o & i%" w% % i ( %#"i ! #&*% f#"& fool+ "&#&%", o&wi&*"&# +i ! &*% o((#"io #l "%#"o " &*#& 3 %)#il%+. C l&i)#&io2 "& *#)% %% i23 o)i !, # + 2# i#!%", (o "% % &l$, % (o #!%+. Fo &*%(*%( " &o 3o3 l#&io #33%# &o *#)% %% #&*% of &*% 3o"i&i)%, &*# of &*%3 %)% &i)% i +. =*% f o2 # 3 o"3%(& of i ( %#"i ! 3l% &$ i # $ (o & $, &*%w%i!*& &*#& %3 %""%" 3o3 l#&io i" i "o2% +%! %% %2o)%+, i& i" *i!*l$3 o # l% &*#& &*% 2o&io will % (o &i %+ %$o + &*% o3% #&io of &*% (# "%&*#& fi "& i23%ll%+ i&. O , &o % 2o % 3# &i( l# , w*% &*% i ( %#"i ! 3 o+ (%of # (o & $, # + &*% i ( %#"i ! +%2# + fo l# o , "o f# #2%lio #&% &*%(o +i&io of &*% l# o % #" ! %#&l$ &o % (o #!% 2# i#!%, i& i" 3 o # l% &*#&&*% ( "&o2 of %# l$ 2# i#!%" will (o &i % &ill &*% 3o3 l#&io of &*% (o & $*#" !o % %$o + &*% i ( %#"%+ 3 o+ (%, # + "i( l$ "%#"o " #33%# &o % &*%

#& #l # + %(%""# $ (o "% % (%. I "*o l+ %:3%(&, &*% %fo %, &*#& &*o"%(o & i%" w*% % " "i"&% (% w#" i ( %#"i ! " ffi(i% C$ #& &i2%" &o % (o #!%3o3 l#&io & o& &o # "w% #ll i&" +%2# +", wo l+ % 2o % " %(& &o3% io+i(#l %3i+%2i(" &*# &*o"% w*% % &*% 3o3 l#&io (o l+ 2o % (o23l%&%l$#((o22o+#&% i&"%lf &o &*% #)% #!% 3 o+ (%.

A o "% )#&io &*% (o )% "% of &*i" will 3 o # l$ #l"o % fo + & %. I &*o"%(o & i%" &*#& # % " %(& &o 3% io+i(#l "i( %""%", &*% i ( %#"% of 3o3 l#&io ,o &*% %:(%"" of i &*" # o)% &*% i#l", will % ! %#&% i &*% i &% )#l" of&*%"% 3% io+" &*# i" " #l, (#%&% i" 3# i ", i &*% (o & i%" o& "o 2 (*" %(& &o " (* +i"o +% ". If T %$ # + E!$3& *#)% %% %# l$ "&#&io # $ i&*%i #)% #!% 3o3 l#&io fo &*% l#"& (% & $, i &*% i &% )#l" of &*%i3% io+i(#l 3l#! %", &*% i &*" 2 "& *#)% %:(%%+%+ &*% i#l" i # ! %#&%3 o3o &io &*# i " (* (o & i%" #" F # (% # + E !l# +.

T*% #)% #!% 3 o3o &io of i &*" &o i#l" i # $ (o & $ fo # 3% io+ of fi)%&o &% $%# ", will *% (% #33%# &o % # )% $ i #+% #&% ( i&% io $ w*i(* &o

+!% of i&" %#l 3 o! %"" i 3o3 l#&io . T*i" 3 o3o &io (% &#i l$ "*%w" &*%#&% of i ( %#"% + i ! &*o"% fi)% o &% $%# "5 & w% (# $ o 2%# " &*% (%

i f% w*#& *#+ %% &*% i ( %#"% fo &*% &w% &$ $%# " %fo %, o w*#& wo l+ %&*% i ( %#"% fo &*% &w% &$ $%# " #f&% . D P i(% o "% )%" &*#& Sw%+% , No w#$,R ""i#, # + &*% i !+o2 of N#3l%", # % i ( %#"i ! f#"&5 & &*% %:& #(&" f o2

%!i"&% " &*#& *% *#" !i)% # % o& fo 3% io+" of " ffi(i% & %:&% & &o%"&# li"* &*% f#(&. I& i" *i!*l$ 3 o # l%, *ow%)% , &*#& Sw%+% , No w#$, # +R ""i#, # % %#ll$ i ( %#"i ! &*%i 3o3 l#&io , &*o !* o& #& &*% #&% &*#& &*%3 o3o &io of i &*" &o i#l" fo &*% "*o & 3% io+" &*#& D P i(% &# %" wo l+

<8



"%%2 &o "*%w. 6S%% D P i(%'" O "% )#&io ", @ol. ii, 3o"&"( i3& &o &*%(o & o)% "$ o &*% 3o3 l#&io of E !l# + # + =#l%". Fo fi)% $%# ", % +i ! i1777, &*% 3 o3o &io of i &*" &o i#l" i &*% i !+o2 of N#3l%" w#" 1?? &o1OO, & &*% % i" %#"o &o " 33o"% &*#& &*i" 3 o3o &io wo l+ i +i(#&% #i ( %#"% 2 (* ! %#&% &*# wo l+ % %#ll$ fo + &o *#)% &# % 3l#(% i &*#&

i !+o2 + i ! # 3% io+ of # * + %+ $%# ".

D S*o & (o23# %+ &*% %!i"&% " of 2# $ )ill#!%" # + 2# %& &ow " i E !l# + fo&wo 3% io+"5 &*% fi "&, f o2 %% Eli;# %&* &o &*% 2i++l% of &*% l#"& (% & $,# + &*% "%(o +, f o2 +iff% % & $%# " #& &*% % + of &*% l#"& (% & $ &o &*%2i++l% of &*% 3 %"% &. A + f o2 # (o23# i"o of &*%"% %:& #(&", i& #33%# " &*#&i &*% fo 2% 3% io+ &*% i &*" %:(%%+%+ &*% i#l" i &*% 3 o3o &io of 1<? &o1 , & i &*% l#&&% , o l$ i &*% 3 o3o &io of 111 &o 1 . D P i(% &*i "&*#& &*% %!i"&% " i &*% fo 2% 3% io+ # % o& &o % +%3% +%+ 3o , &,3 o # l$, i &*i" i "&# (% &*%$ +o o& !i)% i (o %(& 3 o3o &io ". A& l%#"&&*% % # % 2# $ %#"o " fo %:3%(&i ! &o fi + # ! %#&% %:(%"" of i &*" # o)%&*% i#l" i &*% fo 2% 3% io+ &*# i &*% l#&&% . I &*% #& #l 3 o! %"" of&*% 3o3 l#&io of # $ (o & $, 2o % !oo+ l# + will, (#%&% i" 3# i ", % &# %i &o ( l&i)#&io i &*% %# li% "&#!%" of i& &*# i &*% l#&% . 6I "#$ '(#%&% i"3# i "', %(# "% &*% i ( %#"% of &*% 3 o+ (% of # $ (o & $ will #lw#$" )% $! %#&l$ +%3% + o &*% "3i i& of i + "& $ &*#& 3 %)#il", # + &*% w#$ i w*i(* i&i" +i %(&%+. T*% owl%+!% # + *# i&" of &*% 3%o3l%, # + o&*% &%23o # $ (# "%",3# &i( l# l$ &*% +%! %% of (i)il li % &$ # + % #li&$ %:i"&i ! #& &*% &i2%, 2 "&#lw#$" *#)% ! %#& i fl % (% i %:(i&i ! # + +i %(&i ! &*i" "3i i&. A + #! %#&% 3 o3o &io #l $%# l$ i ( %#"% of 3 o+ (% will #l2o"& i )# i# l$ %follow%+ $ # ! %#&% 3 o3o &io #l i ( %#"% of 3o3 l#&io . 4 &, %"i+%" &*i"! %#& (# "%, w*i(* wo l+ #& #ll$ !i)% &*% %:(%"" of i &*" # o)% i#l"! %#&% #& &*% % + of %% Eli;# %&*'" %i! &*# i &*% 2i++l% of &*% 3 %"% &(% & $, I (# o& *%l3 &*i i ! &*#& &*% o((#"io #l #)#!%" of &*% 3l#! % i &*%fo 2% 3% io+ 2 "& *#)% *#+ "o2% &% +% ($ &o i ( %#"% &*i" 3 o3o &io . If ##)% #!% of &% $%# " *#+ %% &# % i &*% i &% )#l" of &*% %& " of &*i"+ %#+f l +i"o +% , o if &*% $%# " of 3l#! % *#+ %% % %(&%+ #" #((i+% &#l,&*% %!i"&% " wo l+ (% &#i l$ !i)% &*% 3 o3o &io of i &*" &o i#l" &oo *i!*

fo &*% %#l #)% #!% i ( %#"% of &*% 3o3 l#&io . Fo "o2% f%w $%# " #f&% &*%! %#& 3l#! % i 1BBB, i& i" 3Ro # l% &*#& &*% % w#" # 2o % &*# " #l %:(%"" of

i &*" # o)% i#l", 3# &i( l# l$ if D P i(%'" o3i io % fo +%+, &*#&E !l# + w#" 2o % 3o3 lo " #& &*% %)ol &io 6w*i(* *#33% %+ o l$ &w% &$-&wo$%# " #f&% w# +" &*# i& i" #& 3 %"% &.

/ i !, i 1B9>, "&#&%+ &*% 3 o3o &io of &*% i &*" &o &*% i#l" &* o !*o &&*% i !+o2, %:(l "i)% of Lo +o , #" 11 &o 1 . D S*o & 2# %" i&, i &*%2i++l% of &*% 3 %"% & (% & $, 111 &o 1 , i (l +i ! Lo +o . T*% 3 o3o &io iF # (% fo fi)% $%# ", % +i ! i 177?, w#" 117 &o 1 . If &*%"% "&#&%2% &" # %

%# &*% & &*5 # + if &*% % # % o )% $ ! %#& )# i#&io " #& 3# &i( l# 3% io+"i &*% 3 o3o &io ", i& wo l+ #33%# &*#& &*% 3o3 l#&io of F # (% # + E !l# +*#" #((o22o+#&%+ i&"%lf )% $ %# l$ &o &*% #)% #!% 3 o+ (% of %#(* (o & $. T*%

+i"(o #!%2% &" &o 2# i#!%, &*% (o "% % & )i(io " *# i&", w# , l : $, &*%"il% & &*o !* (% &#i +%3o3 l#&io of l# !% &ow ", # + &*% (lo"% *# i&#&io ",# + i " ffi(i% & foo+ of 2# $ of &*% 3oo , 3 %)% & 3o3 l#&io f o2 i ( %#"i !

%$o + &*% 2%# " of " "i"&% (%5 # +, if I 2#$ "% # %:3 %""io w*i(* (% &#i l$#& fi "& #33%# " "& # !%, " 3% (%+% &*% %(%""i&$ of ! %#& # + #)#!i !%3i+%2i(" &o %3 %"" w*#& i" %+ +# &. =% % # w#"&i ! 3l#! % &o "w%%3 off &wo2illio " i E !l# +, # + "i: 2illio " i F # (%, &*% % (# % o +o & w*#&%)%&*#&, #f&% &*% i *# i&# &" *#+ %(o)% %+ f o2 &*% + %#+f l "*o( , &*%3 o3o &io of i &*" &o i#l" wo l+ % 2 (* # o)% w*#& i& i" i %i&*% (o & $#& 3 %"% &.

<9



I N%w J% "%$, &*% 3 o3o &io of i &*" &o +%#&*" o # #)% #!% of "%)% $%# ",% +i ! i 17?>, w#" #" > &o 1 . I F # (% # + E !l# +, &# i ! &*% *i!*%"&3 o3o &io , i& i" #" 117 &o 1 . 0 %#& # + #"&o i"*i ! #" &*i" +iff% % (% i", w%o !*& o& &o % "o wo +% -"& ( #& i& #" &o #&& i &% i& &o &*% 2i #( lo "i &% 3o"i&io of *%#)% . T*% (# "%" of i& # % o& %2o&%, l#&% & # + 2$"&% io "5

& %# ", o + # o & ", # + o3% &o &*% i )%"&i!#&io of %)% $ i i i !2i +. I& #((o +" wi&* &*% 2o"& li % #l "3i i& of 3*ilo"o3*$ &o " 33o"% &*#& o&# "&o % (# f#ll, o # 3l# & i"%, wi&*o & &*% i22%+i#&% #!% ($ of +i)i % 3ow% .4 & w% ow f o2 %:3% i% (% &*#& &*%"% o3% #&io " of w*#& w% (#ll #& % *#)%

%% (o + (&%+ #l2o"& i )# i# l$ #((o +i ! &o fi:%+ l#w". A + "i (% &*% wo l+%!# , &*% (# "%" of 3o3 l#&io # + +%3o3 l#&io *#)% 3 o # l$ %% #" (o "&# &

#" # $ of &*% l#w" of #& % wi&* w*i(* w% # % #( #i &%+.

T*% 3#""io %&w%% &*% "%:%" *#" #33%# %+ i %)% $ #!% &o % "o %# l$ &*% "#2%&*#& i& 2#$ #lw#$" % (o "i+% %+, i #l!% #i( l# ! #!%, #" # !i)% # &i&$.T*% ! %#& l#w of %(%""i&$ w*i(* 3 %)% &" 3o3 l#&io f o2 i ( %#"i ! i # $(o & $ %$o + &*% foo+ w*i(* i& (# %i&*% 3 o+ (% o #( i %, i" # l#w "o o3%&o o )i%w, "o o )io " # + %)i+% & &o o +% "&# +i !", # + "o (o23l%&%l$(o fi 2%+ $ &*% %:3% i% (% of %)% $ #!%, &*#& w% (# o& fo # 2o2% & +o & i&.T*% +iff% % & 2o+%" w*i(* #& % &# %" &o 3 %)% & o %3 %"" # %+ +# &3o3 l#&io +o o& #33%# , i +%%+, &o " "o (% &#i # + %! l# , & &*o !* w%(# o& #lw#$" 3 %+i(& &*% 2o+% w% 2#$ wi&* (% &#i &$ 3 %+i(& &*% f#(&. If &*%3 o3o &io of i &*" &o +%#&*" fo # f%w $%# " i +i(#&% # i ( %#"% of 2 % "2 (* %$o + &*% 3 o3o &io #l i ( %#"%+ o #( i %+ 3 o+ (% of &*% (o & $, w%2#$ % 3% f%(&l$ (% &#i &*#& l%"" # %2i! #&io &# %" 3l#(%, &*% +%#&*" will"*o &l$ %:(%%+ &*% i &*"5 # + &*#& &*% i ( %#"% &*#& *#+ &# % 3l#(% fo # f%w$%# " (# o& % &*% %#l #)% #!% i ( %#"% of &*% 3o3 l#&io of &*% (o & $. =% %&*% % o o&*% +%3o3 l#&i ! (# "%", %)% $ (o & $ wo l+, wi&*o & +o &, %" %(& &o 3% io+i(#l 3%"&il% (%" o f#2i %.

T*% o l$ & % ( i&% io of # %#l # + 3% 2# % & i ( %#"% i &*% 3o3 l#&io of# $ (o & $ i" &*% i ( %#"% of &*% 2%# " of " "i"&% (%. 4 & %)% , &*i"

( i&% io i" " %(& &o "o2% "li!*& )# i#&io " w*i(* # %, *ow%)% , (o23l%&%l$o3% &o o )i%w # + o "% )#&io ". I "o2% (o & i%" 3o3 l#&io #33%# " &o *#)%

%% fo (%+, &*#& i", &*% 3%o3l% *#)% %% *# i& #&%+ $ +%! %%" &o li)% #l2o"&3o &*% "2#ll%"& 3o""i l% # &i&$ of foo+. T*% % 2 "& *#)% %% 3% io+" i

" (* (o &i%" w*% 3o3 l#&io i ( %#"%+ 3% 2# % &l$, wi&*o & # i ( %#"% i &*%2%# " of " "i"&% (%. C*i # "%%2" &o # "w% &o &*i" +%"( i3&io . If &*% #((o &"w% *#)% of i& # % &o % & "&%+, &*% low% (l#""%" of 3%o3l% # % i &*% *# i& ofli)i ! #l2o"& 3o &*% "2#ll%"& 3o""i l% # &i&$ of foo+ # + # % !l#+ &o !%&# $ 3 & i+ off#l" &*#& E o3%# l# o % " wo l+ #&*% "&# )% &*# %#&. T*% l#wi C*i # w*i(* 3% 2i&" 3# % &" &o %:3o"% &*%i (*il+ % *#" &% +%+ 3 i (i3#ll$&* " &o fo (% &*% 3o3 l#&io . A #&io i &*i" "&#&% 2 "& %(%""# il$ % " %(&&o f#2i %". =*% % # (o & $ i" "o 3o3 lo " i 3 o3o &io &o &*% 2%# " of" "i"&% (% &*#& &*% #)% #!% 3 o+ (% of i& i" & # %l$ " ffi(i% & &o " 33o &

&*% li)%" of &*% i *# i&# &", # $ +%fi(i% ($ f o2 &*% #+ %"" of "%#"o " 2 "& %f#&#l. I& i" 3 o # l% &*#& &*% )% $ f !#l 2# % i w*i(* &*% 0% &oo" # % i&*% *# i& of li)i ! (o & i &%" i "o2% +%! %% &o &*% f#2i %" of i +o"&# .

I A2% i(#, w*% % &*% %w# + of l# o i" #& 3 %"% & "o li % #l, &*% low%(l#""%" 2i!*& %& % (* )% $ (o "i+% # l$ i # $%# of "(# (i&$ wi&*o &2#&% i#ll$ +i"& %""i ! &*%2"%l)%". A f#2i % &*% %fo % "%%2" &o % #l2o"&i23o""i l%. I& 2#$ % %:3%(&%+ &*#& i &*% 3 o! %"" of &*% 3o3 l#&io ofA2% i(#, &*% l# o % " will i &i2% % 2 (* l%"" li % #ll$ %w# +%+. T*% 2 % "will i &*i" (#"% 3% 2# % &l$ i ( %#"% wi&*o & # 3 o3o &io #l i ( %#"% i &*%

>



2%# " of " "i"&% (%.

I &*% +iff% % & "&#&%" of E o3% &*% % 2 "& % "o2% )# i#&io " i &*%3 o3o &io %&w%% &*% 2 % of i *# i&# &" # + &*% # &i&$ of foo+ (o " 2%+,# i"i ! f o2 &*% +iff% % & *# i&" of li)i ! &*#& 3 %)#il i %#(* "&#&%. T*%l# o % " of &*% So &* of E !l# + # % "o #(( "&o2%+ &o %#& fi % w*%#&% %#+&*#& &*%$ will " ff% &*%2"%l)%" &o % *#lf "&# )%+ %fo % &*%$ will " 2i& &oli)% li % &*% S(o&(* 3%#"# &". T*%$ 2i!*& 3% *#3" i &i2%, $ &*% (o "&# &o3% #&io of &*% *# + l#w of %(%""i&$, % %+ (%+ &o li)% %)% li % &*% Low%C*i %"%, # + &*% (o & $ wo l+ &*% , wi&* &*% "#2% # &i&$ of foo+, " 33o & #! %#&% 3o3 l#&io . 4 & &o %ff%(& &*i" 2 "& #lw#$" % # 2o"& +iffi( l&, # +,%)% $ f i% + &o * 2# i&$ will *o3%, # # o &i)% #&&%23&. No&*i ! i" "o (o22o #"&o *%# of % (o #!%2% &" &*#& o !*& &o % !i)% &o 3o3 l#&io . If &*% &% +% ($of 2# i + &o i ( %#"% % "o ! %#& #" I *#)% %3 %"% &%+ i& &o %, i& 2#$ #33%#"& # !% &*#& &*i" i ( %#"% +o%" o& (o2% w*% i& i" &* " %3%#&%+l$ (#ll%+ fo .T*% & % %#"o i" &*#& &*% +%2# + fo # ! %#&% 3o3 l#&io i" 2#+% wi&*o &3 %3# i ! &*% f +" %(%""# $ &o " 33o & i&. I ( %#"% &*% +%2# + fo#! i( l& #l l# o $ 3 o2o&i ! ( l&i)#&io , # + wi&* i& (o "% % &l$ i ( %#"%&*% 3 o+ (% of &*% (o & $, # + #2%lio #&% &*% (o +i&io of &*% l# o % , # + o#33 %*% "io " w*#&%)% %%+ % % &% &#i %+ of &*% 3 o3o &io #l i ( %#"% of3o3 l#&io . A #&&%23& &o %ff%(& &*i" 3 3o"% i # $ o&*% w#$ i" )i(io ",( %l, # + &$ # i(#l, # + i # $ "&#&% of &ol% # l% f %%+o2 (# o& &*% %fo %" ((%%+. I& 2#$ #33%# &o % &*% i &% %"& of &*% l% ", # + &*% i(* of #"&#&%, &o fo (% 3o3 l#&io , # + &*% % $ low% &*% 3 i(% of l# o , # +(o "% % &l$ &*% %:3% "% of fl%%&" # + # 2i%", # + &*% (o"& of 2# f#(& %" fofo %i! "#l%5 & %)% $ #&&%23& of &*% i + "*o l+ % (# %f ll$ w#&(*%+ # +"& % o "l$ %"i"&%+ $ &*% f i% +" of &*% 3oo , 3# &i( l# l$ w*% i& (o2%"

+% &*% +%(%i&f l !# of % %)ol% (%, # + i" li %l$, o &*#& #((o &, &o %(*%% f ll$ # + (o +i#ll$ %(%i)%+ $ &*% (o22o 3%o3l%.

I % &i %l$ #( i& / Pi&& of # $ "i i"&% i &% &io i &*#& (l# "% of *i" Poo4ill w*i(* #llow" # "*illi ! # w%% &o %)% $ l# o % fo %#(* (*il+ *% *#"# o)% &* %%. I (o f%"", &*#& %fo % &*% ill w#" o !*& i &o P# li#2% &, # +

fo "o2% &i2% #f&% , I &*o !*& &*#& " (* # %! l#&io wo l+ % *i!*l$% %fi(i#l, & f &*% %fl%(&io o &*% " %(& *#" (o )i (%+ 2% &*#& if i&"

o %(& % &o %&&% &*% (o +i&io of &*% 3oo , i& i" (#l( l#&%+ &o +%f%#& &*%)% $ 3 3o"% w*i(* i& *#" i )i%w. I& *#" o &% +% ($ &*#& I (# +i"(o)% &oi ( %#"% &*% 3 o+ (% of &*% (o & $, # + if. I& &% + &o i ( %#"% &*% 3o3 l#&io ,wi&*o & i ( %#"i ! &*% 3 o+ (%, &*% %(%""# $ # + i %)i&# l% (o "% % (% #33%# "&o % &*#& &*% "#2% 3 o+ (% 2 "& % +i)i+%+ #2o ! # ! %#&% 2 % , # +(o "% % &l$ &*#& # +#$'" l# o will 3 (*#"% # "2#ll% # &i&$ of 3 o)i"io ",# + &*% 3oo &*% %fo % i !% % #l 2 "& % 2o % +i"& %""%+.

I *#)% 2% &io %+ "o2% (#"%" w*% % 3o3 l#&io 2#$ 3% 2# % &l$ i ( %#"% wi&*o & #3 o3o &io #l i ( %#"% i &*% 2%# " of " "i"&% (%. 4 & i& i" %)i+% & &*#& &*%)# i#&io i +iff% % & "&#&%", %&w%% &*% foo+ # + &*% 2 % " " 33o &%+ $ i&,

i" %"& i(&%+ &o # li2i& %$o + w*i(* i& (# o& 3#"". I %)% $ (o & $, &*%3o3 l#&io of w*i(* i" o& # "ol &%l$ +%( %#"i !, &*% foo+ 2 "& % %(%""# il$" ffi(i% & &o " 33o &, # + &o (o &i %, &*% #(% of l# o % ".

O&*% (i ( 2"&# (%" %i ! &*% "#2%, i& 2#$ % #ffi 2%+ &*#& (o & i%" # %3o3 lo " #((o +i ! &o &*% # &i&$ of * 2# foo+ w*i(* &*%$ 3 o+ (%, # + *#33$#((o +i ! &o &*% li % #li&$ wi&* w*i(* &*#& foo+ i" +i)i+%+, o &*% # &i&$w*i(* # +#$'" l# o will 3 (*#"%. Co (o & i%" # % 2o % 3o3 lo " &*#3#"& % (o & i%", # + i(% (o & i%" 2o % 3o3 lo " &*# (o (o & i%". T*%l# +" i E !l# + # % o& " i&%+ &o i(%, & &*%$ wo l+ #ll %# 3o&#&o%"5 # +

>1



D A+#2 S2i&* o "% )%" &*#& if 3o&#&o%" w% % &o %(o2% &*% f#)o i&% )%!%&# l%foo+ of &*% (o22o 3%o3l%, # + if &*% "#2% # &i&$ of l# + w#" %23lo$%+ i&*%i ( l& % #" i" ow %23lo$%+ i &*% ( l& % of (o , &*% (o & $ wo l+ %# l% &o " 33o & # 2 (* ! %#&% 3o3 l#&io , # + wo l+ (o "% % &l$ i # )% $"*o & &i2% *#)% i&.

T*% *#33i %"" of # (o & $ +o%" o& +%3% +, # "ol &%l$, 3o i&" 3o)% &$ o i&"i(*%", 3o i&" $o &* o i&" #!%, 3o i&" %i ! &*i l$ o f ll$ i *# i&%+, &3o &*% #3i+i&$ wi&* w*i(* i& i" i ( %#"i !, 3o &*% +%! %% i w*i(* &*%

$%# l$ i ( %#"% of foo+ #33 o#(*%" &o &*% $%# l$ i ( %#"% of # %"& i(&%+3o3 l#&io . T*i" #33 o:i2#&io i" #lw#$" &*% %# %"& i %w (olo i%", w*% % &*%

owl%+!% # + i + "& $ of # ol+ "&#&% o3% #&% o &*% f% &il% #33 o3 i#&%+l# + of # %w o %. I o&*% (#"%", &*% $o &* o &*% #!% of # "&#&% i" o& i&*i" %"3%(& of )% $ ! %#& i23o &# (%. I& i" 3 o # l% &*#& &*% foo+ of 0 %#&4 i&#i i" +i)i+%+ i #" ! %#& 3l% &$ &o &*% i *# i&# &", #& &*% 3 %"% & 3% io+,#" i& w#" &wo &*o "# +, &* %% &*o "# +, o fo &*o "# + $%# " #!o. A + &*% % i"

%#"o &o %li%)% &*#& &*% 3oo # + &*i l$ i *# i&%+ & #(&" of &*% S(o&(*Hi!*l# +" # % #" 2 (* +i"& %""%+ $ # o)% (*# !%+ 3o3 l#&io #" &*% i(* # +3o3 lo " 3 o)i (% of Fl# +% ".

=% % # (o & $ %)% &o % o)% $ # 3%o3l% 2o % #+)# (%+ i # &", & l%f&&o i&" ow #& #l 3 o! %"" i (i)ili;#&io 5 f o2 &*% &i2% &*#& i&" 3 o+ (%2i!*& % (o "i+% %+ #" # i&, &o &*% &i2% &*#& i& 2i!*& % (o "i+% %+ #" #2illio , + i ! &*% l#3"% of 2# $ * + %+ $%# ", &*% % wo l+ o& % # "i !l%3% io+ w*% &*% 2#"" of &*% 3%o3l% (o l+ % "#i+ &o % f %% f o2 +i"& %"",%i&*% +i %(&l$ o i +i %(&l$, fo w# & of foo+. I %)% $ "&#&% i E o3%, "i (%w% *#)% fi "& *#+ #((o &" of i&, 2illio " # + 2illio " of * 2# %:i"&% (%" *#)%

%% %3 %""%+ f o2 &*i" "i23l% (# "%5 &*o !* 3% *#3" i "o2% of &*%"% "&#&%" ## "ol &% f#2i % *#" %)% %% ow .

F#2i % "%%2" &o % &*% l#"&, &*% 2o"& + %#+f l %"o (% of #& %. T*% 3ow% of3o3 l#&io i" "o " 3% io &o &*% 3ow% i &*% %# &* &o 3 o+ (% " "i"&% (% fo2# , &*#& 3 %2#& % +%#&* 2 "& i "o2% "*#3% o o&*% )i"i& &*% * 2# #(%. T*%

)i(%" of 2# i + # % #(&i)% # + # l% 2i i"&% " of +%3o3 l#&io . T*%$ # % &*%3 %( "o " i &*% ! %#& # 2$ of +%"& (&io 5 # + of&% fi i"* &*% + %#+f l wo&*%2"%l)%". 4 & "*o l+ &*%$ f#il i &*i" w# of %:&% 2i #&io , "i( l$ "%#"o ",%3i+%2i(", 3%"&il% (%, # + 3l#! %, #+)# (% i &% ifi( # #$, # + "w%%3 off&*%i &*o "# +" # + &% &*o "# +". S*o l+ " ((%"" % "&ill i (o23l%&%, !i!# &i(i %)i&# l% f#2i % "&#l " i &*% %# , # + wi&* o % 2i!*&$ low l%)%l" &*%3o3 l#&io wi&* &*% foo+ of &*% wo l+.

/ "& i& o& &*% % #( owl%+!%+ $ # #&&% &i)% %:#2i % of &*% *i"&o i%" of2# i +, &*#& i %)% $ #!% # + i %)% $ "&#&% i w*i(* 2# *#" %:i"&%+, o +o%"

ow %:i"&.

T*#& &*% i ( %#"% of 3o3 l#&io i" %(%""# il$ li2i&%+ $ &*% 2%# " of

" "i"&% (%.

T*#& 3o3 l#&io +o%" i )# i# l$ i ( %#"% w*% &*% 2%# " of " "i"&% (% i ( %#"%.A + &*#& &*% " 3% io 3ow% of 3o3 l#&io .i& %3 %""%+, # + &*% #(& #l3o3 l#&io %3& % #l &o &*% 2%# " of " "i"&% (%, $ 2i"% $ # + )i(%

CHAPTER 8

><



Mr >allace - "rror of supposing that the difficulty arising from population isat a great distance - Mr )ondorcet s sketch of the progress of the human mind-'eriod when the oscillation, mentioned by Mr )ondorcet, ought to be applied tothe human race.

TO # 3% "o w*o + #w" &*% 3 %(%+i ! o )io " i f% % (%", f o2 # )i%w of &*% 3#"&# + 3 %"% & "&#&% of 2# i +, i& (# o& & % # 2#&&% of #"&o i"*2% & &*#& #ll&*% w i&% " o &*% 3% f%(&i ili&$ of 2# # + of "o(i%&$ w*o *#)% o&i(%+ &*%# ! 2% & of # o)% (*# !%+ 3o3 l#&io , & %#& i& #lw#$" )% $ "li!*&l$ # +i )# i# l$ %3 %"% & &*% +iffi( l&i%" # i"i ! f o2 i& #" #& # ! %#& # + #l2o"&i22%#" # l% +i"&# (%. E)% / =#ll#(%, w*o &*o !*& &*% # ! 2% & i&"%lf of "o2 (* w%i!*& #" &o +%"& o$ *i" w*ol% "$"&%2 of % #li&$, +i+ o& "%%2 &o % #w# %&*#& # $ +iffi( l&$ wo l+ o(( f o2 &*i" (# "% &ill &*% w*ol% %# &* *#+ %%( l&i)#&%+ li % # !# +% # + w#" i (#3# l% of # $ f &*% i ( %#"% of 3 o+ (%.=% % &*i" %#ll$ &*% (#"%, # + w% % # %# &if l "$"&%2 of % #li&$ i o&*%

%"3%(&" 3 #(&i(# l%, I (# o& &*i &*#& o # +o i &*% 3 " i& of " (* #"(*%2% o !*& &o % +#23%+ $ &*% (o &%23l#&io of "o %2o&% # +iffi( l&$. A%)% & #& " (* # +i"&# (% 2i!*& f#i l$ % l%f& &o 3 o)i+% (%, & &*% & &* i"&*#& if &*% )i%w of &*% # ! 2% & !i)% i &*i" E""#$ % "& &*% +iffi( l&$, "of# f o2 %i ! %2o&%, wo l+ % i22i % & # + i22%+i#&%. A& %)% $ 3% io+ + i !&*% 3 o! %"" of ( l&i)#&io , f o2 &*% 3 %"% & 2o2% & &o &*% &i2% w*% &*% w*ol%%# &* w#" %(o2% li % # !# +% , &*% +i"& %"" fo w# & of foo+ wo l+ %(o "&# &l$ 3 %""i ! o #ll 2# i +, if &*%$ w% % % #l. T*o !* &*% 3 o+ (% of&*% %# &* 2i!*& % i ( %#"i ! %)% $ $%# , 3o3 l#&io wo l+ % i ( %#"i ! 2 (*f#"&% , # + &*% %+ +# ($ 2 "& %(%""# il$ % %3 %""%+ $ &*% 3% io+i(#l o(o "&# & #(&io of 2i"% $ o )i(%.

/ Co +o (%&'" E" i""% +' T# l%# Hi"&o i % +%" P o! %" +% l'E"3 i& H 2#i ,w#" w i&&% , i& i" "#i+, +% &*% 3 %"" % of &*#& ( %l 3 o"( i3&io w*i(*&% 2i #&%+ i *i" +%#&*. If *% *#+ o *o3%" of i&" %i ! "%% + i ! *i" lif%# + of i&" i &% %"&i ! F # (% i *i" f#)o , i& i" # "i ! l# i "&# (% of &*%#&&#(*2% & of # 2# &o 3 i (i3l%", w*i(* %)% $ +#$'" %:3% i% (% w#" "o f#&#ll$

fo *i2"%lf (o & #+i(&i !. To "%% &*% * 2# 2i + i o % of &*% 2o"& % li!*&% %+#&io " of &*% wo l+, # + #f&% # l#3"% of "o2% &*o "# + $%# ", +% #"%+ $ " (*

# f% 2% &#&io of +i"! "&i ! 3#""io ", of f%# , ( %l&$, 2#li(%, %)% !%,#2 i&io , 2#+ %"", # + foll$ #" wo l+ *#)% +i"! #(%+ &*% 2o"& "#)#!% #&io i&*% 2o"& # # o " #!% 2 "& *#)% %% " (* # & %2% +o " "*o( &o *i" i+%#" of&*% %(%""# $ # + i %)i&# l% 3 o! %"" of &*% * 2# 2i + &*#& o&*i ! & &*%fi 2%"& (o )i(&io of &*% & &* of *i" 3 i (i3l%", i "3i&% of #ll #33%# # (%",(o l+ *#)% wi&*"&oo+.

T*i" 3o"&* 2o " 3 li(#&io i" o l$ # " %&(* of # 2 (* l# !% wo , w*i(* *%3 o3o"%+ "*o l+ % %:%( &%+. I& %(%""# il$, &*% %fo %, w# &" &*#& +%&#il # +#33li(#&io w*i(* (# #lo % 3 o)% &*% & &* of # $ &*%o $. A f%w o "% )#&io "will % " ffi(i% & &o "*%w *ow (o23l%&%l$ &*% &*%o $ i" (o & #+i(&%+ w*% i& i"

#33li%+ &o &*% %#l, # + o& &o # i2#!i # $, "&#&% of &*i !".

I &*% l#"& +i)i"io of &*% wo , w*i(* & %#&" of &*% f & % 3 o! %"" of 2#&ow# +" 3% f%(&io , *% "#$", &*#& (o23# i !, i &*% +iff% % & (i)ili;%+ #&io "of E o3%, &*% #(& #l 3o3 l#&io wi&* &*% %:&% & of &% i&o $, # + o "% )i !&*%i ( l&i)#&io , &*%i i + "& $, &*%i +i)i"io " of l# o , # + &*%i 2%# " of" "i"&% (%, w% "*#ll "%% &*#& i& wo l+ % i23o""i l% &o 3 %"% )% &*% "#2% 2%# "of " "i"&% (%, # +, (o "% % &l$, &*% "#2% 3o3 l#&io , wi&*o & # 2 % ofi +i)i+ #l" w*o *#)% o o&*% 2%# " of " 33l$i ! &*%i w# &" &*# &*%ii + "& $. H#)i ! #llow%+ &*% %(%""i&$ of " (* # (l#"" of 2% , # + #+)% &i !

>>



#f&% w# +" &o &*% 3 %(# io " %)% % of &*o"% f#2ili%" &*#& wo l+ +%3% + "o% &i %l$ o &*% lif% # + *%#l&* of &*%i (*i%f, *% "#$", )% $ "&l$ 'T*% %%:i"&" &*% , # %(%""# $ (# "% of i % #li&$, of +%3% +% (%, # + %)% of 2i"% $,w*i(* 2% #(%", wi&*o & (%#"i !, &*% 2o"& 2% o " # + #(&i)% (l#"" of o"o(i%&i%".' 6To "#)% &i2% # + lo ! o&#&io ", I "*#ll *% % !i)% &*% " "&# (%of "o2% of / Co +o (%&'" "% &i2% &", # + *o3% I "*#ll o& 2i" %3 %"% & &*%2.4 & I %f% &*% %#+% &o &*% wo i&"%lf, w*i(* will #2 "%, if i& +o%" o&(o )i (% *i2. T*% +iffi( l&$ i" "& # + w%ll "&#&%+, # + I #2 #f #i+ &*#& &*%2o+% $ w*i(* *% 3 o3o"%" i& "*o l+ % %2o)%+ will % fo + i %ffi(#(io ". 4$&*% #33li(#&io of (#l( l#&io " &o &*% 3 o # ili&i%" of lif% # + &*% i &% %"& of2o %$, *% 3 o3o"%" &*#& # f + "*o l+ % %"&# li"*%+ w*i(* "*o l+ #"" % &o &*%ol+ # #""i"&# (%, 3 o+ (%+, i 3# &, $ &*%i ow fo 2% "#)i !", # +, i 3# &,

$ &*% "#)i !" of i +i)i+ #l" w*o i 2# i ! &*% "#2% "#( ifi(% +i% %fo % &*%$%#3 &*% % %fi& of i&. T*% "#2%, o # "i2il# f +, "*o l+ !i)% #""i"&# (% &o

wo2% # + (*il+ % w*o lo"% &*%i * " # +", o f#&*% ", # + #ffo + # (#3i&#l &o&*o"% w*o w% % of # #!% &o fo + # %w f#2il$, " ffi(i% & fo &*% 3 o3%+%)%lo32% & of &*%i i + "& $. T*%"% %"&# li"*2% &", *% o "% )%", 2i!*& % 2#+%i &*% #2% # + +% &*% 3 o&%(&io of &*% "o(i%&$. 0oi ! "&ill f &*% , *%"#$" &*#&, $ &*% "& #33li(#&io of (#l( l#&io ", 2%# " 2i!*& % fo + of 2o %(o23l%&%l$ 3 %"% )i ! # "&#&% of % #li&$, $ 3 %)% &i ! ( %+i& f o2 %i ! &*%%:(l "i)% 3 i)il%!% of ! %#& fo & %", # + $%& !i)i ! i& # #"i" % #ll$ "oli+,# + $ % +% i ! &*% 3 o! %"" of i + "& $, # + &*% #(&i)i&$ of (o22% (%, l%""+%3% +% & o ! %#& (#3i&#li"&".

S (* %"&# li"*2% &" # + (#l( l#&io " 2#$ #33%# )% $ 3 o2i"i ! 3o 3#3% , &w*% #33li%+ &o %#l lif% &*%$ will % fo + &o % # "ol &%l$ !#&o $. /Co +o (%& #llow" &*#& # (l#"" of 3%o3l% w*i(* 2#i &#i " i&"%lf % &i %l$ $i + "& $ i" %(%""# $ &o %)% $ "&#&%. =*$ +o%" *% #llow &*i" No o&*% %#"o(# w%ll % #""i! %+ &*# &*#& *% (o (%i)%" &*#& &*% l# o %(%""# $ &o 3 o( %" "i"&% (% fo # %:&% +%+ 3o3 l#&io will o& % 3% fo 2%+ wi&*o & &*% !o#+ of

%(%""i&$. If $ %"&# li"*2% &" of &*i" i + of "3 &o i + "& $ % %2o)%+, if&*% i+l% # + &*% %!li!% & # % 3l#(%+ 3o &*% "#2% foo&i ! wi&* %!# + &o &*%i( %+i&, # + &*% f & % " 33o & of &*%i wi)%" # + f#2ili%", #" &*% #(&i)% # +

i + "& io ", (# w% %:3%(& &o "%% 2% %:% & &*#& # i2#&%+ #(&i)i&$ i %&&% i !&*%i (o +i&io w*i(* ow fo 2" &*% 2#"&% "3 i ! of 3 li( 3 o"3% i&$ If #i i"i&io w% % &o % %"&# li"*%+ &o %:#2i % &*% (l#i2" of %#(* i +i)i+ #l # +&o +%&% 2i % w*%&*% *% *#+ o *#+ o& %:% &%+ *i2"%lf &o &*% &2o"&, # + &o! # & o %f "% #""i"&# (% #((o +i !l$, &*i" wo l+ % li&&l% %l"% &*# #

%3%&i&io 3o # l# !% "(#l% of &*% E !li"* 3oo l#w" # + wo l+ % (o23l%&%l$+%"& (&i)% of &*% & % 3 i (i3l%" of li % &$ # + % #li&$.

4 & i +%3% +% & of &*i" ! %#& o %(&io &o &*%"% %"&# li"*2% &", # + " 33o"i !fo # 2o2% & &*#& &*%$ wo l+ !i)% o (*%( &o 3 o+ (&i)% i + "& $, $ f# &*%! %#&%"& +iffi( l&$ %2#i " $%& %*i +.

=% % %)% $ 2# " % of # (o2fo &# l% 3 o)i"io fo *i" f#2il$, #l2o"& %)% $ 2#

wo l+ *#)% o %, # + w% % &*% i"i ! !% % #&io f %% f o2 &*% ' illi ! f o"&' of2i"% $, 3o3 l#&io 2 "& #3i+l$ i ( %#"%. Of &*i" / Co +o (%& "%%2" &o % f ll$#w# % *i2"%lf, # + #f&% *#)i ! +%"( i %+ f &*% i23 o)%2% &", *% "#$" 4 & i&*i" 3 o(%"" of i + "& $ # + *#33i %"", %#(* !% % #&io will % (#ll%+ &o 2o %%:&% +%+ % o$2% &", # + i (o "% % (%, $ &*% 3*$"i(#l (o "&i& &io of &*%* 2# f #2%, &o # i ( %#"% i &*% 2 % of i +i)i+ #l". / "& o& &*% % # i)%# 3% io+ &*% , w*% &*%"% l#w", % #ll$ %(%""# $, "*#ll (o &% #(& %#(* o&*%=*% &*% i ( %#"% of &*% 2 % of 2% " 3#""i ! &*%i 2%# " of " "i"&% (%,&*% %(%""# $ %" l& 2 "& % %i&*% # (o &i #l +i2i &io of *#33i %"" # +3o3 l#&io , # 2o)%2% & & l$ %& o! #+%, o , #& l%#"&, # i + of o"(ill#&io

>?



%&w%% !oo+ # + %)il I "o(i%&i%" # i)%+ #& &*i" &% 2, will o& &*i"o"(ill#&io % # (o "&# &l$ " "i"&i ! (# "% of 3% io+i(#l 2i"% $ =ill i& o&2# &*% li2i& w*% #ll f &*% #2%lio #&io will %(o2% i23o""i l%, # + 3oi &o & &*#& &% 2 &o &*% 3% f%(&i ili&$ of &*% * 2# #(% w*i(* i& 2#$ %#(* i &*%(o "% of #!%", & (# %)% 3#""

H% &*% #++", T*% % i" o 3% "o w*o +o%" o& "%% *ow )% $ +i"&# & " (* #3% io+ i" f o2 ", & "*#ll w% %)% # i)% #& i& I& i" % #ll$ i23o""i l% &o3 o o (% fo o #!#i "& &*% f & % %#li;#&io of # %)% & w*i(* (# o& &# %3l#(% & #& # % # w*% &*% * 2# #(% will *#)% #&&#i %+ i23 o)%2% &", ofw*i(* w% (# #& 3 %"% & "(# (%l$ fo 2 # (o (%3&io .

/ Co +o (%&'" 3i(& % of w*#& 2#$ % %:3%(&%+ &o *#33% w*% &*% 2 % of 2%"*#ll " 3#"" &*% 2%# " of &*%i " "i"&% (% i" "&l$ + #w . T*% o"(ill#&iow*i(* *% +%"( i %" will (% &#i l$ &# % 3l#(% # + will wi&*o & +o & % #(o "&# &l$ " "i"&i ! (# "% of 3% io+i(#l 2i"% $. T*% o l$ 3oi & i w*i(* I+iff% f o2 / Co +o (%& wi&* %!# + &o &*i" 3i(& % i" &*% 3% io+ w*% i& 2#$

% #33li%+ &o &*% * 2# #(%. / Co +o (%& &*i " &*#& i& (# o& 3o""i l$ %#33li(# l% & #& # % # %:& %2%l$ +i"&# &. If &*% 3 o3o &io %&w%% &*%

#& #l i ( %#"% of 3o3 l#&io # + foo+ w*i(* I *#)% !i)% % i # $ +%! %% %#&*% & &*, i& will #33%# , o &*% (o & # $, &*#& &*% 3% io+ w*% &*% 2 % of2% " 3#"" &*%i 2%# " of " "i"&% (% *#" lo ! "i (% # i)%+, # + &*#& &*i"

%(%""i&$ o"(ill#&io , &*i" (o "&# &l$ " "i"&i ! (# "% of 3% io+i(#l 2i"% $,*#" %:i"&%+ %)% "i (% w% *#)% *#+ # $ *i"&o i%" of 2# i +, +o%" %:i"& #&3 %"% &, # + will fo %)% (o &i % &o %:i"&, l%"" "o2% +%(i+%+ (*# !% &# %3l#(% i &*% 3*$"i(#l (o "&i& &io of o #& %.

/ Co +o (%&, *ow%)% , !o%" o &o "#$ &*#& "*o l+ &*% 3% io+, w*i(* *% (o (%i)%"&o % "o +i"&# &, %)% # i)%, &*% * 2# #(%, # + &*% #+)o(#&%" fo &*%3% f%(&i ili&$ of 2# , %%+ o& % #l# 2%+ #& i&. H% &*% 3 o(%%+" &o %2o)% &*%+iffi( l&$ i # 2# % w*i(* I 3 of%"" o& &o +% "&# +. H#)i ! o "% )%+, &*#&&*% i+i( lo " 3 % +i(%" of " 3% "&i&io wo l+ $ &*#& &i2% *#)% (%#"%+ &o&* ow o)% 2o #l" # (o 3& # + +%! #+i ! # "&% i&$, *% #ll +%", %i&*% &o #

3 o2i"( o " (o ( i #!%, w*i(* wo l+ 3 %)% & %%+i !, o &o "o2%&*i ! %l"% #"#& #l. To %2o)% &*% +iffi( l&$ i &*i" w#$ will, " %l$, i &*% o3i io of

2o"& 2% , % &o +%"& o$ &*#& )i & % # + 3 i&$ of 2# % ", w*i(* &*% #+)o(#&%"of % #li&$, # + of &*% 3% f%(&i ili&$ of 2# , 3 of%"" &o % &*% % + # + o %(&of &*%i )i%w".

CHAPTER 9 Mr )ondorcet s con?ecture concerning the organic perfectibility of man, and theindefinite prolongation of human life - 0allacy of the argument, which infersan unlimited progress from a partial improvement, the limit of which cannot beascertained, illustrated in the breeding of animals, and the cultivation of

plants.

THE l#"& %"&io w*i(* / Co +o (%& 3 o3o"%" fo %:#2i #&io i" &*% o !# i(3% f%(&i ili&$ of 2# . H% o "% )%" &*#& if &*% 3 oof" w*i(* *#)% %% #l %#+$!i)% # + w*i(*, i &*%i +%)%lo32% & will %(%i)% ! %#&% fo (% i &*% woi&"%lf, # % " ffi(i% & &o %"&# li"* &*% i +%fi i&% 3% f%(&i ili&$ of 2# 3o&*% " 33o"i&io of &*% "#2% #& #l f#( l&i%" # + &*% "#2% o !# i;#&io w*i(* *%*#" #& 3 %"% &, w*#& will % &*% (% &#i &$, w*#& &*% %:&% & of o *o3%, if &*i"o !# i;#&io , &*%"% #& #l f#( l&i%" &*%2"%l)%", # % " "(%3&i l% of#2%lio #&io

>



F o2 &*% i23 o)%2% & of 2%+i(i %, f o2 &*% "% of 2o % w*ol%"o2% foo+ # +*# i&#&io ", f o2 # 2# % of li)i ! w*i(* will i23 o)% &*% "& % !&* of &*% o+$

$ %:% (i"% wi&*o & i23#i i ! i& $ %:(%"", f o2 &*% +%"& (&io of &*% &wo! %#& (# "%" of &*% +%! #+#&io of 2# , 2i"% $, # + &oo ! %#& i(*%", f o2 &*%! #+ #l %2o)#l of & # "2i""i l% # + (o &#!io " +i"o +% " $ &*% i23 o)%2% & of3*$"i(#l owl%+!%, % +% %+ 2o % %ffi(#(io " $ &*% 3 o! %"" of %#"o # + of"o(i#l o +% , *% i f% " &*#& &*o !* 2# will o& # "ol &%l$ %(o2% i22o &#l, $%&&*#& &*% + #&io %&w%% *i" i &* # + #& #l +%#&* will i ( %#"% wi&*o &(%#"i !, will *#)% o #""i! # l% &% 2, # + 2#$ 3 o3% l$ % %:3 %""%+ $ &*% wo +'i +%fi i&%'. H% &*% +%fi %" &*i" wo + &o 2%# %i&*% # (o "&# & #33 o#(* &o #

li2i&%+ %:&% &, wi&*o & %)% %#(*i ! i&, o # i ( %#"%. I &*% i22% "i&$ of#!%" &o # %:&% & ! %#&% &*# # $ #""i! # l% # &i&$.

4 & " %l$ &*% #33li(#&io of &*i" &% 2 i %i&*% of &*%"% "% "%" &o &*%+ #&io of * 2# lif% i" i &*% *i!*%"& +%! %% 3*ilo"o3*i(#l # + &o&#ll$

w# # &%+ $ # $ #33%# # (%" i &*% l#w" of #& %. @# i#&io " f o2 +iff% % &(# "%" # % %""% &i#ll$ +i"&i (& f o2 # %! l# # + %& o! #+% i ( %#"%. T*%#)% #!% + #&io of * 2# lif% will &o # (% &#i +%! %% )# $ f o2 *%#l&*$ o

*%#l&*$ (li2#&%", f o2 w*ol%"o2% o w*ol%"o2% foo+, f o2 )i & o " o )i(io "2# % ", # + o&*% (# "%", & i& 2#$ % f#i l$ +o &%+ w*%&*% &*% % i" %#ll$&*% "2#ll%"& 3% (%3&i l% #+)# (% i &*% #& #l + #&io of * 2# lif% "i (%fi "& w% *#)% *#+ # $ # &*% &i( *i"&o $ of 2# . T*% 3 % +i(%" of #ll #!%" *#)%i +%%+ %% +i %(&l$ (o & # $ &o &*i" " 33o"i&io , # + &*o !* I wo l+ o& l#$2 (* "& %"" 3o &*%"% 3 % +i(%", &*%$ will i "o2% 2%#" % &% + &o 3 o)% &*#&&*% % *#" %% o 2# %+ #+)# (% i # o33o"i&% +i %(&io .

I& 2#$ 3% *#3" % "#i+ &*#& &*% wo l+ i" $%& "o $o !, "o (o23l%&%l$ i i&"i f# ($, &*#& i& o !*& o& &o % %:3%(&%+ &*#& # $ +iff% % (% "*o l+ #33%# "o"oo .

If &*i" % &*% (#"%, &*% % i" #& o (% # % + of #ll * 2# "(i% (%. T*% w*ol%& #i of %#"o i !" f o2 %ff%(&" &o (# "%" will % +%"& o$%+. =% 2#$ "* & o

%$%" &o &*% oo of #& %, #" i& will o lo !% % of # $ "% &o %#+ i&. T*%wil+%"& # + 2o"& i23 o # l% (o %(& %" 2#$ % #+)# (%+ wi&* #" 2 (* (% &#i &$#" &*% 2o"& "& # + " li2% &*%o i%", fo +%+ o (# %f l # + %i&% #&%+%:3% i2% &". =% 2#$ %& #!#i &o &*% ol+ 2o+% of 3*ilo"o3*i"i ! # + 2# %f#(&" % + &o "$"&%2", i "&%#+ of %"&# li"*i ! "$"&%2" 3o f#(&". T*% ! # + # +(o "i"&% & &*%o $ of N%w&o will % 3l#(%+ 3o &*% "#2% foo&i ! #" &*% wil+ # +%((% & i( *$3o&*%"%" of D%"(# &%". I "*o &, if &*% l#w" of #& % # % &* "fi( l% # + i (o "&# &, if i& (# % #ffi 2%+ # + % %li%)%+ &*#& &*%$ will(*# !%, w*% fo #!%" # + #!%" &*%$ *#)% #33%# %+ i22 &# l%, &*% * 2# 2i + will

o lo !% *#)% # $ i (i&%2% &" &o i i $, & 2 "& %2#i fi:%+ i i #(&i)%&o 3o , o #2 "% i&"%lf o l$ i %wil+% i ! + %#2" # + %:& #)#!# & f# (i%".

T*% (o "&# ($ of &*% l#w" of #& % # + of %ff%(&" # + (# "%" i" &*% fo +#&io

of #ll * 2# owl%+!%, &*o !* f# % i& f o2 2% &o "#$ &*#& &*% "#2% 3ow%w*i(* f #2%+ # + %:%( &%" &*% l#w" of #& % 2#$ o& (*# !% &*%2 #ll 'i #2o2% &, i &*% &wi li ! of # %$%.' S (* # (*# !% 2#$ +o &%+l$ *#33% . All&*#& I 2%# &o "#$ i" &*#& i& i" i23o""i l% &o i f% i& f o2 %#"o i !. Ifwi&*o & # $ 3 %)io " o "% )# l% "$23&o2" o i +i(#&io " of # (*# !%, w% (#i f% &*#& # (*# !% will &# % 3l#(%, w% 2#$ #" w%ll 2# % # $ #""% &io w*#&%)%# + &*i i& #" %#"o # l% &o % (o & #+i(&%+ i #ffi 2i ! &*#& &*% 2oo will(o2% i (o &#(& wi&* &*% %# &* &o2o ow, #" i "#$i ! &*#& &*% " will i"% #&i&" " #l &i2%.

>B



=i&* %!# + &o &*% + #&io of * 2# lif%, &*% % +o%" o& #33%# &o *#)% %:i"&%+f o2 &*% %# li%"& #!%" of &*% wo l+ &o &*% 3 %"% & 2o2% & &*% "2#ll%"& 3% 2# % &"$23&o2 o i +i(#&io of i ( %#"i ! 3 olo !#&io . T*% o "% )# l% %ff%(&" of(li2#&%, *# i&, +i%&, # + o&*% (# "%", o l% !&* of lif% *#)% f i"*%+ &*%3 %&%:& fo #""% &i ! i&" i +%fi i&% %:&% "io 5 # + &*% "# +$ fo +#&io ow*i(* &*% # ! 2% & %"&" i" &*#& %(# "% &*% li2i& of * 2# lif% i" +%fi %+5

%(# "% $o (# o& 2# i&" 3 %(i"% &% 2, # + "#$ "o f# %:#(&l$ "*#ll i& !o # +o f &*% 5 &*#& &*% %fo % i&" %:&% & 2#$ i ( %#"% fo %)% , # + % 3 o3% l$

&% 2%+ i +%fi i&% o li2i&%+. 4 & &*% f#ll#($ # + # " +i&$ of &*i" # ! 2% &will " ffi(i% &l$ #33%# f o2 # "li!*& %:#2i #&io of w*#& / Co +o (%& (#ll"&*% o !# i( 3% f%(&i ili&$, o +%!% % #&io , of &*% #(% of 3l# &" # + # i2#l",w*i(* *% "#$" 2#$ % %!# +%+ #" o % of &*% !% % #l l#w" of #& %.

I #2 &ol+ &*#& i& i" # 2#:i2 #2o ! &*% i23 o)% " of (#&&l% &*#& $o 2#$ %%+ &o# $ +%! %% of i(%&$ $o 3l%#"%, # + &*%$ fo + &*i" 2#:i2 3o # o&*% , w*i(*i" &*#& "o2% of &*% off"3 i ! will 3o""%"" &*% +%"i # l% #li&i%" of &*%3# % &" i # ! %#&% +%! %%. I &*% f#2o " L%i(%"&% "*i % %%+ of "*%%3, &*%o %(& i" &o 3 o( % &*%2 wi&* "2#ll *%#+" # + "2#ll l%!". P o(%%+i ! 3o &*%"%

%%+i ! 2#:i2", i& i" %)i+% & &*#& w% 2i!*& !o o &ill &*% *%#+" # + l%!" w% %%)# %"(% & # &i&i%", & &*i" i" "o 3#l3# l% # # " +i&$ &*#& w% 2#$ % i&%" % &*#& &*% 3 %2i"%" # % o& "& # + &*#& &*% % %#ll$ i" # li2i&, &*o !* w%(# o& "%% i& o "#$ %:#(&l$ w*% % i& i". I &*i" (#"%, &*% 3oi & of &*%! %#&%"& +%! %% of i23 o)%2% &, o &*% "2#ll%"& "i;% of &*% *%#+ # + l%!", 2#$

% "#i+ &o % +%fi %+, & &*i" i" )% $ +iff% % & f o2 li2i&%+, o f o2i +%fi i&%, i / Co +o (%&'" #((%3&#&io of &*% &% 2. T*o !* I 2#$ o& % # l%i &*% 3 %"% & i "&# (% &o 2# &*% li2i& #& w*i(* f &*% i23 o)%2% & will"&o3, I (# )% $ %#"il$ 2% &io # 3oi & #& w*i(* i& will o& # i)%. I "*o l+

o& "( 3l% &o #""% & &*#& w% % &*% %%+i ! &o (o &i % fo %)% , &*% *%#+ # +l%!" of &*%"% "*%%3 wo l+ %)% % "o "2#ll #" &*% *%#+ # + l%!" of # #&.

I& (# o& % & %, &*% %fo %, &*#& #2o ! # i2#l", "o2% of &*% off"3 i ! will3o""%"" &*% +%"i # l% #li&i%" of &*% 3# % &" i # ! %#&% +%! %%, o &*#&# i2#l" # % i +%fi i&%l$ 3% f%(&i l%.

T*% 3 o! %"" of # wil+ 3l# & &o # %# &if l !# +% flow% i" 3% *#3" 2o % 2# %+# + "& i i ! &*# # $&*i ! &*#& &# %" 3l#(% #2o ! # i2#l", $%& %)% *% % i&wo l+ % &*% *%i!*& of # " +i&$ &o #""% & &*#& &*% 3 o! %"" w#" li2i&%+ oi +%fi i&%.

O % of &*% 2o"& o )io " f%#& %" of &*% i23 o)%2% & i" &*% i ( %#"% of "i;%. T*%flow% *#" ! ow ! #+ #ll$ l# !% $ ( l&i)#&io . If &*% 3 o! %"" w% % %#ll$

li2i&%+ i& 2i!*& % i ( %#"%+ #+ i fi i& 2, & &*i" i" "o ! o"" # # " +i&$&*#& w% 2#$ % i&% " % &*#& #2o ! 3l# &" #" w%ll #" #2o ! # i2#l" &*% % i" #li2i& &o i23 o)%2% &, &*o !* w% +o o& %:#(&l$ ow w*% % i& i". I& i" 3 o # l%&*#& &*% !# +% % " w*o (o &% + fo flow% 3 i;%" *#)% of&% #33li%+ "& o !%+ %""i ! wi&*o & " ((%"". A& &*% "#2% &i2% i& wo l+ % *i!*l$ 3 %" 23& o " i

# $ 2# &o "#$ &*#& *% *#+ "%% &*% fi %"& (# #&io o # %2o % &*#& (o l+ %)%% 2#+% &o ! ow. H% 2i!*& *ow%)% #""% & wi&*o & &*% "2#ll%"& (*# (% of %i !(o & #+i(&%+ $ # f & % f#(&, &*#& o (# #&io o # %2o % (o l+ %)% $( l&i)#&io % i ( %#"%+ &o &*% "i;% of # l# !% (# #!%5 # + $%& &*% % # %#""i! # l% # &i&i%" 2 (* ! %#&% &*# # (# #!%. No 2# (# "#$ &*#& *% *#""%% &*% l# !%"& %# of w*%#&, o &*% l# !%"& o# &*#& (o l+ %)% ! ow5 & *%2i!*& %#"il$, # + wi&* 3% f%(& (% &#i &$, #2% # 3oi & of 2#! i& +% #& w*i(*&*%$ wo l+ o& # i)%. I #ll &*%"% (#"%" &*% %fo %, # (# %f l +i"&i (&io"*o l+ % 2#+%, %&w%% # li2i&%+ 3 o! %"", # + # 3 o! %"" w*% % &*% li2i& i"2% %l$ +%fi %+.

>7



I& will % "#i+, 3% *#3", &*#& &*% %#"o w*$ 3l# &" # + # i2#l" (# o& i ( %#"%i +%fi i&%l$ i "i;% i", &*#& &*%$ wo l+ f#ll $ &*%i ow w%i!*&. I # "w% , *ow+o w% ow &*i" & f o2 %:3% i% (% -- f o2 %:3% i% (% of &*% +%! %% of"& % !&* wi&* w*i(* &*%"% o+i%" # % fo 2%+. I ow &*#& # (# #&io , lo !

%fo % i& %#(*%+ &*% "i;% of # (# #!%, wo l+ o& % " 33o &%+ $ i&" "&#l ,& I o l$ ow &*i" f o2 2$ %:3% i% (% of &*% w%# %"" # + w# & of &% #(i&$ i

&*% 2#&% i#l" of # (# #&io "&#l . T*% % # % 2# $ " "&# (%" i #& % of &*%"#2% "i;% &*#& wo l+ " 33o & #" l# !% # *%#+ #" # (# #!%.

T*% %#"o " of &*% 2o &#li&$ of 3l# &" # % #& 3 %"% & 3% f%(&l$ ow &o ".No 2# (# "#$ w*$ " (* # 3l# & i" # #l, # o&*% i% i#l, # + # o&*% % + %"fo #!%". T*% w*ol% #ff#i i #ll &*%"% (#"%", i 3l# &", # i2#l", # + i &*%* 2# #(%, i" # #ff#i of %:3% i% (%, # + I o l$ (o (l +% &*#& 2# i" 2o &#l

%(# "% &*% i )# i# l% %:3% i% (% of #ll #!%" *#" 3 o)%+ &*% 2o &#li&$ of &*o"%2#&% i#l" of w*i(* *i" )i"i l% o+$ i" 2#+%

=*#& (# w% %#"o , & f o2 w*#& w% ow

So + 3*ilo"o3*$ will o& # &*o i;% 2% &o #l&% &*i" o3i io of &*% 2o &#li&$ of2# o %# &*, &ill i& (# % (l%# l$ 3 o)%+ &*#& &*% * 2# #(% *#" 2#+%, # + i"2# i !, # +%(i+%+ 3 o! %"" &ow# +" # illi2i&# l% %:&% & of lif%. A + &*% (*i%f

%#"o w*$ I #++ (%+ &*% &wo 3# &i( l# i "&# (%" f o2 # i2#l" # + 3l# &" w#" &o%:3o"% # + ill "& #&%, if I (o l+, &*% f#ll#($ of &*#& # ! 2% & w*i(* i f% " #

li2i&%+ 3 o! %"", 2% %l$ %(# "% "o2% 3# &i#l i23 o)%2% & *#" &# % 3l#(%, # +&*#& &*% li2i& of &*i" i23 o)%2% & (# o& % 3 %(i"%l$ #"(% &#i %+.

T*% (#3#(i&$ of i23 o)%2% & i 3l# &" # + # i2#l", &o # (% &#i +%! %%, o3% "o (# 3o""i l$ +o &. A (l%# # + +%(i+%+ 3 o! %"" *#" #l %#+$ %% 2#+%,# + $%&, I &*i , i& #33%# " &*#& i& wo l+ % *i!*l$ # " + &o "#$ &*#& &*i"3 o! %"" *#" o li2i&". I * 2# lif%, &*o !* &*% % # % ! %#& )# i#&io " f o2+iff% % & (# "%", i& 2#$ % +o &%+ w*%&*% , "i (% &*% wo l+ %!# , # $ o !# i(i23 o)%2% & w*#&%)% i &*% * 2# f #2% (# % (l%# l$ #"(% &#i %+. T*%

fo +#&io ", &*% %fo %, o w*i(* &*% # ! 2% &" fo &*% o !# i( 3% f%(&i ili&$ of2# %"&, # % " #ll$ w%# , # + (# o l$ % (o "i+% %+ #" 2% % (o %(& %". I&+o%" o&, *ow%)% , $ # $ 2%# " "%%2 i23o""i l% &*#& $ # #&&% &io &o %%+, #(% &#i +%! %% of i23 o)%2% &, "i2il# &o &*#& #2o ! # i2#l", 2i!*& &# % 3l#(%#2o ! 2% . =*%&*% i &%ll%(& (o l+ % (o22 i(#&%+ 2#$ % # 2#&&% of +o & &"i;%, "& % !&*, %# &$, (o23l%:io , # + 3% *#3" %)% lo !%)i&$ # % i # +%! %%& # "2i""i l%. T*% % o +o%" o& "%%2 &o li% i " 33o"i ! # "2#ll +%! %% ofi23 o)%2% & 3o""i l%, & i o& +i"( i2i #&i ! %&w%% # "2#ll i23 o)%2% &, &*%li2i& of w*i(* i" +%fi %+, # + # i23 o)%2% & %#ll$ li2i&%+. A" &*% * 2#

#(%, *ow%)% , (o l+ o& % i23 o)%+ i &*i" w#$, wi&*o & (o +%2 i ! #ll &*% #+"3%(i2% " &o (%li #($, i& i" o& 3 o # l% &*#& # #&&% &io &o %%+ "*o l+ %)%

%(o2% !% % #l5 i +%%+, I ow of o w%ll-+i %(&%+ #&&%23&" of &*i" i +, %:(%3&i &*% # (i% & f#2il$ of &*% 4i( % "&#ff", w*o # % "#i+ &o *#)% %% )% $

" ((%""f l i w*i&% i ! &*% " i " # + i ( %#"i ! &*% *%i!*& of &*%i #(% $3 +% & 2# i#!%", 3# &i( l# l$ $ &*#& )% $ +i(io " ( o"" wi&* /# +, &*%2il -2#i+, $ w*i(* "o2% (#3i&#l +%f%(&" i &*% (o "&i& &io " of &*% f#2il$ w% %(o %(&%+.

I& will o& % %(%""# $, I &*i , i o +% 2o % (o23l%&%l$ &o "*%w &*%i23 o # ili&$ of # $ #33 o#(* i 2# &ow# +" i22o &#li&$ o %# &*, &o !% &*%)% $ ! %#& #++i&io #l w%i!*& &*#& # i ( %#"% i &*% + #&io of lif% wo l+ !i)%&o &*% # ! 2% & of 3o3 l#&io .

>8



/# $, I +o & o&, will &*i &*#& &*% #&&%23&i ! ! #)%l$ &o (o & o)% & "o# " + # 3# #+o: #" &*% i22o &#li&$ of 2# o %# &*, o i +%%+, %)% &*%3% f%(&i ili&$ of 2# # + "o(i%&$, i" # w#"&% of &i2% # + wo +", # + &*#& " (*

fo +%+ (o %(& %" # % %"& # "w% %+ $ %!l%(&. I 3 of%"", *ow%)% , &o % of# +iff% % & o3i io . =*% 3# #+o:%" of &*i" i + # % #+)# (%+ $ i !% io " # +# l% 2% , %!l%(& *#" o &% +% ($ &o (o )i (% &*%2 of &*%i 2i"&# %". P i+i !&*%2"%l)%" o w*#& &*%$ (o (%i)% &o % # 2# of &*% %#(* # + "i;% of &*%i ow

+% "&# +i !", of &*% %:&% & # + (o23 %*% "i)% %"" of &*%i )i%w", &*%$ willloo 3o &*i" %!l%(& 2% %l$ #" # i +i(#&io of 3o)% &$, # + # ow %"", i&*% 2% &#l %:% &io " of &*%i (o &%23o # i%", # + o l$ &*i &*#& &*% wo l+ i"

o& $%& 3 %3# %+ &o %(%i)% &*%i " li2% & &*".

O &*% (o & # $, # (# +i+ i )%"&i!#&io of &*%"% " %(&", #((o23# i%+ wi&* #3% f%(& %#+i %"" &o #+o3& # $ &*%o $ w# # &%+ $ "o + 3*ilo"o3*$, 2#$ *#)% #&% +% ($ &o (o )i (% &*%2 &*#& i fo 2i ! i23 o # l% # + fo +%+ *$3o&*%"%","o f# f o2 % l# !i ! &*% o +" of * 2# "(i% (%, &*%$ # % (o & #(&i ! i&, "of# f o2 3 o2o&i ! &*% i23 o)%2% & of &*% * 2# 2i +, &*%$ # % o "& (&i ! i&5&*%$ # % &* owi ! " #( #!#i #l2o"& i &o &*% i f# ($ of owl%+!% # +w%# % i ! &*% fo +#&io " of &*#& 2o+% of 3*ilo"o3*i"i !, +% &*% # "3i(%" ofw*i(* "(i% (% *#" of l#&% 2#+% " (* #3i+ #+)# (%". T*% 3 %"% & #!% fo wi+%# + %"& #i %+ "3%( l#&io "%%2" &o % # i + of 2% &#l i &o:i(#&io , # i"i !,3% *#3", f o2 &*% ! %#& # + %:3%(&%+ +i"(o)% i%" w*i(* *#)% %% 2#+% of l#&%$%# ", i )# io " # (*%" of "(i% (%. To 2% %l#&% # + !i++$ wi&* " (*" ((%""%", %)% $ &*i ! #33%# %+ &o % wi&*i &*% ! #"3 of * 2# 3ow% "5 # +,

+% &*i" ill "io , &*%$ (o fo +%+ " %(&" w*% % o %#l 3 o! %"" (o l+ %3 o)%+ wi&* &*o"% w*% % &*% 3 o! %"" *#+ %% 2# %+, (% &#i , # + #( owl%+!%+.Co l+ &*%$ % 3% " #+%+ &o "o % &*%2"%l)%" wi&* # li&&l% "%)% % # + (*#"&i"%+&*i i !, &*%$ wo l+ "%%, &*#& &*% (# "% of & &*, # + of "o + 3*ilo"o3*$,(# o& & " ff% $ " "&i& &i ! wil+ fli!*&" # + " 33o &%+ #""% &io " fo3#&i% & i )%"&i!#&io , # + w%ll # &*% &i(#&%+ 3 oof".

/ Co +o (%&'" oo 2#$ % (o "i+% %+ o& o l$ #" # " %&(* of &*% o3i io " of #(%l% #&%+ i +i)i+ #l, & of 2# $ of &*% li&% # $ 2% i F # (% #& &*%

%!i i ! of &*% R%)ol &io . A" " (*, &*o !* 2% %l$ # " %&(*, i& "%%2" wo &*$ of#&&% &io .

CHAPTER 10 Mr odwin s system of e uality - "rror of attributing all the vices of mankindto human institutions - Mr odwin s first answer to the difficulty arising from

population totally insufficient - Mr odwin s beautiful system of e ualitysupposed to be reali&ed - /n utter destruction simply from the principle of

population in so short a time as thirty years.

IN %#+i ! / 0o+wi '" i !% io " # + # l% wo o Poli&i(#l J "&i(%, i& i"i23o""i l% o& &o % "& ( wi&* &*% "3i i& # + % % !$ of *i" "&$l%, &*% fo (%# + 3 %(i"io of "o2% of *i" %#"o i !", &*% # +% & &o % of *i" &*o !*&", # +3# &i( l# l$ wi&* &*#& i23 %""i)% %# %"& %"" of 2# % w*i(* !i)%" # #i of& &* &o &*% w*ol%. A& &*% "#2% &i2%, i& 2 "& % (o f%""%+ &*#& *% *#" o&3 o(%%+%+ i *i" i i i%" wi&* &*% (# &io &*#& "o + 3*ilo"o3*$ "%%2" &o

% i %. Hi" (o (l "io " # % of&% w# # &%+ $ *i" 3 %2i"%". H% f#il""o2%&i2%" i %2o)i ! &*% o %(&io " w*i(* *% *i2"%lf i !" fo w# +. H% %li%"&oo 2 (* o !% % #l # + # "& #(& 3 o3o"i&io " w*i(* will o& #+2i& of#33li(#&io . A + *i" (o %(& %" (% &#i l$ f# o &"& i3 &*% 2o+%"&$ of #& %.

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T*% "$"&%2 of % #li&$ w*i(* / 0o+wi 3 o3o"%" i", wi&*o & +o &, $ f# &*%2o"& %# &if l # + % !#!i ! of # $ &*#& *#" $%& #33%# %+. A #2%lio #&io of"o(i%&$ &o % 3 o+ (%+ 2% %l$ $ %#"o # + (o )i(&io w%# " 2 (* 2o % &*%3 o2i"% of 3% 2# % (% &*# # $ (*# !% %ff%(&%+ # + 2#i &#i %+ $ fo (%. T*%

li2i&%+ %:% (i"% of 3 i)#&% +!%2% & i" # +o(& i % i %:3 %""i l$ ! # + # +(#3&i)#&i ! # + *#" # )#"& " 3% io i&$ o)% &*o"% "$"&%2" w*% % %)% $ i +i)i+ #li" i # 2# % &*% "l#)% of &*% 3 li(. T*% " "&i& &io of % %)ol% (% #" &*%2#"&% -"3 i ! # + 2o)i ! 3 i (i3l% of "o(i%&$, i "&%#+ of "%lf-lo)%, i" #(o " 22#&io +%)o &l$ &o % wi"*%+. I "*o &, i& i" i23o""i l% &o (o &%23l#&%&*% w*ol% of &*i" f#i "& (& % wi&*o & %2o&io " of +%li!*& # + #+2i #&io ,#((o23# i%+ wi&* # +% & lo !i ! fo &*% 3% io+ of i&" #((o23li"*2% &. 4 &, #l#"G&*#& 2o2% & (# %)% # i)%. T*% w*ol% i" li&&l% %&&% &*# # + %#2, #

%# &if l 3*# &o2 of &*% i2#!i #&io . T*%"% '!o !%o " 3#l#(%"' of *#33i %"" # +i22o &#li&$, &*%"% '"ol%2 &%23l%"' of & &* # + )i & % will +i""ol)%, 'li % &*%

#"%l%"" f# i( of # )i"io ', w*% w% #w# % &o %#l lif% # + (o &%23l#&% &*%& % # + !% i % "i& #&io of 2# o %# &*. / 0o+wi , #& &*% (o (l "io of &*%&*i + (*#3&% of *i" %i!*&* oo , "3%# i ! of 3o3 l#&io , "#$"

T*% % i" # 3 i (i3l% i * 2# "o(i%&$, $ w*i(* 3o3 l#&io i" 3% 3%& #ll$ %3&+ow &o &*% l%)%l of &*% 2%# " of " "i"&% (%. T* " #2o ! &*% w# +% i ! & i %"of A2% i(# # + A"i#, w% %)% fi + &* o !* &*% l#3"% of #!%" &*#& 3o3 l#&io *#""o i ( %#"%+ #" &o % +% %(%""# $ &*% ( l&i)#&io of &*% %# &*.

T*i" 3 i (i3l%, w*i(* / 0o+wi &* " 2% &io " #" "o2% 2$"&% io " # + o(( l&(# "% # + w*i(* *% +o%" o& #&&%23& &o i )%"&i!#&%, will % fo + &o % &*%! i +i ! l#w of %(%""i&$, 2i"% $, # + &*% f%# of 2i"% $.

T*% ! %#& % o +% w*i(* / 0o+wi l# o " &* o !*o & *i" w*ol% wo i" &*%#&& i &i ! #l2o"& #ll &*% )i(%" # + 2i"% $ &*#& # % "%% i (i)il "o(i%&$ &o* 2# i "&i& &io ". Poli&i(#l %! l#&io " # + &*% %"&# li"*%+ #+2i i"& #&io of3 o3% &$ # % wi&* *i2 &*% f i&f l "o (%" of #ll %)il, &*% *o& %+" of #ll &*%( i2%" &*#& +%! #+% 2# i +. =% % &*i" %#ll$ # & % "&#&% of &*% (#"%, i& wo l+

o& "%%2 # *o3%l%"" &#" &o %2o)% %)il (o23l%&%l$ f o2 &*% wo l+, # + %#"o"%%2" &o % &*% 3 o3% # + #+% #&% i "& 2% & fo %ff%(&i ! "o ! %#& # 3 3o"%.4 & &*% & &* i", &*#& &*o !* * 2# i "&i& &io " #33%# &o % &*% o )io " # +o & "i)% (# "%" of 2 (* 2i"(*i%f &o 2# i +, $%& i %#li&$ &*%$ # % li!*& # +" 3% fi(i#l, &*%$ # % 2% % f%#&*% " &*#& flo#& o &*% " f#(%, i (o23# i"owi&* &*o"% +%%3% "%#&%+ (# "%" of i23 i&$ &*#& (o 3& &*% "3 i !" # + % +%& i+ &*% w*ol% "& %#2 of * 2# lif%.

/ 0o+wi , i *i" (*#3&% o &*% % %fi&" #&&% +# & o # "$"&%2 of % #li&$,"#$"

T*% "3i i& of o33 %""io , &*% "3i i& of "% )ili&$, # + &*% "3i i& of f # +,&*%"% # % &*% i22%+i#&% ! ow&* of &*% %"&# li"*%+ #+2i i"& #&io of 3 o3% &$.

T*%$ # % #li % *o"&il% &o i &%ll%(& #l i23 o)%2% &. T*% o&*% )i(%" of % )$,2#li(%, # + %)% !% # % &*%i i "%3# # l% (o23# io ". I # "&#&% of "o(i%&$w*% % 2% li)%+ i &*% 2i+"& of 3l% &$ # + w*% % #ll "*# %+ #li % &*% o &i%"of #& %, &*%"% "% &i2% &" wo l+ i %)i&# l$ %:3i %. T*% # ow 3 i (i3l% of"%lfi"* %"" wo l+ )# i"*. No 2# %i ! o li!%+ &o ! # + *i" li&&l% "&o % o3 o)i+% wi&* # :i%&$ # + 3#i fo *i" %"&l%"" w# &", %#(* wo l+ lo"% *i"i +i)i+ #l %:i"&% (% i &*% &*o !*& of &*% !% % #l !oo+. No 2# wo l+ % #% %2$ &o *i" %i!* o , fo &*%$ wo l+ *#)% o " %(& of (o &% &io , # +, of(o "% % (%, 3*il# &* o3$ wo l+ %" 2% &*% %23i % w*i(* %#"o #""i! " *% . /i +wo l+ % +%li)% %+ f o2 *% 3% 3%& #l # :i%&$ # o & (o 3o #l " 33o &, # + f %%

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&o %:3#&i#&% i &*% fi%l+ of &*o !*&, w*i(* i" (o !% i#l &o *% . E#(* wo l+#""i"& &*% i i i%" of #ll.

T*i" wo l+, i +%%+, % # *#33$ "&#&%. 4 & &*#& i& i" 2% %l$ # i2#!i # $3i(& %, wi&* "(# (%l$ # f%#& % %# &*% & &*, &*% %#+% , I #2 #f #i+, i"#l %#+$ &oo w%ll (o )i (%+.

/# (# o& li)% i &*% 2i+"& of 3l% &$. All (# o& "*# % #li % &*% o &i%" of#& %. =% % &*% % o %"&# li"*%+ #+2i i"& #&io of 3 o3% &$, %)% $ 2# wo l+ %

o li!%+ &o ! # + wi&* fo (% *i" li&&l% "&o %. S%lfi"* %"" wo l+ % & i 23*# &.T*% " %(&" of (o &% &io wo l+ % 3% 3%& #l. E)% $ i +i)i+ #l 2i + wo l+ %

+% # (o "&# & # :i%&$ # o & (o 3o #l " 33o &, # + o& # "i !l% i &%ll%(&wo l+ % l%f& f %% &o %:3#&i#&% i &*% fi%l+ of &*o !*&.

How li&&l% / 0o+wi *#" & %+ &*% #&&% &io of *i" 3% %& #&i ! 2i + &o &*%%#l "&#&% of 2# o %# &* will " ffi(i% &l$ #33%# f o2 &*% 2# % i w*i(* *%

% +%#)o " &o %2o)% &*% +iffi( l&$ of # o)% (*# !%+ 3o3 l#&io . H% "#$"

T*% o )io " # "w% &o &*i" o %(&io , i", &*#& &o %#"o &* " i" &o fo %"%%+iffi( l&i%" #& # ! %#& +i"&# (%. T* %% fo &*" of &*% *# i&# l% !lo % i" ow

( l&i)#&%+. T*% 3# &" #l %#+$ ( l&i)#&%+ # % (#3# l% of i22%#" # l%i23 o)%2% &. /$ i#+" of (% & i%" of "&ill i ( %#"i ! 3o3 l#&io 2#$ 3#"" #w#$,# + &*% %# &* % "&ill fo + " ffi(i% & fo &*% " "i"&% (% of i&" i *# i&# &".

I *#)% #l %#+$ 3oi &%+ o & &*% % o of " 33o"i ! &*#& o +i"& %"" # ++iffi( l&$ wo l+ # i"% f o2 # o)% (*# !%+ 3o3 l#&io %fo % &*% %# &*# "ol &%l$ %f "%+ &o 3 o+ (% # $ 2o %. 4 & l%& " i2#!i % fo # 2o2% & /0o+wi '" %# &if l "$"&%2 of % #li&$ %#li;%+ i i&" &2o"& 3 i&$, # + "%% *ow"oo &*i" +iffi( l&$ 2i!*& % %:3%(&%+ &o 3 %"" +% "o 3% f%(& # fo 2 of"o(i%&$. A &*%o $ &*#& will o& #+2i& of #33li(#&io (# o& 3o""i l$ % "&.

L%& " " 33o"% #ll &*% (# "%" of 2i"% $ # + )i(% i &*i" i"l# + %2o)%+. =# # +

(o &% &io (%#"%. U w*ol%"o2% & #+%" # + 2# f#(&o i%" +o o& %:i"&. C ow+" olo !% (oll%(& &o!%&*% i ! %#& # + 3%"&il% & (i&i%" fo 3 3o"%" of (o &i & i! %, of (o22% (%, # + )i(io " ! #&ifi(#&io ". Si23l%, *%#l&*$, # + #&io #l#2 "%2% &" &# % 3l#(% of + i i !, !#2i !, # + +% # (*% $. T*% % # % o &ow "" ffi(i% &l$ l# !% &o *#)% # $ 3 % +i(i#l %ff%(&" o &*% * 2# (o "&i& &io .T*% ! %#&% 3# & of &*% *#33$ i *# i&# &" of &*i" &% %"& i#l 3# #+i"% li)% i*#2l%&" # + f# 2*o "%" "(#&&% %+ o)% &*% f#(% of &*% (o & $. E)% $ *o "% i"(l%# , #i $, " ffi(i% &l$ oo2$, # + i # *%#l&*$ "i& #&io . All 2% # % % #l.T*% l# o " of l : $ # % #& % +. A + &*% %(%""# $ l# o " of #! i( l& % # %"*# %+ #2i(# l$ #2o ! #ll. T*% 2 % of 3% "o ", # + &*% 3 o+ (% of &*% i"l# +,w% " 33o"% &o % &*% "#2% #" #& 3 %"% &. T*% "3i i& of % %)ol% (%, ! i+%+ $i23# &i#l "&i(%, will +i)i+% &*i" 3 o+ (% #2o ! #ll &*% 2%2 % " of &*% "o(i%&$#((o +i ! &o &*%i w# &". T*o !* i& wo l+ % i23o""i l% &*#& &*%$ "*o l+ #ll

*#)% # i2#l foo+ %)% $ +#$, $%& )%!%&# l% foo+, wi&* 2%#& o((#"io #ll$, wo l+"#&i"f$ &*% +%"i %" of # f !#l 3%o3l% # + wo l+ % " ffi(i% & &o 3 %"% )% &*%2i *%#l&*, "& % !&*, # + "3i i&".

/ 0o+wi (o "i+% " 2# i#!% #" # f # + # + # 2o o3ol$. L%& " " 33o"% &*%(o22% (% of &*% "%:%" %"&# li"*%+ 3o 3 i (i3l%" of &*% 2o"& 3% f%(& f %%+o2./ 0o+wi +o%" o& &*i *i2"%lf &*#& &*i" f %%+o2 wo l+ l%#+ &o # 3 o2i"( o "i &% (o "%, # + i &*i" I 3% f%(&l$ #! %% wi&* *i2. T*% lo)% of )# i%&$ i" #)i(io ", (o 3&, # + #& #l &#"&% # + (o l+ o& 3 %)#il i # $ ! %#& +%! %%i # "i23l% # + )i & o " "&#&% of "o(i%&$. E#(* 2# wo l+ 3 o # l$ "%l%(&

?1



*i2"%lf # 3# & % , &o w*o2 *% wo l+ #+*% % #" lo ! #" &*#& #+*% % (% (o &i %+&o % &*% (*oi(% of o&* 3# &i%". I& wo l+ % of li&&l% (o "% % (%, #((o +i !&o / 0o+wi , *ow 2# $ (*il+ % # wo2# *#+ o &o w*o2 &*%$ %lo !%+. P o)i"io "# + #""i"&# (% wo l+ "3o &# %o "l$ flow f o2 &*% # &% i w*i(* &*%$ # o +%+,&o &*% # &% &*#& w#" +%fi(i% &. 6S%% 4 @III, (*. 85 i &*% &*i + %+i&io ,@ol II, 3. 1< A + %)% $ 2# wo l+ % %#+$ &o f i"* i "& (&io &o &*%

i"i ! !% % #&io #((o +i ! &o *i" (#3#(i&$.

I (# o& (o (%i)% # fo 2 of "o(i%&$ "o f#)o # l% 3o &*% w*ol% &o 3o3 l#&io .T*% i %2%+i# l% %"" of 2# i#!%, #" i& i" #& 3 %"% & (o "&i& &%+, +o &%+l$+%&% " 2# $ f o2 % &% i ! i &o &*#& "&#&%. A "*#( l%+ i &% (o "% o &*%(o & # $ wo l+ % # 2o"& 3ow% f l i (i&%2% & &o %# l$ #&&#(*2% &", # + #" w% # %" 33o"i ! o # :i%&$ # o & &*% f & % " 33o & of (*il+ % &o %:i"&, I +o o&(o (%i)% &*#& &*% % wo l+ % o % wo2# i # * + %+, of &w% &$-&* %%, wi&*o & #f#2il$.

=i&* &*%"% %:& #o +i # $ % (o #!%2% &" &o 3o3 l#&io , # + %)% $ (# "% of+%3o3 l#&io , #" w% *#)% " 33o"%+, %2o)%+, &*% 2 % " wo l+ %(%""# il$i ( %#"% f#"&% &*# i # $ "o(i%&$ &*#& *#" %)% $%& %% ow . I *#)%2% &io %+, o &*% # &*o i&$ of # 3#23*l%& 3 li"*%+ $ # D S&$l%" # + %f% %+&o $ D P i(%, &*#& &*% i *# i&# &" of &*% #( "%&&l%2% &" of A2% i(# +o l%+&*%i 2 % " i fif&%% $%# ". E !l# + i" (% &#i l$ # 2o % *%#l&*$ (o & $ &*#&*% #( "%&&l%2% &" of A2% i(#, # + #" w% *#)% " 33o"%+ %)% $ *o "% i &*%i"l# + &o % #i $ # + w*ol%"o2%, # + &*% % (o #!%2% &" &o *#)% # f#2il$ ! %#&%%)% &*# wi&* &*% #( "%&&l% ", o 3 o # l% %#"o (# % #""i! %+ w*$ &*%3o3 l#&io "*o l+ o& +o l% i&"%lf i l%"", if 3o""i l%, &*# fif&%% $%# ".4 & &o % i&% " % &*#& w% +o o& !o %$o + &*% & &*, w% will o l$ " 33o"%&*% 3% io+ of +o li ! &o % &w% &$-fi)% $%# ", # #&io of i ( %#"% w*i(* i"w%ll ow &o *#)% &# % 3l#(% &* o !*o & #ll &*% No &*% S&#&%" of A2% i(#.

T*% % (# % li&&l% +o & &*#& &*% % #li;#&io of 3 o3% &$ w*i(* w% *#)%" 33o"%+, #++%+ &o &*% (i ( 2"&# (% of &*% l# o of &*% w*ol% (o22 i&$ %i !+i %(&%+ (*i%fl$ &o #! i( l& %, wo l+ &% + ! %#&l$ &o # !2% & &*% 3 o+ (% of

&*% (o & $. 4 & &o # "w% &*% +%2# +" of # 3o3 l#&io i ( %#"i ! "o #3i+l$, /0o+wi '" (#l( l#&io of *#lf # *o # +#$ fo %#(* 2# wo l+ (% &#i l$ o& %" ffi(i% &. I& i" 3 o # l% &*#& &*% *#lf of %)% $ 2# '" &i2% 2 "& % %23lo$%+fo &*i" 3 3o"%. Y%& wi&* " (*, o 2 (* ! %#&% %:% &io ", # 3% "o w*o i"#( #i &%+ wi&* &*% #& % of &*% "oil i &*i" (o & $, # + w*o %fl%(&" o &*%f% &ili&$ of &*% l# +" #l %#+$ i ( l&i)#&io , # + &*% # % %"" of &*o"% &*#&# % o& ( l&i)#&%+, will % )% $ 2 (* +i"3o"%+ &o +o & w*%&*% &*% w*ol%#)% #!% 3 o+ (% (o l+ 3o""i l$ % +o l%+ i &w% &$-fi)% $%# " f o2 &*% 3 %"% &3% io+. T*% o l$ (*# (% of " ((%"" wo l+ % &*% 3lo !*i ! 3 #ll &*% ! #;i !(o & i%" # + 3 &&i ! # % + #l2o"& % &i %l$ &o &*% "% of # i2#l foo+. Y%& #3# & of &*i" "(*%2% 2i!*& +%f%#& i&"%lf. T*% "oil of E !l# + will o& 3 o+ (%2 (* wi&*o & + %""i !, # + (#&&l% "%%2 &o % %(%""# $ &o 2# % &*#& "3%(i%" of2# % w*i(* %"& " i&" &*% l# +. I C*i # i& i" "#i+ &*#& &*% "oil i "o2% of

&*% 3 o)i (%" i" "o f% &il% #" &o 3 o+ (% &wo ( o3" of i(% i &*% $%# wi&*o &+ %""i !. No % of &*% l# +" i E !l# + will # "w% &o &*i" +%"( i3&io .

Diffi( l&, *ow%)% , #" i& 2i!*& % &o +o l% &*% #)% #!% 3 o+ (% of &*% i"l# +i &w% &$-fi)% $%# ", l%& " " 33o"% i& %ff%(&%+. A& &*% %:3i #&io of &*% fi "&3% io+ &*% %fo %, &*% foo+, &*o !* #l2o"& % &i %l$ )%!%&# l%, wo l+ %" ffi(i% & &o " 33o & i *%#l&* &*% +o l%+ 3o3 l#&io of fo &%% 2illio ".

D i ! &*% %:& 3% io+ of +o li !, w*% % will &*% foo+ % fo + &o "#&i"f$ &*%i23o & #&% +%2# +" of &*% i ( %#"i ! 2 % " =*% % i" &*% f %"* l# + &o &

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3 =*% % i" &*% + %""i ! %(%""# $ &o i23 o)% &*#& w*i(* i" #l %#+$ i( l&i)#&io T*% % i" o 3% "o wi&* &*% "2#ll%"& owl%+!% of l# + & wo l+"#$ &*#& i& w#" i23o""i l% &*#& &*% #)% #!% 3 o+ (% of &*% (o & $ (o l+ %i ( %#"%+ + i ! &*% "%(o + &w% &$-fi)% $%# " $ # # &i&$ % #l &o w*#& i& #&3 %"% & $i%l+". Y%& w% will " 33o"% &*i" i ( %#"%, *ow%)% i23 o # l%, &o &# %3l#(%. T*% %: % # & "& % !&* of &*% # ! 2% & #llow" of #l2o"& # $ (o (%""io .E)% wi&* &*i" (o (%""io , *ow%)% , &*% % wo l+ % "%)% 2illio " #& &*%%:3i #&io of &*% "%(o + &% 2 3 o)i+%+ fo . A # &i&$ of foo+ % #l &o &*%f !#l " 33o & of &w% &$-o % 2illio ", wo l+ % &o % +i)i+%+ #2o ! &w% &$-%i!*&2illio ".

Al#"G w*#& %(o2%" of &*% 3i(& % w*% % 2% li)%+ i &*% 2i+"& of 3l% &$, w*% %o 2# w#" o li!%+ &o 3 o)i+% wi&* # :i%&$ # + 3#i fo *i" %"&l%"" w# &",

w*% % &*% # ow 3 i (i3l% of "%lfi"* %"" +i+ o& %:i"&, w*% % /i + w#"+%li)% %+ f o2 *% 3% 3%& #l # :i%&$ # o & (o 3o #l " 33o & # + f %% &o%:3#&i#&% i &*% fi%l+ of &*o !*& w*i(* i" (o !% i#l &o *% . T*i" %# &if lf# i( of i2#!i #&io )# i"*%" #& &*% "%)% % &o (* of & &*. T*% "3i i& of

% %)ol% (%, (*% i"*%+ # + i )i!o #&%+ $ 3l% &$, i" %3 %""%+ $ &*% (*illi !%#&* of w# &. T*% *#&%f l 3#""io " &*#& *#+ )# i"*%+ %#33%# . T*% 2i!*&$ l#w

of "%lf-3 %"% )#&io %:3%l" #ll &*% "of&% # + 2o % %:#l&%+ %2o&io " of &*%"o l. T*% &%23&#&io " &o %)il # % &oo "& o ! fo * 2# #& % &o %"i"&. T*%(o i" 3l ( %+ %fo % i& i" i3%, o "%( %&%+ i f#i 3 o3o &io ", # + &*%w*ol% l#( & #i of )i(%" &*#& %lo ! &o f#l"%*oo+ # % i22%+i#&%l$ !% % #&%+.P o)i"io " o lo !% flow i fo &*% " 33o & of &*% 2o&*% wi&* # l# !% f#2il$.T*% (*il+ % # % "i( l$ f o2 i " ffi(i% & foo+. T*% o"$ fl "* of *%#l&* !i)%"3l#(% &o &*% 3#lli+ (*%% # + *ollow %$% of 2i"% $. 4% %)ol% (%, $%& li !% i !i # f%w o"o2", 2# %" "o2% f#i & %:3i i ! "& !!l%", &ill #& l% !&* "%lf-lo)%

%" 2%" *i" wo &%+ %23i % # + lo +" i& & i 23*# & o)% &*% wo l+.

No * 2# i "&i& &io " *% % %:i"&%+, &o &*% 3% )% "% %"" of w*i(* / 0o+wi#"( i %" &*% o i!i #l "i of &*% wo "& 2% . 64 @III, (*. >5 i &*% &*i +%+i&io , @ol. II, 3. ?B< No o33o"i&io *#+ %% 3 o+ (%+ $ &*%2 %&w%% 3 li(# + 3 i)#&% !oo+. No 2o o3ol$ *#+ %% ( %#&%+ of &*o"% #+)# &#!%" w*i(* %#"o

+i %(&" &o % l%f& i (o22o . No 2# *#+ %% !o#+%+ &o &*% %#(* of o +% $"& l#w". 4% %)ol% (% *#+ %"&# li"*%+ *% %i! i #ll *%# &" # + $%& i "o

"*o & # 3% io+ #" wi&*i fif&$ $%# ", )iol% (%, o33 %""io , f#l"%*oo+, 2i"% $,%)% $ *#&%f l )i(%, # + %)% $ fo 2 of +i"& %"", w*i(* +%! #+% # + "#++% &*%3 %"% & "&#&% of "o(i%&$, "%%2 &o *#)% %% !% % #&%+ $ &*% 2o"& i23% io "(i ( 2"&# (%", $ l#w" i *% % & i &*% #& % of 2# , # + # "ol &%l$ i +%3% +% &of i& * 2# %! l#&io ".

If w% # % o& $%& &oo w%ll (o )i (%+ of &*% %#li&$ of &*i" 2%l# (*ol$ 3i(& %,l%& " & loo fo # 2o2% & i &o &*% %:& 3% io+ of &w% &$-fi)% $%# "5 # + w%"*#ll "%% &w% &$-%i!*& 2illio " of * 2# %i !" wi&*o & &*% 2%# " of " 33o &5# + %fo % &*% (o (l "io of &*% fi "& (% & $, &*% 3o3 l#&io wo l+ % o %* + %+ # + &w%l)% 2illio ", # + &*% foo+ o l$ " ffi(i% & fo &*i &$-fi)%

2illio ", l%#)i ! "%)% &$-"%)% 2illio " 3 o)i+%+ fo . I &*%"% #!%" w# &wo l+ % i +%%+ & i 23*# &, # + #3i % # + 2 +% 2 "& %i! #& l# !% # + $%&#ll &*i" &i2% w% # % " 33o"i ! &*% 3 o+ (% of &*% %# &* # "ol &%l$ li2i&%+,# + &*% $%# l$ i ( %#"% ! %#&% &*# &*% ol+%"& "3%( l#&o (# i2#!i %.

T*i" i" +o &%+l$ # )% $ +iff% % & )i%w of &*% +iffi( l&$ # i"i ! f o23o3 l#&io f o2 &*#& w*i(* / 0o+wi !i)%", w*% *% "#$", '/$ i#+" of (% & i%"of "&ill i ( %#"i ! 3o3 l#&io 2#$ 3#"" #w#$, # + &*% %# &* % "&ill fo +" ffi(i% & fo &*% " "i"&% (% of i&" i *# i&# &".'

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I #2 " ffi(i% &l$ #w# % &*#& &*% %+ +# & &w% &$-%i!*& 2illio ", o "%)% &$-"%)% 2illio ", &*#& I *#)% 2% &io %+, (o l+ %)% *#)% %:i"&%+. I& i" #3% f%(&l$ "& o "% )#&io of / 0o+wi , &*#&, 'T*% % i" # 3 i (i3l% i * 2#"o(i%&$, $ w*i(* 3o3 l#&io i" 3% 3%& #ll$ %3& +ow &o &*% l%)%l of &*% 2%# "of " "i"&% (%.' T*% "ol% %"&io i", w*#& i" &*i" 3 i (i3l% i" i& "o2%o "( % # + o(( l& (# "% I" i& "o2% 2$"&% io " i &% f% % (% of *%#)% w*i(*, #&# (% &#i 3% io+, "& i %" &*% 2% wi&* i23o&% (%, # + &*% wo2% wi&* # % %""O i" i& # (# "%, o3% &o o %"%# (*%", wi&*i o )i%w, # (# "%, w*i(* *#"(o "&# &l$ %% o "% )%+ &o o3% #&%, &*o !* wi&* )# i%+ fo (%, i %)% $ "&#&% iw*i(* 2# *#" %% 3l#(%+ I" i& o& # +%! %% of 2i"% $, &*% %(%""# $ # +i %)i&# l% %" l& of &*% l#w" of #& %, w*i(* * 2# i "&i& &io ", "o f# f o2#!! #)#&i !, *#)% &% +%+ (o "i+% # l$ &o 2i&i!#&%, &*o !* &*%$ %)% (# %2o)%

I& 2#$ % ( io " &o o "% )%, i &*% (#"% &*#& w% *#)% %% " 33o"i !, *ow "o2%of &*% l#w" w*i(* #& 3 %"% & !o)% (i)ili;%+ "o(i%&$, wo l+ % " ((%""i)%l$+i(&#&%+ $ &*% 2o"& i23% io " %(%""i&$. A" 2# , #((o +i ! &o / 0o+wi , i" &*%( %#& % of &*% i23 %""io " &o w*i(* *% i" " %(&, &*% !o#+i !" of w# & (o l+

o& (o &i % lo !, %fo % "o2% )iol#&io " of 3 li( o 3 i)#&% "&o( wo l+%(%""# il$ &# % 3l#(%. A" &*%"% )iol#&io " i ( %#"%+ i 2 % # + %:&% &, &*%

2o % #(&i)% # + (o23 %*% "i)% i &%ll%(&" of &*% "o(i%&$ wo l+ "oo 3% (%i)%,&*#& w*il% 3o3 l#&io w#" f#"& i ( %#"i !, &*% $%# l$ 3 o+ (% of &*% (o & $wo l+ "*o &l$ %!i &o +i2i i"*. T*% !% ($ of &*% (#"% wo l+ " !!%"& &*%

%(%""i&$ of "o2% 2%+i#&% 2%#" %" &o % &# % fo &*% !% % #l "#f%&$. So2% i +of (o )% &io wo l+ &*% % (#ll%+, # + &*% +# !% o " "i& #&io of &*% (o & $"&#&%+ i &*% "& o !%"& &% 2". I& wo l+ % o "% )%+, &*#& w*il% &*%$ li)%+ i&*% 2i+"& of 3l% &$, i& w#" of li&&l% (o "% % (% w*o l# o %+ &*% l%#"&, o w*o3o""%""%+ &*% l%#"&, #" %)% $ 2# w#" 3% f%(&l$ willi ! # + %#+$ &o " 33l$ &*%w# &" of *i" %i!* o . 4 & &*#& &*% %"&io w#" o lo !% w*%&*% o % 2#"*o l+ !i)% &o # o&*% &*#& w*i(* *% +i+ o& "% *i2"%lf, & w*%&*% *% "*o l+!i)% &o *i" %i!* o &*% foo+ w*i(* w#" # "ol &%l$ %(%""# $ &o *i" ow%:i"&% (%. I& wo l+ % %3 %"% &%+, &*#& &*% 2 % of &*o"% &*#& w% % i w# &)% $ ! %#&l$ %:(%%+%+ &*% 2 % # + 2%# " of &*o"% w*o "*o l+ " 33l$ &*%25 &*#&

&*%"% 3 %""i ! w# &", w*i(* f o2 &*% "&#&% of &*% 3 o+ (% of &*% (o & $ (o l+o& #ll % ! #&ifi%+, *#+ o((#"io %+ "o2% fl#! # & )iol#&io " of "&i(%5 &*#&

&*%"% )iol#&io " *#+ #l %#+$ (*%( %+ &*% i ( %#"% of foo+, # + wo l+, if &*%$w% % o& $ "o2% 2%# " o o&*% 3 %)% &%+, &* ow &*% w*ol% (o22 i&$ i(o f "io 5 &*#& i23% io " %(%""i&$ "%%2%+ &o +i(&#&% &*#& # $%# l$ i ( %#"% of3 o+ (% "*o l+, if 3o""i l%, % o &#i %+ #& #ll %)% &"5 &*#& i o +% &o %ff%(&&*i" fi "&, ! %#&, # + i +i"3% "# l% 3 3o"%, i& wo l+ % #+)i"# l% &o 2# % #2o % (o23l%&% +i)i"io of l# +, # + &o "%( % %)% $ 2# '" "&o( #!#i "&)iol#&io $ &*% 2o"& 3ow% f l "# (&io ", %)% $ +%#&* i&"%lf.

I& 2i!*& % !%+ 3% *#3" $ "o2% o %(&o " &*#&, #" &*% f% &ili&$ of &*% l# +i ( %#"%+, # + )# io " #((i+% &" o(( %+, &*% "*# % of "o2% 2% 2i!*& % 2 (*2o % &*# " ffi(i% & fo &*%i " 33o &, # + &*#& w*% &*% %i! of "%lf-lo)% w#"

o (% %"&# li"*%+, &*%$ wo l+ o& +i"& i &% &*%i " 3l " 3 o+ (% wi&*o & "o2%(o23% "#&io i %& . I& wo l+ % o "% )%+, i # "w% , &*#& &*i" w#" #i (o )% i% (% ! %#&l$ &o % l#2% &%+5 & &*#& i& w#" # %)il w*i(* o % o(o23# i"o &o &*% l#( & #i of +i"& %""%" &*#& wo l+ i %)i&# l$ % o((#"io %+

$ &*% i "%( i&$ of 3 o3% &$5 &*#& &*% # &i&$ of foo+ w*i(* o % 2# (o l+(o " 2% w#" %(%""# il$ li2i&%+ $ &*% # ow (#3#(i&$ of &*% * 2# "&o2#(*5&*#& i& w#" o& (% &#i l$ 3 o # l% &*#& *% "*o l+ &* ow #w#$ &*% %"&5 & &*#&%)% if *% %:(*# !%+ *i" " 3l " foo+ fo &*% l# o of o&*% ", # + 2#+% &*%2 i"o2% +%! %% +%3% +% & o *i2, &*i" wo l+ "&ill % %&&% &*# &*#& &*%"% o&*% ""*o l+ # "ol &%l$ "&# )%.

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I& "%%2" *i!*l$ 3 o # l%, &*% %fo %, &*#& # #+2i i"& #&io of 3 o3% &$, o&)% $ +iff% % & f o2 &*#& w*i(* 3 %)#il" i (i)ili;%+ "&#&%" #& 3 %"% &, wo l+ %%"&# li"*%+, #" &*% %"&, &*o !* i #+% #&%, %2%+$ fo &*% %)il" w*i(* w% %3 %""i ! o &*% "o(i%&$.

T*% %:& " %(& &*#& wo l+ (o2% +% +i"( ""io , i &i2#&%l$ (o %(&%+ wi&* &*%3 %(%+i !, i" &*% (o22% (% %&w%% &*% "%:%". I& wo l+ % !%+ $ &*o"% w*o *#+& %+ &*%i #&&% &io &o &*% & % (# "% of &*% +iffi( l&i%" +% w*i(* &*%(o22 i&$ l# o %+, &*#& w*il% %)% $ 2# f%l& "%( % &*#& #ll *i" (*il+ % wo l+

% w%ll 3 o)i+%+ fo $ !% % #l % %)ol% (%, &*% 3ow% " of &*% %# &* wo l+ %# "ol &%l$ i #+% #&% &o 3 o+ (% foo+ fo &*% 3o3 l#&io w*i(* wo l+ i %)i&# l$% " %5 &*#& %)% if &*% w*ol% #&&% &io # + l# o of &*% "o(i%&$ w% % +i %(&%+&o &*i" "ol% 3oi &, # + if, $ &*% 2o"& 3% f%(& "%( i&$ of 3 o3% &$, # + %)% $o&*% % (o #!%2% & &*#& (o l+ % &*o !*& of, &*% ! %#&%"& 3o""i l% i ( %#"% of3 o+ (% w% % $%# l$ o &#i %+5 $%& "&ill, &*#& &*% i ( %#"% of foo+ wo l+ $ o2%# " %%3 3#(% wi&* &*% 2 (* 2o % #3i+ i ( %#"% of 3o3 l#&io 5 &*#& "o2% (*%(&o 3o3 l#&io &*% %fo % w#" i23% io "l$ (#ll%+ fo 5 &*#& &*% 2o"& #& #l # +o )io " (*%( "%%2%+ &o % &o 2# % %)% $ 2# 3 o)i+% fo *i" ow (*il+ % 5 &*#&&*i" wo l+ o3% #&% i "o2% %"3%(& #" # 2%#" % # + ! i+% i &*% i ( %#"% of3o3 l#&io , #" i& 2i!*& % %:3%(&%+ &*#& o 2# wo l+ i ! %i !" i &o &*%wo l+, fo w*o2 *% (o l+ o& fi + &*% 2%# " of " 33o &5 &*#& w*% % &*i"

o&wi&*"&# +i ! w#" &*% (#"%, i& "%%2%+ %(%""# $, fo &*% %:#23l% of o&*% ",&*#& &*% +i"! #(% # + i (o )% i% (% #&&% +i ! " (* # (o + (& "*o l+ f#ll 3o&*% i +i)i+ #l, w*o *#+ &* " i (o "i+% #&%l$ 3lU !%+ *i2"%lf # + i o(% &(*il+ % i 2i"% $ # + w# &.

T*% i "&i& &io of 2# i#!%, o #& l%#"&, of "o2% %:3 %"" o i23li%+ o li!#&ioo %)% $ 2# &o " 33o & *i" ow (*il+ % , "%%2" &o % &*% #& #l %" l& of&*%"% %#"o i !" i # (o22 i&$ +% &*% +iffi( l&i%" &*#& w% *#)% " 33o"%+.

T*% )i%w of &*%"% +iffi( l&i%" 3 %"% &" " wi&* # )% $ #& #l o i!i of &*%" 3% io +i"! #(% w*i(* #&&% +" # %#(* of (*#"&i&$ i &*% wo2# &*# i &*%

2# . I& (o l+ o& % %:3%(&%+ &*#& wo2% "*o l+ *#)% %"o (%" " ffi(i% & &o" 33o & &*%i ow (*il+ % . =*% &*% %fo % # wo2# w#" (o %(&%+ wi&* # 2# , w*o*#+ % &% %+ i &o o (o23#(& &o 2#i &#i *% (*il+ % , # +, #w# % of &*%i (o )% i% (%" &*#& *% 2i!*& i ! 3o *i2"%lf, *#+ +%"% &%+ *% , &*%"%(*il+ % 2 "& %(%""# il$ f#ll fo " 33o & 3o &*% "o(i%&$, o "&# )%. A + &o3 %)% & &*% f % % & %( % (% of " (* # i (o )% i% (%, #" i& wo l+ % *i!*l$

"& &o 3 i"* "o #& #l # f# l& $ 3% "o #l %"& #i & o i fli(&io , &*% 2%2i!*& #! %% &o 3 i"* i& wi&* +i"! #(%. T*% off% (% i" %"i+%" 2o % o )io " # +(o "3i( o " i &*% wo2# , # + l%"" li# l% &o # $ 2i"&# %. T*% f#&*% of # (*il+2#$ o& #lw#$" % ow , & &*% "#2% (% &#i &$ (# o& %#"il$ %:i"& wi&*

%!# + &o &*% 2o&*% . =*% % &*% %)i+% (% of &*% off% (% w#" 2o"& (o23l%&%, # +&*% i (o )% i% (% &o &*% "o(i%&$ #& &*% "#2% &i2% &*% ! %#&%"&, &*% % i& w#"#! %%+ &*#& &*% l# !% "*# % of l#2% "*o l+ f#ll. T*% o li!#&io o %)% $ 2# &o

2#i &#i *i" (*il+ % , &*% "o(i%&$ wo l+ % fo (%, if &*% % w% % o((#"io 5 # +&*% ! %#&% +%! %% of i (o )% i% (% o l# o , &o w*i(* # f#2il$ wo l+%(%""# il$ " %(& *i2, #++%+ &o "o2% 3o &io of +i"! #(% w*i(* %)% $ * 2#%i ! 2 "& i ( w*o l%#+" # o&*% i &o *#33i %"", 2i!*& % (o "i+% %+ #" #

" ffi(i% & 3 i"*2% & fo &*% 2# .

T*#& # wo2# "*o l+ #& 3 %"% & % #l2o"& + i)% f o2 "o(i%&$ fo # off% (%w*i(* 2% (o22i& %# l$ wi&* i23 i&$, "%%2" &o % +o &%+l$ # %#(* of

#& #l "&i(%. 4 & &*% o i!i of &*% ( "&o2, #" &*% 2o"& o )io " # + %ff%(& #l2%&*o+ of 3 %)% &i ! &*% f % % & %( % (% of # "% io " i (o )% i% (% &o #

?



3o3 l#&io "2#ll% , # + &*% i ( %#"% of 3 o+ (% ! %#&% , &*# &*%$ %#ll$ wo l+%. No %#"o (# % #""i! %+ w*$, +% &*% (i ( 2"&# (%" I *#)% " 33o"%+,

3o3 l#&io "*o l+ o& i ( %#"% f#"&% &*# i # $ ow i "&# (%. If &*% w%w% % &o &# % &*% 3% io+ of +o li ! #& fif&%% $%# ", i "&%#+ of &w% &$-fi)%$%# ", # + %fl%(& 3o &*% l# o %(%""# $ &o +o l% &*% 3 o+ (% i "o "*o & #&i2%, %)% if w% #llow i& 3o""i l%, w% 2#$ )% & % &o 3 o o (% wi&* (% &#i &$&*#& if / 0o+wi '" "$"&%2 of "o(i%&$ w#" %"&# li"*%+ i i&" &2o"& 3% f%(&io ,i "&%#+ of 2$ i#+" of (% & i%", o& &*i &$ $%# " (o l+ %l#3"% %fo % i&" &&%+%"& (&io f o2 &*% "i23l% 3 i (i3l% of 3o3 l#&io .

I *#)% &# % o o&i(% of %2i! #&io fo o )io " %#"o ". If " (* "o(i%&i%" w% %i "&i& &%+ i o&*% 3# &" of E o3%, &*%"% (o & i%" wo l+ % +% &*% "#2%+iffi( l&i%" wi&* %!# + &o 3o3 l#&io , # + (o l+ #+2i& o f %"* 2%2 % " i &o&*%i o"o2". If &*i" %# &if l "o(i%&$ w% % (o fi %+ &o &*i" i"l# +, i& 2 "&*#)% +%!% % #&%+ "& # !%l$ f o2 i&" o i!i #l 3 i&$, # + #+2i i"&% & # )% $"2#ll 3o &io of &*% *#33i %"" i& 3 o3o"%+5 i "*o &, i&" %""% &i#l 3 i (i3l%2 "& % (o23l%&%l$ +%"& o$%+, %fo % # $ of i&" 2%2 % " wo l+ )ol &# il$(o "% & &o l%#)% i&, # + li)% +% " (* !o)% 2% &" #" #& 3 %"% & %:i"& iE o3%, o " 2i& &o &*% %:& %2% *# +"*i3" of fi "& "%&&l% " i %w %!io ". =%w%ll ow, f o2 %3%#&%+ %:3% i% (%, *ow 2 (* 2i"% $ # + *# +"*i3 2% will

+% !o i &*%i ow (o & $, %fo % &*%$ (# +%&% 2i % &o +%"% & i&5 # + *owof&% &*% 2o"& &%23&i ! 3 o3o"#l" of %2 # i ! fo %w "%&&l%2% &" *#)% %%

% %(&%+ $ 3%o3l% w*o #33%# %+ &o % #l2o"& "&# )i !.

?7



CHAPTER 11 Mr odwin s con?ecture concerning the future e$tinction of the passion betweenthe se$es - Little apparent grounds for such a con?ecture - 'assion of love notinconsistent either with reason or virtue.

=E *#)% " 33o &%+ / 0o+wi '" "$"&%2 of "o(i%&$ o (% (o23l%&%l$ %"&# li"*%+. 4 &i& i" " 33o"i ! # i23o""i ili&$. T*% "#2% (# "%" i #& % w*i(* wo l+ +%"& o$i& "o #3i+l$, w% % i& o (% %"&# li"*%+, wo l+ 3 %)% & &*% 3o""i ili&$ of i&"%"&# li"*2% &. A + 3o w*#& ! o +" w% (# 3 %" 2% # (*# !% i &*%"% #& #l(# "%", I #2 &&% l$ #& # lo"" &o (o %(& %. No 2o)% &ow# +" &*% %:&i (&io of&*% 3#""io %&w%% &*% "%:%" *#" &# % 3l#(% i &*% fi)% o "i: &*o "# + $%# "&*#& &*% wo l+ *#" %:i"&%+. /% i &*% +%(li % of lif% *#)% i #ll #!%"+%(l#i2%+ #!#i "& # 3#""io w*i(* &*%$ *#)% (%#"%+ &o f%%l, & wi&* #" li&&l%

%#"o #" " ((%"". T*o"% w*o f o2 (ol+ %"" of (o "&i& &io #l &%23% #2% & *#)%%)% f%l& w*#& lo)% i", will " %l$ % #llow%+ &o % )% $ i (o23%&% & +!%"

wi&* %!# + &o &*% 3ow% of &*i" 3#""io &o (o & i &% &o &*% " 2 of 3l%#" # l%"% "#&io " i lif%. T*o"% w*o *#)% "3% & &*%i $o &* i ( i2i #l %:(%""%" # +*#)% 3 %3# %+ fo &*%2"%l)%", #" &*% (o2fo &" of &*%i #!%, (o 3o %#l +% ili&$# + 2% &#l %2o "% 2#$ w%ll i )%i!* #!#i "& " (* 3l%#" %" #" )#i # + f &il%,# + 3 o+ (&i)% of l#"&i ! "#&i"f#(&io . 4 & &*% 3l%#" %" of 3 % lo)% will

%# &*% (o &%23l#&io of &*% 2o"& i23 o)%+ %#"o , # + &*% 2o"& %:#l&%+ )i & %.P% *#3" &*% % i" "(# (%l$ # 2# w*o *#" o (% %:3% i% (%+ &*% !% i % +%li!*& of)i & o " lo)%, *ow%)% ! %#& *i" i &%ll%(& #l 3l%#" % 2#$ *#)% %% , &*#& +o%"

o& loo #( &o &*% 3% io+ #" &*% " $ "3o& i *i" w*ol% lif%, w*% % *i"i2#!i #&io lo)%" &o #" , w*i(* *% %(oll%(&" # + (o &%23l#&%" wi&* &*% fo +%"&

%! %&", # + w*i(* *% wo l+ 2o"& wi"* &o li)% o)% #!#i . T*% " 3% io i&$ ofi &%ll%(& #l &o "% " #l 3l%#" %" (o "i"&" #&*% i &*%i filli ! 3 2o % &i2%,i &*%i *#)i ! # l# !% # !%, # + i &*%i %i ! l%"" li# l% &o "#&i%&$, &*#i &*%i %i ! 2o % %#l # + %""% &i#l.

I &%23% # (% i %)% $ % o$2% & +%f%#&" i&" ow 3 3o"%. A w#l i &*% fi %"&+#$ &* o !* &*% 2o"& %# &if l (o & $, if 3 " %+ &oo f# , % +" i 3#i # +

f#&i! %. T*% 2o"& w*ol%"o2% # + i )i!o #&i ! foo+, %#&% wi&* # %"& #i %+#33%&i&%, 3 o+ (%" w%# %"" i "&%#+ of "& % !&*. E)% i &%ll%(& #l 3l%#" %",&*o !* (% &#i l$ l%"" li# l% &*# o&*% " &o "#&i%&$, 3 " %+ wi&* &oo li&&l%i &% 2i""io , +% ili&#&% &*% o+$, # + i23#i &*% )i!o of &*% 2i +. To # ! %#!#i "& &*% %#li&$ of &*%"% 3l%#" %" f o2 &*%i # "% "%%2" &o % *# +l$ "&./o #li&$, #((o +i ! &o / 0o+wi , i" # (#l( l#&io of (o "% % (%", o , #"A (*+%#(o P#l%$ )% $ "&l$ %:3 %""%" i&, &*% will of 0o+, #" (oll%(&%+ f o2!% % #l %:3%+i% ($. A((o +i ! &o %i&*% of &*%"% +%fi i&io ", # "% " #l 3l%#" %

o& #&&% +%+ wi&* &*% 3 o # ili&$ of *#33$ (o "% % (%" +o%" o& off% +#!#i "& &*% l#w" of 2o #li&$, # + if i& % 3 " %+ wi&* " (* # +%! %% of&%23% # (% #" &o l%#)% &*% 2o"& #23l% oo2 fo i &%ll%(& #l #&&#i 2% &", i& 2 "&

+o &%+l$ #++ &o &*% " 2 of 3l%#" # l% "% "#&io " i lif%. @i & o " lo)%,%:#l&%+ $ f i% +"*i3, "%%2" &o % &*#& "o & of 2i:& % of "% " #l # +

i &%ll%(& #l % o$2% & 3# &i( l# l$ " i&%+ &o &*% #& % of 2# , # + 2o"&3ow% f ll$ (#l( l#&%+ &o #w# % &*% "$23#&*i%" of &*% "o l, # + 3 o+ (% &*% 2o"&%: i"i&% ! #&ifi(#&io ".

/ 0o+wi "#$", i o +% &o "*%w &*% %)i+% & i f% io i&$ of &*% 3l%#" %" of"% "%, 'S& i3 &*% (o22% (% of &*% "%:%" of #ll i&" #&&% +# & (i ( 2"&# (%", # +i& wo l+ % !% % #ll$ +%"3i"%+' 64 . I, (*. 5 i &*% &*i + %+i&io , @ol. I, 33.71-7< . H% 2i!*& #" w%ll "#$ &o # 2# w*o #+2i %+ & %%" "& i3 &*%2 of &*%i"3 %#+i ! # (*%" # + lo)%l$ foli#!%, # + w*#& %# &$ (# $o "%% i # # %3ol% 4 & i& w#" &*% & %% wi&* &*% # (*%" # + foli#!%, # + o& wi&*o & &*%2,

?8



&*#& %:(i&%+ #+2i #&io . O % f%#& % of # o %(& 2#$ % #" +i"&i (&, # + %:(i&%#" +iff% % & %2o&io ", f o2 &*% #!! %!#&% #" # $ &wo &*i !" &*% 2o"& %2o&%, #"# %# &if l wo2# , # + # 2#3 of /#+#!#"(# . I& i" '&*% "$22%& $ of 3% "o , &*%)i)#(i&$, &*% )ol 3& o " "of& %"" of &%23% , &*% #ff%(&io #&% i + %"" off%%li !", &*% i2#!i #&io # + &*% wi&' of # wo2# &*#& %:(i&% &*% 3#""io oflo)%, # + o& &*% 2% % +i"&i (&io of *% %i ! f%2#l%. U !%+ $ &*% 3#""io oflo)%, 2% *#)% %% + i)% i &o #(&" *i!*l$ 3 % +i(i#l &o &*% !% % #l i &% %"&"of "o(i%&$, & 3 o # l$ &*%$ wo l+ *#)% fo + o +iffi( l&$ i %"i"&i ! &*%&%23&#&io , *#+ i& #33%# %+ i &*% fo 2 of # wo2# wi&* o o&*% #&& #(&io "w*#&%)% & *% "%:. To "& i3 "% " #l 3l%#" %" of #ll &*%i #+ (&", i o +%&o 3 o)% &*%i i f% io i&$, i" &o +%3 i)% # 2#! %& of "o2% of i&" 2o"& %""% &i#l(# "%" of #&& #(&io , # + &*% &o "#$ &*#& i& i" w%# # + i %ffi(i% &.

I &*% 3 " i& of %)% $ % o$2% &, w*%&*% "% " #l o i &%ll%(& #l, %#"o , &*#&f#( l&$ w*i(* % # l%" " &o (#l( l#&% (o "% % (%", i" &*% 3 o3% (o %(&i)% # +! i+%. I& i" 3 o # l% &*% %fo % &*#& i23 o)%+ %#"o will #lw#$" &% + &o 3 %)% &&*% # "% of "% " #l 3l%#" %", &*o !* i& $ o 2%# " follow" &*#& i& will%:&i ! i"* &*%2.

I *#)% % +%#)o %+ &o %:3o"% &*% f#ll#($ of &*#& # ! 2% & w*i(* i f% " #li2i&%+ 3 o! %"" f o2 # 3# &i#l i23 o)%2% &, &*% li2i&" of w*i(* (# o& %

%:#(&l$ #"(% &#i %+. I& *#" #33%# %+, I &*i , &*#& &*% % # % 2# $ i "&# (%" iw*i(* # +%(i+%+ 3 o! %"" *#" %% o "% )%+, w*% % $%& i& wo l+ % # ! o""# " +i&$ &o " 33o"% &*#& 3 o! %"" i +%fi i&%. 4 & &ow# +" &*% %:&i (&io of &*%3#""io %&w%% &*% "%:%", o o "% )# l% 3 o! %"" w*#&%)% *#" *i&*% &o %%2#+%. To " 33o"% " (* # %:&i (&io , &*% %fo %, i" 2% %l$ &o off% # fo +%+(o %(& %, " 33o &%+ $ # $ 3*ilo"o3*i(#l 3 o # ili&i%".

I& i" # & &*, w*i(* *i"&o $ I #2 #f #i+ 2# %" &oo (l%# , &*#& "o2% 2% of &*%*i!*%"& 2% &#l 3ow% " *#)% %% #++i(&%+ o& o l$ &o # 2o+% #&%, & %)% &o #i22o+% #&% i + l!% (% i &*% 3l%#" %" of "% " #l lo)%. 4 & #llowi !, #" I"*o l+ % i (li %+ &o +o, o&wi&*"&# +i ! 2% o " i "&# (%" &o &*% (o & # $,&*#& ! %#& i &%ll%(& #l %:% &io " &% + &o +i2i i"* &*% %23i % of &*i" 3#""io

o)% 2# , i& i" %)i+% & &*#& &*% 2#"" of 2# i + 2 "& % i23 o)%+ 2o % *i!*l$&*# &*% i!*&%"& o #2% &" of &*% "3%(i%" #& 3 %"% & %fo % # $ +iff% % (% (#&# % 3l#(% " ffi(i% & "% "i l$ &o #ff%(& 3o3 l#&io . I wo l+ $ o 2%# " " 33o"%&*#& &*% 2#"" of 2# i + *#" %#(*%+ i&" &% 2 of i23 o)%2% &, & &*% 3 i (i3#l# ! 2% & of &*i" %""#$ &% +" &o 3l#(% i # "& o ! 3oi & of )i%w &*%i23 o # ili&$ &*#& &*% low% (l#""%" of 3%o3l% i # $ (o & $ "*o l+ %)% %" ffi(i% &l$ f %% f o2 w# & # + l# o &o o &#i # $ *i!* +%! %% of i &%ll%(& #li23 o)%2% &.

CHAPTER 12

Mr odwin s con?ecture concerning the indefinite prolongation of human life -

/mproper inference drawn from the effects of mental stimulants on the humanframe, illustrated in various instances - )on?ectures not founded on anyindications in the past not to be considered as philosophical con?ectures - Mr

odwin s and Mr )ondorcet s con?ecture respecting the approach of man towardsimmortality on earth, a curious instance of the inconsistency of scepticism.

/R 0OD=IN'S (o %(& % %"3%(&i ! &*% f & % #33 o#(* of 2# &ow# +" i22o &#li&$o %# &* "%%2" &o % #&*% o++l$ 3l#(%+ i # (*#3&% w*i(* 3 of%""%" &o %2o)%&*% o %(&io &o *i" "$"&%2 of % #li&$ f o2 &*% 3 i (i3l% of 3o3 l#&io . U l%""

?9



*% " 33o"%" &*% 3#""io %&w%% &*% "%:%" &o +%( %#"% f#"&% &*# &*% + #&ioof lif% i ( %#"%", &*% %# &* wo l+ % 2o % % ( 2 % %+ &*# %)% . 4 & l%#)i !&*i" +iffi( l&$ &o / 0o+wi , l%& " %:#2i % # f%w of &*% #33%# # (%" f o2 w*i(*&*% 3 o # l% i22o &#li&$ of 2# i" i f% %+.

To 3 o)% &*% 3ow% of &*% 2i + o)% &*% o+$, / 0o+wi o "% )%" How of&% +ow% fi + # 3i%(% of !oo+ %w" +i""i3#&i ! # +i"&%23% How (o22o i" &*% %2#&*#& &*o"% #((i+% &" w*i(* # % &o &*% i +ol% & # "o (% of +i"%#"% # % fo !o&&%# + %:&i 3#&%+ i &*% "$ # + #(&i)% I w#l &w% &$ 2il%" i # i +ol% & # +*#lf +%&% 2i %+ &%23% # + #2 %:& %2%l$ f#&i! %+. I w#l &w% &$ 2il%" f ll of# +o , # + wi&* # 2o&i)% &*#& % ! o""%" 2$ "o l, # + I (o2% i #" f %"* # + #"#l% & #" w*% I %!# 2$ o %$. E2o&io %:(i&%+ $ "o2% %:3%(&%+ wo +, $ #l%&&% &*#& i" +%li)% %+ &o ", o((#"io " &*% 2o"& %:& #o +i # $ %)ol &io " io f #2%, #((%l% #&%" &*% (i ( l#&io , (# "%" &*% *%# & &o 3#l3i&#&%, &*%&o ! % &o %f "% i&" offi(%, # + *#" %% ow &o o((#"io +%#&* $ %:& %2%# ! i"* o %:& %2% o$. T*% % i" o&*i ! i +%%+ of w*i(* &*% 3*$"i(i# i" 2o %#w# % &*# of &*% 3ow% of &*% 2i + i #""i"&i ! o %#+i ! (o )#l%"(% (%.

T*% i "&# (%" *% % 2% &io %+ # % (*i%fl$ i "&# (%" of &*% %ff%(&" of 2% &#l"&i2 l# &" o &*% o+il$ f #2%. No 3% "o *#" %)% fo # 2o2% & +o &%+ &*%

%# , &*o !* 2$"&% io ", (o %(&io of 2i + # + o+$. 4 & i& i" # ! i ! &o&#ll$wi&*o & owl%+!% of &*% #& % of "&i2 l# &" &o " 33o"%, %i&*% &*#& &*%$ (#

% #33li%+ (o &i #ll$ wi&* % #l "& % !&*, o if &*%$ (o l+ % "o #33li%+, fo# &i2%, &*#& &*%$ wo l+ o& %:*# "& # + w%# o & &*% " %(&. I "o2% of &*%(#"%" *% % o&i(%+, &*% "& % !&* of &*% "&i2 l " +%3% +" 3o i&" o)%l&$ # +

%:3%(&%+ %"". S (* # "&i2 l " (# o&, f o2 i&" #& %, % %3%#&%+ of&% wi&*&*% "#2% %ff%(&, #" i& wo l+ $ %3%&i&io lo"% &*#& 3 o3% &$ w*i(* !i)%" i& i&""& % !&*.

I &*% o&*% (#"%", &*% # ! 2% & i" f o2 # "2#ll # + 3# &i#l %ff%(&, &o # ! %#&# + !% % #l %ff%(&, w*i(* will i 2 % l%"" i "&# (%" % fo + &o % # )% $f#ll#(io " 2o+% of %#"o i !. T*% "$ # + #(&i)% 2# 2#$ i "o2% +%! %%(o &% #(&, o w*#& i" 3% *#3" %# % &*% & &*, 2#$ +i" %!# + &*o"% "li!*&

+i"o +% " of f #2% w*i(* fi: &*% #&&% &io of # 2# w*o *#" o&*i ! %l"% &o&*i of5 & &*i" +o%" o& &% + &o 3 o)% &*#& #(&i)i&$ of 2i + will % # l% #2# &o +i" %!# + # *i!* f%)% , &*% "2#ll3o:, o &*% 3l#! %.

T*% 2# w*o w#l " &w% &$ 2il%" wi&* # 2o&i)% &*#& % ! o""%" *i" "o l +o%" o&#&&% + &o *i" "li!*& f#&i! % of o+$ w*% *% (o2%" i 5 & +o l% *i" 2o&i)%,# + "%& *i2 &o w#l # o&*% &w% &$ 2il%", #+ 3l% i&, # + l%& *i2 "&# & #&*i + &i2%, # + "o o 5 # + &*% l% !&* of *i" w#l will l&i2#&%l$ +%3% + 3o2 "(l% # + o& 2i +. Pow%ll, fo # 2o&i)% of &% ! i %#", wo l+ *#)% w#l %+f &*% 3 o # l$ &*# / 0o+wi , fo # 2o&i)% of *#lf # 2illio . A 2o&i)% of

(o22o 3ow% #(&i ! 3o # f #2% of 2o+% #&% "& % !&* wo l+, 3% *#3", 2# % &*%2# ill *i2"%lf $ *i" %:% &io ", & i& wo l+ o& 2# % *i2 w#l # * + %+2il%" i &w% &$-fo *o ". T*i" "&#&%2% & of &*% (#"% "*%w" &*% f#ll#($ of

" 33o"i ! &*#& &*% 3% "o w#" %#ll$ o& #& #ll &i %+ i *i" fi "& w#l of&w% &$ 2il%", %(# "% *% +i+ o& #33%# &o % "o, o , 3% *#3", "(# (%l$ f%l& # $f#&i! % *i2"%lf. T*% 2i + (# o& fi: i&" #&&% &io "& o !l$ o 2o % &*# o %o %(& #& o (%. T*% &w% &$ &*o "# + 3o +" "o % ! o""%+ *i" &*o !*&" &*#& *% +i+

o& #&&% + &o # $ "li!*& "o % %"" of foo&, o "&iff %"" of li2 . 4 & *#+ *% %%%#ll$ #" f %"* # + #" #l% &, #" w*% *% fi "& "%& off, *% wo l+ % # l% &o !o

&*% "%(o + &w% &$ 2il%" wi&* #" 2 (* %#"% #" &*% fi "&, # + "o o , &*% &*i +,(. =*i(* l%#+" &o # 3#l3# l% # " +i&$. =*% # *o "% of "3i i& i" %# l$ *#lf

&i %+, $ &*% "&i2 l " of &*% "3 , #++%+ &o &*% 3 o3% 2# #!%2% & of &*% i&,*% 2#$ % 3 & "o 2 (* 3o *i" 2%&&l%, &*#& *% wo l+ #33%# &o # "&# +% $, #"



f %"* # + #" *i!* "3i i&%+ #" if *% *#+ o& !o % # 2il%. N#$, 3 o # l$, &*%*o "% *i2"%lf, w*il% i &*% *%#& # + 3#""io o((#"io %+ $ &*i" "&i2 l ", wo l+

o& f%%l # $ f#&i! %5 & i& wo l+ % "& # !%l$ (o & # $ &o #ll %#"o # +%:3% i% (%, &o # ! % f o2 " (* # #33%# # (% &*#&, if &*% "&i2 l " w% %(o &i %+, &*% *o "% wo l+ %)% % &i %+. T*% ( $ of # 3#( of *o +" will 2# %"o2% *o "%", #f&% # o %$ of fo &$ 2il%" o &*% o#+, #33%# #" f %"*, # + #"li)%l$, #" w*% &*%$ fi "& "%& o &. =% % &*%$ &*% &o % * &%+, o 3% (%3&i l%# #&%2% & wo l+ #& fi "& % f%l& $ &*%i i+% " i &*%i "& % !&* # + "3i i&",

& &ow# +" &*% % + of # *# + +#$, &*% 3 %)io " f#&i! % wo l+ *#)% i&" f llw%i!*& # + %ff%(&, # + 2# % &*%2 &i % "oo % . =*% I *#)% &# % # lo ! w#l wi&*2$ ! , # + 2%& wi&* o " ((%"", I *#)% f % % &l$ %& %+ *o2% f%%li ! #(o "i+% # l% +%! %% of (o2fo &# l% %"" f o2 f#&i! %. A o&*% +#$, 3% *#3",!oi ! o)% %# l$ &*% "#2% %:&% & of ! o + wi&* # !oo+ +%#l of "3o &, I *#)%(o2% *o2% f %"*, # + #l% &. T*% +iff% % (% i &*% "% "#&io of f#&i! % 3o(o2i ! i , o &*% +iff% % & +#$", 2#$ *#)% %% )% $ "& i i !, & o &*%followi ! 2o i !" I *#)% fo + o " (* +iff% % (%. I *#)% o& 3% (%i)%+ &*#& Iw#" l%"" "&iff i 2$ li2 ", o l%"" foo&"o %, o &*% 2o i ! #f&% &*% +#$ of&*% "3o &, &*# o &*% o&*% 2o i !.

I #ll &*%"% (#"%", "&i2 l# &" 3o &*% 2i + "%%2 &o #(& #&*% $ &# i ! off&*% #&&% &io f o2 &*% o+il$ f#&i! %, &*# $ %#ll$ # + & l$ (o &% #(&i !i&. If &*% % % !$ of 2$ 2i + *#+ %#ll$ (o &% #(&%+ &*% f#&i! % of 2$ o+$, w*$"*o l+ I f%%l &i %+ &*% %:& 2o i ! if &*% "&i2 l " of &*% *o +" *#+ #"(o23l%&%l$ o)% (o2% &*% f#&i! % of &*% o %$ i %#li&$, #" i& +i+ i#33%# # (%, w*$ "*o l+ &*% *o "% % &i %+ "oo % &*# if *% *#+ o& !o % &*%fo &$ 2il%" I *#33% &o *#)% # )% $ #+ fi& of &*% &oo&*#(*% #& &*% &i2% I #2w i&i ! &*i". I &*% %#!% %"" of (o23o"i&io , I %)% $ ow # + &*% , fo #2o2% & o &wo, fo !%& i&. Y%& I (# o& *%l3 &*i i ! &*#& &*% 3 o(%"", w*i(*(# "%" &*% 3#i , i" "&ill !oi ! fo w# +", # + &*#& &*% % )%" w*i(* (# $ &*%i fo 2#&io of i& &o &*% #i # % %)% + i ! &*%"% 2o2% &" +%2# +i ! #&&% &io# + oo2 fo &*%i #33 o3 i#&% )i #&io ". T*% 2 l&i3li(i&$ of )i #&io " of# o&*% i + 2#$ 3% *#3" 3 %)% & &*%i #+2i""io , o o)% (o2% &*%2 fo # &i2%w*% #+2i&&%+, &ill # "*oo& of %:& #o +i # $ % % !$ 3 &" #ll o&*% )i #&io &o

&*% o &, +%"& o$" &*% )i)i+ %"" of 2$ # ! 2% &#&i)% (o (%3&io ", # + i+%"& i 23*# & i &*% #i . I &*i" (#"%, #" i &*% o&*% ", &*% 2i + "%%2" &o *#)%li&&l% o o 3ow% i (o &% #(&i ! o ( i ! &*% +i"o +% , & 2% %l$ 3o""%""%"# 3ow% , if "& o !l$ %:(i&%+, of fi:i ! i&" #&&% &io o o&*% " %(&".

I +o o&, *ow%)% , 2%# &o "#$ &*#& # "o + # + )i!o o " 2i + *#" o &% +% ($w*#&%)% &o %%3 &*% o+$ i # "i2il# "&#&%. So (lo"% # + i &i2#&% i" &*% ioof 2i + # + o+$ &*#& i& wo l+ % *i!*l$ %:& #o +i # $ if &*%$ +i+ o& 2 & #ll$#""i"& %#(* o&*% '" f (&io ". 4 &, 3% *#3", 3o # (o23# i"o , &*% o+$ *#"2o % %ff%(& 3o &*% 2i + &*# &*% 2i + 3o &*% o+$. T*% fi "& o %(& of &*%2i + i" &o #(& #" 3 )%$o &o &*% w# &" of &*% o+$. =*% &*%"% w# &" # %(o23l%&%l$ "#&i"fi%+, # #(&i)% 2i + i" i +%%+ #3& &o w# +% f &*% , &o # !%o)% &*% fi%l+" of "(i% (%, o "3o & i &*% %!io " of. I2#!i #&io , &o f# ($

&*#& i& *#" '"* ffl%+ off &*i" 2o &#l (oil', # + i" "%% i ! i&" i + %+ %l%2% &.4 & #ll &*%"% %ffo &" # % li % &*% )#i %:% &io " of &*% *# % i &*% f# l%. T*%"lowl$ 2o)i ! &o &oi"%, &*% o+$, %)% f#il" &o o)% &# % &*% 2i +, *ow%)%wi+%l$ # + %:&% "i)%l$ i& 2#$ *#)% # !%+, # + &*% i!*&%"& # + 2o"& % % !%&i(i &%ll%(&", willi !l$ #" &*%$ 2#$ #&&% + &o &*% fi "& o "%(o + " 22o ", 2 "&

l&i2#&%l$ $i%l+ &*% %23i % of &*% #i &o &*% (#ll" of * !% , o "i wi&*&*% %:*# "&%+ o+$ i "l%%3.

I& "%%2" #" if o % 2i!*& "#$ wi&* (% &#i &$ &*#& if # 2%+i(i % (o l+ % fo + &oi22o &#li;% &*% o+$ &*% % wo l+ % o f%# of i&" o&K %i ! #((o23# i%+ $

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&*% i22o &#li&$ of &*% 2i +. 4 & &*% i22o &#li&$ of &*% 2i + $ o 2%# " "%%2"&o i f% &*% i22o &#li&$ of &*% o+$. O &*% (o & # $, &*% ! %#&%"& (o (%i)# l%% % !$ of 2i + wo l+ 3 o # l$ %:*# "& # + +%"& o$ &*% "& % !&* of &*% o+$. A&%23% #&% )i!o of 2i + #33%# " &o % f#)o # l% &o *%#l&*, & )% $ ! %#&i &%ll%(& #l %:% &io " &% + #&*% , #" *#" %% of&% o "% )%+, &o w%# o & &*%"(# # +. /o"& of &*% i "&# (%" w*i(* / 0o+wi *#" o !*& &o 3 o)% &*% 3ow%of &*% 2i + o)% &*% o+$, # + &*% (o "% % & 3 o # ili&$ of &*% i22o &#li&$ of2# , # % of &*i" l#&&% +%"( i3&io , # + (o l+ " (* "&i2 l# &" % (o &i #ll$#33li%+, i "&%#+ of &% +i ! &o i22o &#li;%, &*%$ wo l+ &% + )% $ #3i+l$ &o+%"& o$ &*% * 2# f #2%.

T*% 3 o # l% i ( %#"% of &*% )ol &# $ 3ow% of 2# o)% *i" # i2#l f #2% (o2%"%:& +% / 0o+wi '" (o "i+% #&io , # + *% (o (l +%" $ "#$i !, &*#& &*%

)ol &# $ 3ow% of "o2% 2% , i &*i" %"3%(&, i" fo + &o %:&% + &o )# io "# &i(l%" i w*i(* o&*% 2% # % i23o&% &. 4 & &*i" i" %#"o i ! #!#i "& ##l2o"& i)% "#l l% f o2 # f%w %:(%3&io "5 # + &*%"% %:(%3&io " "%%2 &o %

#&*% & i( ", &*# 3ow% " &*#& 2#$ % %:% &%+ &o # $ !oo+ 3 3o"%. I *#)% %)%*%# + of # $ 2# w*o (o l+ %! l#&% *i" 3 l"% i # f%)% , # + +o & 2 (*, if # $of &*% 3% "o " *% % #ll +%+ &o *#)% 2#+% &*% "2#ll%"& 3% (%3&i l% 3 o! %"" i&*% %! l# (o %(&io of &*% +i"o +% " of &*%i f #2%" # + &*% (o "% % &3 olo !#&io of &*%i li)%".

/ 0o+wi "#$", 'No&*i ! (# % 2o % 3*ilo"o3*i(#l &*# &o (o (l +%, &*#&,%(# "% # (% &#i "3%(i%" of 3ow% i" %$o + &*% & #i of o 3 %"% &

o "% )#&io , &*#& i& i" %$o + &*% li2i&" of &*% * 2# 2i +.' I ow 2$ i+%#" of3*ilo"o3*$ # % i &*i" %"3%(& wi+%l$ +iff% % & f o2 / 0o+wi '". T*% o l$+i"&i (&io &*#& I "%%, %&w%% # 3*ilo"o3*i(#l (o %(& %, # + &*% #""% &io "of &*% P o3*%& / 4 o&*% ", i", &*#& o % i" fo +%+ 3o i +i(#&io " # i"i !f o2 &*% & #i of o 3 %"% & o "% )#&io ", # + &*% o&*% *#" o fo +#&io #&#ll. I %:3%(& &*#& ! %#& +i"(o)% i%" # % $%& &o &# % 3l#(% i #ll &*% # (*%"of * 2# "(i% (%, 3# &i( l# l$ i 3*$"i("5 & &*% 2o2% & w% l%#)% 3#"&%:3% i% (% #" &*% fo +#&io of o (o %(& %" (o (% i ! &*% f & %, # +,"&ill 2o %, if o (o %(& %" # "ol &%l$ (o & #+i(& 3#"& %:3% i% (%, w% # %

&* ow 3o # wi+% fi%l+ of (% &#i &$, # + # $ o % " 33o"i&io i" &*% "& #"!oo+ #" # o&*% . If # 3% "o w% % &o &%ll 2% &*#& 2% wo l+ l&i2#&%l$ *#)% %$%"# + *# +" %*i + &*%2 #" w%ll #" %fo % &*%2, I "*o l+ #+2i& &*% "%f l %"" of&*% #++i&io , & "*o l+ !i)% #" # %#"o fo 2$ +i" %li%f of i&, &*#& I "#w oi +i(#&io " w*#&%)% i &*% 3#"& f o2 w*i(* I (o l+ i f% &*% "2#ll%"&3 o # ili&$ of " (* # (*# !%. If &*i" % o& #llow%+ # )#li+ o %(&io , #ll(o %(& %" # % #li %, # + #ll % #ll$ 3*ilo"o3*i(#l. I ow i& #33%# " &o 2%&*#& i &*% & #i of o 3 %"% & o "% )#&io ", &*% % # % o 2o % !% i %i +i(#&io " &*#& 2# will %(o2% i22o &#l 3o %# &* &*# &*#& *% will *#)% fo%$%" # + fo *# +", o &*#& & %%" will ! ow *o i;o &#ll$ i "&%#+ of3% 3% +i( l# l$.

I& will % "#i+, 3% *#3", &*#& 2# $ +i"(o)% i%" *#)% #l %#+$ &# % 3l#(% i &*%

wo l+ &*#& w% % &o&#ll$ fo %"%% # + %:3%(&%+. T*i" I ! # & &o % & %5 &if # 3% "o *#+ 3 %+i(&%+ &*%"% +i"(o)% i%" wi&*o & %i ! ! i+%+ $ # $# #lo!i%" o i +i(#&io " f o2 3#"& f#(&", *% wo l+ +%"% )% &*% #2% of "%% o3 o3*%&, & o& of 3*ilo"o3*% . T*% wo +% &*#& "o2% of o 2o+% +i"(o)% i%"wo l+ %:(i&% i &*% "#)#!% i *# i&# &" of E o3% i &*% &i2%" of T*%"% " # +A(*ill%", 3 o)%" & li&&l%. P% "o " #l2o"& % &i %l$ #( #i &%+ wi&* &*%3ow% " of # 2#(*i % (# o& % %:3%(&%+ &o ! %"" #& i&" %ff%(&". I #2 f# f o2"#$i !, &*#& w% # % #& 3 %"% & $ # $ 2%# " f ll$ #( #i &%+ wi&* &*% 3ow% " of&*% * 2# 2i +5 & w% (% &#i l$ ow 2o % of &*i" i "& 2% & &*# w#" owfo &*o "# + $%# " #!o5 # + &*% %fo %, &*o !* o& &o % (#ll%+ (o23%&% &

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3% 3%& #l 2o&io 5 $%& o % i" &o " # 2o"& f#2ili# 3i%(% of 2%(*# i"2, # + &*%o&*% *#" (o "&# &l$ %l +%+ &*% %ffo &" of &*% 2o"& #( &% i &%ll%(&". I 2# $i "&# (%" w% # % ow # l% &o 3% (%i)% &*% (# "%", w*i(* 3 %)% & # li2i&%+i23 o)%2% & i &*o"% i )% &io ", w*i(* "%%2%+ &o 3 o2i"% f#i l$ fo i& #& fi "&.T*% o i!i #l i23 o)% " of &%l%"(o3%" wo l+ 3 o # l$ &*i , &*#& #" lo ! #" &*%"i;% of &*% "3%( l# # + &*% l% !&* of &*% & %" (o l+ % i ( %#"%+, &*% 3ow% "# + #+)# &#!%" of &*% i "& 2% & wo l+ i ( %#"%5 & %:3% i% (% *#" "i (% &# !*&

", &*#& &*% "2#ll %"" of &*% fi%l+, &*% +%fi(i% ($ of li!*&, # + &*%(i ( 2"&# (% of &*% #&2o"3*% % %i ! 2#! ifi%+, 3 %)% & &*% % %fi(i#l %" l&"&*#& w% % &o % %:3%(&%+ f o2 &%l%"(o3%" of %:& #o +i # $ "i;% # + 3ow% . I2# $ 3# &" of owl%+!%, 2# *#" %% #l2o"& (o "&# &l$ 2# i ! "o2% 3 o! %""5 io&*% 3# &", *i" %ffo &" *#)% %% i )# i# l$ #ffl%+. T*% "#)#!% wo l+ o&3 o # l$ % # l% &o ! %"" #& &*% (# "%" of &*i" 2i!*&$ +iff% % (%. O f &*%%:3% i% (% *#" !i)% " "o2% li&&l% i "i!*& i &o &*%"% (# "%", # + *#" &*% %fo %% # l%+ " %&&% &o +!%, if o& of w*#& w% # % &o %:3%(& i f & %, #& l%#"&of w*#& w% # % o& &o %:3%(&, w*i(*, &*o !* %!#&i)%, i" # )% $ "%f l 3i%(% ofi fo 2#&io .

A" &*% %(%""i&$ of "l%%3 "%%2" #&*% &o +%3% + 3o &*% o+$ &*# &*% 2i +, i&+o%" o& #33%# *ow &*% i23 o)%2% & of &*% 2i + (# &% + )% $ ! %#&l$ &o" 3% "%+% &*i" '(o "3i( o " i fi 2i&$'.> A 2# w*o $ ! %#& %:(i&%2% &" o *i"2i + i" # l% &o 3#"" &wo o &* %% i!*&" wi&*o & "l%%3, 3 o3o &io # l$ %:*# "&"&*% )i!o of *i" o+$, # + &*i" +i2i &io of *%#l&* # + "& % !&* will "oo+i"& &*% o3% #&io " of *i" +% "&# +i !, "o &*#& $ &*%"% ! %#& %ffo &" *%#33%# " &o *#)% 2#+% o %#l 3 o! %"" w*#&%)% i " 3% "%+i ! &*% %(%""i&$ of&*i" "3%(i%" of %"&.

T*% % i" (% &#i l$ # " ffi(i% &l$ 2# %+ +iff% % (% i &*% )# io " (*# #(&% " ofw*i(* w% *#)% "o2% owl%+!%, %l#&i)% &o &*% % % !i%" of &*%i 2i +", &*%i

% %)ol% & 3 " i&", %&(., &o % # l% " &o +!% w*%&*% &*% o3% #&io " ofi &%ll%(& *#)% # $ +%(i+%+ %ff%(& i 3 olo !i ! &*% + #&io of * 2# lif%. I&

i" (% &#i &*#& o +%(i+%+ %ff%(& of &*i" i + *#" $%& %% o "% )%+. T*o !* o#&&% &io of # $ i + *#" %)% 3 o+ (%+ " (* # %ff%(& #" (o l+ % (o "& %+i &o &*% "2#ll%"& "%2 l# (% of # #33 o#(* &ow# +" i22o &#li&$, $%& of &*% &wo,# (% &#i #&&% &io &o &*% o+$ "%%2" &o *#)% 2o % %ff%(& i &*i" %"3%(& &*## #&&% &io &o &*% 2i +. T*% 2# w*o &# %" *i" &%23% #&% 2%#l" # + *i" o+il$%:% (i"%, wi&* "( 3 lo " %! l# i&$, will !% % #ll$ % fo + 2o % *%#l&*$ &*#&*% 2# w*o, )% $ +%%3l$ % !#!%+ i i &%ll%(& #l 3 " i&", of&% fo !%&" fo #&i2% &*%"% o+il$ ( #)i !". T*% (i&i;% w*o *#" %&i %+, # + w*o"% i+%#",3% *#3", "(# (%l$ "o# # o)% o %:&% + %$o + *i" li&&l% !# +% , 3 ++li ! #ll&*% 2o i ! # o & *i" o +% " of o:, will, 3% *#3", li)% #" lo ! #" &*%3*ilo"o3*% w*o"% # !% of i &%ll%(& i" &*% 2o"& %:&% "i)%, # + w*o"% )i%w" # %&*% (l%# %"& of # $ of *i" (o &%23o # i%". I& *#" %% 3o"i&i)%l$ o "% )%+ $&*o"% w*o *#)% #&&% +%+ &o &*% ill" of 2o &#li&$ &*#& wo2% li)% lo !% 3o #

#)% #!% &*# 2% , # +, &*o !* I wo l+ o& $ # $ 2%# " "#$ &*#& &*%ii &%ll%(& #l f#( l&i%" # % i f% io , $%&, I &*i , i& 2 "& % #llow%+ &*#&, f o2&*%i +iff% % & %+ (#&io , &*% % # % o& "o 2# $ wo2% #" 2% , w*o # % %:(i&%+&o )i!o o " 2% &#l %:% &io .

A" i &*%"% # + "i2il# i "&# (%", o &o &# % # l# !% # !%, #" i &*% ! %#&+i)% "i&$ of (*# #(&% " &*#& *#)% %:i"&%+ + i ! "o2% &*o "# + $%# ", o +%(i+%++iff% % (% *#" %% o "% )%+ i &*% + #&io of * 2# lif% f o2 &*% o3% #&io ofi &%ll%(&, &*% 2o &#li&$ of 2# o %# &* "%%2" &o % #" (o23l%&%l$ %"&# li"*%+,# + %:#(&l$ 3o &*% "#2% ! o +", #" # $ o %, &*% 2o"& (o "&# &, of &*% l#w" of

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% (*# !%+ i &o %3 l"io # + &*#& "&o %" will l&i2#&%l$ i"% i "&%#+ of f#llo &*#& &*% %# &* will fl$ off #& # (% &#i 3% io+ &o "o2% 2o % !% i#l # +w# 2% " .

T*% (o (l "io of &*i" (*#3&% 3 %"% &" ", +o &%+l$, wi&* # )% $ %# &if l# + +%"i # l% 3i(& %, & li % "o2% of &*% l# +"(#3%" + #w f o2 f# ($ # + o&i2#!i %+ wi&* & &*, i& f#il" of &*#& i &% %"& i &*% *%# & w*i(* #& % # +3 o # ili&$ (# #lo % !i)%.

I (# o& i& &*i" " %(& wi&*o & &# i ! o&i(% of &*%"% (o %(& %" of /0o+wi # + / Co +o (%& (o (% i ! &*% i +%fi i&% 3 olo !#&io of * 2# lif%, #"# )% $ ( io " i "&# (% of &*% lo !i ! of &*% "o l #f&% i22o &#li&$. 4o&* &*%"%!% &l%2% *#)% % %(&%+ &*% li!*& of %)%l#&io w*i(* # "ol &%l$ 3 o2i"%"%&% #l lif% i # o&*% "&#&%. T*%$ *#)% #l"o % %(&%+ &*% li!*& of #& #l

%li!io , w*i(* &o &*% # l%"& i &%ll%(&" i #ll #!%" *#" i +i(#&%+ &*% f & %%:i"&% (% of &*% "o l. Y%& "o (o !% i#l i" &*% i+%# of i22o &#li&$ &o &*% 2i +of 2# &*#& &*%$ (# o& (o "% & % &i %l$ &o &* ow i& o & of &*%i "$"&%2". Af&%#ll &*%i f#"&i+io " "(%3&i(i"2" (o (% i ! &*% o l$ 3 o # l% 2o+% ofi22o &#li&$, &*%$ i & o+ (% # "3%(i%" of i22o &#li&$ of &*%i ow , o& o l$(o23l%&%l$ (o & #+i(&o $ &o %)% $ l#w of 3*ilo"o3*i(#l 3 o # ili&$, & ii&"%lf i &*% *i!*%"& +%! %% # ow, 3# &i#l, # + "&. T*%$ " 33o"% &*#& #ll&*% ! %#&, )i & o ", # + %:#l&%+ 2i +" &*#& *#)% %)% %:i"&%+ o &*#& 2#$ %:i"&fo "o2% &*o "# +", 3% *#3" 2illio " of $%# ", will % " i # i*il#&io , # +&*#& o l$ # f%w %i !", o& ! %#&% i 2 % &*# (# %:i"& #& o (% 3o &*%%# &*, will % l&i2#&%l$ ( ow %+ wi&* i22o &#li&$. H#+ " (* # &% %& %%#+)# (%+ #" # &% %& of %)%l#&io I #2 )% $ " % &*#& #ll &*% % %2i%" of

%li!io , # + 3 o # l$ / 0o+wi # + / Co +o (%& #2o ! &*% %"&, wo l+ *#)%%:*# "&%+ &*% w*ol% fo (% of &*%i i+i( l% 3o i&, #" &*% 2o"& 3 % il%, &*%

2o"& # " +, &*% 3oo %"&, &*% 2o"& 3i&if l, &*% 2o"& i i i&o "l$ "&, # +,(o "% % &l$, &*% 2o"& wo &*$ of &*% D%i&$ &*#& &*% " 3% "&i&io " foll$ of 2#(o l+ i )% &.

=*#& # "& # !% # + ( io " 3 oof +o &*%"% (o %(& %" %:*i i& of &*%i (o "i"&% ($ of "(%3&i(i"2G Fo i& "*o l+ % o "% )%+, &*#& &*% % i" # )% $"& i i ! # + %""% &i#l +iff% % (% %&w%% %li%)i ! # #""% &io w*i(*# "ol &%l$ (o & #+i(&" &*% 2o"& ifo 2 %:3% i% (%, # + # #""% &io w*i(*(o & #+i(&" o&*i !, & i" 2% %l$ %$o + &*% 3ow% of o 3 %"% & o "% )#&io# + owl%+!%. So +i)% "ifi%+ # % &*% #& #l o %(&" # o + ", "o 2# $i "&# (%" of 2i!*&$ 3ow% +#il$ off% &*%2"%l)%" &o o )i%w, &*#& w% 2#$ f#i l$3 %" 2%, &*#& &*% % # % 2# $ fo 2" # + o3% #&io " of #& % w*i(* w% *#)% o&$%& o "% )%+, o w*i(*, 3% *#3", w% # % o& (#3# l% of o "% )i ! wi&* o

3 %"% & (o fi %+ i l%&" of owl%+!%. T*% %" %(&io of # "3i i& #l o+$ f o2# #& #l o+$ +o%" o& #33%# i i&"%lf # 2o % wo +% f l i "&# (% of 3ow% &*#&*% !% 2i #&io of # l#+% of w*%#& f o2 &*% ! #i , o of # o# f o2 # #(o .Co l+ w% (o (%i)% # i &%lli!% & %i !, "o 3l#(%+ #" &o % (o )% "# & o l$ wi&*i # i2#&% o f ll ! ow o %(&", # + %)% &o *#)% wi& %""%+ &*% 3 o(%"" of)%!%&#&io # + ! ow&*5 # + w% % # o&*% %i ! &o "*%w *i2 &wo li&&l% 3i%(%" of2#&&% , # ! #i of w*%#&, # + # #(o , &o +%"i % *i2 &o %:#2i % &*%2, &o# #l$"% &*%2 if *% 3l%#"%+, # + % +%#)o &o fi + o & &*%i 3 o3% &i%" # +%""% (%"5 # + &*% &o &%ll *i2, &*#& *ow%)% & ifli ! &*%"% li&&l% i&" of2#&&% 2i!*& #33%# &o *i2, &*#& &*%$ 3o""%""%+ " (* ( io " 3ow% " of

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"%l%(&io , (o2 i #&io , # # !%2% &, # + #l2o"& of ( %#&io , &*#& 3o %i ! 3 &i &o &*% ! o +, &*%$ wo l+ (*oo"%, #2o !"& #ll &*% +i & # + 2oi"& % &*#&" o +%+ &*%2, &*o"% 3# &" w*i(* %"& " i&%+ &*%i 3 3o"%, &*#& &*%$ wo l+(oll%(& # + # # !% &*%"% 3# &" wi&* wo +% f l &#"&%, +!%2% &, # + %:%( &io ,# + wo l+ i"% 3 i &o %# &if l fo 2", "(# (%l$ i # $ %"3%(& # #lo!o " &o &*%li&&l% i&" of 2#&&% w*i(* w% % fi "& 3l#(%+ i &*% %# &*. I f%%l )% $ li&&l%+o & &*#& &*% i2#!i # $ %i ! w*i(* I *#)% " 33o"%+ wo l+ *%"i&#&% 2o %, wo l+

% i % %&&% # &*o i&$, # + "& o !% 3 oof", %fo % *% %li%)%+ &*%"% "& # !%#""% &io ", &*# if *% *#+ %% &ol+, &*#& # %i ! of 2i!*&$ 3ow% , w*o *#+ %%&*% (# "% of #ll &*#& *% "#w # o + *i2, # + of &*#& %:i"&% (% of w*i(* *%*i2"%lf w#" (o "(io ", wo l+, $ # ! %#& #(& of 3ow% 3o &*% +%#&* # +(o 3&io of * 2# ( %#& %", #i"% 3 &*% %""% (% of &*o !*& i #i (o 3o %#l, o #& l%#"& i )i"i l% fo 2, &o !i)% i& # *#33i% %:i"&% (% i# o&*% "&#&%.

T*% o l$ +iff% % (%, wi&* %!# + &o o ow #33 %*% "io ", &*#& i" o& i f#)oof &*% l#&&% #""% &io i" &*#& &*% fi "& 2i #(l% w% *#)% %3%#&%+l$ "%% , # +&*% l#"& 2i #(l% w% *#)% o& "%% . I #+2i& &*% f ll w%i!*& of &*i" 3 o+i!io "+iff% % (%, & " %l$ o 2# (# *%"i&#&% # 2o2% & i "#$i ! &*#&, 3 &&i !R%)%l#&io o & of &*% %"&io , &*% %" %(&io of # "3i i& #l o+$ f o2 #

#& #l o+$, w*i(* 2#$ % 2% %l$ o % #2o ! &*% 2# $ o3% #&io " of #& % w*i(*w% (# o& "%%, i" # %)% & i +%fi i&%l$ 2o % 3 o # l% &*# &*% i22o &#li&$ of2# o %# &*, w*i(* i" o& o l$ # %)% & of w*i(* o "$23&o2" o i +i(#&io "*#)% $%& #33%# %+, & i" # 3o"i&i)% (o & #+i(&io &o o % of &*% 2o"& (o "&# &of &*% l#w" of #& % &*#& *#" %)% (o2% wi&*i &*% o "% )#&io of 2# .

=*% w% %:&% + o )i%w %$o + &*i" lif%, i& i" %)i+% & &*#& w% (# *#)% oo&*% ! i+%" &*# # &*o i&$, o (o %(& %, # + 3% *#3", i +%%+, # o "( % # +

+%fi %+ f%%li !. =*#& I "#$ *% %, &*% %fo %, +o%" o& #33%# &o 2% i # $%"3%(& &o (o & #+i(& w*#& I "#i+ %fo %, w*% I o "% )%+ &*#& i& w#"

3*ilo"o3*i(#l &o %:3%(& # $ "3%(ifi( %)% & &*#& w#" o& i +i(#&%+ $ "o2%i + of # #lo!$ i &*% 3#"&. I # !i ! %$o + &*% o % f o2 w*i(* o

& #)%ll% %& ", w% 2 "& %(%""# il$ i& &*i" l%5 & wi&* %!# + &o %)% &"

&*#& 2#$ % %:3%(&%+ &o *#33% o %# &*, w% (# "%l+o2 i& i& (o "i"&% &l$ wi&*& % 3*ilo"o3*$. A #lo!$ *#", *ow%)% , #" I (o (%i)%, ! %#& l#&i& +%. Foi "&# (%, 2# *#" +i"(o)% %+ 2# $ of &*% l#w" of #& % # #lo!$ "%%2" &oi +i(#&% &*#& *% will +i"(o)% 2# $ 2o %5 & o # #lo!$ "%%2" &o i +i(#&% &*#&*% will +i"(o)% # "i:&* "% "%, o # %w "3%(i%" of 3ow% i &*% * 2# 2i +,% &i %l$ %$o + &*% & #i of o 3 %"% & o "% )#&io ".

T*% 3ow% " of "%l%(&io , (o2 i #&io , # + & # "2 &#&io , w*i(* %)% $ "%%+ "*%w",# % & l$ 2i #( lo ". =*o (# i2#!i % &*#& &*%"% wo +% f l f#( l&i%" # %(o &#i %+ i &*%"% li&&l% i&" of 2#&&% To 2% i& #33%# " 2 (* 2o %3*ilo"o3*i(#l &o " 33o"% &*#& &*% 2i!*&$ 0o+ of #& % i" 3 %"% & i f ll % % !$i #ll &*%"% o3% #&io ". To &*i" #ll 3ow% f l 4%i !, i& wo l+ % % #ll$ %#"$ &o

#i"% # o# wi&*o & # #(o #" wi&* o %. T*% 3 %3# #&o $ 3 o(%"" of 3 &&i !

"%%+" i &o &*% ! o + i" 2% %l$ o +#i %+ fo &*% "% of 2# , #" o % #2o ! &*%)# io " o&*% %:(i&%2% &" %(%""# $ &o #w# % 2#&&% i &o 2i +. I& i" # i+%#&*#& will % fo + (o "i"&% &, % #ll$ wi&* &*% #& #l 3*% o2% # # o + ",wi&* &*% )# io " %)% &" of * 2# lif%, # + wi&* &*% " ((%""i)% %)%l#&io " of0o+ &o 2# , &o " 33o"% &*#& &*% wo l+ i" # 2i!*&$ 3 o(%"" fo &*% ( %#&io # +fo 2#&io of 2i +. /# $ )%""%l" will %(%""# il$ (o2% o & of &*i" ! %#& f #(%i w o ! "*#3%". T*%"% will % o % # + &* ow #"i+% #" "%l%""5 w*il% &*o"%)%""%l" w*o"% fo 2" # % f ll of & &*, ! #(%, # + lo)%li %"", will % w#f&%+i &o *#33i% "i& #&io ", %# % &*% 3 %"% (% of &*% 2i!*&$ 2# % .



I o !*& 3% *#3" #!#i &o 2# % # #3olo!$ &o 2$ %#+% " fo +w%lli ! "o lo ! 3o# (o %(& % w*i(* 2# $, I ow, will &*i &oo # " + # + i23 o # l% &o % i %&*% l%#"& +i"( ""io . 4 & if i& % #" i23 o # l% # + #" (o & # $ &o &*% !% i %"3i i& of 3*ilo"o3*$ #" I ow I &*i i& i", w*$ "*o l+ i& o& % "*%w &o % "oi # (# +i+ %:#2i #&io A (o %(& %, *ow%)% i23 o # l% o &*% fi "& )i%w ofi&, #+)# (%+ $ # l% # + i !% io " 2% , "%%2" #& l%#"& &o +%"% )% i )%"&i!#&io .Fo 2$ ow 3# & I f%%l o +i"i (li #&io w*#&%)% &o !i)% &*#& +%! %% of ( %+i&&o &*% o3i io of &*% 3 o # l% i22o &#li&$ of 2# o %# &*, w*i(* &*%#33%# # (%" &*#& (# % o !*& i " 33o & of i& +%"% )%. 4%fo % w% +%(i+% 3o&*% &&% i23 o # ili&$ of " (* # %)% &, i& i" & f#i i23# &i#ll$ &o %:#2i %&*%"% #33%# # (%"5 # + f o2 " (* # %:#2i #&io I &*i w% 2#$ (o (l +%, &*#& w%*#)% #&*% l%"" %#"o fo " 33o"i ! &*#& &*% lif% of 2# 2#$ % i +%fi i&%l$3 olo !%+, &*# &*#& & %%" 2#$ % 2#+% &o ! ow i +%fi i&%l$ *i!*, o 3o&#&o%"i +%fi i&%l$ l# !%. T*o !* / 0o+wi #+)# (%" &*% i+%# of &*% i +%fi i&%3 olo !#&io of * 2# lif% 2% %l$ #" # (o %(& %, $%& #" *% *#" 3 o+ (%+ "o2%#33%# # (%", w*i(* i *i" (o (%3&io f#)o &*% " 33o"i&io , *% 2 "& (% &#i l$i &% + &*#& &*%"% #33%# # (%" "*o l+ % %:#2i %+ # + &*i" i" #ll &*#& I *#)%2%# & &o +o.

B



w*%&*% # 2# 2#$ % 2#+% &o +% "&# + # +i"&i (& 3 o3o"i&io o % (o )i (%+$ # # "w% # l% # ! 2% &. A & &* 2#$ % o !*& *o2% &o *i" (o )i(&io #" ##&io #l %i !, &*o !* *% 2#$ +%&% 2i % &o #(& (o & # $ &o i&, #" # (o23o +%i !. T*% ( #)i !" of * !% , &*% lo)% of li o , &*% +%"i % of 3o""%""i ! #%# &if l wo2# , will !% 2% &o #(&io ", of &*% f#&#l (o "% % (%" of w*i(*,

&o &*% !% % #l i &% %"&" of "o(i%&$, &*%$ # % 3% f%(&l$ w%ll (o )i (%+, %)% #&&*% )% $ &i2% &*%$ (o22i& &*%2. R%2o)% &*%i o+il$ ( #)i !", # + &*%$ wo l+ o&*%"i&#&% # 2o2% & i +%&% 2i i ! #!#i "& " (* #(&io ". A" &*%2 &*%i o3i io of&*% "#2% (o + (& i # o&*% 3% "o , # + &*%$ wo l+ i22%+i#&%l$ %3 o #&% i&. 4 &i &*%i ow (#"%, # + +% #ll &*% (i ( 2"&# (%" of &*%i "i& #&io wi&* &*%"%

o+il$ ( #)i !", &*% +%(i"io of &*% (o23o + %i ! i" +iff% % & f o2 &*%(o )i(&io of &*% #&io #l %i !.

If &*i" % &*% "& )i%w of &*% " %(&, # + o&* &*%o $ # + %:3% i% (% i&% &o3 o)% &*#& i& i", #l2o"& #ll / 0o+wi '" %#"o i !" o &*% " %(& of (o% (ioi *i" "%)% &* (*#3&% , will #33%# &o % fo +%+ o % o . H% "3% +" "o2% &i2%i 3l#(i ! i # i+i( lo " 3oi & of )i%w &*% #&&%23& &o (o )i (% # 2# '"

+% "&# +i ! # + &o (l%# 3 # +o &f l 3 o3o"i&io i *i" 2i +, $ low".U +o &%+l$ i& i" o&* i+i( lo " # + # # o ", # + "o i" (o( -fi!*&i !, &o % *#" li&&l% 2o % &o +o wi&* &*% %#l o %(& of * 2# 3 i"*2% &" &*# &*%o&*% . O % f % % & 6i +%%+ 2 (* &oo f % % & 2o+% of 3 i"*2% & i" +%#&*. /0o+wi will *# +l$ &*i &*i" i &% +%+ fo (o )i(&io , #& l%#"& i& +o%" o&#33%# *ow &*% i +i)i+ #l o &*% "o(i%&$ (o l+ %#3 2 (* f & % % %fi& f o2 #

+% "&# +i ! % li!*&% %+ i &*i" 2# % .

T*% 3 i (i3#l o %(&" w*i(* * 2# 3 i"*2% &" *#)% i )i%w # % +o &%+l$%"& #i & # + %:#23l%5 %"& #i &, o %2o)#l, of # i +i)i+ #l 2%2 % w*o"%

)i(io " *# i&" # % li %l$ &o % 3 % +i(i#l &o &*% "o(i%&$'5 # + %:#23l%, w*i(*$ %:3 %""i ! &*% "% "% of &*% (o22 i&$ wi&* %!# + &o # 3# &i( l# ( i2%, # +$ #""o(i#&i ! 2o % %# l$ # + )i"i l$ ( i2% # + 3 i"*2% &, *ol+" o & # 2o #l

2o&i)% &o +i"" #+% o&*% " f o2 &*% (o22i""io of i&.

R%"& #i &, / 0o+wi &*i ", 2#$ % 3% 2i&&%+ #" # &%23o # $ %:3%+i% &, &*o !*

*% %3 o #&%" "oli&# $ i23 i"o 2% &, w*i(* *#" (% &#i l$ %% &*% 2o"&" ((%""f l, # +, i +%%+, #l2o"& &*% o l$ #&&%23& &ow# +" &*% 2o #l #2%lio #&ioof off% +% ". H% &#l " of &*% "%lfi"* 3#""io " &*#& # % fo"&% %+ $ "oli& +% # +of &*% )i & %" !% % #&%+ i "o(i%&$. 4 & " %l$ &*%"% )i & %" # % o& !% % #&%+i &*% "o(i%&$ of # 3 i"o . =% % &*% off% +% (o fi %+ &o &*% "o(i%&$ of # l%# + )i & o " 2% *% wo l+ 3 o # l$ % 2o % i23 o)%+ &*# i "oli& +%. 4 & i"&*i" 3 #(&i(# l% / 0o+wi '" i !% i&$ i" 2o % f % % &l$ %23lo$%+ i fi +i !o & %)il" &*# i " !!%"&i ! 3 #(&i(#l %2%+i%".

P i"*2% &, fo %:#23l%, i" &o&#ll$ %3 o #&%+. 4$ % +%#)o i ! &o 2# % %:#23l%"&oo i23 %""i)% # + &% i l%, #&io " *#)%, i +%%+, %% l%+ i &o &*% 2o"&

# # o " ( %l&i%", & &*% # "% of # $ 3 #(&i(% i" o& # !oo+ # ! 2% &#!#i "& i&" "%. T*% i +%f#&i!# l% 3#i " &# % i &*i" (o & $ &o fi + o & #

2 +% , # + &*% (% &#i &$ of i&" 3 i"*2% &, *#" 3ow% f ll$ (o & i &%+ &o!% % #&% &*#& "% &i2% & w*i(* i" f % % & i &*% 2o &*" of &*% (o22o 3%o3l%,&*#& # 2 +% will "oo % o l#&% (o2% &o li!*&5 # + &*% *# i& #l *o o iw*i(* 2 +% i" i (o "% % (% *%l+ will 2# % # 2# , i &*% #!o $ of 3#""io ,&* ow +ow *i" if% fo f%# *% "*o l+ % &%23&%+ &o "% i& i &*%! #&ifi(#&io of *i" %)% !%. I I&#l$, w*% % 2 +% % ", $ fl$i ! &o #"# (& # $, # % #llow%+ 2o % f % % &l$ &o %"(#3%, &*% ( i2% *#" %)% %% *%l+i &*% "#2% +%&%"&#&io # + *#" (o "% % &l$ %% 2o % f % % &. No 2# , w*o i"#& #ll #w# % of &*% o3% #&io of 2o #l 2o&i)%", (# +o & fo # 2o2% &, &*#& if%)% $ 2 +% i I&#l$ *#+ %% i )# i# l$ 3 i"*%+, &*% "% of &*% "&il%&&o i

8



& # "3o &" of 3#""io wo l+ *#)% %% (o23# #&i)%l$ & li&&l% ow .

T*#& * 2# l#w" %i&*% +o, o (# , 3 o3o &io &*% 3 i"*2% & #(( #&%l$ &o &*%off% (%, o 3% "o will *#)% &*% foll$ &o #""% &. F o2 &*% i "( &# ili&$ of2o&i)%" &*% &*i ! i" # "ol &%l$ i23o""i l%, & &*i" i23% f%(&io , &*o !* i& 2#$

% (#ll%+ # "3%(i%" of i "&i(%, i" o )#li+ # ! 2% & #!#i "& * 2# l#w". I& i"&*% lo& of 2# , &*#& *% will f % % &l$ *#)% &o (*oo"% %&w%% &wo %)il"5 # + i&i" # " ffi(i% & %#"o fo &*% #+o3&io of # $ i "&i& &io , &*#& i& i" &*% %"&2o+% &*#& " !!%"&" i&"%lf of 3 %)% &i ! ! %#&% %)il". A (o &i #l % +%#)o"*o l+ +o &%+l$ 3 %)#il &o 2# % &*%"% i "&i& &io " #" 3% f%(& #" &*% #& %of &*%2 will #+2i&. 4 & o&*i ! i" "o %#"$ #" &o fi + f# l& wi&* * 2#i "&i& &io "5 o&*i ! "o +iffi( l& #" &o " !!%"& #+% #&% 3 #(&i(#li23 o)%2% &". I& i" &o % l#2% &%+, &*#& 2o % 2% of &#l% &" %23lo$ &*%i &i2%i &*% fo 2% o(( 3#&io &*# i &*% &#&&% .

T*% f % % ($ of ( i2% #2o ! 2% , w*o, #" &*% (o22o "#$i ! i", ow %&&% ," ffi(i% &l$ 3 o)%", &*#& "o2% & &*" 2#$ % o !*& *o2% &o &*% (o )i(&io of&*% 2i + wi&*o & #lw#$" 3 o+ (i ! &*% 3 o3% %ff%(& 3o &*% (o + (&. T*% % # %o&*% & &*" of # #& % &*#& 3% *#3" %)% (# % #+% #&%l$ (o22 i(#&%+ f o2o % 2# &o # o&*% . T*% " 3% io i&$ of &*% 3l%#" %" of i &%ll%(& &o &*o"% of"% "%, / 0o+wi (o "i+% " #" # f +#2% &#l & &*. T# i ! #ll (i ( 2"&# (%" i &o(o "i+% #&io , I "*o l+ % +i"3o"%+ &o #! %% wi&* *i25 & *ow #2 I &o(o22 i(#&% &*i" & &* &o # 3% "o w*o *#" "(# (%l$ %)% f%l& i &%ll%(& #l3l%#" % I 2#$ #" w%ll #&&%23& &o %:3l#i &*% #& % # + %# &$ of (olo " &o #

li + 2# . If I #2 %)% "o l# o io ", 3#&i% &, # + (l%# , # + *#)% &*% 2o"&%3%#&%+ o33o & i&i%" of %:3o"& l#&io , # $ %#l 3 o! %"" &ow# + &*%

#((o23li"*2% & of 2$ 3 3o"% "%%2" # "ol &%l$ *o3%l%"". T*% % i" o (o22o2%#" % %&w%% ". I (# o& 3 o(%%+ "&%3 $ "&%3.. I& i" # & &* of # #& %# "ol &%l$ i (#3# l% of +%2o "& #&io . All &*#& I (# "#$ i", &*#& &*% wi"%"&# + %"& 2% i #ll #!%" *#+ #! %%+ i !i)i ! &*% 3 %f% % (%, )% $ ! %#&l$, &o&*% 3l%#" %" of i &%ll%(&5 # + &*#& 2$ ow %:3% i% (% (o23l%&%l$ (o fi 2%+ &*%& &* of &*%i +%(i"io "5 &*#& I *#+ fo + "% " #l 3l%#" %" )#i , & # "i% &,# + (o &i #ll$ #&&% +%+ wi&* &%+i 2 # + +i"! "&5 & &*#& i &%ll%(& #l

3l%#" %" #33%# %+ &o 2% %)% f %"* # + $o !, fill%+ 3 #ll 2$ *o ""#&i"f#(&o il$, !#)% # %w ;%"& &o lif%, # + +iff "%+ # l#"&i ! "% % i&$ o)% 2$2i +. If *% %li%)% 2%, i& (# o l$ % f o2 %"3%(& # + )% % #&io fo 2$# &*o i&$. I& i" ( %+ li&$, # + o& (o )i(&io . I *#)% o& "#i+ # $ &*i !, o(# # $ &*i ! % "#i+, of # #& % &o 3 o+ (% %#l (o )i(&io . T*% #ff#i i" o&# #ff#i of %#"o i !, & of %:3% i% (%. H% wo l+ 3 o # l$ o "% )% i %3l$,w*#& $o "#$ 2#$ % )% $ & % wi&* %!# + &o $o "%lf # + 2# $ o&*% !oo+ 2% ,

& fo 2$ ow 3# & I f%%l )% $ +iff% % &l$ 3o &*% " %(&. I *#)% )% $f % % &l$ &# % 3 # oo # + #l2o"& #" f % % &l$ !o % &o "l%%3 o)% i&5 &w*% I 3#"" # %)% i ! wi&* # !#$ 3# &$, o # 3 %&&$ wo2# , I f%%l #li)%, # + i"3i i&", # + & l$ % o$ 2$ %:i"&% (%.

U +% " (* (i ( 2"&# (%", %#"o i ! # + # ! 2% &" # % o& i "& 2% &" f o2 w*i(*

" ((%"" (# % %:3%(&%+. A& "o2% f & % &i2% 3% *#3", %#l "#&i%&$ of "% " #l3l%#" %", o "o2% #((i+% &#l i23 %""io " &*#& #w# % %+ &*% % % !i%" of *i"2i +, 2i!*& %ff%(& &*#&, i # 2o &*, w*i(* &*% 2o"& 3#&i% & # + # l%%:3o"& l#&io " 2i!*& % i (#3# l% of %ff%(&i ! i fo &$ $%# ".

9



CHAPTER 14 Mr odwin s five propositions respecting political truth, on which his wholework hinges, not established - #easons we have for supposing, from the distressoccasioned by the principle of population, that the vices and moral weakness of man can never be wholly eradicated - 'erfectibility, in the sense in which Mr

odwin uses the term, not applicable to man - ature of the real perfectibility of man illustrated.

IF &*% %#"o i !" of &*% 3 %(%+i ! (*#3&% # % "&, &*% (o oll# i%" %"3%(&i !3oli&i(#l & &*, w*i(* / 0o+wi + #w" f o2 &*% 3 o3o"i&io &*#& &*% )ol &# $#(&io " of 2% o i!i #&% i &*%i o3i io ", will o& #33%# &o % (l%# l$%"&# li"*%+. T*%"% (o oll# i%" # %, 'So + %#"o i ! # + & &*, w*% #+% #&%l$(o22 i(#&%+, 2 "& #lw#$" % )i(&o io " o)% % o So + %#"o i ! # + & &*# % (#3# l% of %i ! "o (o22 i(#&%+ T &* i" o2 i3o&% & T*% )i(%" # + 2o #lw%# %"" of 2# # % o& i )i (i l% /# i" 3% f%(&i l%, o i o&*% wo +"," "(%3&i l% of 3% 3%& #l i23 o)%2% &.'>>

T*% fi "& &* %% 3 o3o"i&io " 2#$ % (o "i+% %+ # (o23l%&% "$llo!i"2. If $#+% #&%l$ (o22 i(#&%+, % 2%# & " (* # (o )i(&io #" &o 3 o+ (% # #+% #&%%ff%(& 3o &*% (o + (&, &*% 2# o 2#$ % #llow%+ # + &*% 2i o +% i%+. T*%(o "% % &, o &*% o2 i3o&% (% of & &*, of (o "% f#ll" &o &*% ! o +. If $'#+% #&%l$ (o22 i(#&%+' % 2%# & 2% %l$ &*% (o )i(&io of &*% #&io #lf#( l&$, &*% 2# o 2 "& % +% i%+, &*% 2i o will % o l$ & % i (#"%" (#3# l%of +%2o "& #&io , # + &*% (o "% % & % #ll$ f#ll". T*% fo &* 3 o3o"i&io /0o+wi (#ll" &*% 3 %(%+i ! 3 o3o"i&io , wi&* # "li!*& )# i#&io i &*%"&#&%2% &. If "o, i& 2 "& #((o23# $ &*% 3 %(%+i ! 3 o3o"i&io i i&" f#ll. 4 &i& 2#$ % wo &* w*il% &o i i %, wi&* %f% % (% &o &*% 3 i (i3#l # ! 2% & of&*i" %""#$, i &o &*% 3# &i( l# %#"o " w*i(* w% *#)% fo " 33o"i ! &*#& &*%)i(%" # + 2o #l w%# %"" of 2# (# %)% % w*oll$ o)% (o2% i &*i" wo l+.

/# , #((o +i ! &o / 0o+wi , i" # ( %#& % fo 2%+ w*#& *% i" $ &*% " ((%""i)%i23 %""io " w*i(* *% *#" %(%i)%+, f o2 &*% fi "& 2o2% & &*#& &*% !% 2 f o2

w*i(* *% "3 ! w#" # i2#&%+. Co l+ *% % 3l#(%+ i # "i& #&io , w*% % *% w#"" %(& &o o %)il i23 %""io " w*#&%)% , &*o !* i& 2i!*& % +o &%+ w*%&*% i" (* # "i& #&io )i & % (o l+ %:i"&, )i(% wo l+ (% &#i l$ % # i"*%+. T*% ! %#&

% & of / 0o+wi '" wo o Poli&i(#l J "&i(%, if I +% "&# + i& i!*&l$, i" &o"*%w &*#& &*% ! %#&% 3# & of &*% )i(%" # + w%# %""%" of 2% 3 o(%%+ f o2 &*%i "&i(% of &*%i 3oli&i(#l # + "o(i#l i "&i& &io ", # + &*#& if &*%"% w% %

%2o)%+ # + &*% +% "&# +i !" of 2% 2o % % li!*&% %+, &*% % wo l+ % li&&l% oo &%23&#&io i &*% wo l+ &o %)il. A" i& *#" %% (l%# l$ 3 o)%+, *ow%)% , 6#&

l%#"& #" I &*i &*#& &*i" i" % &i %l$ # f#l"% (o (%3&io , # + &*#&,i +%3% +% & of # $ 3oli&i(#l o "o(i#l i "&i& &io " w*#&%)% , &*% ! %#&% 3# &of 2# i +, f o2 &*% fi:%+ # + #l&% # l% l#w" of #& %, 2 "& %)% % " %(&&o &*% %)il &%23&#&io " # i"i ! f o2 w# &, %"i+%" o&*% 3#""io ", i& follow"f o2 / 0o+wi '" +%fi i&io of 2# &*#& " (* i23 %""io ", # + (o2 i #&io " of

i23 %""io ", (# o& % #flo#& i &*% wo l+ wi&*o & !% % #&i ! # )# i%&$ of #+2% . A((o +i ! &o / 0o+wi '" ow (o (%3&io of &*% fo 2#&io of (*# #(&% , i&i" " %l$ #" i23 o # l% &*#& +% " (* (i ( 2"&# (%" #ll 2% will % )i & o "#" &*#& "i:%" will (o2% 3 # * + %+ &i2%" followi ! 3o &*% +i(%. T*% ! %#&)# i%&$ of (o2 i #&io " 3o &*% +i(% i # %3%#&%+ " ((%""io of &* ow" #33%# "&o 2% o& i #3&l$ &o %3 %"% & &*% ! %#& )# i%&$ of (*# #(&% &*#& 2 "&

%(%""# il$ %:i"& i &*% wo l+, " 33o"i ! %)% $ i +i)i+ #l &o % fo 2%+ w*#& *%i" $ &*#& (o2 i #&io of i23 %""io " w*i(* *% *#" %(%i)%+ "i (% *i" fi "&%:i"&% (%. A + &*i" (o23# i"o will, i "o2% 2%#" %, "*%w &*% # " +i&$ of" 33o"i !, &*#& %:(%3&io " will %)% %(o2% !% % #l l%"5 &*#& %:& #o +i # $

B



# + " #l (o2 i #&io " will % f % % &5 o &*#& &*% i +i)i+ #l i "&# (%" of! %#& )i & % w*i(* *#+ #33%# %+ i #ll #!%" of &*% wo l+ will %)% 3 %)#il

i)% "#ll$.

I #2 #w# % &*#& / 0o+wi 2i!*& "#$ &*#& &*% (o23# i"o i" i o % %"3%(&i #(( #&%, &*#& i &*% (#"% of &*% +i(%, &*% 3 %(%+i ! (# "%", o #&*% &*%(*# (%" %"3%(&i ! &*% 3 %(%+i ! (# "%", w% % #lw#$" &*% "#2%, # + &*#&,&*% %fo %, I (o l+ *#)% o !oo+ %#"o fo " 33o"i ! &*#& # ! %#&% 2 % of"i:%" wo l+ (o2% 3 i &*% %:& * + %+ &i2%" of &* owi ! &*# i &*% 3 %(%+i !"#2% 2 % of &* ow". 4 &, &*#& 2# *#+ i "o2% "o & # 3ow% of i fl % (i !&*o"% (# "%" &*#& fo 2%+ (*# #(&% , # + &*#& %)% $ !oo+ # + )i & o " 2# &*#&w#" 3 o+ (%+, $ &*% i fl % (% w*i(* *% 2 "& %(%""# il$ *#)%, #&*% i ( %#"%+&*% 3 o # ili&$ &*#& # o&*% " (* )i & o " (*# #(&% wo l+ % !% % #&%+, w*% %#"&*% (o2i ! 3 of "i:%" 3o &*% +i(% o (%, wo l+ (% &#i l$ o& i ( %#"% &*%3 o # ili&$ of &*%i (o2i ! 3 # "%(o + &i2%. I #+2i& &*i" o %(&io &o &*%#(( #($ of &*% (o23# i"o , & i& i" o l$ 3# &i#ll$ )#li+. R%3%#&%+ %:3% i% (%*#" #"" %+ ", &*#& &*% i fl % (% of &*% 2o"& )i & o " (*# #(&% will # %l$3 %)#il #!#i "& )% $ "& o ! &%23&#&io " &o %)il. I& will +o &%+l$ #ff%(&"o2%, & i& will f#il wi&* # 2 (* ! %#&% 2 % . H#+ / 0o+wi " ((%%+%+ i*i" #&&%23& &o 3 o)% &*#& &*%"% &%23&#&io " &o %)il (o l+ $ &*% %:% &io " of2# % %2o)%+, I wo l+ !i)% 3 &*% (o23# i"o 5 o #& l%#"& #llow, &*#& # 2#2i!*& % "o f# % li!*&% %+ wi&* %!# + &o &*% 2o+% of "*# i ! *i" %l ow, &*#&*% wo l+ % # l% &o &* ow "i:%" %)% $ &i2%. 4 & #" lo ! #" # ! %#& 2 % of&*o"% i23 %""io " w*i(* fo 2 (*# #(&% , li % &*% i(% 2o&io " of &*% # 2, %2#i# "ol &%l$ i +%3% +% & of &*% will of 2# , &*o !* i& wo l+ % &*% *%i!*& offoll$ # + 3 %" 23&io &o #&&%23& &o (#l( l#&% &*% %l#&i)% 3 o3o &io " of )i & %# + )i(% #& &*% f & % 3% io+" of &*% wo l+, i& 2#$ % "#f%l$ #""% &%+ &*#& &*%)i(%" # + 2o #l w%# %"" of 2# i +, &# % i &*% 2#"", # % i )i (i l%.

T*% fif&* 3 o3o"i&io i" &*% !% % #l +%+ (&io f o2 &*% fo fo 2% # + will(o "% % &l$ f#ll, #" &*% fo +#&io " w*i(* " 33o & i& *#)% !i)% w#$. I &*%"% "% i w*i(* / 0o+wi +% "&# +" &*% &% 2 '3% f%(&i l%', &*% 3% f%(&i ili&$of 2# (# o& % #""% &%+, l%"" &*% 3 %(%+i ! 3 o3o"i&io " (o l+ *#)% %%

(l%# l$ %"&# li"*%+. T*% % i", *ow%)% , o % "% "%, w*i(* &*% &% 2 will %# , iw*i(* i& i", 3% *#3", "&. I& 2#$ % "#i+ wi&* & &* &*#& 2# i" #lw#$"" "(%3&i l% of i23 o)%2% &, o &*#& &*% % %)% *#" %% , o will %, # 3% io+of *i" *i"&o $, i w*i(* *% (# % "#i+ &o *#)% %#(*%+ *i" 3o""i l% #(2% of3% f%(&io . Y%& i& +o%" o& $ # $ 2%# " follow f o2 &*i", &*#& o %ffo &" &oi23 o)% 2# will #lw#$" " ((%%+, o %)% &*#& *% will %)% 2# %, i &*% ! %#&%"&

2 % of #!%", # $ %:& #o +i # $ "& i+%" &ow# +" 3% f%(&io . T*% o l$ i f% % (%&*#& (# % + #w i" &*#& &*% 3 %(i"% li2i& of *i" i23 o)%2% & (# o& 3o""i l$

% ow . A + I (# o& *%l3 #!#i %2i +i ! &*% %#+% of # +i"&i (&io w*i(*,i& #33%# " &o 2%, o !*& 3# &i( l# l$ &o % #&&% +%+ &o i &*% 3 %"% & %"&ioI 2%# , &*% %""% &i#l +iff% % (% &*% % i" %&w%% # li2i&%+ i23 o)%2% & # +# i23 o)%2% & &*% li2i& of w*i(* (# o& % #"(% &#i %+. T*% fo 2% i" #i23 o)%2% & o& #33li(# l% &o 2# +% &*% 3 %"% & l#w" of *i" #& %. T*%

l#&&% , +o &%+l$, i" #33li(# l%.

T*% %#l 3% f%(&i ili&$ of 2# 2#$ % ill "& #&%+, #" I *#)% 2% &io %+ %fo %,$ &*% 3% f%(&i ili&$ of # 3l# &. T*% o %(& of &*% % &% 3 i"i ! flo i"& i", #"

I (o (%i)%, &o i&% "i;%, "$22%& $, # + %# &$ of (olo . I& wo l+ " %l$ %3 %" 23& o " i &*% 2o"& " ((%""f l i23 o)% &o #ffi 2, &*#& *% 3o""%""%+ #(# #&io i w*i(* &*%"% #li&i%" %:i"&%+ i &*% ! %#&%"& 3o""i l% "&#&% of3% f%(&io . How%)% %# &if l *i" flow% 2#$ %, o&*% (# %, o&*% "oil, oo&*% " ", 2i!*& 3 o+ (% o % "&ill 2o % %# &if l.

B1



Y%&, #l&*o !* *% 2#$ % #w# % of &*% # " +i&$ of " 33o"i ! &*#& *% *#" %#(*%+3% f%(&io , # + &*o !* *% 2#$ ow $ w*#& 2%# " *% #&&#i %+ &*#& +%! %% of

%# &$ i &*% flow% w*i(* *% #& 3 %"% & 3o""%""%", $%& *% (# o& % " % &*#&$ 3 " i ! "i2il# 2%# ", #&*% i ( %#"%+ i "& % !&*, *% will o &#i # 2o %%# &if l lo""o2. 4$ % +%#)o i ! &o i23 o)% o % #li&$, *% 2#$ i23#i &*%%# &$ of # o&*% . T*% i(*% 2o l+ w*i(* *% wo l+ %23lo$ &o i ( %#"% &*% "i;%

of *i" 3l# & wo l+ 3 o # l$ "& &*% (#l$:, # + +%"& o$ #& o (% i&" "$22%& $.I # "i2il# 2# % , &*% fo (i ! 2# % "%+ &o i ! # o & &*% F % (*R%)ol &io , # + &o !i)% # ! %#&% f %%+o2 # + % % !$ &o &*% * 2# 2i +, *#"

"& &*% (#l$: of * 2# i&$, &*% %"& #i i ! o + of #ll "o(i%&$5 # +, *ow%)%l# !% &*% "%3# #&% 3%&#l" *#)% ! ow , *ow%)% "& o !l$, o %)% %# &if ll$, #f%w of &*%2 *#)% %% 2# %+, &*% w*ol% i" #& 3 %"% & # loo"%, +%fo 2%+,+i" oi &%+ 2#"", wi&*o & io , "$22%& $, o *# 2o $ of (olo i !.

=% % i& of (o "% % (% &o i23 o)% 3i " # + (# #&io ", &*o !* w% (o l+ *#)% o*o3% of #i"i ! &*%2 #" l# !% #" (# #!%", w% 2i!*& +o &%+l$ %:3%(&, $" ((%""i)% %ffo &", &o o &#i 2o % %# &if l "3%(i2% " &*# w% #& 3 %"% &3o""%"". No 3% "o (# +% $ &*% i23o &# (% of i23 o)i ! &*% *#33i %"" of &*%* 2# "3%(i%". E)% $ &*% l%#"& #+)# (% i &*i" %"3%(& i" *i!*l$ )#l # l%. 4 &# %:3% i2% & wi&* &*% * 2# #(% i" o& li % # %:3% i2% & 3o i # i2#&%o %(&". T*% "&i ! of # flow% 2#$ % # & ifl%. A o&*% will "oo " ((%%+ i&.4 & &*% "&i ! of &*% o +" of "o(i%&$ i" " (* # "%3# #&io of 3# &" #" (# o&&# % 3l#(% wi&*o & !i)i ! &*% 2o"& #( &% 3#i &o &*o "# +" # + # lo ! &i2% 2#$%l#3"%, # + 2 (* 2i"% $ 2#$ % % + %+, %fo % &*% wo + ! ow" 3 #!#i .

A" &*% fi)% 3 o3o"i&io " w*i(* I *#)% %% %:#2i i ! 2#$ % (o "i+% %+ #" &*%(o % "&o %" of / 0o+wi '" f# (if l "& (& %, # +, i +%%+, #" %:3 %""i ! &*%#i2 # + % & of *i" w*ol% wo , *ow%)% %:(%ll% & 2 (* of *i" +%&#(*%+ %#"o i !2#$ %, *% 2 "& % (o "i+% %+ #" *#)i ! f#il%+ i &*% ! %#& o %(& of *i"

+% &# i !. 4%"i+%" &*% +iffi( l&i%" # i"i ! f o2 &*% (o23o + #& % of 2# ,w*i(* *% *#" $ o 2%# " " ffi(i% &l$ "2oo&*%+, &*% 3 i (i3#l # ! 2% & #!#i "&&*% 3% f%(&i ili&$ of 2# # + "o(i%&$ %2#i " w*ol% # + i23#i %+ f o2 # $&*i ! &*#& *% *#" #+)# (%+. A + #" f# #" I (# & "& 2$ ow +!%2% &, &*i"

# ! 2% & #33%# " &o % (o (l "i)%, o& o l$ #!#i "& &*% 3% f%(&i ili&$ of 2# ,i &*% % l# !%+ "% "% i w*i(* / 0o+wi +% "&# +" &*% &% 2, & #!#i "& # $)% $ 2# %+ # + "& i i ! (*# !% fo &*% %&&% , i &*% fo 2 # + "& (& % of!% % #l "o(i%&$5 $ w*i(* I 2%# # $ ! %#& # + +%(i+%+ #2%lio #&io of &*%(o +i&io of &*% low% (l#""%" of 2# i +, &*% 2o"& 2% o ", # +, (o "% % &l$,i # !% % #l )i%w of &*% " %(&, &*% 2o"& i23o &# & 3# & of &*% * 2# #(%.=% % I &o li)% # &*o "# + $%# ", # + &*% l#w" of #& % &o %2#i &*% "#2%, I"*o l+ li&&l% f%# , o #&*% li&&l% *o3%, # (o & #+i(&io f o2 %:3% i% (% i#""% &i ! &*#& o 3o""i l% "#( ifi(%" o %:% &io " of &*% i(*, i # (o & $w*i(* *#+ %% lo ! i *# i&%+, (o l+ fo # $ &i2% 3l#(% &*% low% (l#""%" of &*%(o22 i&$ i # "i& #&io % #l, wi&* %!# + &o (i ( 2"&# (%", &o &*% "i& #&ioof &*% (o22o 3%o3l% # o & &*i &$ $%# " #!o i &*% o &*% S&#&%" of A2% i(#.

T*% low% (l#""%" of 3%o3l% i E o3% 2#$ #& "o2% f & % 3% io+ % 2 (* %&&%i "& (&%+ &*# &*%$ # % #& 3 %"% &5 &*%$ 2#$ % &# !*& &o %23lo$ &*% li&&l%"3# % &i2% &*%$ *#)% i 2# $ %&&% w#$" &*# #& &*% #l%-*o "%5 &*%$ 2#$ li)%

+% %&&% # + 2o % % #l l#w" &*# &*%$ *#)% %)% *i&*% &o +o %, 3% *#3", i# $ (o & $5 # + I %)% (o (%i)% i& 3o""i l%, &*o !* o& 3 o # l% &*#& &*%$ 2#$*#)% 2o % l%i" %5 & i& i" o& i &*% #& % of &*i !" &*#& &*%$ (# %#w# +%+ " (* # # &i&$ of 2o %$ o " "i"&% (% #" will #llow &*%2 #ll &o 2# $%# l$, i &*% f ll (o fi+% (% &*#& &*%$ "*#ll % # l% &o 3 o)i+% wi&* %#"% fo #

2% o " f#2il$.

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B>



CHAPTER 15 Models too perfect may sometimes rather impede than promote improvement - Mr

odwin s essay on Avarice and 'rofusion - /mpossibility of dividing thenecessary labour of a society amicably among all -/nvectives against labour may

produce present evil, with l ittle or no chance of producing future good - Anaccession to the mass of agricultural labour must always be an advantage to thelabourer.

/R 0OD=IN i &*% 3 %f#(% &o *i" E i % , + o3" # f%w %:3 %""io " w*i(* "%%2 &o*i & #& "o2% (*# !% i *i" o3i io " "i (% *% w o&% &*% Poli&i(#l J "&i(%5 # + #"&*i" i" # wo ow of "o2% $%# " "&# +i !, I "*o l+ (% &#i l$ &*i &*#& I *#+

%% # ! i ! #!#i "& o3i io " w*i(* &*% # &*o *#+ *i2"%lf "%% %#"o &o #l&% ,& &*#& i "o2% of &*% %""#$" of &*% E i % , / 0o+wi '" 3%( li# 2o+% of

&*i i ! #33%# " i #" "& i i ! # li!*& #" %)% .

I& *#" %% f % % &l$ o "% )%+ &*#& &*o !* w% (# o& *o3% &o %#(* 3% f%(&ioi # $ &*i !, $%& &*#& i& 2 "& #lw#$" % #+)# &#!%o " &o " &o 3l#(% %fo % o%$%" &*% 2o"& 3% f%(& 2o+%l". T*i" o "% )#&io *#" # 3l# "i l% #33%# # (%, &i" )% $ f# f o2 %i ! !% % #ll$ & %. I %)% +o & i&" & &* i o % of &*% 2o"&o )io " %:%23lifi(#&io " &*#& wo l+ o(( . I +o & w*%&*% # )% $ $o ! 3#i &%wo l+ %(%i)% "o 2 (* % %fi&, f o2 # #&&%23& &o (o3$ # *i!*l$ fi i"*%+ # +3% f%(& 3i(& %, #" f o2 (o3$i ! o % w*% % &*% o &li %" w% % 2o % "& o !l$2# %+ # + &*% 2# % of l#$i ! o &*% (olo " w#" 2o % %#"il$ +i"(o)% # l%. 4 &i (#"%" w*% % &*% 3% f%(&io of &*% 2o+%l i" # 3% f%(&io of # +iff% % & # +" 3% io #& % f o2 &*#& &ow# +" w*i(* w% "*o l+ #& #ll$ #+)# (%, w% "*#ll

o& #lw#$" f#il i 2# i ! # $ 3 o! %"" &ow# +" i&, & w% "*#ll i #ll3 o # ili&$ i23%+% &*% 3 o! %"" w*i(* w% 2i!*& *#)% %:3%(&%+ &o 2# % *#+ w% o&fi:%+ o %$%" 3o "o 3% f%(& # 2o+%l. A *i!*l$ i &%ll%(& #l %i !,.%:%23& f o2&*% i fi 2 (#ll" of * !% o "l%%3, i" +o &%+l$ # 2 (* 2o % 3% f%(&%:i"&% (% &*# 2# , & w% % 2# &o #&&%23& &o (o3$ " (* # 2o+%l, *% wo l+ o&o l$ f#il i 2# i ! # $ #+)# (%" &ow# +" i&5 & $ wi"%l$ "& #i i ! &oi2i&#&% w*#& w#" i i2i&# l%, *% wo l+ 3 o # l$ +%"& o$ &*% li&&l% i &%ll%(&

w*i(* *% w#" % +%#)o i ! &o i23 o)%.

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%&# + &*% i23 o)%2% & of &*% * 2# "3%(i%" / 0o+wi #33%# " &o 2% &o *#)%+%(i+%+ &*i" %"&io #!#i "& *i2"%lf i *i" %""#$ o 'A)# i(% # + P of "io ' i&*% E i % .

D A+#2 S2i&* *#" )% $ "&l$ o "% )%+ &*#& #&io " #" w%ll #" i +i)i+ #l" ! owi(* $ 3# "i2o $ # + 3oo $ 3 of "io , # + &*#&, &*% %fo %, %)% $ f !#l 2#w#" # f i% + # + %)% $ "3% +&* if& # % %2$ &o *i" (o & $. T*% %#"o *% !i)%"i" &*#& w*#& i" "#)%+ f o2 %)% % i" #lw#$" #++%+ &o "&o( , # + i" &*% %fo %&# % f o2 &*% 2#i &% # (% of l# o &*#& i" !% % #ll$ 3 o+ (&i)% # + %23lo$%+i &*% 2#i &% # (% of l# o &*#& %#li;%" i&"%lf i )#l # l% (o22o+i&i%". Noo "% )#&io (# % 2o % %)i+% &l$ "&. T*% " %(& of / 0o+wi '" %""#$ i" #li&&l% "i2il# i i&" fi "& #33%# # (%, & i %""% (% i" #" +i"&i (& #"3o""i l%. H% (o "i+% " &*% 2i"(*i%f of 3 of "io #" # #( owl%+!%+ & &*, # +&*% %fo % 2# %" *i" (o23# i"o %&w%% &*% #)# i(io " 2# , # + &*% 2# w*o

B?



"3% +" *i" i (o2%. 4 & &*% #)# i(io " 2# of / 0o+wi i" &o&#ll$ # +i"&i (&(*# #(&% , #& l%#"& wi&* %!# + &o *i" %ff%(& 3o &*% 3 o"3% i&$ of &*% "&#&%,f o2 &*% f !#l 2# of D A+#2 S2i&*. T*% f !#l 2# i o +% &o 2# % 2o % 2o %$"#)%" f o2 *i" i (o2% # + #++" &o *i" (#3i&#l, # + &*i" (#3i&#l *% %i&*%%23lo$" *i2"%lf i &*% 2#i &% # (% of 3 o+ (&i)% l# o , o *% l% +" i& &o "o2%o&*% 3% "o w*o wil1 3 o # l$ %23lo$ i& i &*i" w#$. H% % %fi&" &*% "&#&%

%(# "% *% #++" &o i&" !% % #l (#3i&#l, # + %(# "% w%#l&* %23lo$%+ #" (#3i&#lo& o l$ "%&" i 2o&io 2o % l# o &*# w*% "3% & #" i (o2%, & &*% l# o i"%"i+%" of # 2o % )#l # l% i +. 4 & &*% #)# i(io " 2# of / 0o+wi lo( " 3

*i" w%#l&* i # (*%"& # + "%&" i 2o&io o l# o of # $ i +, %i&*%3 o+ (&i)% o 3 o+ (&i)%. T*i" i" "o %""% &i#l # +iff% % (% &*#& / 0o+wi '"+%(i"io i *i" %""#$ #33%# " #& o (% #" %)i+% &l$ f#l"% #" D A+#2 S2i&*'"3o"i&io i" %)i+% &l$ & %. I& (o l+ o&, i +%%+, & o(( &o / 0o+wi &*#&"o2% 3 %"% & i (o )% i% (% 2i!*& # i"% &o &*% 3oo f o2 &* " lo( i ! 3 &*%f +" +%"&i %+ fo &*% 2#i &% # (% of l# o . T*% o l$ w#$, &*% %fo %, *% *#+ ofw%# % i ! &*i" o %(&io w#" &o (o23# % &*% &wo (*# #(&% " (*i%fl$ wi&* %!# +&o &*%i &% +% ($ &o #((%l% #&% &*% #33 o#(* of &*#& *#33$ "&#&% of ( l&i)#&%+% #li&$, o w*i(* *% "#$" w% o !*& #lw#$" &o fi: o %$%" #" o 3ol# "&# .

I &*i i& *#" %% 3 o)%+ i &*% fo 2% 3# &" of &*i" %""#$ &*#& " (* # "&#&%of "o(i%&$ i" # "ol &%l$ i23 #(&i(# l%. =*#& (o "% % (%" &*% # % w% &o %:3%(&f o2 loo i ! &o " (* # 3oi & #" o ! i+% # + 3ol# "&# i &*% ! %#& "%# of3oli&i(#l +i"(o)% $ R%#"o wo l+ &%#(* " &o %:3%(& o o&*% &*# wi +"3% 3%& #ll$ #+)% "%, (o "&# & & f i&l%"" &oil, f % % & "*i3w %( , # +(% &#i 2i"% $. =% "*#ll o& o l$ f#il i 2# i ! &*% "2#ll%"& %#l #33 o#(*&ow# +" " (* # 3% f%(& fo 2 of "o(i%&$5 & $ w#"&i ! o "& % !&* of 2i + # +

o+$, i # +i %(&io i w*i(* i& i" i23o""i l% &o 3 o(%%+, # + $ &*% f % % &+i"& %"" w*i(* w% 2 "& %(%""# il$ o((#"io $ o %3%#&%+ f#il %", w% "*#ll%)i+% &l$ i23%+% &*#& +%! %% of i23 o)%2% & i "o(i%&$, w*i(* i" %#ll$#&&#i # l%.

I& *#" #33%# %+ &*#& # "o(i%&$ (o "&i& &%+ #((o +i ! &o / 0o+wi '" "$"&%2 2 "&,f o2 &*% i %)i&# l% l#w" of o #& %, +%!% % #&% i &o # (l#"" of 3 o3 i%&o "

# + # (l#"" of l# o % ", # + &*#& &*% " "&i& &io of % %)ol% (% fo "%lf-lo)%#" &*% 2o)i ! 3 i (i3l% of "o(i%&$, i "&%#+ of 3 o+ (i ! &*% *#33$ %ff%(&" &*#&2i!*& % %:3%(&%+ f o2 "o f#i # #2%, wo l+ (# "% &*% "#2% 3 %"" % of w# & &o

% f%l& $ &*% w*ol% of "o(i%&$, w*i(* i" ow f%l& o l$ $ # 3# &. I& i" &o &*%%"&# li"*%+ #+2i i"& #&io of 3 o3% &$ # + &o &*% #33# % &l$ # ow 3 i (i3l% of"%lf-lo)% &*#& w% # % i +% &%+ fo #ll &*% o l%"& %:% &io " of * 2# !% i ",#ll &*% fi % # + 2o % +%li(#&% %2o&io " of &*% "o l, fo %)% $&*i !, i +%%+,&*#& +i"&i ! i"*%" &*% (i)ili;%+ f o2 &*% "#)#!% "&#&%5 # + o " ffi(i% & (*# !%*#" #" $%& &# % 3l#(% i &*% #& % of (i)ili;%+ 2# &o % # l% " &o "#$ &*#&*% %i&*% i", o %)% will %, i # "&#&% w*% *% 2#$ "#f%l$ &* ow +ow &*%l#++% $ w*i(* *% *#" i"% &o &*i" %2i % (%.

If i %)% $ "o(i%&$ &*#& *#" #+)# (%+ %$o + &*% "#)#!% "&#&%, # (l#"" of

3 o3 i%&o " # + # (l#"" of l# o % " 2 "& %(%""# il$ %:i"&, i& i" %)i+% & &*#&,#" l# o i" &*% o l$ 3 o3% &$ of &*% (l#"" of l# o % ", %)% $ &*i ! &*#& &% +"&o +i2i i"* &*% )#l % of &*i" 3 o3% &$ 2 "& &% + &o +i2i i"* &*% 3o""%""io of&*i" 3# & of "o(i%&$. T*% o l$ w#$ &*#& # 3oo 2# *#" of " 33o &i ! *i2"%lf ii +%3% +% (% i" $ &*% %:% &io of *i" o+il$ "& % !&*. T*i" i" &*% o l$(o22o+i&$ *% *#" &o !i)% i %:(*# !% fo &*% %(%""# i%" of lif%. I& wo l+*# +l$ #33%# &*% &*#& $o % %fi& *i2 $ # owi ! &*% 2# %& fo &*i"(o22o+i&$, $ +%( %#"i ! &*% +%2# + fo l# o , # + l%""% i ! &*% )#l % of &*%o l$ 3 o3% &$ &*#& *% 3o""%""%".

B



I& "*o l+ % o "% )%+ &*#& &*% 3 i (i3#l # ! 2% & of &*i" E""#$ o l$ !o%" &o3 o)% &*% %(%""i&$ of # (l#"" of 3 o3 i%&o ", # + # (l#"" of l# o % ", & $

o 2%# " i f% " &*#& &*% 3 %"% & ! %#& i % #li&$ of 3 o3% &$ i" %i&*%%(%""# $ o "%f l &o "o(i%&$. O &*% (o & # $, i& 2 "& (% &#i l$ % (o "i+% %+

#" # %)il, # + %)% $ i "&i& &io &*#& 3 o2o&%" i& i" %""% &i#ll$ #+ # +i23oli&i(. 4 & w*%&*% # !o)% 2% & (o l+ wi&* #+)# &#!% &o "o(i%&$ #(&i)%l$i &% f% % &o %3 %"" i % #li&$ of fo & %" 2#$ % # 2#&&% of +o &. P% *#3"&*% !% % o " "$"&%2 of 3% f%(& li % &$ #+o3&%+ $ D A+#2 S2i&* # + &*% F % (*%(o o2i"&" wo l+ % ill %:(*# !%+ fo # $ "$"&%2 of %"& #i &.

/ 0o+wi wo l+ 3% *#3" "#$ &*#& &*% w*ol% "$"&%2 of # &% # + %:(*# !% i" #)il% # + i i i&o " & #ffi(. If $o wo l+ %""% &i#ll$ %li%)% &*% 3oo 2# , $o"*o l+ &# % # 3# & of *i" l# o 3o $o "%lf, o !i)% *i2 $o 2o %$, wi&*o &%:#(&i ! "o "%)% % # %& fo i&. I # "w% &o &*% fi "& 2%&*o+ 3 o3o"%+, i&2#$ % o "% )%+, &*#& %)% if &*% i(* (o l+ % 3% " #+%+ &o #""i"& &*% 3oo i&*i" w#$, &*% )#l % of &*% #""i"&# (% wo l+ % (o23# #&i)%l$ & ifli !. &*% i(*,&*o !* &*%$ &*i &*%2"%l)%" of ! %#& i23o &# (%, %# & # "2#ll 3 o3o &io i3oi & of 2 % " &o &*% 3oo , # + wo l+, &*% %fo %, %li%)% &*%2 & of # "2#ll3# & of &*%i +% " $ &# i ! # "*# %. =% % #ll &*o"% &*#& # % %23lo$%+ i &*%l# o " of l : i%" #++%+ &o &*% 2 % of &*o"% %23lo$%+ i 3 o+ (i !

%(%""# i%", # + (o l+ &*%"% %(%""# $ l# o " % #2i(# l$ +i)i+%+ #2o ! #ll,%#(* 2# '" "*# % 2i!*& i +%%+ % (o23# #&i)%l$ li!*&5 & +%"i # l% #" " (* ##2i(# l% +i)i"io wo l+ +o &%+l$ %, I (# o& (o (%i)% # $ 3 #(&i(#l3 i (i3l% #((o +i ! &o w*i(* i& (o l+ &# % 3l#(%. I& *#" %% "*%w , &*#& &*%"3i i& of % %)ol% (%, ! i+%+ $ &*% "& i(& i23# &i#l "&i(% &*#& / 0o+wi+%"( i %", wo l+, if )i!o o "l$ #(&%+ 3o , +%3 %"" i w# & # + 2i"% $ &*% w*ol%* 2# #(%. L%& " %:#2i % w*#& wo l+ % &*% (o "% % (%, if &*% 3 o3 i%&o w% %&o %&#i # +%(% & "*# % fo *i2"%lf, & &o !i)% &*% %"& #w#$ &o &*% 3oo ,wi&*o & %:#(&i ! # &#" f o2 &*%2 i %& . No& &o 2% &io &*% i+l% %"" # + &*%)i(% &*#& " (* # 3 o(%%+i !, if !% % #l, wo l+ 3 o # l$ ( %#&% i &*% 3 %"% &"&#&% of "o(i%&$, # + &*% ! %#&. i" &*% % wo l+ %, of +i2i i"*i ! &*% 3 o+ (%of l# +, #" w%ll #" &*% l# o " of l : $, # o&*% o %(&io $%& %2#i ".

/ 0o+wi "%%2" &o *#)% & li&&l% %"3%(& fo 3 #(&i(#l 3 i (i3l%"5 & I owi& #33%# " &o 2%, &*#& *% i" # 2 (* ! %#&% % %f#(&o &o 2# i +, w*o 3oi &"o & *ow # i f% io !oo+ 2#$ % #&&#i %+, &*# *% w*o 2% %l$ %:3#&i#&%" o &*%+%fo 2i&$ of &*% 3 %"% & "&#&% of "o(i%&$, # + &*% %# &$ of # +iff% % & "&#&%,wi&*o & 3oi &i ! o & # 3 #(&i(#l 2%&*o+, &*#& 2i!*& % i22%+i#&%l$ #33li%+, of#((%l% #&i ! o #+)# (%" f o2 &*% o %, &o &*% o&*% .

I& *#" #33%# %+ &*#& f o2 &*% 3 i (i3l% of 3o3 l#&io 2o % will #lw#$" % iw# & &*# (# % #+% #&%l$ " 33li%+. T*% " 3l " of &*% i(* 2# 2i!*& %" ffi(i% & fo &* %%, & fo will % +%"i o " &o o &#i i&. H% (# o& 2# %&*i" "%l%(&io . of &* %% o & of &*% fo wi&*o & (o f% i ! # ! %#& f#)o o&*o"% &*#& # % &*% o %(&" of *i" (*oi(%. T*%"% 3% "o " 2 "& (o "i+% &*%2"%l)%"#" +% # ! %#& o li!#&io &o *i2 # + #" +%3% +% & 3o *i2 fo &*%i " 33o &.

T*% i(* 2# wo l+ f%%l *i" 3ow% # + &*% 3oo 2# *i" +%3% +% (%, # + &*% %)il%ff%(&" of &*%"% &wo i23 %""io " o &*% * 2# *%# & # % w%ll ow . T*o !* I3% f%(&l$ #! %% wi&* / 0o+wi &*% %fo % i &*% %)il of *# + l# o , $%& I "&ill&*i i& # l%"" %)il, # + l%"" (#l( l#&%+ &o +% #"% &*% * 2# 2i +, &*#+%3% +% (%, # + %)% $ *i"&o $ of 2# &*#& w% *#)% %)% %#+ 3l#(%" i # "& o !.3oi & of )i%w &*% +# !% &o w*i(* &*#& 2i + i" %:3o"%+ w*i(* i" % & "&%+ wi&*(o "&# & 3ow% .

I &*% 3 %"% & "&#&% of &*i !", # + 3# &i( l# l$ w*% l# o i" i % %"&, &*%2# w*o +o%" # +#$'" wo fo 2% (o f% " f ll #" ! %#& # o li!#&io 3o 2% #"

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I +o 3o *i2. I 3o""%"" w*#& *% w# &", *% 3o""%""%" w*#& I w# &. =% 2# % ##2i(# l% %:(*# !%. T*% 3oo 2# w#l " % %(& i (o "(io " i +%3% +% (%5 # + &*%2i + of *i" %23lo$% i" o& )i&i#&%+ $ # "% "% of 3ow% .

T* %% o fo * + %+ $%# " #!o &*% % w#" +o &%+l$ 2 (* l%"" l# o iE !l# +, i 3 o3o &io &o &*% 3o3 l#&io , &*# #& 3 %"% &, & &*% % w#" 2 (*2o % +%3% +% (%, # + w% 3 o # l$ "*o l+ o& ow % o$ o 3 %"% & +%! %% of(i)il li % &$ if &*% 3oo , $ &*% i & o+ (&io of 2# f#(& %", *#+ o& %%% # l%+ &o !i)% "o2%&*i ! i %:(*# !% fo &*% 3 o)i"io " of &*% ! %#& Lo +",i "&%#+ of %i ! +%3% +% & 3o &*%i o &$. E)% &*% ! %#&%"& % %2i%" of & #+%# + 2# f#(& %", # + I +o o& %( o 2$"%lf # )% $ +%&% 2i %+ f i% + &o &*%2,2 "& #llow &*#& w*% &*%$ w% % i & o+ (%+ i &o E !l# +, li % &$ (#2% i &*%i& #i .

No&*i ! &*#& *#" %% "#i+ &% +" i &*% 2o"& %2o&% +%! %% &o +% )#l % &*%3 i (i3l% of % %)ol% (%. I& i" o % of &*% o l%"& # + 2o"& !o+li % #li&i%" of&*% * 2# *%# &, !% % #&%+, 3% *#3", "lowl$ # + ! #+ #ll$ f o2 "%lf-lo)%, # +#f&% w# +" i &% +%+ &o #(& #" # !% % #l l#w, w*o"% i + offi(% i& "*o l+ %, &o"of&% &*% 3# &i#l +%fo 2i&i%", &o (o %(& &*% #"3% i&i%", # + &o "2oo&* &*%w i l%" of i&" 3# % & # + &*i" "%%2" &o % &*% # #lo! of #ll #& %. P% *#3"&*% % i" o o % !% % #l l#w of #& % &*#& will o& #33%# , &o " #& l%#"&, &o3 o+ (% 3# &i#l %)il5 # + w% f % % &l$ o "% )% #& &*% "#2% &i2%, "o2% o &if l3 o)i"io w*i(*, #(&i ! #" # o&*% !% % #l l#w, (o %(&" &*% i % #li&i%" of &*%fi "&.

T*% 3 o3% offi(% of % %)ol% (% i" &o "of&% &*% 3# &i#l %)il". # i"i ! f o2"%lf-lo)%, & i& (# %)% % " "&i& &%+ i i&" 3l#(%. If o 2# w% % &o #llow*i2"%lf &o #(& &ill *% *#+ (o23l%&%l$ +%&% 2i %+ &*#& &*% #(&io *% w#" # o & &o3% fo 2 w#" 2o % (o + (i)% &*# # $ o&*% &o &*% !% % #l !oo+, &*% 2o"&% li!*&% %+ 2i +" wo l+ *%"i&#&% i 3% 3l%:i&$ # + #2#;%2% &5 # + &*%

% li!*&% %+ wo l+ % (o &i #ll$ (o22i&&i ! &*% ! o""%"& 2i"&# %".

A" / 0o+wi , &*% %fo %, *#" o& l#i+ +ow # $ 3 #(&i(#l 3 i (i3l% #((o +i ! &o

w*i(* &*% %(%""# $ l# o " of #! i( l& % 2i!*& % #2i(# l$ "*# %+ #2o ! &*%w*ol% (l#"" of l# o % ", $ !% % #l i )%(&i)%" #!#i "& %23lo$i ! &*% 3oo *%#33%# " &o 3 " % # #&&#i # l% !oo+ &* o !* 2 (* 3 %"% & %)il. Fo if %)% $2# w*o %23lo$" &*% 3oo o !*& &o % (o "i+% %+ #" &*%i % %2$, # + #" #++i ! &o&*% w%i!*& of &*%i o33 %""io ", # + if &*% 2i"% i" fo &*i" %#"o &o %3 %f% %+ &o &*% 2# w*o "3% +" *i" i (o2%, i& follow" &*#& # $ 2 % of 2%w*o ow "3% + &*%i i (o2%" 2i!*&, &o &*% #+)# &#!% of "o(i%&$, % (o )% &%+i &o 2i"% ". S 33o"% &*% &*#& # * + %+ &*o "# + 3% "o " w*o ow %23lo$ &% 2%%#(* w% % &o lo( 3 &*%i w%#l&* f o2 !% % #l "%, i& i" %)i+% &, &*#& #2illio of wo i ! 2% of +iff% % & i +" wo l+ % (o23l%&%l$ &* ow o & of #ll%23lo$2% &. T*% %:&% "i)% 2i"% $ &*#& " (* # %)% & wo l+ 3 o+ (% i &*% 3 %"% &"&#&% of "o(i%&$ / 0o+wi *i2"%lf (o l+ *# +l$ %f "% &o #( owl%+!%, # + I

%"&io w*%&*% *% 2i!*& o& fi + "o2% +iffi( l&$ i 3 o)i ! &*#& # (o + (& of

&*i" i + &% +%+ 2o % &*# &*% (o + (& of &*o"% w*o "3% + &*%i i (o2%" &o'3l#(% * 2# %i !" i &*% (o +i&io i w*i(* &*%$ o !*& &o % 3l#(%+.' 4 & /0o+wi "#$" &*#& &*% 2i"% %#ll$ lo( " 3 o&*i !, &*#& &*% 3oi & *#" o& %%

i!*&l$ +% "&oo+, # + &*#& &*% & % +%)%lo32% & # + +%fi i&io of &*% #& %of w%#l&* *#)% o& %% #33li%+ &o ill "& #&% i&. H#)i ! +%fi %+ &*% %fo %w%#l&*, )% $ "&l$, &o % &*% (o22o+i&i%" #i"%+ # + fo"&% %+ $ * 2# l# o ,*% o "% )%" &*#& &*% 2i"% lo( " 3 %i&*% (o , o o:% , o (lo&*%", o*o "%". U +o &%+l$ *% +o%" o& %#ll$ lo( 3 &*%"% # &i(l%", & *% lo( " 3&*% 3ow% of 3 o+ (i ! &*%2, w*i(* i" )i & #ll$ &*% "#2%. T*%"% &*i !" # %(% &#i l$ "%+ # + (o " 2%+ $ *i" (o &%23o # i%", #" & l$, # + &o #" ! %#& #

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%:&% &, #" if *% w% % # %!!# 5 & o& &o #" ! %#& # %:&% & #" if *% *#+%23lo$%+ *i" w%#l&* i & i ! 3 2o % l# +, i %%+i ! 2o % o:% , i %23lo$i !2o % &#ilo ", # + i il+i ! 2o % *o "%". 4 & " 33o"i !, fo # 2o2% &, &*#& &*%(o + (& of &*% 2i"% +i+ o& &% + &o (*%( # $ %#ll$ "%f l 3 o+ (%, *ow # %#ll &*o"% w*o # % &* ow o & of %23lo$2% & &o o &#i 3#&% &" w*i(* &*%$ 2#$ "*%wi o +% &o % #w# +%+ # 3 o3% "*# % of &*% foo+ # + #i2% & 3 o+ (%+ $ &*%"o(i%&$ T*i" i" &*% (o % # l% +iffi( l&$.

I #2 3% f%(&l$ willi ! &o (o (%+% &o / 0o+wi &*#& &*% % i" 2 (* 2o % l# o i&*% wo l+ &*# i" %#ll$ %(%""# $, # + &*#&, if &*% low% (l#""%" of "o(i%&$(o l+ #! %% #2o ! &*%2"%l)%" %)% &o wo 2o % &*# "i: o "%)% *o " i &*%+#$, &*% (o22o+i&i%" %""% &i#l &o * 2# *#33i %"" 2i!*& "&ill % 3 o+ (%+ i #"! %#& # +# (% #" #& 3 %"% &. 4 & i& i" #l2o"& i23o""i l% &o (o (%i)% &*#& " (*# #! %%2% & (o l+ % #+*% %+ &o. F o2 &*% 3 i (i3l% of 3o3 l#&io , "o2% wo l+

%(%""# il$ % 2o % i w# & &*# o&*% ". T*o"% &*#& *#+ l# !% f#2ili%" wo l+#& #ll$ % +%"i o " of %:(*# !i ! &wo *o " 2o % of &*%i l# o fo # #23l%

# &i&$ of " "i"&% (%. How # % &*%$ &o % 3 %)% &%+ f o2 2# i ! &*i" %:(*# !%i& wo l+ % # )iol#&io of &*% fi "& # + 2o"& "#( %+ 3 o3% &$ &*#& # 2#3o""%""%" &o #&&%23&, $ 3o"i&i)% i "&i& &io ", &o i &% f% % wi&* *i" (o22# +o)% *i" ow l# o .

Till / 0o+wi , &*% %fo %, (# 3oi & o & "o2% 3 #(&i(#l 3l# #((o +i ! &o w*i(*&*% %(%""# $ l# o i # "o(i%&$ 2i!*& % % i&# l$ +i)i+%+, *i" i )%(&i)%"#!#i "& l# o , if &*%$ w% % #&&% +%+ &o, wo l+ (% &#i l$ 3 o+ (% 2 (* 3 %"% &%)il wi&*o & #33 o:i2#&i ! " &o &*#& "&#&% of ( l&i)#&%+ % #li&$ &o w*i(* *%loo " fo w# + #" *i" 3ol# "&# , # + w*i(*, *% "%%2" &o &*i , "*o l+ #& 3 %"% &

% o ! i+% i +%&% 2i i ! &*% #& % # + &% +% ($ of * 2# #(&io ". A 2# i %! i+%+ $ " (* # 3ol# "&# i" i +# !% of "*i3w %( .

P% *#3" &*% % i" o 3o""i l% w#$ i w*i(* w%#l&* (o l+ i !% % #l % %23lo$%+ "o% %fi(i#ll$ &o # "&#&%, # + 3# &i( l# l$ &o &*% low% o +% " of i&, #" $

i23 o)i ! # + % +% i ! 3 o+ (&i)% &*#& l# + w*i(* &o # f# 2% wo l+ o& # "w%&*% %:3% "% of ( l&i)#&io . H#+ / 0o+wi %:% &%+ *i" % % !%&i( %lo % (% i

3#i &i ! &*% " 3% io wo &* # + "%f l %"" of &*% (*# #(&% w*o %23lo$%+ &*%3oo i &*i" w#$, &o *i2 w*o %23lo$%+ &*%2 i # ow l : i%", %)% $ % li!*&% %+2# 2 "& *#)% #33l# +%+ *i" %ffo &". T*% i ( %#"i ! +%2# + fo #! i( l& #ll# o 2 "& #lw#$" &% + &o %&&% &*% (o +i&io of &*% 3oo 5 # + if &*%#((%""io of wo % of &*i" i +, "o f# i" i& f o2 %i ! & % &*#& &*% 3oowo l+ % o li!%+ &o wo &% *o " fo &*% "#2% 3 i(% &*#& &*%$ %fo % wo %+%i!*&, &*#& &*% )% $ %)% "% wo l+ % &*% f#(&5 # + # l# o % 2i!*& &*%" 33o & *i" wif% # + f#2il$ #" w%ll $ &*% l# o of "i: *o " #" *% (o l+

%fo % $ &*% l# o of %i!*&.

T*% l# o ( %#&%+ $ l : i%", &*o !* "%f l i +i"& i &i ! &*% 3 o+ (% of &*%(o & $, wi&*o & )i&i#&i ! &*% 3 o3 i%&o $ 3ow% , o +% #"i ! &*% l# o % $+%3% +% (%, *#" o&, i +%%+, &*% "#2% % %fi(i#l %ff%(&" o &*% "&#&% of &*%

3oo . A ! %#& #((%""io of wo f o2 2# f#(& % ", &*o !* i& 2#$ #i"% &*%3 i(% of l# o %)% 2o % &*# # i ( %#"i ! +%2# + fo #! i( l& #l l# o ,$%&, #" i &*i" (#"% &*% # &i&$ of foo+ i &*% (o & $ 2#$ o& %3 o3o &io # l$ i ( %#"i !, &*% #+)# &#!% &o &*% 3oo will % & &%23o # $, #"&*% 3 i(% of 3 o)i"io " 2 "& %(%""# il$ i"% i 3 o3o &io &o &*% 3 i(% ofl# o . R%l#&i)% &o &*i" " %(&, I (# o& #)oi+ )% & i ! # f%w %2# " o #3# & of D A+#2 S2i&*'" =%#l&* of N#&io ", "3%# i ! #& &*% "#2% &i2% wi&* &*#&+iffi+% (% w*i(* I o !*& (% &#i l$ &o f%%l i +iff% i ! f o2 # 3% "o "o "&l$(%l% #&%+ i &*% 3oli&i(#l wo l+.

B8



CHAPTER 16 'robable error of @r Adam %mith in representing every increase of the revenueor stock of a society as an increase in the funds for the maintenance of labour - /nstances where an increase of wealth can have no tendency to better thecondition of the labouring poor - "ngland has increased in riches without a

proportional increase in the funds for the maintenance of labour - The state of the poor in )hina would not be improved by an increase of wealth frommanufactures.

THE 3 of%""%+ o %(& of D A+#2 S2i&*'" i i $ i" &*% #& % # + (# "%" of &*%w%#l&* of #&io ". T*% % i" # o&*% i i $, *ow%)% , 3% *#3" "&ill 2o %i &% %"&i !, w*i(* *% o((#"io #ll$ 2i:%" wi&* i&, I 2%# # i i $ i &o &*%(# "%" w*i(* #ff%(& &*% *#33i %"" of #&io " o &*% *#33i %"" # + (o2fo & of &*%low% o +% " of "o(i%&$, w*i(* i" &*% 2o"& 2% o " (l#"" i %)% $ #&io . I #2" ffi(i% ($ #w# % of &*% %# (o %(&io of &*%"% &wo " %(&", # + &*#& &*%(# "%" w*i(* &% + &o i ( %#"% &*% w%#l&* of # "&#&% &% + #l"o, !% % #ll$"3%# i !, &o i ( %#"% &*% *#33i %"" of &*% low% (l#""%" of &*% 3%o3l%. 4 &3% *#3" D A+#2 S2i&* *#" (o "i+% %+ &*%"% &wo i i i%" #" "&ill 2o % %# l$(o %(&%+ &*# &*%$ %#ll$ # %5 #& l%#"&, *% *#" o& "&o33%+ &o &# % o&i(% of&*o"% i "&# (%" w*% % &*% w%#l&* of # "o(i%&$ 2#$ i ( %#"% 6#((o +i ! &o *i"+%fi i&io of 'w%#l&*' wi&*o & *#)i ! # $ &% +% ($ &o i ( %#"% &*% (o2fo &" of&*% l# o i ! 3# & of i&. I +o o& 2%# &o % &% i &o # 3*ilo"o3*i(#l +i"( ""ioof w*#& (o "&i& &%" &*% 3 o3% *#33i %"" of 2# , & "*#ll 2% %l$ (o "i+% &wo

i)% "#ll$ #( owl%+!%+ i ! %+i% &", *%#l&*, # + &*% (o22# + of &*% %(%""# i%"# + (o )% i% (%" of lif%.

Li&&l% o o +o & (# %:i"& &*#& &*% (o2fo &" of &*% l# o i ! 3oo +%3% + 3o&*% i ( %#"% of &*% f +" +%"&i %+ fo &*% 2#i &% # (% of l# o , # + will %)% $ %:#(&l$ i 3 o3o &io &o &*% #3i+i&$ of &*i" i ( %#"%. T*% +%2# + fol# o w*i(* " (* i ( %#"% wo l+ o((#"io , $ ( %#&i ! # (o23%&i&io i &*%

2# %&, 2 "& %(%""# il$ #i"% &*% )#l % of l# o , # +, &ill &*% #++i&io #l2 % of *# +" % i %+ w% % %# %+, &*% i ( %#"%+ f +" wo l+ % +i"& i &%+

&o &*% "#2% 2 % of 3% "o " #" %fo % &*% i ( %#"%, # + &*% %fo % %)% $l# o % wo l+ li)% (o23# #&i)%l$ #& *i" %#"%. 4 & 3% *#3" D A+#2 S2i&* % " i

%3 %"% &i ! %)% $ i ( %#"% of &*% %)% % o "&o( of # "o(i%&$ #" # i ( %#"%of &*%"% f +". S (* " 3l " "&o( o %)% % will, i +%%+, #lw#$" % (o "i+% %+

$ &*% i +i)i+ #l 3o""%""i ! i& #" # #++i&io #l f + f o2 w*i(* *% 2#$ 2#i &#i2o % l# o & i& will o& % # %#l # + %ff%(& #l f + fo &*% 2#i &% # (% of# #++i&io #l 2 % of l# o % ", l%"" &*% w*ol%, o #& l%#"& # ! %#& 3# & of&*i" i ( %#"% of &*% "&o( o %)% % of &*% "o(i%&$, % (o )% &i l% i &o #3 o3o &io #l # &i&$ of 3 o)i"io "5 # + i& will o& % "o (o )% &i l% w*% % &*%i ( %#"% *#" # i"% 2% %l$ f o2 &*% 3 o+ (% of l# o , # + o& f o2 &*% 3 o+ (%of l# +. A +i"&i (&io will i &*i" (#"% o(( , %&w%% &*% 2 % of *# +"

w*i(* &*% "&o( of &*% "o(i%&$ (o l+ %23lo$, # + &*% 2 % w*i(* i&" &% i&o $(# 2#i &#i .

To %:3l#i 2$"%lf $ # i "&# (%. D A+#2 S2i&* +%fi %" &*% w%#l&* of # #&io&o (o "i"&. I &*% # #l 3 o+ (% of i&" l# + # + l# o . T*i" +%fi i&io%)i+% &l$ i (l +%" 2# f#(& %+ 3 o+ (%, #" w%ll #" &*% 3 o+ (% of &*% l# +. Now" 33o"i ! # #&io fo # (o "% of $%# " w#" &o #++ w*#& i& "#)%+ f o2 i&"$%# l$ %)% % &o i&" 2# f#(& i ! (#3i&#l "ol%l$, # + o& &o i&" (#3i&#l%23lo$%+ 3o l# +, i& i" %)i+% & &*#& i& 2i!*& ! ow i(*% #((o +i ! &o &*%# o)% +%fi i&io , wi&*o & # 3ow% of " 33o &i ! # ! %#&% 2 % of l# o % ",

B9



# +, &*% %fo %, wi&*o & # i ( %#"% i &*% %#l f +" fo &*%. 2#i &% # (% ofl# o . T*% % wo l+, o&wi&*"&# +i !, % # +%2# + fo l# o f o2 &*% 3ow%w*i(* %#(* 2# f#(& % wo l+ 3o""%"", o #& l%#"& &*i *% 3o""%""%+, of%:&% +i ! *i" ol+ "&o( i & #+% o of "%&&i ! 3 f %"* wo ". T*i" +%2# + wo l+of (o "% #i"% &*% 3 i(% of l# o , & if &*% $%# l$ "&o( of 3 o)i"io " i&*% (o & $ w#" o& i ( %#"i !, &*i" i"% wo l+ "oo & o & &o % 2% %l$

o2i #l, #" &*% 3 i(% of 3 o)i"io " 2 "& %(%""# il$ i"% wi&* i&. T*% +%2# +fo 2# f#(& i ! l# o % " 2i!*&, i +%%+, % &i(% 2# $ f o2 #! i( l& % # + &* "&% + &o +i2i i"* &*% # #l 3 o+ (% of &*% l# +, & w% will " 33o"% # $ %ff%(&of &*i" i + &o % (o23% "#&%+ $ i23 o)%2% &" i &*% i "& 2% &" of#! i( l& %, # + &*% # &i&$ of 3 o)i"io " &*% %fo % &o %2#i &*% "#2%.I23 o)%2% &" i 2# f#(& i ! 2#(*i % $ wo l+ of (o "% &# % 3l#(%, # + &*i"(i ( 2"&# (%, #++%+ &o &*% ! %#&% 2 % of *# +" %23lo$%+ i 2# f#(& %",wo l+ (# "% &*% # #l 3 o+ (% of &*% l# o of &*% (o & $ &o % 3o &*% w*ol%! %#&l$ i ( %#"%+. T*% w%#l&* &*% %fo % of &*% (o & $ wo l+ % i ( %#"i !# #ll$, #((o +i ! &o &*% +%fi i&io , # + 2i!*& o&, 3% *#3", % i ( %#"i !)% $ "lowl$.

T*% %"&io i" w*%&*% w%#l&*, i ( %#"i ! i &*i" w#$, *#" # $ &% +% ($ &o%&&% &*% (o +i&io of &*% l# o i ! 3oo . I& i" # "%lf-%)i+% & 3 o3o"i&io

&*#& # $ !% % #l i"% i &*% 3 i(% of l# o , &*% "&o( of 3 o)i"io " %2#i i !&*% "#2%, (# o l$ % # o2i #l i"%, #" i& 2 "& )% $ "*o &l$ % follow%+ $ #3 o3o &io #l i"% i &*% 3 i(% of 3 o)i"io ". T*% i ( %#"% i &*% 3 i(% ofl# o , &*% %fo %, w*i(* w% *#)% " 33o"%+, wo l+ *#)% li&&l% o o %ff%(& i!i)i ! &*% l# o i ! 3oo # ! %#&% (o22# + o)% &*% %(%""# i%" # +(o )% i% (%" of lif%. I &*i" %"3%(& &*%$ wo l+ % %# l$ i &*% "#2% "&#&% #"

%fo %. I o % o&*% %"3%(& &*%$ wo l+ % i # wo "% "&#&%. A ! %#&%3 o3o &io of &*%2 wo l+ % %23lo$%+ i 2# f#(& %", # + f%w% , (o "% % &l$,i #! i( l& %. A + &*i" %:(*# !% of 3 of%""io " will % #llow%+, I &*i , $#ll, &o % )% $ f#)o # l% i %"3%(& of *%#l&*, o % %""% &i#l i ! %+i% & of*#33i %"", %"i+%" &*% ! %#&% (% &#i &$ of 2# f#(& i ! l# o , # i"i ! f o2&*% (#3 i(io " &#"&% of 2# , &*% #((i+% &" of w# , # + o&*% (# "%".

I& 2#$ % "#i+, 3% *#3", &*#& " (* # i "&# (% #" I *#)% " 33o"%+ (o l+ o&o(( , %(# "% &*% i"% i &*% 3 i(% of 3 o)i"io " wo l+ i22%+i#&%l$ & "o2%#++i&io #l (#3i&#l i &o &*% (*# %l of #! i( l& %. 4 & &*i" i" # %)% & w*i(*2#$ &# % 3l#(% )% $ "lowl$, #" i& "*o l+ % %2# %+ &*#& # i"% i &*% 3 i(% ofl# o *#+ 3 %(%+%+ &*% i"% of 3 o)i"io ", # + wo l+, &*% %fo %, i23%+% &*%!oo+ %ff%(&" 3o #! i( l& %, w*i(* &*% i ( %#"%+ )#l % of &*% 3 o+ (% of &*%l# + 2i!*& o&*% wi"% *#)% o((#"io %+.

I& 2i!*& #l"o % "#i+, &*#& &*% #++i&io #l (#3i&#l of &*% #&io wo l+ % # l% i&&o i23o & 3 o)i"io " " ffi(i% & fo &*% 2#i &% # (% of &*o"% w*o2 i&" "&o((o l+ %23lo$. A "2#ll (o & $ wi&* # l# !% #)$, # + ! %#& i l# + #((o22o+#&io "fo (# i#!%, " (* #" Holl# +, 2#$, i +%%+, i23o & # + +i"& i &% # %ff%(& #l

# &i&$ of 3 o)i"io "5 & &*% 3 i(% of 3 o)i"io " 2 "& % )% $ *i!* &o 2# %

" (* # i23o &#&io # + +i"& i &io # "w% i l# !% (o & i%" l%""#+)# &#!%o "l$ (i ( 2"&# (%+ i &*i" %"3%(&.

A i "&# (%, #(( #&%l$ " (* #" I *#)% " 33o"%+, 2#$ o&, 3% *#3", %)% *#)%o(( %+, & I *#)% li&&l% +o & &*#& i "&# (%" %# l$ #33 o:i2#&i ! &o i& 2#$

% fo + wi&*o & # $ )% $ l# o io " "%# (*. I +%%+ I #2 "& o !l$ i (li %+ &o&*i &*#& E !l# + *% "%lf, "i (% &*% R%)ol &io , #ffo +" # )% $ "& i i !%l (i+#&io of &*% # ! 2% & i %"&io .

T*% (o22% (% of &*i" (o & $, i &% #l #" w%ll #" %:&% #l, *#" (% &#i l$ %%

7



#3i+l$ #+)# (i ! + i ! &*% l#"& (% & $. T*% %:(*# !%# l% )#l % i &*% 2# %&of E o3% of &*% # #l 3 o+ (% of i&" l# + # + l# o *#", wi&*o & +o &,i ( %#"%+ )% $ (o "i+% # l$. 4 &, 3o %:#2i #&io , i& will % fo + &*#& &*%i ( %#"% *#" %% (*i%fl$ i &*% 3 o+ (% of l# o # + o& i &*% 3 o+ (% ofl# +, # + &*% %fo %, &*o !* &*% w%#l&* of &*% #&io *#" %% #+)# (i ! wi&* #

i( 3#(%, &*% %ff%(& #l f +" fo &*% 2#i &% # (% of l# o *#)% %%i ( %#"i ! )% $ "lowl$, # + &*% %" l& i" " (* #" 2i!*& % %:3%(&%+. T*%i ( %#"i ! w%#l&* of &*% #&io *#" *#+ li&&l% o o &% +% ($ &o %&&% &*%(o +i&io of &*% l# o i ! 3oo . T*%$ *#)% o&, I %li%)%, # ! %#&% (o22# + of&*% %(%""# i%" # + (o )% i% (%" of lif%, # + # 2 (* ! %#&% 3 o3o &io of &*%2&*# #& &*% 3% io+ of &*% R%)ol &io i" %23lo$%+ i 2# f#(& %" # + ( ow+%+&o!%&*% i (lo"% # + w*ol%"o2% oo2".

Co l+ w% %li%)% &*% "&#&%2% & of D P i(% &*#& &*% 3o3 l#&io of E !l# + *#"+%( %#"%+ "i (% &*% R%)ol &io , i& wo l+ %)% #33%# &*#& &*% %ff%(& #l f +"fo &*% 2#i &% # (% of l# o *#+ %% +%(li i ! + i ! &*% 3 o! %"" of w%#l&*i o&*% %"3%(&". Fo I (o (%i)% &*#& i& 2#$ % l#i+ +ow #" # !% % #l l%&*#& if &*% %ff%(& #l f +" fo &*% 2#i &% # (% of l# o # % i ( %#"i !, &*#&i", if &*% &% i&o $ (# 2#i &#i #" w%ll #" &*% "&o( %23lo$ # ! %#&% 2 %of l# o % ", &*i" #++i&io #l 2 % will i( l$ "3 i ! 3, %)% i "3i&% of" (* w# " #" D P i(% % 2% #&%". A +, (o "% % &l$, if &*% 3o3 l#&io of # $(o & $ *#" %% "&#&io # $, o +%(li i !, w% 2#$ "#f%l$ i f% , &*#&, *ow%)% i&2#$ *#)% #+)# (%+ i 2# f#(& i ! w%#l&*, i&" %ff%(& #l f +" fo &*%2#i &% # (% of l# o (# o& *#)% i ( %#"%+.

I& i" +iffi( l&, *ow%)% , &o (o (%i)% &*#& &*% 3o3 l#&io of E !l# + *#" %%+%(li i ! "i (% &*% R%)ol &io , &*o !* %)% $ &%"&i2o $ (o ( " &o 3 o)% &*#& i&"i ( %#"%, if i& *#" i ( %#"%+, *#" %% )% $ "low. I &*% (o & o)% "$ w*i(* &*%

%"&io *#" o((#"io %+, D P i(% +o &%+l$ #33%# " &o % 2 (* 2o % (o23l%&%l$2#"&% of *i" " %(&, # + &o 3o""%"" 2o % #(( #&% i fo 2#&io , &*# *i"o33o % &". J +!i ! "i23l$ f o2 &*i" (o & o)% "$, I &*i o % "*o l+ "#$ &*#& DP i(%'" 3oi & i" %# % %i ! 3 o)%+ &*# / Howl%&&'". T &*, 3 o # l$, li%"

%&w%% &*% &wo "&#&%2% &", & &*i" " 33o"i&io 2# %" &*% i ( %#"% of

3o3 l#&io "i (% &*% R%)ol &io &o *#)% %% )% $ "low i (o23# i"o wi&* &*%i ( %#"% of w%#l&*.

T*#& &*% 3 o+ (% of &*% l# + *#" %% +%( %#"i !, o %)% &*#& i& *#" %%# "ol &%l$ "&#&io # $ + i ! &*% l#"& (% & $, f%w will % +i"3o"%+ &o %li%)%.T*% % (lo" % of (o22o " # + w#"&% l# +" (% &#i l$ &% +" &o i ( %#"% &*% foo+ of&*% (o & $, & i& *#" %% #""% &%+ wi&* (o fi+% (% &*#& &*% % (lo" % of(o22o fi%l+" *#" f % % &l$ *#+ # (o & # $ %ff%(&, # + &*#& l# !% & #(&" ofl# + w*i(* fo 2% l$ 3 o+ (%+ ! %#& # &i&i%" of (o , $ %i ! (o )% &%+ i &o3#"& % o&* %23lo$ f%w% *# +" # + f%%+ f%w% 2o &*" &*# %fo % &*%i% (lo" %. I& i", i +%%+, # #( owl%+!%+ & &*, &*#& 3#"& % l# + 3 o+ (%" #"2#ll% # &i&$ of * 2# " "i"&% (% &*# (o l# + of &*% "#2% #& #lf% &ili&$, # + (o l+ i& % (l%# l$ #"(% &#i %+ &*#& f o2 &*% i ( %#"%+ +%2# +

fo &(*% "' 2%#& of &*% %"& #li&$, # + i&" i ( %#"%+ 3 i(% i (o "% % (%,# ! %#&% # &i&$ of !oo+ l# + *#" # #ll$ %% %23lo$%+ i ! #;i !, &*%+i2i &io of * 2# " "i"&% (%, w*i(* &*i" (i ( 2"&# (% wo l+ o((#"io , 2i!*&*#)% (o &% #l# (%+ &*% #+)# &#!%" +% i)%+ f o2 &*% % (lo" % of w#"&% l# +",# + &*% !% % #l i23 o)%2% &" i * " # + $.

I& "(# (%l$ %%+ % %2# %+ &*#& &*% *i!* 3 i(% of &(*% "' 2%#& #& 3 %"% &,# + i&" low 3 i(% fo 2% l$, w% % o& (# "%+ $ &*% "(# (i&$ i &*% o % (#"% o&*% 3l% &$ i &*% o&*% , & $ &*% +iff% % & %:3% "% " "&#i %+ #& &*% +iff% % &3% io+", i 3 %3# i ! (#&&l% fo &*% 2# %&. I& i", *ow%)% , 3o""i l%, &*#&

71



&*% % 2i!*& *#)% %% 2o % (#&&l% # * + %+ $%# " #!o i &*% (o & $ &*# #&3 %"% &5 & o +o & (# % % &% &#i %+, &*#& &*% % i" 2 (* 2o % 2%#& of #" 3% io #li&$ o !*& &o 2# %& #& 3 %"% & &*# %)% &*% % w#". =*% &*%3 i(% of &(*% "' 2%#& w#" )% $ low, (#&&l% w% % %# %+ (*i%fl$ 3o w#"&%l# +"5 # + %:(%3& fo "o2% of &*% 3 i (i3#l 2# %&", w% % 3 o # l$ ill%+ wi&*

& li&&l% o&*% f#&&i !. T*% )%#l &*#& i" "ol+ "o (*%#3 i "o2% +i"&# &(o &i%" #& 3 %"% & %# " li&&l% o&*% %"%2 l# (% &*# &*% #2%, &o &*#& w*i(*i" o !*& i Lo +o . Fo 2% l$, &*% 3 i(% of &(*% ", 2%#& wo l+ o& 3#$ fo

%# i !, # + "(# (%l$ fo f%%+i !, (#&&l% o l# + &*#& wo l+ # "w% i &ill#!%5& &*% 3 %"% & 3 i(% will o& o l$ 3#$ fo f#&&i ! (#&&l% o &*% )% $ %"&

l# +, & will %)% #llow of &*% %# i ! 2# $, o l# + &*#& wo l+ %# !oo+( o3" of (o . T*% "#2% 2 % of (#&&l%, o %)% &*% "#2% w%i!*& of (#&&l% #&&*% +iff% % & 3% io+" w*% ill%+, will *#)% (o " 2%+ 6if I 2#$ % #llow%+ &*%%:3 %""io )% $ +iff% % & # &i&i%" of * 2# " "&# (%. A f#&&%+ %#"& 2#$ i"o2% %"3%(&" % (o "i+% %+, i &*% l# ! #!% of &*% F % (* %(o o2i"&",>B #" #

3 o+ (&i)% l# o % *% *#" #++%+ o&*i ! &o &*% )#l % of &*% #w 3 o+ (% &*#&*% *#" (o " 2%+. T*% 3 %"% & "$"&%2 of ! #&i !, +o &%+l$ &% +" 2o % &*# &*%fo 2% "$"&%2 &o +i2i i"* &*% # &i&$ of * 2# " "i"&% (% i &*% (o & $, i3 o3o &io &o &*% !% % #l f% &ili&$ of &*% l# +.

I wo l+ o& $ # $ 2%# " % +% "&oo+ &o "#$ &*#& &*% fo 2% "$"&%2 %i&*%(o l+ o o !*& &o *#)% (o &i %+. T*% i ( %#"i ! 3 i(% of &(*% "' 2%#& i" #

#& #l # + i %)i&# l% (o "% % (% of &*% !% % #l 3 o! %"" of ( l&i)#&io 5 & I(# o& *%l3 &*i i !, &*#& &*% 3 %"% & ! %#& +%2# + fo &(*% "' 2%#& of &*%

%"& #li&$, # + &*% # &i&$ of !oo+ l# + &*#& i" i (o "% % (% # #ll$%23lo$%+ &o 3 o+ (% i&, &o!%&*% wi&* &*% ! %#& 2 % of *o "%" #& 3 %"% & %3&fo 3l%#" %, # % &*% (*i%f (# "%" &*#& *#)% 3 %)% &%+ &*% # &i&$ of * 2#foo+ i &*% (o & $ f o2 %%3i ! 3#(% wi&* &*% !% % #ll$ i ( %#"%+ f% &ili&$ of&*% "oil5 # + # (*# !% of ( "&o2 i &*%"% %"3%(&" wo l+, I *#)% li&&l% +o &,*#)% # )% $ "% "i l% %ff%(& o &*% # &i&$ of " "i"&% (% i &*% (o & $, # +(o "% % &l$ o i&" 3o3 l#&io .

T*% %23lo$2% & of 2 (* of &*% 2o"& f% &il% l# + i ! #&i !, &*% i23 o)%2% &" i

#! i( l& #l i "& 2% &", &*% i ( %#"% of l# !% f# 2", # + 3# &i( l# l$ &*%+i2i &io of &*% 2 % of (o&&#!%" &* o !*o & &*% i !+o2, #ll (o ( &o3 o)%, &*#& &*% % # % o& 3 o # l$ "o 2# $ 3% "o " %23lo$%+ i #! i( l& #ll# o ow #" #& &*% 3% io+ of &*% R%)ol &io . =*#&%)% i ( %#"% of 3o3 l#&io ,&*% %fo %, *#" &# % 3l#(%, 2 "& % %23lo$%+ #l2o"& w*oll$ i 2# f#(& %", # +i& i" w%ll ow &*#& &*% f#il % of "o2% of &*%"% 2# f#(& %", 2% %l$ f o2 &*%(#3 i(% of f#"*io , " (* #" &*% #+o3&io of 2 "li " i "&%#+ of "il ", o of"*o%-"& i !" # + (o)% %+ &&o ", i "&%#+ of ( l%" # + 2%&#l &&o ", (o2 i %+wi&* &*% %"& #i &" i &*% 2# %& of l# o # i"i ! f o2 (o 3o #&io # + 3# i"*l#w", *#)% f % % &l$ + i)% &*o "# +" o (*# i&$ fo " 33o &. T*% ! %#&i ( %#"% of &*% 3oo #&%" i", i +%%+, of i&"%lf # "& o ! %)i+% (% &*#& &*% 3oo*#)% o& # ! %#&% (o22# + of &*% %(%""# i%" # + (o )% i% (%" of lif%, # + if&o &*% (o "i+% #&io , &*#& &*%i (o +i&io i &*i" %"3%(& i" #&*% wo "% &*#

%&&% , % #++%+ &*% (i ( 2"&# (%, &*#& # 2 (* ! %#&% 3 o3o &io of &*%2 i"%23lo$%+ i l# !% 2# f#(&o i%", f#)o # l% o&* &o *%#l&* # + )i & %, i& 2 "&% #( owl%+!%+, &*#& &*% i ( %#"% of w%#l&* of l#&% $%# " *#" *#+ o &% +% ($

&o i ( %#"% &*% *#33i %"" of &*% l# o i ! 3oo .

T*#& %)% $ i ( %#"% of &*% "&o( o %)% % of # #&io (# o& % (o "i+% %+ #"# i ( %#"% of &*% %#l f +" fo &*% 2#i &% # (% of l# o # +, &*% %fo %,(# o& *#)% &*% "#2% !oo+ %ff%(& 3o &*% (o +i&io of &*% 3oo , will #33%# i# "& o ! li!*& if &*% # ! 2% & % #33li%+ &o C*i #.

7<



D A+#2 S2i&* o "% )%" &*#& C*i # *#" 3 o # l$ lo ! %% #" i(* #" &*% #& %of *% l#w" # + i "&i& &io " will #+2i&, & &*#& wi&* o&*% l#w" # +i "&i& &io ", # + if fo %i! (o22% (% w% % *#+ i *o o , "*% 2i!*& "&ill %2 (* i(*% . T*% %"&io i", wo l+ " (* # i ( %#"% of w%#l&* % # i ( %#"% of&*% %#l f +" fo &*% 2#i &% # (% of l# o , # + (o "% % &l$ &% + &o 3l#(% &*%low% (l#""%" of 3%o3l% i C*i # i # "&#&% of ! %#&% 3l% &$

I& i" %)i+% &, &*#& if & #+% # + fo %i! (o22% (% w% % *%l+ i ! %#& *o o iC*i #, f o2 &*% 3l% &$ of l# o % ", # + &*% (*%#3 %"" of l# o , "*% 2i!*& wo

3 2# f#(& %" fo fo %i! "#l% &o # i22% "% #2o &. I& i" % #ll$ %)i+% &&*#& f o2 &*% ! %#& l of 3 o)i"io " # + &*% #2#;i ! %:&% & of *% i l# +&% i&o $ "*% (o l+ o& i %& i23o & " (* # # &i&$ #" wo l+ % # $"% "i l% #++i&io &o &*% # #l "&o( of " "i"&% (% i &*% (o & $. H% i22% "%#2o & of 2# f#(& %", &*% %fo %, "*% wo l+ %:(*# !%, (*i%fl$, fo l : i%"(oll%(&%+ f o2 #ll 3# &" of &*% wo l+. A& 3 %"% &, i& #33%# ", &*#& o l# ow*#&%)% i" "3# %+ i &*% 3 O+ (&io of foo+. T*% (o & $ i" #&*% o)% -3%o3l%i 3 o3o &io &o w*#& i&" "&o( (# %23lo$, # + l# o i", &*% %fo %, "o# +# &, &*#& o 3#i " # % &# % &o # i+!% i&. T*% (o "% % (% of &*i" i",3 o # l$, &*% ! %#&%"& 3 o+ (&io of foo+ &*#& &*% "oil (# 3o""i l$ #ffo +, foi& will % !% % #ll$ o "% )%+, &*#& 3 o(%""%" fo # i+!i ! l# o , &*o !* &*%$2#$ % # l% # f# 2% &o i ! # (% &#i # &i&$ of ! #i (*%#3% &o 2# %&, &% +

#&*% &o +i2i i"* &*# i ( %#"% &*% w*ol% 3 o+ (%5 # + i #! i( l& %,&*% %fo %, 2#$, i "o2% %"3%(&", % (o "i+% %+ #&*% #" 3 i)#&% &*# 3 li(#+)# &#!%".

A i22% "% (#3i&#l (o l+ o& % %23lo$%+ i C*i # i 3 %3# i ! 2# f#(& %" fofo %i! & #+% wi&*o & &# i ! off "o 2# $ l# o % " f o2 #! i( l& % #" &o #l&%&*i" "&#&% of &*i !", # + i "o2% +%! %% &o +i2i i"* &*% 3 o+ (% of &*% (o & $.T*% +%2# + fo 2# f#(& i ! l# o % " wo l+ #& #ll$ #i"% &*% 3 i(% ofl# o , & #" &*% # &i&$ of " "i"&% (% wo l+ o& % i ( %#"%+, &*% 3 i(% of3 o)i"io " wo l+ %%3 3#(% wi&* i&, o %)% 2o % &*# %%3 3#(% wi&* i& if &*%

# &i&$ of 3 o)i"io " w% % %#ll$ +%( %#"i !. T*% (o & $ wo l+ % %)i+% &l$#+)# (i ! i w%#l&*, &*% %:(*# !%# l% )#l % of &*% # #l 3 o+ (% of i&" l# +

# + l# o wo l+ % # #ll$ # !2% &%+, $%& &*% %#l f +" fo &*% 2#i &% # (%of l# o wo l+ % "&#&io # $, o %)% +%(li i !, # +, (o "% % &l$, &*%i ( %#"i ! w%#l&* of &*% #&io wo l+ #&*% &% + &o +%3 %"" &*# &o #i"% &*%(o +i&io of &*% 3oo . =i&* %!# + &o &*% (o22# + o)% &*% %(%""# i%" # +(o2fo &" of lif%, &*%$ wo l+ % i &*% "#2% o #&*% wo "% "&#&% &*# %fo %5# + # ! %#& 3# & of &*%2 wo l+ *#)% %:(*# !%+ &*% *%#l&*$ l# o " of #! i( l& %fo &*% *%#l&*$ o(( 3#&io " of 2# f#(& i ! i + "& $.

T*% # ! 2% &, 3% *#3", #33%# " (l%# % w*% #33li%+ &o C*i #, %(# "% i& i"!% % #ll$ #llow%+ &*#& &*% w%#l&* of C*i # *#" %% lo ! "&#&io # $. =i&* %!# +&o # $ o&*% (o & $ i& 2i!*& % #lw#$" # 2#&&% of +i"3 &% #& w*i(* of &*% &wo3% io+", (o23# %+, w%#l&* w#" i ( %#"i ! &*% f#"&%"&, #" i& i" 3o &*% #3i+i&$of &*% i ( %#"% of w%#l&* #& # $ 3# &i( l# 3% io+ &*#& D A+#2 S2i&* "#$" &*%

(o +i&io of &*% 3oo +%3% +". I& i" %)i+% &, *ow%)% , &*#& &wo #&io " 2i!*&i ( %#"% %:#(&l$ wi&* &*% "#2% #3i+i&$ i &*% %:(*# !%# l% )#l % of &*% # #l3 o+ (% of &*%i l# + # + l# o , $%& if o % *#+ #33li%+ i&"%lf (*i%fl$ &o#! i( l& %, # + &*% o&*% (*i%fl$ &o (o22% (%, &*% f +" fo &*% 2#i &% # (% ofl# o , # + (o "% % &l$ &*% %ff%(& of &*% i ( %#"% of w%#l&* i %#(* #&io ,wo l+ % %:& %2%l$ +iff% % &. I &*#& w*i(* *#+ #33li%+ i&"%lf (*i%fl$ &o#! i( l& %, &*% 3oo wo l+ li)% i ! %#& 3l% &$, # + 3o3 l#&io wo l+ #3i+l$i ( %#"%. I &*#& w*i(* *#+ #33li%+ i&"%lf (*i%fl$ &o (o22% (%, &*% 3oo wo l+

% (o23# #&i)%l$ & li&&l% % %fi&%+ # + (o "% % &l$ 3o3 l#&io wo l+ i ( %#"%"lowl$.

7>



CHAPTER 17 Question of the proper definition of the wealth of a state - #eason given bythe 0rench economists for considering all manufacturers as unproductivelabourers, not the true reason - The labour of artificers and manufacturerssufficiently productive to individuals, though not to the state - A remarkable

passage in @r 'rice s two volumes of !bservations - "rror of @r 'rice inattributing the happiness and rapid population of America, chiefly, to its

peculiar state of civili&ation - o advantage can be e$pected from shutting our eyes to the difficulties in the way to the improvement of society.

A UESTION "%%2" #& #ll$ &o # i"% *% % w*%&*% &*% %:(*# !%# l% )#l % of &*%# #l 3 o+ (% of &*% l# + # + l# o % &*% 3 o3% +%fi i&io of &*% w%#l&* of# (o & $, o w*%&*% &*% ! o"" 3 o+ (% of &*% l# +, #((o +i ! &o &*% F % (*%(o o2i"&", 2#$ o& % # 2o % #(( #&% +%fi i&io . C% &#i i& i" &*#& %)% $i ( %#"% of w%#l&*, #((o +i ! &o &*% +%fi i&io of &*% %(o o2i"&", will % #i ( %#"% of &*% f +" fo &*% 2#i &% # (% of l# o , # + (o "% % &l$ will#lw#$" &% + &o #2%lio #&% &*% (o +i&io of &*% l# o i ! 3oo , &*o !* #i ( %#"% of w%#l&*, #((o +i ! &o D A+#2 S2i&*'" +%fi i&io , will $ o 2%# "i )# i# l$ *#)% &*% "#2% &% +% ($. A + $%& i& 2#$ o& follow f o2 &*i"(o "i+% #&io &*#& D A+#2 S2i&*'" +%fi i&io i" o& "&. I& "%%2" i 2# $

%"3%(&" i23 o3% &o %:(l +% &*% (lo&*i ! # + lo+!i ! of # w*ol% 3%o3l% f o2 # $3# & of &*%i %)% %. / (* of i& 2#$, i +%%+, % of )% $ & i)i#l # +

i23o &# & )#l % i (o23# i"o wi&* &*% foo+ of &*% (o & $, $%& "&ill i& 2#$% f#i l$ (o "i+% %+ #" # 3# & of i&" %)% %5 # +, &*% %fo %, &*% o l$ 3oi & i

w*i(* I "*o l+ +iff% f o2 D A+#2 S2i&* i" w*% % *% "%%2" &o (o "i+% %)% $i ( %#"% of &*% %)% % o "&o( of # "o(i%&$ #" # i ( %#"% of &*% f +" fo&*% 2#i &% # (% of l# o , # + (o "% % &l$ #" &% +i ! #lw#$" &o #2%lio #&% &*%(o +i&io of &*% 3oo .

T*% fi % "il " # + (o&&o ", &*% l#(%", # + o&*% o #2% &#l l : i%" of # i(*(o & $, 2#$ (o & i &% )% $ (o "i+% # l$ &o # !2% & &*% %:(*# !%# l% )#l % ofi&" # #l 3 o+ (%5 $%& &*%$ (o & i &% & i # )% $ "2#ll +%! %% &o # !2% &&*% 2#"" of *#33i %"" i &*% "o(i%&$, # + i& #33%# " &o 2% &*#& i& i" wi&* "o2%)i%w &o &*% %#l &ili&$ of &*% 3 o+ (% &*#& w% o !*& &o %"&i2#&% &*%3 o+ (&i)% %"" o 3 o+ (&i)% %"" of +iff% % & "o &" of l# o . T*% F % (*%(o o2i"&" (o "i+% #ll l# o %23lo$%+ i 2# f#(& %" #" 3 o+ (&i)%.Co23# i ! i& wi&* &*% l# o %23lo$%+ 3o l# +, I "*o l+ % 3% f%(&l$ +i"3o"%+&o #! %% wi&* &*%2, & o& %:#(&l$ fo &*% %#"o " w*i(* &*%$ !i)%. T*%$ "#$&*#& l# o %23lo$%+ 3o l# + i" 3 o+ (&i)% %(# "% &*% 3 o+ (%, o)% # + # o)%(o23l%&%l$ 3#$i ! &*% l# o % # + &*% f# 2% , #ffo +" # (l%# % & &o &*%l# +lo +, # + &*#& &*% l# o %23lo$%+ 3o # 3i%(% of l#(% i" 3 o+ (&i)%

%(# "% i& 2% %l$ %3l#(%" &*% 3 o)i"io " &*#& &*% wo 2# *#+ (o " 2%+, # + &*%

"&o( of *i" %23lo$% , wi&*o & #ffo +i ! # $ (l%# % & w*#&%)% . 4 & " 33o"i !&*% )#l % of &*% w o !*& l#(% &o % " (* #" &*#&, %"i+%" 3#$i ! i &*% 2o"&(o23l%&% 2# % &*% wo 2# # + *i" %23lo$% , i& (o l+ #ffo + # (l%# % & &o #&*i + 3% "o , i& #33%# " &o 2% &*#&, i (o23# i"o wi&* &*% l# o %23lo$%+ 3ol# +, i& wo l+ % "&ill #" 3 o+ (&i)% #" %)% . T*o !*, #((o +i ! &o &*%

%#"o i ! "%+ $ &*% F % (* %(o o2i"&", &*% 2# %23lo$%+ i &*% 2# f#(& % ofl#(% wo l+, i &*i" (#"%, "%%2 &o % # 3 o+ (&i)% l# o % . Y%& #((o +i ! &o&*%i +%fi i&io of &*% w%#l&* of # "&#&%, *% o !*& o& &o % (o "i+% %+ i &*#&li!*&. H% will *#)% #++%+ o&*i ! &o &*% ! o"" 3 o+ (% of &*% l# + *% *#"(o " 2%+ # 3o &io of &*i" ! o"" 3 o+ (%, # + *#" l%f& # i& of l#(% i %& 5

7?



# + &*o !* *% 2#$ "%ll &*i" i& of l#(% fo &* %% &i2%" &*% # &i&$ of3 o)i"io " &*#& *% (o " 2%+ w*il"& *% w#" 2# i ! i&, # + &* " % # )% $3 o+ (&i)% l# o % wi&* %!# + &o *i2"%lf, $%& *% (# o& % (o "i+% %+ #"*#)i ! #++%+ $ *i" l# o &o # $ %""% &i#l 3# & of &*% i(*%" of &*% "&#&%. T*%(l%# % &, &*% %fo %, &*#& # (% &#i 3 o+ (% (# #ffo +, #f&% 3#$i ! &*%%:3% "%" of 3 o( i ! i&, +o%" o& #33%# &o % &*% "ol% ( i&% io , $ w*i(* &o

+!% of &*% 3 o+ (&i)% %"" o 3 o+ (&i)% %"" &o # "&#&% of # $ 3# &i( l#"3%(i%" of l# o .

S 33o"% &*#& &wo * + %+ &*o "# + 2% , w*o # % ow %23lo$%+ i 3 o+ (i !2# f#(& %" &*#& o l$ &% + &o ! #&if$ &*% )# i&$ of # f%w i(* 3%o3l%, w% % &o

% %23lo$%+ 3o "o2% # % # + ( l&i)#&%+ l# +", # + &o 3 o+ (% o l$ *#lf&*% # &i&$ of foo+ &*#& &*%$ &*%2"%l)%" (o " 2%+5 &*%$ wo l+ % "&ill 2o %3 o+ (&i)% l# o % " wi&* %!# + &o &*% "&#&% &*# &*%$ w% % %fo %, &*o !*&*%i l# o , "o f# f o2 #ffo +i ! # % & &o # &*i + 3% "o , wo l+ & *#lf

%3l#(% &*% 3 o)i"io " "%+ i o &#i i ! &*% 3 o+ (%. I &*%i fo 2% %23lo$2% &&*%$ (o " 2%+ # (% &#i 3o &io of &*% foo+ of &*% (o & $ # + l%f& i %&"o2% "il " # + l#(%". I &*%i l#&&% %23lo$2% & &*%$ (o " 2%+ &*% "#2% # &i&$of foo+ # + l%f& i %& 3 o)i"io fo # * + %+ &*o "# + 2% . T*% % (# %li&&l% +o & w*i(* of &*% &wo l%!#(i%" wo l+ % &*% 2o"& %#ll$ % %fi(i#l &o&*% (o & $, # + i& will, I &*i , % #llow%+ &*#& &*% w%#l&* w*i(* " 33o &%+&*% &wo * + %+ &*o "# + 2% w*il% &*%$ w% % 3 o+ (i ! "il " # + l#(%" wo l+*#)% %% 2o % "%f ll$ %23lo$%+ i " 33o &i ! &*%2 w*il% &*%$ w% % 3 o+ (i !&*% #++i&io #l # &i&$ of foo+.

A (#3i&#l %23lo$%+ 3o l# + 2#$ % 3 o+ (&i)% &o &*% i +i)i+ #l &*#& %23lo$"i& # + $%& % *i!*l$ 3 o+ (&i)% &o &*% "o(i%&$. A (#3i&#l %23lo$%+ i & #+%, o&*% (o & # $, 2#$ % *i!*l$ 3 o+ (&i)% &o &*% i +i)i+ #l, # + $%& % #l2o"&&o&#ll$ 3 o+ (&i)% &o &*% "o(i%&$ # + &*i" i" &*% %#"o w*$ I "*o l+ (#ll2# f#(& i ! l# o 3 o+ (&i)%, i (o23# i"o of &*#& w*i(* i" %23lo$%+ i#! i( l& %, # + o& fo &*% %#"o !i)% $ &*% F % (* %(o o2i"&". I& i",i +%%+, #l2o"& i23o""i l% &o "%% &*% ! %#& fo & %" &*#& # % 2#+% i & #+%, # +&*% li % #li&$ wi&* w*i(* "o 2# $ 2% (*# &" li)%, # + $%& #! %% i &*% "&#&%2% &

of &*% %(o o2i"&", &*#& 2# f#(& % " (# o l$ ! ow i(* $ +%3 i)i ! &*%2"%l)%"of &*% f +" +%"&i %+ fo &*%i " 33o &. I 2# $ # (*%" of & #+% &*% 3 ofi&"# % "o ! %#& #" wo l+ #llow of # (l%# % & &o # &*i + 3% "o 5 & #" &*% % i"

o &*i + 3% "o i &*% (#"%, # + #" #ll &*% 3 ofi&" (% & % i &*% 2#"&%2# f#(& % , o 2% (*# &, *% "%%2" &o *#)% # f#i (*# (% of ! owi !

i(*,wi&*o & 2 (* 3 i)#&io 5 # + w% (o "% % &l$ "%% l# !% fo & %" #( i %+ i& #+% $ 3% "o " w*o *#)% o& %% %2# %+ fo &*%i 3# "i2o $.

D#il$ %:3% i% (% 3 o)%" &*#& &*% l# o %23lo$%+ i & #+% # + 2# f#(& %" i"" ffi(i% &l$ 3 o+ (&i)% &o i +i)i+ #l", & i& (% &#i l$ i" o& 3 o+ (&i)% i&*% "#2% +%! %% &o &*% "&#&%. E)% $ #((%""io &o &*% foo+ of # (o & $ &% +" &o&*% i22%+i#&% % %fi& of &*% w*ol% "o(i%&$5 & &*% fo & %" 2#+% i & #+% &% +

& i # %2o&% # + (% &#i 2# % &o &*% "#2% % +, # + i "o2% %"3%(&" *#)%

%)% # (o & # $ &% +% ($. T*% *o2% & #+% of (o " 23&io i" $ f# &*% 2o"&i23o &# & & #+% of %)% $ #&io . C*i # i" &*% i(*%"& (o & $ i &*% wo l+,wi&*o & # $ o&*% . P &&i ! &*% , fo # 2o2% &, fo %i! & #+% o & of &*%

%"&io , &*% 2# w*o, $ # i !% io " 2# f#(& %, o &#i " # +o l% 3o &io o &of &*% ol+ "&o( of 3 o)i"io ", will (% &#i l$ o& &o % "o "%f l &o &*% "&#&%#" &*% 2# w*o, $ *i" l# o , #++" # "i !l% "*# % &o &*% fo 2% "&o( . T*%(o " 2# l% (o22o+i&i%" of "il ", l#(%", & i %&", # + %:3% "i)% f i& %, # %

+o &%+l$ # 3# & of &*% %)% % of &*% "o(i%&$5 & &*%$ # % &*% %)% % o l$of &*% i(*, # + o& of &*% "o(i%&$ i !% % #l. A i ( %#"% i &*i" 3# & of &*%

%)% % of # "&#&%, (# o&, &*% %fo %, % (o "i+% %+ of &*% "#2% i23o &# (% #"

7



# i ( %#"% of foo+, w*i(* fo 2" &*% 3 i (i3#l %)% % of &*% ! %#& 2#"" of &*%3%o3l%.

Fo %i! (o22% (% #++" &o &*% w%#l&* of # "&#&%, #((o +i ! &o D A+#2 S2i&*'"+%fi i&io , &*o !* o& #((o +i ! &o &*% +%fi i&io of &*% %(o o2i"&". I&"3 i (i3#l "%, # + &*% %#"o , 3 o # l$, &*#& i& *#" i !% % #l %% *%l+ i" (* *i!* %"&i2#&io i" &*#& i& #++" ! %#&l$ &o &*% %:&% #l 3ow% of # #&ioo &o i&" 3ow% of (o22# +i ! &*% l# o of o&*% (o & i%"5 & i& will %fo +, 3o # %# %:#2i #&io , &o (o & i &% & li&&l% &o &*% i ( %#"% of &*%i &% #l f +" fo &*% 2#i &% # (% of l# o , # + (o "% % &l$ & li&&l% &o &*%*#33i %"" of &*% ! %#&%"& 3# & of "o(i%&$. I &*% #& #l 3 o! %"" of # "&#&%&ow# +" i(*%", 2# f#(& %", # + fo %i! (o22% (% wo l+ follow, i &*%i o +% ,&*% *i!* ( l&i)#&io of &*% "oil. I E o3%, &*i" #& #l o +% of &*i !" *#"

%% i )% &%+, # + &*% "oil *#" %% ( l&i)#&%+ f o2 &*% %+ +# ($ of2# f#(& i ! (#3i&#l, i "&%#+ of 2# f#(& %" i"i ! f o2 &*% %+ +# ($ of(#3i&#l %23lo$%+ 3o l# +. T*% " 3% io % (o #!%2% & &*#& *#" %% !i)% &o&*% i + "& $ of &*% &ow ", # + &*% (o "% % & *i!*% 3 i(% &*#& i" 3#i+ fo &*%l# o of # &ifi(% " &*# fo &*% l# o of &*o"% %23lo$%+ i * " # + $, # %3 o # l$ &*% %#"o " w*$ "o 2 (* "oil i E o3% %2#i " ( l&i)#&%+. H#+ #+iff% % & 3oli($ %% 3 " %+ &* o !*o & E o3%, i& 2i!*& +o &%+l$ *#)% %%2 (* 2o % 3o3 lo " &*# #& 3 %"% &, # + $%& o& % 2o % i ( 2 % %+ $ i&"3o3 l#&io .

I (# o& i& &*i" ( io " " %(& of &*% +iffi( l&$ # i"i ! f o2 3o3 l#&io , #" %(& &*#& #33%# " &o 2% &o +%"% )% # 2i &% i )%"&i!#&io # + # l% +i"( ""io2 (* %$o + 2$ 3ow% &o !i)% i&, wi&*o & &# i ! o&i(% of # %:& #o +i # $3#""#!% i D P i(%'" &wo )ol 2%" of O "% )#&io ". H#)i ! !i)% "o2% &# l%" o&*% 3 o # ili&i%" of lif%, i &ow " # + i &*% (o & $, *% "#$" 6@ol. II, 3.<?> F o2 &*i" (o23# i"o , i& #33%# " wi&* *ow 2 (* & &* ! %#& (i&i%" *#)%

%% (#ll%+ &*% ! #)%" of 2# i +. I& 2 "& #l"o (o )i (% #ll w*o (o "i+% i&,&*#& #((o +i ! &o &*% o "% )#&io , #& &*% % + of &*% fo &* %""#$, i &*% fo 2%)ol 2%, i& i" $ o 2%# " "& i(&l$ 3 o3% &o (o "i+% o +i"%#"%" #" &*%o i!i #l i &% &io of #& %. T*%$ # %, wi&*o & +o &, i !% % #l o ow

( %#&io . =% % &*% % # (o & $ w*% % &*% i *# i&# &" l%+ li)%" % &i %l$ #& #l# + )i & o ", f%w of &*%2 wo l+ +i% wi&*o & 2%#" i ! o & &*% w*ol% 3% io+ of3 %"% & %:i"&% (% #llo&&%+ &o &*%25 3#i # + +i"&%23% wo l+ % ow #2o !&*%2, # + +%#&* wo l+ (o2% 3o &*%2 li % # "l%%3, i (o "% % (% of o o&*%(# "% &*# ! #+ #l # + #)oi+# l% +%(#$.

I ow &*#& I f%l& 2$"%lf o li!%+ &o + #w # )% $ o33o"i&% (o (l "io f o2 &*%f#(&" #+)# (%+ i D P i(%'" &wo )ol 2%". I *#+ fo "o2% &i2% %% #w# % &*#&3o3 l#&io # + foo+ i ( %#"%+ i +iff% % & #&io", # + # )#! % o3i io *#+ %%flo#&i ! i 2$ 2i + &*#& &*%$ (o l+ o l$ % %3& % #l $ "o2% "3%(i%" of 2i"% $o )i(%, & &*% 3% "#l of D P i(%'" &wo )ol 2%" of O "% )#&io ", #f&% &*#&o3i io *#+ %% (o (%i)%+, #i"%+ i& #& o (% &o (o )i(&io . =i&* "o 2# $ f#(&"i *i" )i%w &o 3 o)% &*% %:& #o +i # $ #3i+i&$ wi&* w*i(* 3o3 l#&io i ( %#"%"

w*% (*%( %+, # + wi&* " (* # o+$ of %)i+% (% %fo % *i2 &o %l (i+#&% %)%&*% 2# % $ w*i(* &*% !% % #l l#w" of #& % %3 %"" # %+ +# & 3o3 l#&io ,i& i" 3% f%(&l$ i (o (%i)# l% &o 2% *ow *% (o l+ w i&% &*% 3#""#!% &*#& I *#)%

o&%+. H% w#" # "& % o " #+)o(#&% fo %# l$ 2# i#!%", #" &*% %"&3 %"% )#&i)% #!#i "& )i(io " 2# % ". H% *#+ o f# (if l (o (%3&io " # o & &*%%:&i (&io of &*% 3#""io %&w%% &*% "%:%", li % / 0o+wi , o +i+ *% %)%&*i of %l +i ! &*% +iffi( l&$ i &*% w#$" *i &%+ #& $ / Co +o (%&. H%f % % &l$ &#l " of !i)i ! &*% 3 olifi( 3ow% " of #& % oo2 &o %:% &&*%2"%l)%". Y%& wi&* &*%"% i+%#", &*#& *i" +% "&# +i ! (o l+ %"(#3% f o2 &*%o )io " # + %(%""# $ i f% % (% &*#& # (*%( %+ 3o3 l#&io wo l+ i ( %#"%,

7B



%$o + (o23# i"o , f#"&% &*# &*% %# &*, $ &*% %"& +i %(&%+ %:% &io " of 2# ,(o l+ 3 o+ (% foo+ fo i&" " 33o &, #33%# " &o 2% #" #"&o i"*i ! #" if *% *#+

%"i"&%+ &*% (o (l "io of o % of &*% 3l#i %"& 3 o3o"i&io " of E (li+.

D P i(%, "3%# i ! of &*% +iff% % & "&#!%" of &*% (i)ili;%+ "&#&%, "#$", 'T*%fi "&, o "i23l% "&#!%" of (i)ili;#&io , # % &*o"% w*i(* f#)o 2o"& &*%i ( %#"% # + &*% *#33i %"" of 2# i +.' H% &*% i "&# (%" &*% A2% i(# (olo i%",#" %i ! #& &*#& &i2% i &*% fi "& # + *#33i%"& of &*% "&#&%" &*#& *% *#++%"( i %+, # + #" #ffo +i ! # )% $ "& i i ! 3 oof of &*% %ff%(&" of &*%+iff% % & "&#!%" of (i)ili;#&io o 3o3 l#&io . 4 & *% +o%" o& "%%2 &o % #w# %&*#& &*% *#33i %"" of &*% A2% i(# " +%3% +%+ 2 (* l%"" 3o &*%i 3%( li#+%! %% of (i)ili;#&io &*# 3o &*% 3%( li# i&$ of &*%i "i& #&io , #" %w(olo i%", 3o &*%i *#)i ! # ! %#& 3l% &$ of f% &il% ( l&i)#&%+ l# +. I3# &" of No w#$, D% 2# , o Sw%+% , o i &*i" (o & $, &wo o &* %% * + %+$%# " #!o, *% 2i!*& *#)% fo + 3% *#3" %# l$ &*% "#2% +%! %% of (i)ili;#&io ,

& $ o 2%# " &*% "#2% *#33i %"" o &*% "#2% i ( %#"% of 3o3 l#&io . H% o&%"*i2"%lf # "&#& &% of H% $ &*% Ei!*&*, (o23l#i i ! of &*% +%(#$ of &ill#!%, # +&*% % *# (%+ 3 i(% of 3 o)i"io ", 'w*% % $ # 2# )%llo " 2 % of 3%o3l% w% %

% +% %+ i (#3# l% of 2#i &#i i ! &*%2"%l)%" # + f#2ili%".' T*% " 3% io +%! %%of (i)il li % &$ w*i(* 3 %)#il%+ i A2% i(# (o & i &%+, wi&*o & +o &, i&""*# % &o 3 o2o&% &*% i + "& $, *#33i %"", # + 3o3 l#&io of &*%"% "&#&%", &%)% (i)il li % &$, #ll 3ow% f l #" i& i", will o& ( %#&% f %"* l# +. T*%A2% i(# " 2#$ % "#i+, 3% *#3", &o % o$ # ! %#&% +%! %% of (i)il li % &$, ow&*%$ # % # i +%3% +% & 3%o3l%, &*# w*il% &*%$ w% % i " %(&io i E !l# +,

& w% 2#$ % 3% f%(&l$ " % &*#& 3o3 l#&io will o& lo ! (o &i % &o i ( %#"%wi&* &*% "#2% #3i+i&$ #" i& +i+ &*% .

A 3% "o w*o (o &%23l#&%+ &*% *#33$ "&#&% of &*% low% (l#""%" of 3%o3l% iA2% i(# &w% &$ $%# " #!o wo l+ #& #ll$ wi"* &o %&#i &*%2 fo %)% i &*#&"&#&%, # + 2i!*& &*i , 3% *#3", &*#& $ 3 %)% &i ! &*% i & o+ (&io of2# f#(& %" # + l : $ *% 2i!*& %ff%(& *i" 3 3o"%, & *% 2i!*& #" %#"o # l$%:3%(& &o 3 %)% & # wif% o 2i"& %"" f o2 ! owi ! ol+ $ %)% %:3o"i ! *% &o&*% " o #i . T*% "i& #&io of %w (olo i%", w%ll !o)% %+, i" # loo2 of

$o &* &*#& o %ffo &" (# # %"&. T*% % # %, i +%%+, 2# $ 2o+%" of & %#&2% & i&*% 3oli&i(#l, #" w%ll #" # i2#l, o+$, &*#& (o & i &% &o #((%l% #&% o %&# +&*% #33 o#(*%" of #!%, & &*% % (# % o (*# (% of " ((%"", i # $ 2o+% &*#&(o l+ % +%)i"%+, fo %%3i ! %i&*% of &*%2 i 3% 3%& #l $o &*. 4$ % (o #!i !&*% i + "& $ of &*% &ow " 2o % &*# &*% i + "& $ of &*% (o & $, E o3% 2#$ %"#i+, 3% *#3", &o *#)% o !*& o # 3 %2#& % ol+ #!%. A +iff% % & 3oli($ i&*i" %"3%(& wo l+ i f "% f %"* lif% # + )i!o i &o %)% $ "&#&%. =*il% f o2 &*%l#w of 3 i2o!% i& %, # + o&*% E o3%# ( "&o2", l# + %# " # 2o o3ol$ 3 i(%, #(#3i&#l (# %)% % %23lo$%+ i i& wi&* 2 (* #+)# &#!% &o &*% i +i)i+ #l5 # +,&*% %fo %, i& i" o& 3 o # l% &*#& &*% "oil "*o l+ % 3 o3% l$ ( l&i)#&%+. A +,&*o !* i %)% $ (i)ili;%+ "&#&% # (l#"" of 3 o3 i%&o " # + # (l#"" of l# o % "2 "& %:i"&, $%& o % 3% 2# % & #+)# &#!% wo l+ #lw#$" %" l& f o2 # %# %% #li;#&io of 3 o3% &$. T*% ! %#&% &*% 2 % of 3 o3 i%&o ", &*% "2#ll%

2 "& % &*% 2 % of l# o % " # ! %#&% 3# & of "o(i%&$ wo l+ % i &*% *#33$"&#&% of 3o""%""i ! 3 o3% &$ # + # "2#ll% 3# & i &*% *#33$ "&#&% of3o""%""i ! o o&*% 3 o3% &$ &*# &*%i l# o . 4 & &*% %"& +i %(&%+ %:% &io ",&*o !* &*%$ 2#$ #ll%)i#&%, (# %)% %2o)% &*% 3 %"" % of w# &, # + i& will %+iffi( l& fo # $ 3% "o w*o (o &%23l#&%" &*% !% i % "i& #&io of 2# o %# &*,# + &*% !% % #l l#w" of #& %, &o " 33o"% i& 3o""i l% &*#& # $, &*% 2o"&% li!*&% %+, %ffo &" (o l+ 3l#(% 2# i + i # "&#&% w*% % 'f%w wo l+ +i% wi&*o &2%#" i ! o & &*% w*ol% 3% io+ of 3 %"% & %:i"&% (% #llo&&%+ &o &*%25 w*% % 3#i# + +i"&%23% wo l+ % ow #2o ! &*%25 # + +%#&* wo l+ (o2% 3o &*%2 li % #"l%%3, i (o "% % (% of o o&*% (# "% &*# ! #+ #l # + #)oi+# l% +%(#$.'

77



I& i", +o &%+l$, # 2o"& +i"*%# &% i ! %fl%(&io &*#& &*% ! %#& o "&#(l% i&*% w#$ &o # $ %:& #o +i # $ i23 o)%2% & i "o(i%&$ i" of # #& % &*#& w% (#

%)% *o3% &o o)% (o2%. T*% 3% 3%& #l &% +% ($ i &*% #(% of 2# &o i ( %#"%%$o + &*% 2%# " of " "i"&% (% i" o % of &*% !% % #l l#w" of # i2#&%+ #& %

w*i(* w% (# *#)% o %#"o &o %:3%(& will (*# !%. Y%&, +i"(o #!i ! #" &*%(o &%23l#&io of &*i" +iffi( l&$ 2 "& % &o &*o"% w*o"% %:% &io " # % l# +# l$+i %(&%+ &o &*% i23 o)%2% & of &*% * 2# "3%(i%", i& i" %)i+% & &*#& o 3o""i l%!oo+ (# # i"% f o2 # $ % +%#)o " &o "l i& o)% o %%3 i& i &*% #( ! o +.O &*% (o & # $, &*% 2o"& #l%f l 2i"(*i%f" 2#$ % %:3%(&%+ f o2 &*% 2# l$(o + (& of o& +# i ! &o f#(% & &* %(# "% i& i" 3l%#"i !. I +%3% +% &l$ ofw*#& %l#&%" &o &*i" ! %#& o "&#(l%, " ffi(i% & $%& %2#i " &o % +o % fo2# i + &o # i2#&% " &o &*% 2o"& %2i&&%+ %:% &io . 4 & if w% 3 o(%%+ wi&*o &# &*o o !* owl%+!% # + #(( #&% (o23 %*% "io of &*% #& %, %:&% &, # +2#! i& +% of &*% +iffi( l&i%" w% *#)% &o % (o &% , o if w% wi"%l$ +i %(& o%ffo &" &ow# +" # o %(& i w*i(* w% (# o& *o3% fo " ((%"", w% "*#ll o& o l$%:*# "& o "& % !&* i f i&l%"" %:% &io " # + %2#i #& #" ! %#& # +i"&# (% #"%)% f o2 &*% " 22i& of o wi"*%", & w% "*#ll % 3% 3%& #ll$ ( "*%+ $ &*%

%(oil of &*i" o( of Si"$3* ".

CHAPTER 18 The constant pressure of distress on man, from the principle of population,seems to direct our hopes to the future - %tate of trial inconsistent with ourideas of the foreknowledge of od - The world, probably, a mighty process forawakening matter into mind - Theory of the formation of mind - "$citements fromthe wants of the body - "$citements from the operation of general laws -"$citements from the difficulties of life arising from the principle of

population.

THE )i%w of * 2# lif% w*i(* %" l&" f o2 &*% (o &%23l#&io of &*% (o "&# &

3 %"" % of +i"& %"" o 2# f o2 &*% +iffi( l&$ of " "i"&% (%, $ "*%wi ! &*%li&&l% %:3%(&#&io &*#& *% (# %#"o # l$ % &% &#i of 3% f%(&i ili&$ o %# &*,"%%2" "& o !l$ &o 3oi & *i" *o3%" &o &*% f & %. A + &*% &%23&#&io " &o w*i(* *%2 "& %(%""# il$ % %:3o"%+, f o2 &*% o3% #&io of &*o"% l#w" of #& % w*i(* w%*#)% %% %:#2i i !, wo l+ "%%2 &o %3 %"% & &*% wo l+ i &*% li!*& i w*i(* i&*#" %% f % % &l$ (o "i+% %+, #" # "&#&% of & i#l # + "(*ool of )i & %3 %3# #&o $ &o # " 3% io "&#&% of *#33i %"". 4 & I *o3% I "*#ll % 3# +o %+ ifI #&&%23& &o !i)% # )i%w i "o2% +%! %% +iff% % & of &*% "i& #&io of 2# o%# &*, w*i(* #33%# " &o 2% &o % 2o % (o "i"&% & wi&* &*% )# io " 3*% o2% # of

#& % w*i(* w% o "% )% # o + " # + 2o % (o "o # & &o o i+%#" of &*% 3ow% ,!oo+ %"", # + fo % owl%+!% of &*% D%i&$.

I& (# o& % (o "i+% %+ #" # i23 o)i ! %:% (i"% of &*% * 2# 2i + &o

% +%#)o &o ')i +i(#&% &*% w#$" of 0o+ &o 2# ' if w% 3 o(%%+ wi&* # 3 o3%+i"& "& of o ow +% "&# +i !" # + # "& "% "% of o i " ffi(i% ($ &o(o23 %*% + &*% %#"o of #ll w% "%%, if w% *#il %)% $ #$ of li!*& wi&*! #&i& +%, # +, w*% o li!*& #33%# ", &*i &*#& &*% +# %"" i" f o2 wi&*i# + o& f o2 wi&*o &, # + ow wi&* * 2 l% +%f% % (% &o &*% " 3 %2% wi"+o2 of *i2w*o"% '&*o !*&" # % # o)% o &*o !*&"' '#" &*% *%#)% " # % *i!* # o)% &*%%# &*.'

I #ll o f%% l% #&&%23&", *ow%)% , &o 'fi + o & &*% Al2i!*&$ &o 3% f%(&io ',i& "%%2" # "ol &%l$ %(%""# $ &*#& w% "*o l+ %#"o f o2 #& % 3 &o #& %'"

78



0o+ # + o& 3 %" 2% &o %#"o f o2 0o+ &o #& %. T*% 2o2% & w% #llow o "%l)%"&o #" w*$ "o2% &*i !" # % o& o&*% wi"%, i "&%#+ of % +%#)o i ! &o #((o & fo&*%2 #" &*%$ # %, w% "*#ll %)% ow w*% % &o "&o3, w% "*#ll % l%+ i &o &*%! o""%"& # + 2o"& (*il+i"* # " +i&i%", #ll 3 o! %"" i &*% owl%+!% of &*%w#$" of P o)i+% (% 2 "& %(%""# il$ % #& # % +, # + &*% "& +$ will %)% (%#"%&o % # i23 o)i ! %:% (i"% of &*% * 2# 2i +. I fi i&% 3ow% i" "o )#"& # +i (o23 %*% "i l% # i+%# &*#& &*% 2i + of 2# 2 "& %(%""# il$ % %wil+% %+ i&*% (o &%23l#&io of i&. =i&* &*% ( +% # + 3 % il% (o (%3&io " w*i(* w%"o2%&i2%" fo 2 of &*i" #&& i &% of &*% D%i&$, w% 2i!*& i2#!i % &*#& 0o+ (o l+(#ll i &o %i ! 2$ i#+" # + 2$ i#+" of %:i"&% (%", #ll f %% f o2 3#i # +i23% f%(&io , #ll %2i % & i !oo+ %"" # + wi"+o2, #ll (#3# l% of &*% *i!*%"&% o$2% &", # + 2 % %+ #" &*% 3oi &" &* o !*o & i fi i&% "3#(%. 4 & w*%f o2 &*%"% )#i # + %:& #)#!# & + %#2" of f# ($, w% & o %$%" &o &*% oo of

#& %, w*% % #lo % w% (# %#+ 0o+ #" *% i", w% "%% # (o "&# & " ((%""io of"% &i% & %i !", i"i ! #33# % &l$ f o2 "o 2# $ "3%( " of 2#&&% , !oi ! &* o !*# lo ! # + "o2%&i2%" 3#i f l 3 o(%"" i &*i" wo l+, & 2# $ of &*%2 #&&#i i !,% % &*% &% 2i #&io of i&, " (* *i!* #li&i%" # + 3ow% " #" "%%2 &o i +i(#&%&*%i fi& %"" fo "o2% " 3% io "&#&%. O !*& w% o& &*% &o (o %(& o ( +%# + 3 % il% i+%#" of i fi i&% Pow% f o2 &*% (o &%23l#&io of w*#& w% #(& #ll$"%% %:i"&i ! C# w% +!% of &*% C %#&o & f o2 *i" ( %#&io A +, l%"" w%wi"* &o %:#l& &*% 3ow% of 0o+ #& &*% %:3% "% of *i" !oo+ %"", o !*& w% o& &o(o (l +% &*#& %)% &o &*% ! %#& C %#&o , #l2i!*&$ #" *% i", # (% &#i 3 o(%""2#$ % %(%""# $, # (% &#i &i2% 6o #& l%#"& w*#& #33%# " &o " #" &i2% 2#$ %

% i"i&%, i o +% &o fo 2 %i !" wi&* &*o"% %:#l&%+ #li&i%" of 2i + w*i(*will fi& &*%2 fo *i" *i!* 3 3o"%"

A "&#&% of & i#l "%%2" &o i23l$ # 3 %)io "l$ fo 2%+ %:i"&% (% &*#& +o%" o&#! %% wi&* &*% #33%# # (% of 2# i i f# ($ # + i +i(#&%" "o2%&*i ! li %" "3i(io # + w# & of fo % owl%+!%, i (o "i"&% & wi&* &*o"% i+%#" w*i(* w% wi"*&o (*% i"* of &*% S 3 %2% 4%i !. I "*o l+ % i (li %+, &*% %fo %, #" I *#)%*i &%+ %fo %, &o (o "i+% &*% wo l+ # + &*i" lif% #" &*% 2i!*&$ 3 o(%"" of 0o+,

o& fo &*% & i#l, & fo &*% ( %#&io # + fo 2#&io of 2i +, # 3 o(%""%(%""# $ &o #w# % i % &, (*#o&i( 2#&&% i &o "3i i&, &o " li2#&% &*% + "& of

&*% %# &* i &o "o l, &o %li(i& # %&*% %#l "3# f o2 &*% (lo+ of (l#$. A + i&*i" )i%w of &*% " %(&, &*% )# io " i23 %""io " # + %:(i&%2% &" w*i(* 2#

%(%i)%" &* o !* lif% 2#$ % (o "i+% %+ #" &*% fo 2i ! *# + of *i" C %#&o ,#(&i ! $ !% % #l l#w", # + #w# % i ! *i" "l !!i"* %:i"&% (%, $ &*% # i2#&i !&o (*%" of &*% Di)i i&$, i &o # (#3#(i&$ of " 3% io % o$2% &. T*% o i!i #l "iof 2# i" &*% &o 3o # + (o 3&io of &*% (*#o&i( 2#&&% i w*i(* *% 2#$ %"#i+ &o % o .

I& (o l+ # "w% o !oo+ 3 3o"% &o % &% i &o &*% %"&io w*%&*% 2i + % #+i"&i (& " "&# (% f o2 2#&&% , o o l$ # fi % fo 2 of i&. T*% %"&io i",3% *#3", #f&% #ll, # %"&io 2% %l$ of wo +". /i + i" #" %""% &i#ll$ 2i +,w*%&*% fo 2%+ f o2 2#&&% o # $ o&*% " "&# (%. =% ow f o2 %:3% i% (% &*#&"o l # + o+$ # % 2o"& i &i2#&%l$ i&%+, # + %)% $ #33%# # (% "%%2" &o i +i(#&%

&*#& &*%$ ! ow f o2 i f# ($ &o!%&*% . I& wo l+ % # " 33o"i&io #&&% +%+ wi&*)% $ li&&l% 3 o # ili&$ &o %li%)% &*#& # (o23l%&% # + f ll fo 2%+ "3i i&%:i"&%+ i %)% $ i f# &, & &*#& i& w#" (lo!!%+ # + i23%+%+ i i&" o3% #&io "+ i ! &*% fi "& &w% &$ $%# " of lif% $ &*% w%# %"", o *% %& +%, of &*%o !# " i w*i(* i& w#" % (lo"%+. A" w% "*#ll #ll % +i"3o"%+ &o #! %% &*#& 0o+i" &*% ( %#&o of 2i + #" w%ll #" of o+$, # + #" &*%$ o&* "%%2 &o % fo 2i !# + fol+i ! &*%2"%l)%" #& &*% "#2% &i2%, i& (# o& #33%# i (o "i"&% & %i&*%wi&* %#"o o %)%l#&io , if i& #33%# &o % (o "i"&% & wi&* 3*% o2% # of

#& %, &o " 33o"% &*#& 0o+ i" (o "&# &l$ o(( 3i%+ i fo 2i ! 2i + o & of 2#&&%# + &*#& &*% )# io " i23 %""io " &*#& 2# %(%i)%" &* o !* lif% i" &*% 3 o(%""

79



fo &*#& 3 3o"%. T*% %23lo$2% & i" " %l$ wo &*$ of &*% *i!*%"& #&& i &%" of&*% D%i&$.

T*i" )i%w of &*% "&#&% of 2# o %# &* will o& "%%2 &o % #&&% +%+ wi&*3 o # ili&$, if, +!i ! f o2 &*% li&&l% %:3% i% (% w% *#)% of &*% #& % of2i +, i& "*#ll #33%# 3o i )%"&i!#&io &*#& &*% 3*% o2% # # o + ", # + &*%)# io " %)% &" of * 2# lif%, "%%2 3%( li# l$ (#l( l#&%+ &o 3 o2o&% &*i" ! %#&% +, # + %"3%(i#ll$ if, 3o &*i" " 33o"i&io , w% (# #((o &, %)% &o o ow

# ow +% "&# +i !", fo 2# $ of &*o"% o !* %""%" # + i % #li&i%" i lif%w*i(* % lo " 2# &oo f % % &l$ 2# %" &*% " %(& of *i" (o23l#i & #!#i "&&*% 0o+ of #& %.

T*% fi "& ! %#& #w# % % " of &*% 2i + "%%2 &o % &*% w# &" of &*% o+$. 6I& w#"2$ i &% &io &o *#)% % &% %+ #& "o2% l% !&* i &o &*i" " %(& #" # i + of"%(o + 3# & &o &*% E""#$. A lo ! i &% 3&io , f o2 3# &i( l# "i %"", *#"o li!%+ 2% &o l#$ #"i+% &*i" i &% &io , #& l%#"& fo &*% 3 %"% &. I "*#ll ow,&*% %fo %, o l$ !i)% # " %&(* of # f%w of &*% l%#+i ! (i ( 2"&# (%" &*#& #33%#&o 2% &o f#)o &*% !% % #l " 33o"i&io &*#& I *#)% #+)# (%+. T*%$ # % &*%fi "& "&i2 l# &" &*#& o "% &*% #i of i f# & 2# i &o "% &i% & #(&i)i&$, # +" (* "%%2" &o % &*% "l !!i"* %"" of o i!i #l 2#&&% &*#& l%"" $ # 3%( li#(o "% of %:(i&%2% &" o&*% w# &", % #ll$ 3ow% f l, # % !% % #&%+, &*%"%"&i2 l# &" "%%2, %)% #f&% w# +", &o % %(%""# $ &o (o &i % &*#& #(&i)i&$w*i(* &*%$ fi "& #w# % %+. T*% "#)#!% wo l+ "l 2 % fo %)% +% *i" & %%

l%"" *% w% % o "%+ f o2 *i" &o 3o $ &*% ( #)i !" of * !% o &*% 3i (*i !"of (ol+, # + &*% %:% &io " &*#& *% 2# %" &o #)oi+ &*%"% %)il", $ 3 o( i !foo+, # + il+i ! *i2"%lf # (o)% i !, # % &*% %:% (i"%" w*i(* fo 2 # + %%3 i2o&io *i" f#( l&i%", w*i(* o&*% wi"% wo l+ "i i &o li"&l%"" i #(&i)i&$. F o2#ll &*#& %:3% i% (% *#" &# !*& " (o (% i ! &*% "& (& % of &*% * 2# 2i +, if&*o"% "&i2 l# &" &o %:% &io w*i(* # i"% f o2 &*% w# &" of &*% o+$ w% % %2o)%+f o2 &*% 2#"" of 2# i +, w% *#)% 2 (* 2o % %#"o &o &*i &*#& &*%$ wo l+ %" &o &*% l%)%l of &%", f o2 # +%fi(i% ($ of %:(i&%2% &", &*# &*#& &*%$wo l+ % #i"%+ &o &*% # of 3*ilo"o3*% " $ &*% 3o""%""io of l%i" %. I&*o"% (o & i%" w*% % #& % i" &*% 2o"& %+ +# & i "3o &# %o " 3 o+ (% &*%

i *# i&# &" will o& % fo + &*% 2o"& %2# # l% fo #( &% %"" of i &%ll%(&.N%(%""i&$ *#" %% wi&* ! %#& & &* (#ll%+ &*% 2o&*% of i )% &io . So2% of &*%

o l%"& %:% &io " of &*% * 2# 2i + *#)% %% "%& i 2o&io $ &*% %(%""i&$ of"#&i"f$i ! &*% w# &" of &*% o+$. =# & *#" o& f % % &l$ !i)% wi !" &o &*%i2#!i #&io of &*% 3o%&, 3oi &%+ &*% flowi ! 3% io+" of &*% *i"&o i# , # + #++%+#( &% %"" &o &*% %"%# (*%" of &*% 3*ilo"o3*% , # + &*o !* &*% % # % +o &%+l$2# $ 2i +" #& 3 %"% & "o f# i23 o)%+ $ &*% )# io " %:(i&%2% &" of owl%+!%,o of "o(i#l "$23#&*$, &*#& &*%$ wo l+ o& %l#3"% i &o li"&l%"" %"" if &*%i

o+il$ "&i2 l# &" w% % %2o)%+, $%& i& (# "(# (%l$ % +o &%+ &*#& &*%"%"&i2 l# &" (o l+ o& % wi&*+ #w f o2 &*% 2#"" of 2# i + wi&*o & 3 o+ (i ! #!% % #l # + f#&#l &o 3o , +%"& (&i)% of #ll &*% !% 2" of f & % i23 o)%2% &.

Lo( %, if I %(oll%(&, "#$" &*#& &*% % +%#)o &o #)oi+ 3#i #&*% &*# &*%

3 " i& of 3l%#" % i" &*% ! %#& "&i2 l " &o #(&io i lif% # + &*#& i loo i !&o # $ 3# &i( l# 3l%#" %, w% "*#ll o& % o "%+ i &o #(&io i o +% &oo &#i i&, &ill &*% (o &%23l#&io of i& *#" (o &i %+ "o lo ! #" &o #2o & &o #"% "#&io of 3#i o %#"i %"" +% &*% # "% (% of i&. To #)oi+ %)il # + &o3 " % !oo+ "%%2 &o % &*% ! %#& + &$ # + "i %"" of 2# , # + &*i" wo l+#33%# " &o % 3%( li# l$ (#l( l#&%+ &o #ffo + o33o & i&$ of &*% 2o"& %2i&&%+%:% &io of &*i" i +, # + i& i" $ &*i" %:% &io , $ &*%"% "&i2 l# &", &*#&2i + i" fo 2%+. If Lo( %'" i+%# % "&, # + &*% % i" ! %#& %#"o &o &*i &*#&i& i", %)il "%%2" &o % %(%""# $ &o ( %#&% %:% &io , # + %:% &io "%%2"%)i+% &l$ %(%""# $ &o ( %#&% 2i +.

8



T*% %(%""i&$ of foo+ fo &*% " 33o & of lif% !i)%" i"%, 3 o # l$, &o # ! %#&%# &i&$ of %:% &io &*# # $ o&*% w# &, o+il$ o 2% &#l. T*% S 3 %2% 4%i !

*#" o +#i %+ &*#& &*% %# &* "*#ll o& 3 o+ (% !oo+ i ! %#& # &i&i%" &ill 2 (*3 %3# #&o $ l# o # + i !% i&$ *#" %% %:% (i"%+ 3o i&" " f#(%. T*% % i"

o (o (%i)# l% (o %(&io &o o (o23 %*% "io ", %&w%% &*% "%%+ # + &*% 3l# &o & %% &*#& i"%" f o2 i&. T*% S 3 %2% C %#&o 2i!*&, +o &%+l$, #i"% 33l# &" of #ll i +", fo &*% "% of *i" ( %#& %", wi&*o & &*% #""i"&# (% of&*o"% li&&l% i&" of 2#&&% , w*i(* w% (#ll "%%+, o %)% wi&*o & &*% #""i"&i !l# o # + #&&% &io of 2# . T*% 3 o(%""%" of 3lo !*i ! # + (l%# i ! &*% ! o +,of (oll%(&i ! # + "owi ! "%%+", # % o& " %l$ fo &*% #""i"&# (% of 0o+ i *i"( %#&io , & # % 2#+% 3 %)io "l$ %(%""# $ &o &*% % o$2% & of &*% l%""i !" oflif%, i o +% &o o "% 2# i &o #(&io , # + fo 2 *i" 2i + &o %#"o .

To f i"* &*% 2o"& %2i&&%+ %:(i&%2% &" of &*i" i +, # + &o !% 2# &of &*% &*% ! #(io " +%"i! " of P o)i+% (% $ &*% f ll ( l&i)#&io of &*% %# &*,i& *#" %% o +#i %+ &*#& 3o3 l#&io "*o l+ i ( %#"% 2 (* f#"&% &*# foo+. T*i"!% % #l l#w 6#" i& *#" #33%# %+ i &*% fo 2% 3# &" of &*i" E""#$ +o &%+l$3 o+ (%" 2 (* 3# &i#l %)il, & # li&&l% %fl%(&io 2#$, 3% *#3", "#&i"f$ ",&*#& i& 3 o+ (%" # ! %#& o)% #l# (% of !oo+. S& o ! %:(i&%2% &" "%%2 %(%""# $&o ( %#&% %:% &io , # + &o +i %(& &*i" %:% &io , # + fo 2 &*% %#"o i ! f#( l&$,i& "%%2" # "ol &%l$ %(%""# $, &*#& &*% S 3 %2% 4%i ! "*o l+ #(& #lw#$"#((o +i ! &o !% % #l l#w". T*% (o "&# ($ of &*% l#w" of #& %, o &*% (% &#i &$wi&* w*i(* w% 2#$ %:3%(& &*% "#2% %ff%(&" f o2 &*% "#2% (# "%", i" &*%fo +#&io of &*% f#( l&$ of %#"o . If i &*% o +i # $ (o "% of &*i !", &*%fi !% of 0o+ w% % f % % &l$ )i"i l%, o &o "3%# 2o % (o %(&l$, if 0o+ w% %f % % &l$ &o (*# !% *i" 3 3o"% 6fo &*% fi !% of 0o+ i", i +%%+, )i"i l% i%)% $ l#+% of ! #"" &*#& w% "%% , # !% % #l # + f#&#l &o 3o of &*% * 2#f#( l&i%" wo l+ 3 o # l$ % " %5 %)% &*% o+il$ w# &" of 2# i + wo l+ (%#"% &o"&i2 l#&% &*%2 &o %:% &io , (o l+ &*%$ o& %#"o # l$ %:3%(& &*#& if &*%i%ffo &" w% % w%ll +i %(&%+ &*%$ wo l+ % ( ow %+ wi&* " ((%"". T*% (o "&# ($ of&*% l#w" of #& % i" &*% fo +#&io of &*% i + "& $ # + fo %"i!*& of &*%* " # +2# , &*% i +%f#&i!# l% i !% i&$ of &*% # &ifi(% , &*% " ilf l %"%# (*%"

of &*% 3*$"i(i# # + # #&o2i"&, # + &*% w#&(*f l o "% )#&io # + 3#&i% &i )%"&i!#&io of &*% #& #l 3*ilo"o3*% . To &*i" (o "&# ($ w% ow% #ll &*%! %#&%"& # + o l%"& %ffo &" of i &%ll%(&. To &*i" (o "&# ($ w% ow% &*% i22o &#l2i + of # N%w&o .

A" &*% %#"o ", &*% %fo %, fo &*% (o "&# ($ of &*% l#w" of #& % "%%2, %)% &oo +% "&# +i !", o )io " # + "& i i !5 if w% %& &o &*% 3 i (i3l% of3o3 l#&io # + (o "i+% 2# #" *% %#ll$ i", i % &, "l !!i"*, # + #)% "% f o2l# o , l%"" (o23%ll%+ $ %(%""i&$ 6# + i& i" " %l$ &*% *%i!*& of foll$ &o&#l of 2# , #((o +i ! &o o ( +% f# (i%" of w*#& *% 2i!*& % , w% 2#$3 o o (% wi&* (% &#i &$ &*#& &*% wo l+ wo l+ o& *#)% %% 3%o3l%+, & fo &*%" 3% io i&$ of &*% 3ow% of 3o3 l#&io &o &*% 2%# " of " "i"&% (%. S& o ! # +(o "&# &l$ o3% #&i)% #" &*i" "&i2 l " i" o 2# &o !% *i2 &o &*% ( l&i)#&io

of &*% %# &*, if w% "&ill "%% &*#& ( l&i)#&io 3 o(%%+" )% $ "lowl$, w% 2#$f#i l$ (o (l +% &*#& # l%"" "&i2 l " wo l+ *#)% %% i " ffi(i% &. E)% +%&*% o3% #&io of &*i" (o "&# & %:(i&%2% &, "#)#!%" will i *# i& (o & i%" of &*%! %#&%"& #& #l f% &ili&$ fo # lo ! 3% io+ %fo % &*%$ %&# % &*%2"%l)%" &o3#"& #!% o #! i( l& %. H#+ 3o3 l#&io # + foo+ i ( %#"%+ i &*% "#2% #&io,i& i" 3 o # l% &*#& 2# 2i!*& %)% *#)% %2% !%+ f o2 &*% "#)#!% "&#&%. 4 &" 33o"i ! &*% %# &* o (% w%ll 3%o3l%+, # Al%:# +% , # J li " C#%"# , #T#2 % l# %, o # loo+$ %)ol &io 2i!*& i %(o)% # l$ &*i &*% * 2# #(%, # ++%f%#& &*% ! %#& +%"i! " of &*% C %#&o . T*% #)#!%" of # (o &#!io " +i"o +%wo l+ % f%l& fo #!%"5 # + # %# &* # % 2i!*& 3%o3l% # %!io fo %)% . T*%

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3 i (i3l%, #((o +i ! &o w*i(* 3o3 l#&io i ( %#"%", 3 %)% &" &*% )i(%" of2# i +, o &*% #((i+% &" of #& %, &*% 3# &i#l %)il" # i"i ! f o2 !% % #ll#w", f o2 o "& (&i ! &*% *i!* 3 3o"% of &*% ( %#&io . I& %%3" &*%i *# i&# &" of &*% %# &* #lw#$" f ll$ 3 &o &*% l%)%l of &*% 2%# " of" "i"&% (%5 # + i" (o "&# &l$ #(&i ! 3o 2# #" # 3ow% f l "& 2 l ", !i !*i2 &o &*% f &*% ( l&i)#&io of &*% %# &*, # + &o % # l% i&, (o "% % &l$, &o" 33o & # 2o % %:&% +%+ 3o3 l#&io . 4 & i& i" i23o""i l% &*#& &*i" l#w (#o3% #&%, # + 3 o+ (% &*% %ff%(&" #33# % &l$ i &% +%+ $ &*% S 3 %2% 4%i !,wi&*o & o((#"io i ! 3# &i#l %)il. U l%"" &*% 3 i (i3l% of 3o3 l#&io w% % &o %#l&% %+ #((o +i ! &o &*% (i ( 2"&# (%" of %#(* "%3# #&% (o & $ 6w*i(* wo l+ o&o l$ % (o & # $ &o o i)% "#l %:3% i% (%, wi&* %!# + &o &*% l#w" of #& %,

& wo l+ (o & #+i(& %)% o ow %#"o , w*i(* "%%" &*% # "ol &% %(%""i&$ of!% % #l l#w" fo &*% fo 2#&io of i &%ll%(& , i& i" %)i+% & &*#& &*% "#2%3 i (i3l% w*i(*, "%(o +%+ $ i + "& $, will 3%o3l% # f% &il% %!io i # f%w$%# " 2 "& 3 o+ (% +i"& %"" i (o & i%" &*#& *#)% %% lo ! i *# i&%+.

I& "%%2", *ow%)% , %)% $ w#$ 3 o # l% &*#& %)% &*% #( owl%+!%+ +iffi( l&i%"o((#"io %+ $ &*% l#w of 3o3 l#&io &% + #&*% &o 3 o2o&% &*# i23%+% &*%!% % #l 3 3o"% of P o)i+% (%. T*%$ %:(i&% i)% "#l %:% &io # + (o & i &% &o&*#& i fi i&% )# i%&$ of "i& #&io ", # + (o "% % &l$ of i23 %""io ", w*i(*"%%2" 3o &*% w*ol% f#)o # l% &o &*% ! ow&* of 2i +. I& i" 3 o # l%, &*#& &oo! %#& o &oo li&&l% %:(i&%2% &, %:& %2% 3o)% &$, o &oo ! %#& i(*%" 2#$ %#li % f#)o # l% i &*i" %"3%(&. T*% 2i++l% %!io " of "o(i%&$ "%%2 &o %

%"& " i&%+ &o i &%ll%(& #l i23 o)%2% &, & i& i" (o & # $ &o &*% # #lo!$ of#ll #& % &o %:3%(& &*#& &*% w*ol% of "o(i%&$ (# % # 2i++l% %!io . T*%&%23% #&% ;o %" of &*% %# &* "%%2 &o % &*% 2o"& f#)o # l% &o &*% 2% &#l # +(o 3o #l % % !i%" of 2# , & #ll (# o& % &%23% #&% ;o %". A wo l+, w# 2%+ # +% li!*&% %+ & $ o % " , 2 "& f o2 &*% l#w" of 2#&&% *#)% "o2% 3# &" (*ill%+

$ 3% 3%& #l f o"&" # + o&*% " "(o (*%+ $ 3% 3%& #l *%#&". E)% $ 3i%(% of2#&&% l$i ! o # " f#(% 2 "& *#)% # 33% # + # +% "i+%, #ll &*%3# &i(l%" (# o& % i &*% 2i++l%. T*% 2o"& )#l # l% 3# &" of # o# , &o #&i2 % 2% (*# &, # % o& %i&*% &*% oo&" o &*% # (*%", & &*%"% # %# "ol &%l$ %(%""# $ &o &*% %:i"&% (% of &*% 2i++l% 3# &, o "&%2, w*i(* i" &*%

o %(& i % %"&. T*% &i2 % 2% (*# & (o l+ o& 3o""i l$ %:3%(& &o 2# % # o#! ow wi&*o & oo&" o # (*%", & if *% (o l+ fi + o & # 2o+% of ( l&i)#&iow*i(* wo l+ (# "% 2o % of &*% " "&# (% &o !o &o "&%2, # + l%"" &o oo& # +

# (*, *% wo l+ % i!*& &o %:% & *i2"%lf i i !i ! " (* # "$"&%2 i &o!% % #l "%.

I &*% "#2% 2# % , &*o !* w% (# o& 3o""i l$ %:3%(& &o %:(l +% i(*%" # +3o)% &$ f o2 "o(i%&$, $%& if w% (o l+ fi + o & # 2o+% of !o)% 2% & $ w*i(* &*%

2 % " i &*% %:& %2% %!io " wo l+ % l%""% %+ # + &*% 2 % " i &*% 2i++l%%!io " i ( %#"%+, i& wo l+ % +o &%+l$ o + &$ &o #+o3& i&. I& i" o&,

*ow%)% , i23 o # l% &*#& #" i &*% o# , &*% oo&" # + # (*%" (o l+ o& %+i2i i"*%+ )% $ ! %#&l$ wi&*o & w%# % i ! &*% )i!o o " (i ( l#&io of &*% "#3 i&*% "&%2, "o i "o(i%&$ &*% %:& %2% 3# &" (o l+ o& % +i2i i"*%+ %$o + #

(% &#i +%! %% wi&*o & l%""% i ! &*#& # i2#&%+ %:% &io &* o !*o & &*% 2i++l%3# &", w*i(* i" &*% )% $ (# "% &*#& &*%$ # % &*% 2o"& f#)o # l% &o &*% ! ow&*of i &%ll%(&. If o 2# (o l+ *o3% &o i"% o f%# &o f#ll, i "o(i%&$, ifi + "& $ +i+ o& i ! wi&* i& i&" %w# + # + i+l% %"" i&" 3 i"*2% &, &*%2i++l% 3# &" wo l+ o& (% &#i l$ % w*#& &*%$ ow # %. I %#"o i ! 3o &*i"" %(&, i& i" %)i+% & &*#& w% o !*& &o (o "i+% (*i%fl$ &*% 2#"" of 2# i + # +

o& i +i)i+ #l i "&# (%". T*% % # % +o &%+l$ 2# $ 2i +", # + &*% % o !*& &o% 2# $, #((o +i ! &o &*% (*# (%" o & of "o ! %#& # 2#"", &*#&, *#)i ! %%

)i)ifi%+ %# l$ $ # 3%( li# (o "% of %:(i&%2% &", wo l+ o& %%+ &*% (o "&# &#(&io of # ow 2o&i)%" &o (o &i % &*%2 i #(&i)i&$. 4 & if w% w% % &o %)i%w

8<



&*% )# io " "%f l +i"(o)% i%", &*% )#l # l% w i&i !", # + o&*% l# +# l%%:% &io " of 2# i +, I %li%)% w% "*o l+ fi + &*#& 2o % w% % &o % #&& i &%+&o &*% # ow 2o&i)%" &*#& o3% #&% 3o &*% 2# $ &*# &o &*% #33# % &l$ 2o %% l# !%+ 2o&i)%" &*#& o3% #&% 3o &*% f%w.

L%i" % i", wi&*o & +o &, *i!*l$ )#l # l% &o 2# , & &# i ! 2# #" *% i", &*%3 o # ili&$ "%%2" &o % &*#& i &*% ! %#&% 2 % of i "&# (%" i& will 3 o+ (%%)il #&*% &*# !oo+. I& *#" %% o& i f % % &l$ %2# %+ &*#& &#l% &" # %2o % (o22o #2o ! $o !% o&*% " &*# #2o ! %l+% o&*% ", & i& (#"(# (%l$ % i2#!i %+ &*#& $o !% o&*% " # %, 3o # #)% #!%, o wi&* #! %#&% o i!i #l " "(%3&i ili&$ of 3# &". T*% +iff% % (%, if &*% % %#ll$ i" # $o "% )# l% +iff% % (%, (# o l$ # i"% f o2 &*%i +iff% % & "i& #&io ". E:% &io# + #(&i)i&$ # % i !% % #l # "ol &%l$ %(%""# $ i o % (#"% # + # % o l$o3&io #l i &*% o&*% .

T*#& &*% +iffi( l&i%" of lif% (o & i &% &o !% % #&% &#l% &", %)% $ +#$'"%:3% i% (% 2 "& (o )i (% ". T*% %:% &io " &*#& 2% fi + i& %(%""# $ &o 2# %,i o +% &o " 33o & &*%2"%l)%" o f#2ili%", f % % &l$ #w# % f#( l&i%" &*#&2i!*& o&*% wi"% *#)% l#i fo %)% +o 2# &, # + i& *#" %% (o22o l$ %2# %+&*#& %w # + %:& #o +i # $ "i& #&io " !% % #ll$ ( %#&% 2i +" #+% #&% &o ! #33l%wi&* &*% +iffi( l&i%" i w*i(* &*%$ # % i )ol)%+.

CHAPTER 19 The sorrows of life necessary to soften and humani&e the heart - The e$citementof social sympathy often produce characters of a higher order than the mere

possessors of talents - Moral evil probably necessary to the production ofmoral e$cellence - "$citements from intellectual wants continually kept up bythe infinite variety of nature, and the obscurity that involves metaphysicalsub?ects - The difficulties in revelation to be accounted for upon this

principle - The degree of evidence which the scriptures contain, probably, bestsuited to the improvements of the human faculties, and the moral amerlioration

of mankind - The idea that mind is created by e$citements seems to account forthe e$istence of natural and moral evil.

THE "o ow" # + +i"& %""%" of lif% fo 2 # o&*% (l#"" of %:(i&%2% &", w*i(* "%%2&o % %(%""# $, $ # 3%( li# & #i of i23 %""io ", &o "of&% # + * 2# i;% &*%*%# &, &o #w# % "o(i#l "$23#&*$, &o !% % #&% #ll &*% C* i"&i# )i & %", # + &o#ffo + "(o3% fo &*% #23l% %:% &io of % %)ol% (%. T*% !% % #l &% +% ($ of #

ifo 2 (o "% of 3 o"3% i&$ i" #&*% &o +%! #+% &*# %:#l& &*% (*# #(&% . T*%*%# & &*#& *#" %)% ow "o ow i&"%lf will "%l+o2 % f%%li !l$ #li)% &o &*%3#i " # + 3l%#" %", &*% w# &" # + wi"*%", of i&" f%llow %i !". I& will "%l+o2

% o)% flowi ! wi&* &*#& w# 2&* of o&*% l$ lo)%, &*o"% i + # + #2i# l%#ff%(&io ", w*i(* +i! if$ &*% * 2# (*# #(&% %)% 2o % &*# &*% 3o""%""io of

&*% *i!*%"& &#l% &". T#l% &", i +%%+, &*o !* +o &%+l$ # )% $ 3 o2i % & # +fi % f%#& % of 2i +, (# $ o 2%# " % (o "i+% %+ #" (o "&i& &i ! &*% w*ol% ofi&. T*% % # % 2# $ 2i +" w*i(* *#)% o& %% %:3o"%+ &o &*o"% %:(i&%2% &" &*#&

" #ll$ fo 2 &#l% &", &*#& *#)% $%& %% )i)ifi%+ &o # *i!* +%! %% $ &*%%:(i&%2% &" of "o(i#l "$23#&*$. I %)% $ # of lif%, i &*% low%"& #"f % % &l$ #" i &*% *i!*%"&, (*# #(&% " # % &o % fo + o)% flowi ! wi&* &*%2il of * 2# i + %"", %#&*i ! lo)% &ow# +" 0o+ # + 2# , # +, &*o !* wi&*o &&*o"% 3%( li# 3ow% " of 2i + (#ll%+ &#l% &", %)i+% &l$ *ol+i ! # *i!*% # i&*% "(#l% of %i !" &*# 2# $ w*o 3o""%"" &*%2. E)# !%li(#l (*# i&$, 2%% %"",3i%&$, # + #ll &*#& (l#"" of )i & %" +i"&i ! i"*%+ 3# &i( l# l$ $ &*% #2% of

8>



C* i"&i# )i & %" +o o& "%%2 %(%""# il$ &o i (l +% # ili&i%"5 $%& # "o l3o""%""%+ of &*%"% #2i# l% #li&i%", # "o l #w# % %+ # + )i)ifi%+ $ &*%"%+%li!*&f l "$23#&*i%", "%%2" &o *ol+ # %# % (o22% (% wi&* &*% " i%" &*# 2% %#( &% %"" of i &%ll%(&.

T*% ! %#&%"& &#l% &" *#)% %% f % % &l$ 2i"#33li%+ # + *#)% 3 o+ (%+ %)il3 o3o &io #&% &o &*% %:&% & of &*%i 3ow% ". 4o&* %#"o # + %)%l#&io "%%2 &o#"" % " &*#& " (* 2i +" will % (o +%2 %+ &o %&% #l +%#&*, & w*il% o%# &*, &*%"% )i(io " i "& 2% &" 3% fo 2%+ &*%i 3# & i &*% ! %#& 2#"" ofi23 %""io ", $ &*% +i"! "& # + # *o % (% w*i(* &*%$ %:(i&%+. I& "%%2" *i!*l$3 o # l% &*#& 2o #l %)il i" # "ol &%l$ %(%""# $ &o &*% 3 o+ (&io of 2o #l%:(%ll% (%. A %i ! wi&* o l$ !oo+ 3l#(%+ i )i%w 2#$ % "&l$ "#i+ &o %i23%ll%+ $ # li + %(%""i&$. T*% 3 " i& of !oo+ i &*i" (#"% (# % oi +i(#&io of )i & o " 3 o3% "i&i%". I& 2i!*& % "#i+, 3% *#3", &*#& i fi i&%=i"+o2 (# o& w# & " (* # i +i(#&io #" o &w# + #(&io , & wo l+ fo % ow wi&*(% &#i l$ w*%&*% &*% %i ! wo l+ (*oo"% !oo+ o %)il. T*i" 2i!*& % # 3l# "i l%# ! 2% & #!#i "& # "&#&% of & i#l, & will o& *ol+ #!#i "& &*% " 33o"i&io&*#& 2i + i &*i" wo l+ i" i # "&#&% of fo 2#&io . U3o &*i" i+%#, &*% %i !&*#& *#" "%% 2o #l %)il # + *#" f%l& +i"#33 o #&io # + +i"! "& #& i& i"%""% &i#ll$ +iff% % & f o2 &*% %i ! &*#& *#" "%% o l$ !oo+. T*%$ # % 3i%(%" of(l#$ &*#& *#)% %(%i)%+ +i"&i (& i23 %""io " &*%$ 2 "&, &*% %fo %, %(%""# il$

% i +iff% % & "*#3%"5 o , %)% if w% #llow &*%2 o&* &o *#)% &*% "#2% lo)%l$fo 2 of )i & %, i& 2 "& % #( owl%+!%+ &*#& o % *#" +% !o % &*% f &*%3 o(%"", %(%""# $ &o !i)% fi 2 %"" # + + # ili&$ &o i&" " "&# (%, w*il% &*%o&*% i" "&ill %:3o"%+ &o i $, # + li# l% &o % o % $ %)% $ #((i+% &#li23 l"%. A # +% & lo)% # + #+2i #&io of )i & % "%%2" &o i23l$ &*% %:i"&% (% of"o2%&*i ! o33o"i&% &o i&, # + i& "%%2" *i!*l$ 3 o # l% &*#& &*% "#2% %# &$ offo 2 # + " "&# (%, &*% "#2% 3% f%(&io of (*# #(&% , (o l+ o& % !% % #&%+wi&*o & &*% i23 %""io " of +i"#33 o #&io w*i(* # i"% f o2 &*% "3%(&#(l% of2o #l %)il.

=*% &*% 2i + *#" %% #w# % %+ i &o #(&i)i&$ $ &*% 3#""io ", # + &*% w# &" of&*% o+$, i &%ll%(& #l w# &" # i"%5 # + &*% +%"i % of owl%+!%, # + &*%

i23#&i% (% +% i! o # (%, fo 2 # %w # + i23o &# & (l#"" of %:(i&%2% &". E)% $3# & of #& % "%%2" 3%( li# l$ (#l( l#&%+ &o f i"* "&i2 l# &" &o 2% &#l%:% &io of &*i" i +, # + &o off% i %:*# "&i l% foo+ fo &*% 2o"& %2i&&%+i i $. O 2o &#l 4# + "#$" of Cl%o3#& #

C "&o2 (# o& "&#l%

H% i fi i&% )# i%&$. T*% %:3 %""io , w*% #33li%+ &o # $ o % o %(&, 2#$ %(o "i+% %+ #" # 3o%&i(#l #23lifi(#&io , & i& i" #(( #&%l$ & % w*% #33li%+&o #& %. I fi i&% )# i%&$ "%%2", i +%%+, %2i % &l$ *% (*# #(&% i"&i( f%#& %.T*% "*#+%" &*#& # % *% % # + &*% % l% +%+ i &*% 3i(& % !i)% "3i i&, lif%, # +3 o2i % (% &o *% %: % # & %# &i%", # + &*o"% o !* %""%" # + i % #li&i%",&*o"% i f% io 3# &" &*#& " 33o & &*% " 3% io , &*o !* &*%$ "o2%&i2%" off% + &*%

f#"&i+io " 2i( o"(o3i( %$% of "*o &-"i!*&%+ 2# , (o & i &% &o &*% "$22%& $,! #(%, # + f#i 3 o3o &io of &*% w*ol%.

T*% i fi i&% )# i%&$ of &*% fo 2" # + o3% #&io " of #& %, %"i+%" &% +i !i22%+i#&%l$ &o #w# % # + i23 o)% &*% 2i + $ &*% )# i%&$ of i23 %""io " &*#& i&( %#&%", o3% " o&*% f% &il% "o (%" of i23 o)%2% & $ off% i ! "o wi+% # +%:&% "i)% # fi%l+ fo i )%"&i!#&io # + %"%# (*. U ifo 2, +i)% "ifi%+3% f%(&io (o l+ o& 3o""%"" &*% "#2% #w# % i ! 3ow% ". =*% w% % +%#)o &*%&o (o &%23l#&% &*% "$"&%2 of &*% i)% "%, w*% w% &*i of &*% "&# " #" &*%" " of o&*% "$"&%2" "(#&&% %+ &* o !*o & i fi i&% "3#(%, w*% w% %fl%(& &*#&

8?



w% +o o& 3 o # l$ "%% # 2illio &* 3# & of &*o"% i!*& o " &*#& # % %#2i !li!*& # + lif% &o 2 % %+ wo l+", w*% o 2i +", # l% &o ! #"3 &*%i22%#" # l% (o (%3&io , "i , lo"& # + (o fo +%+, i #+2i #&io #& &*% 2i!*&$i (o23 %*% "i l% 3ow% of &*% C %#&o , l%& " o& % lo "l$ (o23l#i &*#& #ll(li2#&%" # % o& % #ll$ !% i#l, &*#& 3% 3%& #l "3 i ! +o%" o& %i! &* o !*o &&*% $%# , &*#& i& 0o+'" ( %#& %" +o o& 3o""%"" &*% "#2% #+)# &#!%", &*#&(lo +" # + &%23%"&" "o2%&i2%" +# % &*% #& #l wo l+ # + )i(% # + 2i"% $ &*%2o #l wo l+, # + &*#& #ll &*% wo " of &*% ( %#&io # % o& fo 2%+ wi&* % #l3% f%(&io . 4o&* %#"o # + %:3% i% (% "%%2 &o i +i(#&% &o " &*#& &*% i fi i&%)# i%&$ of #& % 6# + )# i%&$ (# o& %:i"& wi&*o & i f% io 3# &", o #33# % &

l%2i"*%" i" #+2i # l$ #+#3&%+ &o f &*% &*% *i!* 3 3o"% of &*% ( %#&io # +&o 3 o+ (% &*% ! %#&%"& 3o""i l% # &i&$ of !oo+.

T*% o "( i&$ &*#& i )ol)%" #ll 2%&#3*$"i(#l " %(&" #33%# " &o 2%, i &*% "#2%2# % , 3%( li# l$ (#l( l#&%+ &o #++ &o &*#& (l#"" of %:(i&%2% &" w*i(* # i"%f o2 &*% &*i "& of owl%+!%. I& i" 3 o # l% &*#& 2# , w*il% o %# &*, will

%)% % # l% &o #&&#i (o23l%&% "#&i"f#(&io o &*%"% " %(&"5 & &*i" i" $o 2%# " # %#"o &*#& *% "*o l+ o& % !#!% i &*%2. T*% +# %"" &*#& " o +"

&*%"% i &% %"&i ! &o3i(" of * 2# ( io"i&$ 2#$ % i &% +%+ &o f i"* % +l%""2o&i)%" &o i &%ll%(& #l #(&i)i&$ # + %:% &io . T*% (o "&# & %ffo & &o +i"3%l&*i" +# %"", %)% if i& f#il of " ((%"", i )i!o #&%" # + i23 o)%" &*% &*i i !f#( l&$. If &*% " %(&" of * 2# i i $ w% % o (% %:*# "&%+, 2i + wo l+3 o # l$ "&#! #&%5 & &*% i fi i&%l$ +i)% "ifi%+ fo 2" # + o3% #&io " of

#& %, &o!%&*% wi&* &*% % +l%"" foo+ fo "3%( l#&io w*i(* 2%&#3*$"i(#l" %(&" off% , 3 %)% & &*% 3o""i ili&$ &*#& " (* # 3% io+ "*o l+ %)% # i)%.

I& i" $ o 2%# " o % of &*% wi"%"& "#$i !" of Solo2o &*#& '&*% % i" o %w&*i ! +% &*% " .' O &*% (o & # $, i& i" 3 o # l% &*#& w% % &*% 3 %"% &"$"&%2 &o (o &i % fo 2illio " of $%# ", (o &i #l #++i&io " wo l+ % 2# i ! &o&*% 2#"" of * 2# owl%+!%, # + $%&, 3% *#3", i& 2#$ % # 2#&&% of +o &w*%&*% w*#& 2#$ % (#ll%+ &*% (#3#(i&$ of 2i + % i # $ 2# %+ # + +%(i+%+2# % i ( %#"i !. A So( #&%", # Pl#&o, o # A i"&o&l%, *ow%)% (o f%""%+l$i f% io i owl%+!% &o &*% 3*ilo"o3*% " of &*% 3 %"% & +#$, +o o& #33%# &o

*#)% %% 2 (* %low &*%2 i i &%ll%(& #l (#3#(i&$. I &%ll%(& i"%" f o2 #"3%( , (o &i %" i )i!o o l$ fo # (% &#i 3% io+, # + will o& 3% *#3" #+2i&w*il% o %# &* of # o)% # (% &#i 2 % of i23 %""io ". T*%"% i23 %""io " 2#$,i +%%+, % i fi i&%l$ 2o+ifi%+, # + f o2 &*%"% )# io " 2o+ifi(#&io ", #++%+3 o # l$ &o # +iff% % (% i &*% " "(%3&i ili&$ of &*% o i!i #l !% 2", # i"% &*%% +l%"" +i)% "i&$ of (*# #(&% &*#& w% "%% i &*% wo l+5 & %#"o # +%:3% i% (% "%%2 o&* &o #"" % " &*#& &*% (#3#(i&$ of i +i)i+ #l 2i +" +o%" o&i ( %#"% i 3 o3o &io &o &*% 2#"" of %:i"&i ! owl%+!%. 6I& i" 3 o # l% &*#&

o &wo ! #i " of w*%#& # % %:#(&l$ #li %. Soil +o &%+l$ 2# %" &*% 3 i (i3#l+iff% % (% i &*% l#+%" &*#& "3 i ! 3, & 3 o # l$ o& #ll. I& "%%2" #& #l&o " 33o"% "o2% "o & of +iff% % (% i &*% o i!i #l !% 2" &*#& # % #f&% w# +"#w# % %+ i &o &*o !*&, # + &*% %:& #o +i # $ +iff% % (% of " "(%3&i ili&$ i)% $ $o ! (*il+ % "%%2" &o (o fi 2 &*% " 33o"i&io .

T*% fi %"& 2i +" "%%2 &o % fo 2%+ #&*% $ %ffo &" #& o i!i #l &*i i !, $% +%#)o " &o fo 2 %w (o2 i #&io ", # + &o +i"(o)% %w & &*", &*# $3#""i)%l$ %(%i)i ! &*% i23 %""io " of o&*% 2% '" i+%#". Co l+ w% " 33o"% &*%3% io+ # i)%+, w*% &*% % w#" o& f &*% *o3% of f & % +i"(o)% i%", # + &*%o l$ %23lo$2% & of 2i + w#" &o #( i % 3 %-%:i"&i ! owl%+!%, wi&*o & # $%ffo &" &o fo 2 %w # + o i!i #l (o2 i #&io ", &*o !* &*% 2#"" of * 2#

owl%+!% w% % # &*o "# + &i2%" ! %#&% &*# i& i" #& 3 %"% &, $%& i& i" %)i+% &&*#& o % of &*% o l%"& "&i2 l# &" &o 2% &#l %:% &io wo l+ *#)% (%#"%+5 &*%fi %"& f%#& % of i &%ll%(& wo l+ % lo"&5 %)% $&*i ! #lli%+ &o !% i " wo l+ %

8



#& # % +5 # + i& #33%# " &o % i23o""i l%, &*#&, +% " (* (i ( 2"&# (%", # $i +i)i+ #l" (o l+ 3o""%"" &*% "#2% i &%ll%(& #l % % !i%" #" w% % 3o""%""%+ $ #Lo( %, # N%w&o , o # S*# %"3%# %, o %)% $ # So( #&%", # Pl#&o, # A i"&o&l%o # Ho2% .

If # %)%l#&io f o2 *%#)% of w*i(* o 3% "o (o l+ f%%l &*% "2#ll%"& +o &w% % &o +i"3%l &*% 2i"&" &*#& ow *# ! o)% 2%&#3*$"i(#l " %(&", w% % &o%:3l#i &*% #& % # + "& (& % of 2i +, &*% #ff%(&io " # + %""% (%" of #ll" "&# (%", &*% 2o+% i w*i(* &*% S 3 %2% 4%i ! o3% #&%" i &*% wo " of &*%( %#&io , # + &*% w*ol% 3l# # + "(*%2% of &*% U i)% "%, " (* # #((%""io of

owl%+!% "o o &#i %+, i "&%#+ of !i)i ! #++i&io #l )i!o # + #(&i)i&$ &o &*%* 2# 2i +, wo l+ i #ll 3 o # ili&$ &% + &o %3 %"" f & % %:% &io # + &o +#23&*% "o# i ! wi !" of i &%ll%(&.

Fo &*i" %#"o I *#)% %)% (o "i+% %+ &*% +o &" # + +iffi( l&i%" &*#& i )ol)%"o2% 3# &" of &*% "#( %+ w i&i !" #" # $ # +% & #!#i "& &*%i +i)i % o i!i #l.T*% S 3 %2% 4%i ! 2i!*&, +o &%+l$, *#)% #((o23# i%+ *i" %)%l#&io " &o 2# $" (* # " ((%""io of 2i #(l%", # + of " (* # #& %, #" wo l+ *#)% 3 o+ (%+

i)% "#l o)% 3ow% i ! (o )i(&io # + *#)% 3 & # % + #& o (% &o #ll *%"i&#&io# + +i"( ""io . 4 & w%# #" o %#"o i" &o (o23 %*% + &*% 3l# " of &*% ! %#&C %#&o , i& i" $%& " ffi(i% &l$ "& o ! &o "%% &*% 2o"& "& i i ! o %(&io " &o" (* # %)%l#&io . F o2 &*% li&&l% w% ow of &*% "& (& % of &*% * 2#

+% "&# +i !, w% 2 "& % (o )i (%+ &*#& # o)% 3ow% i ! (o )i(&io of &*i"i +, i "&%#+ of &% +i ! &o &*% i23 o)%2% & # + 2o #l #2%lio #&io of 2# , wo l+

#(& li % &*% &o (* of # &o 3%+o o #ll i &%ll%(& #l %:% &io # + wo l+ #l2o"&3 & # % + &o &*% %:i"&% (% of )i & %. If &*% "( i3& #l +% (i#&io " of%&% #l 3 i"*2% & w% % o !*& *o2% wi&* &*% "#2% (% &#i &$ &o %)% $ 2# '" 2i +#" &*#& &*% i!*& will follow &*% +#$, &*i" o % )#"& # + !loo2$ i+%# wo l+ &# %" (* f ll 3o""%""io of &*% * 2# f#( l&i%" #" &o l%#)% o oo2 fo # $ o&*%(o (%3&io ", &*% %:&% #l #(&io " of 2% wo l+ % #ll %# l$ #li %, )i & o "(o + (& wo l+ % o i +i(#&io of )i & o " +i"3o"i&io , )i(% # + )i & % wo l+ %

l% +%+ &o!%&*% i o % (o22o 2#"", # + &*o !* &*% #ll-"%%i ! %$% of 0o+ 2i!*&+i"&i ! i"* &*%2 &*%$ 2 "& %(%""# il$ 2# % &*% "#2% i23 %""io " o 2# , w*o (#

+!% o l$ f o2 %:&% #l #33%# # (%". U +% " (* # +i"3% "#&io , i& i" +iffi( l&&o (o (%i)% *ow * 2# %i !" (o l+ % fo 2%+ &o # +%&%"&#&io of 2o #l %)il, # +# lo)% # + #+2i #&io of 0o+, # + of 2o #l %:(%ll% (%.

O i+%#" of )i & % # + )i(% # % o&, 3% *#3", )% $ #(( #&% # + w%ll-+%fi %+5& f%w, I &*i , wo l+ (#ll # #(&io %#ll$ )i & o " w*i(* w#" 3% fo 2%+

"i23l$ # + "ol%l$ f o2 &*% + %#+ of # )% $ ! %#& 3 i"*2% & o &*% %:3%(&#&ioof # )% $ ! %#& %w# +. T*% f%# of &*% Lo + i" )% $ "&l$ "#i+ &o % &*%

%!i i ! of wi"+o2, & &*% % + of wi"+o2 i" &*% lo)% of &*% Lo + # + &*%#+2i #&io of 2o #l !oo+. T*% +% (i#&io " of f & % 3 i"*2% & (o &#i %+ i&*% "( i3& %" "%%2 &o % w%ll (#l( l#&%+ &o # %"& &*% 3 o! %"" of &*% )i(io "# + #w# % &*% #&&% &io of &*% (# %l%"", & w% "%% f o2 %3%#&%+ %:3% i% (%&*#& &*%$ # % o& #((o23# i%+ wi&* %)i+% (% of " (* # #& % #" &o o)% 3ow% &*%

* 2# will # + &o 2# % 2% l%#+ )i & o " li)%" wi&* )i(io " +i"3o"i&io ", 2% %l$f o2 # + %#+ of *% %#f&% . A !% i % f#i&*, $ w*i(* I 2%# # f#i&* &*#& "*%w"i&"%lf i i& &*% )i & %" of # & l$ C* i"&i# lif%, 2#$ !% % #ll$ % (o "i+% %+#" # i +i(#&io of # #2i# l% # + )i & o " +i"3o"i&io , o3% #&%+ 3o 2o % $lo)% &*# $ 3 % 2i:%+ f%# .

=*% w% %fl%(& o &*% &%23&#&io " &o w*i(* 2# 2 "& %(%""# il$ % %:3o"%+ i&*i" wo l+, f o2 &*% "& (& % of *i" f #2%, # + &*% o3% #&io of &*% l#w" of

#& %, # + &*% (o "% % & 2o #l (% &#i &$ &*#& 2# $ )%""%l" will (o2% o & of&*i" 2i!*&$ ( %#&i)% f #(% i w o ! "*#3%", i& i" 3% f%(&l$ i23o""i l% &o

8B



(o (%i)% &*#& # $ of &*%"% ( %#& %" of 0o+'" *# + (# % (o +%2 %+ &o %&% #l" ff% i !. Co l+ w% o (% #+2i& " (* # i+%#, i& o #& #l (o (%3&io " of!oo+ %"" # + "&i(% wo l+ % (o23l%&%l$ o)% &* ow , # + w% (o l+ o lo !% loo

3 &o 0o+ #" # 2% (if l # + i!*&%o " 4%i !. 4 & &*% +o(& i % of lif% # +/o &#li&$ w*i(* w#" o !*& &o li!*& $ &*% !o"3%l, &*% +o(& i % &*#& &*% % + of

i!*&%o " %"" i" %)% l#"&i ! lif%, & &*#& &*% w#!%" of "i # % +%#&*, i" i%)% $ %"3%(& "& # + 2% (if l, # + wo &*$ of &*% ! %#& C %#&o . No&*i ! (##33%# 2o % (o "o # & &o o %#"o &*# &*#& &*o"% %i !" w*i(* (o2% o & of &*%( %#&i)% 3 o(%"" of &*% wo l+ i lo)%l$ # + %# &if l fo 2" "*o l+ % ( ow %+wi&* i22o &#li&$, w*il% &*o"% w*i(* (o2% o & 2i""*#3% , &*o"% w*o"% 2i +" # %

o& " i&%+ &o # 3 % # + *#33i% "&#&% of %:i"&% (%, "*o l+ 3% i"* # + %(o +%2 %+ &o 2i: #!#i wi&* &*%i o i!i #l (l#$. E&% #l (o +%2 #&io of &*i"

i + 2#$ % (o "i+% %+ #" # "3%(i%" of %&% #l 3 i"*2% &, # + i& i" o&wo +% f l &*#& i& "*o l+ % %3 %"% &%+, "o2%&i2%", +% i2#!%" of " ff% i !.4 & lif% # + +%#&*, "#l)#&io # + +%"& (&io , # % 2o % f % % &l$ o33o"%+ &o%#(* o&*% i &*% N%w T%"&#2% & &*# *#33i %"" # + 2i"% $. T*% S 3 %2% 4%i !wo l+ #33%# &o " i # )% $ +iff% % & )i%w if w% w% % &o (o "i+% *i2 #"3 " i ! &*% ( %#& %" &*#& *#+ off% +%+ *i2 wi&* %&% #l *#&% # + &o & %,i "&%#+ of 2% %l$ (o +%2 i ! &o &*%i o i!i #l i "% "i ili&$ &*o"% %i !" &*#&,

$ &*% o3% #&io of !% % #l l#w", *#+ o& %% fo 2%+ wi&* #li&i%" " i&%+ &o #3 % "&#&% of *#33i %"".

Lif% i", !% % #ll$ "3%# i !, # l%""i ! i +%3% +% & of # f & % "&#&%. I& i" #!if& w*i(* &*% )i(io " wo l+ o& #lw#$" % %#+$ &o &* ow #w#$, %)% if &*%$ *#+

o f%# of +%#&*. T*% 3# &i#l 3#i , &*% %fo %, &*#& i" i fli(&%+ $ &*% " 3 %2%C %#&o , w*il% *% i" fo 2i ! 2 % l%"" %i !" &o # (#3#(i&$ of &*% *i!*%"&% o$2% &", i" & #" &*% + "& of &*% #l# (% i (o23# i"o of &*% *#33i %""&*#& i" (o22 i(#&%+, # + w% *#)% %)% $ %#"o &o &*i &*#& &*% % i" o 2o %%)il i &*% wo l+ &*# w*#& i" # "ol &%l$ %(%""# $ #" o % of &*% i ! %+i% &" i&*% 2i!*&$ 3 o(%"".

T*% "& i i ! %(%""i&$ of !% % #l l#w" fo &*% fo 2#&io of i &%ll%(& will o&i # $ %"3%(& % (o & #+i(&%+ $ o % o &wo %:(%3&io ", # + &*%"% %)i+% &l$ o&

i &% +%+ fo 3# &i#l 3 3o"%", & (#l( l#&%+ &o o3% #&% 3o # ! %#& 3# & of2# i +, # + &* o !* 2# $ #!%". U3o &*% i+%# &*#& I *#)% !i)% of &*% fo 2#&ioof 2i +, &*% i f i !%2% & of &*% !% % #l l#w of #& %, $ # +i)i % %)%l#&io ,will #33%# i &*% li!*& of &*% i22%+i#&% *# + of 0o+ 2i:i ! %w i ! %+i% &" i&*% 2i!*&$ 2#"", " i&%+ &o &*% 3# &i( l# "&#&% of &*% 3 o(%"", # + (#l( l#&%+&o !i)% i"% &o # %w # + 3ow% f l & #i of i23 %""io ", &% +i ! &o 3 if$,%:#l&, # + i23 o)% &*% * 2# 2i +. T*% 2i #(l%" &*#& #((o23# i%+ &*%"%

%)%l#&io " w*% &*%$ *#+ o (% %:(i&%+ &*% #&&% &io of 2# i +, # + % +% %+ i&# 2#&&% of 2o"& i &% %"&i ! +i"( ""io , w*%&*% &*% +o(& i % w#" f o2 0o+ o2# , *#+ 3% fo 2%+ &*%i 3# &, *#+ # "w% %+ &*% 3 3o"% of &*% C %#&o . # +&*%"% (o22 i(#&io " of &*% +i)i % will w% % #f&% w# +" l%f& &o 2# % &*%i w#$

$ &*%i ow i & i "i( %:(%ll% (%5 # +, $ o3% #&i ! #" 2o #l 2o&i)%", ! #+ #ll$&o i fl % (% # + i23 o)%, # + o& &o o)% 3ow% # + "&#! #&% &*% f#( l&i%" of

2# .

I& wo l+ %, +o &%+l$, 3 %" 23& o " &o "#$ &*#& &*% S 3 %2% 4%i ! (o l+ o&3o""i l$ *#)% %ff%(&%+ *i" 3 3o"% i # $ o&*% w#$ &*# &*#& w*i(* *% *#"(*o"% , & #" &*% %)%l#&io of &*% +i)i % will w*i(* w% 3o""%"" i" #&&% +%+wi&* "o2% +o &" # + +iffi( l&i%", # + #" o %#"o 3oi &" o & &o " &*%"& o !%"& o %(&io " &o # %)%l#&io w*i(* wo l+ fo (% i22%+i#&%, i23li(i&,

i)% "#l %li%f, w% *#)% " %l$ "& (# "% &o &*i &*#& &*%"% +o &" # ++iffi( l&i%" # % o # ! 2% & #!#i "& &*% +i)i % o i!i of &*% "( i3& %", # +&*#& &*% "3%(i%" of %)i+% (% w*i(* &*%$ 3o""%"" i" %"& " i&%+ &o &*%

87



i23 o)%2% & of &*% * 2# f#( l&i%" # + &*% 2o #l #2%lio #&io of 2# i +.

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