21
Chapter 2
Review of Literature
The field of wireless networks combined with mobile technological advancements has
made smooth inroads into the lives of the common citizens. While electronic commerce
(E-commerce) continues to impact the global business environment, technologies and
applications have begun to focus more on mobile computing and the wireless web. In
simple terms, M-commerce=E-commerce + Wireless Web (Tandon et al., 2003).
2.1 Mobile-Commerce: Definitions
The adjective “mobile” used within the specific contexts of “M-commerce” or “M-
business” signifies an “anytime and anywhere access” related with the business processes.
The access takes place through mobile communication networks and is independent of the
geographic location of the user. The various definitions of M-commerce have been
presented below in Table 2.1.
Table 2.1: Definitions of M-commerce
Tiwari et al. (2006) M-commerce is defined as “any transaction, involving the
transfer of ownership or rights to use goods and services,
which is initiated and completed by using mobile access to
computer-mediated networks with the help of an electronic
device.”
http://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/
M-commerce
M-commerce is defined as: “business transactions conducted
by using a mobile electronic device (as a cell phone)”.
22
http://en.wikipedia.org/
wiki/Mobile_commerce
The phrase mobile commerce was originally coined in
1997 to mean “the delivery of electronic commerce
capabilities directly into the consumer’s hand, anywhere,
via wireless technology.”
Jahanshai et al. (2011)
M-commerce is also known as mobile electronic
commerce or wireless electronic commerce. It is a subset
of electronic commerce that involves the use of mobile
computing devices in carrying out different types of
economic transactions (marketing, buying and selling
products and services).
Kritzinger et al. (2003) Mobile commerce can be described as the act of performing
an electronic transaction that has financial implications from
a mobile device such as a cellular phone or personal digital
assistant (PDA).
2.2 Study of Existing Mobile Commerce Practices
The various existing literature has been studied as detailed below in Table 2.2 for the study
of existing Mobile commerce practices.
Table 2.2: Review of Literature - I
S.No. Title of the
Paper
Author Contribution
1. Mobile
commerce: A
review
Jain
(2012)
The author outlines the various applications of M-
commerce along with its advantages and
disadvantages in this study. The various challenges
23
regarding the implementation of M-commerce have
been revealed like lack of awareness, security
problems, lack of standardized payment
mechanism, wireless constraints, user behaviour,
infrastructure, privacy, etc.
2. Predicting the
consumers’
intention to
adopt mobile
shopping: An
emerging
market
perspective
Wong et
al. (2012)
The paper examines the predictors of consumers’
intention to adopt mobile shopping (M-shopping) in
Malaysia on the empirical data collected using the
web-based survey. The study also suggests the
usefulness and ease of use as the significant factors
for the adoption of mobile shopping by the
consumers. Multiple regression analysis has been
used to test the model framework to examine the
relation between the dependant and many
independent variables.
3. Barriers to E-
commerce
adoption in
Egyptian
SMEs
Zaied
(2012)
The conceptual framework for e-commerce
adoption barriers in small medium enterprises
(SMEs) involving various types of barriers such as:
social and cultural, technical, economical, political,
organizational and legal and regulatory barriers has
been developed for investigating and revealing the
significant factors associated with the ICT and
related e-commerce adoption. The factors
responsible for low usage of e-commerce in SMEs
in Egypt have been well addressed in this work.
24
4. The
Influencing
factors of
Chinese
farmers adopt
M-commerce
services:
Social
Network
perspective
Huo et al.
(2011)
The authors explore the social network model
related with the farmer’s adoption of M-commerce
services. The various models like Technology
acceptance model, social network model and
constructed social network model have been
integrated and the impact of the social networks on
individual adoption has been addressed in this
study so as to highlight the influencing factors of
adoption of M-commerce services by farmers.
5. m-Learning:
Integrating e-
Learning with
Mobile
Technology
Al-Sadi
(2009)
The paper explores the applications of mobile
technology in e-learning so that the existing
learning management systems (LMS) integrate
learning and collaborative interaction with m-
learning (e-learning using mobile devices and
wireless media). The various technical aspects of
the m-learning have been stated in the paper along
with the advantages and disadvantages of using
mobility in the learning process. The relevance and
feasibility of using m-learning in terms of
technology and usability, limitations of mobile
technology while using m-learning tools have also
been widely explored in this study. The authors lay
stress on the use of mobile technology with m-
learning and learning management systems so as to
25
spread the significance of education and m-learning
anytime anywhere.
6. Major
milestones of
modern
payment
systems
Rao et al.
(2009)
The various security issues of various payment
systems have been explored so as to showcase the
best electronic payment system among the existing
systems. The characteristics of all the payment
schemes have been featured and the analysis has
been concluded with the comparison of Comdata,
sound based e-commerce, iKP and biometric
fingerprint system.
7. Comparative
study on M-
commerce
applications
in various
scenarios
Fong and
Yan
(2008)
The paper explored the mobile payment system
design, various M-commerce application scenarios
and the benefits of using SMS in mobile payment.
The research also highlighted how M-commerce is
different from e-Commerce and the various reasons
for low level of trust on Mobile commerce such as:
stability of the mobile network, standardization and
user experience and thus providing insight for how
M-commerce applications can be technically
designed for various scenarios.
8. Mobile
technologies
for
development -
A
Gronlund
et al.
(2008)
The study compares and analyzes three cases of
applications and uses of mobile technology for
everyday learning in developing countries. The
field studies showcase preliminary results and tests
have been analyzed in terms of the technical,
26
comparative
study on
challenges
professional, social, cultural and organizational
challenges involved in development. The cases and
findings from investigations, field studies,
laboratory and field tests and experiences from
implementation have been addressed.
9. Research on
influencing
factors of
consumer
initial trust
based on
mobile
commerce
Li and Li
(2008)
The authors highlight the influencing factors of
consumer initial trust in mobile commerce based on
foundation of trust, the formation process of online
trust and the characteristics of mobile commerce
trust. The existing online-trust development
lifecycle has been illustrated and the various
strategies for creating consumer initial trust in
mobile commerce have been discussed in this
research work.
10. Study on trust
in mobile
commerce
adoption - A
conceptual
model
Meng et
al. (2008)
A conceptual model for evaluating the role of trust
and its antecedents of the customer in adoption of
Mobile commerce has been proposed in this
research work. The classification of various types
of trusts: Mobile vendor trust, Mobile technology
trust, Instrumentation based trusts have been
considered as components of consumer trust in
mobile commerce in the study. The survey
conducted for collection of data has been further
validated with empirical testing hypothesis and
27
research model.
11. Mobile
payment in
mobile e-
commerce
Zhang
(2008)
A new form of mobile payment for mobile e-
commerce and highlights its advantages has been
suggested in this contribution by the authors. The
advantages and disadvantages of the existing
mobile payment methods in China such as mobile
fee account payment and bank card mobile
payment have been discussed. The study highlights
how mobile payment has great significance related
with mobile commerce and also presented the
various hindrances associated with mobile
payment.
12. Quality
attributes of
consumer-
based M-
commerce
systems
Garofala
kis et al.
(2007)
The authors conducted and evaluated consumer’s
perception quality so that the quality attributes
associated with M-commerce systems can be
identified. Functionality, Usability, Efficiency and
Reliability have been defined as the external quality
characteristics and the quality attributes of M-
commerce system have then been modelled on this
basis. The quality framework for M-commerce
systems has been presented so as to measure the
quality of M-commerce systems and the value of
relevance for each attribute of M-commerce
system.
28
13. A review for
mobile
commerce
research and
applications
Ngai and
Gunaseka
ran
(2007)
The research work acts as a comprehensive and
detailed reference for M-commerce and its
applications. The literature on Mobile commerce
has been classified into five distinct categories: M-
commerce theory and research, wireless network
infrastructure, mobile middleware, wireless user
infrastructure, and M-commerce applications and
cases. The paper highlights the classification
framework for M-commerce articles and concluded
with future roadmap for working in mobile
commerce research.
14. Mobile
banking
services in the
bank area
Shirali
and
Shirali
(2007)
The authors introduce a method for the application
of bluetooth technology with mobile phones in the
banking sector. This case study of banking services
describes features highlighting the use of
technology resulting in saving time of the
customers inside outside the bank with minimal
costs and increase in efficiency of the banking
operations. Thus, contributing to the need of mobile
banking and explaining the benefits of bluetooth
technology.
15. Analysis of
the consumer
preferences
towards M-
Shin et
al. (2006)
The study evaluates 4-sector applications by
forming clusters: information, entertainment,
financial, management support applications with an
empirical study to suggest consumer’s preference
29
commerce
applications
based on
empirical
study
for M-commerce. Factor analysis, regression
analysis and factor loadings have also been used to
reach the end conclusions. The paper sums up as a
reference for designing new applications or devices
related with mobile commerce.
16. E-commerce
and M-
commerce
Revolution:
Perspectives,
Problems and
Prospects
Bhasin
(2005)
E-Commerce and M-commerce, various types of E-
commerce (B2C, B2B, C2C and C2B) and the
advantages of both platforms have been discussed
in this work. Various hindrances in M-commerce
growth and global prospects in future have also
been described in this study.
17. Smart phone -
the choice of
client
platform for
mobile
commerce
Chang
and Chen
(2005)
The smart phone has been presented as the choice
of client platform for mobile commerce (M-
commerce) in this research work. The authors
clearly give significant details of the desired system
requirements, features and the ideal characteristics
of the client platform from benchmarking aspects.
A framework for designing smart phone for its use
in further applications related with M-commerce
have been illustrated along with characteristics of
M-commerce system.
18. Handheld
devices and
Computing
Hu et al.
(2005)
The paper acts as a great reference for the various
aspects of mobile commerce: from technical
perspective, mobile handheld devices like PDAs
30
and Payment
methods for
mobile
commerce
functional components: mobile OS, mobile CPU,
microbrowsers, handheld computing (server and
client), requirements and characteristics of payment
methods concerning mobile commerce.
19. Investigating
mobile
payment:
supporting
technologies,
methods, and
use
Valcourt
et al.
(2005)
The categorization of mobile payment methods
along with their characteristics, advantages and
disadvantages have been discussed in this study.
The authors conduct a questionnaire-based survey
on 130 youths. The results of this survey indicate
the need of more such mobile commerce
applications.
20. Design and
Evaluation of
M-commerce
Applications
Wang et
al. (2005)
The analysis and evaluation of the issues
concerning design of M-commerce applications
both from technical perspective and end user
perspective have been showcased in this paper.
Case study of two M-commerce application
scenarios has been illustrated. The authors stress on
the need of a comparative framework for evaluating
the usability and security of M-commerce
applications. Also, the major factors concluded in
the study that influence mobile users are usability,
security, location, device and cultural influences
along with the rich content of the application from
the user’s perspective.
31
21. M-Modeler:
A Framework
implementatio
n for
modeling M-
commerce
applications
Morales-
Aranda et
al. (2004)
M-modeler, a software tool for modeling M-
commerce businesses has been presented by the
authors. The framework has been implemented
using M-modeler that allows M-business solution
to be generated by the user independent of the
mobile application. It also addresses a support
module of M-modeler that can be used for the
design of the mobile application.
22. Electronic
payment
market: a non-
optimal
equilibrium
Sahut and
Malgorza
ta (2004)
e-Payment solutions and the key success factors of
payment solution (security, cost, convenience and
speed) have been examined in this research. The e-
payment business models have been analyzed and
its impact on the banking sector has been discussed.
The client’s needs have been assessed and the
various types of competitive, marketing and
technological challenges have been analyzed in this
study.
23. A system
model for
mobile
commerce
Lee et al.
(2003)
The paper classifies and categories Mobile
commerce system (with examples) into six
components: Mobile commerce applications,
mobile stations, mobile middleware, wireless
networks, wired networks and host computers. The
structure, requirements and the applications of
mobile commerce systems have been stated in this
study.
32
24. M-commerce-
Issues and
Challenges
Tandon
et al.
(2003)
The pros and cons of various network technologies
such as GSM, GPRS, etc. and service technologies
such as WAP, J2ME, etc have been evaluated by
the authors. M-commerce issues relating security,
bandwidth and business have been also addressed
regarding the mobile wireless technology.
2.3 Assessment of Current Scenario of Land Record Information System and
Requirements of Land Record Information System Using M-Commerce Methods
2.3.1 Process of Data Digitisation of Land Records
The automation of the projects related with information systems is underway in many
Government sectors. Fard Kendras have been established in the various Tehsils of the State
to provide certified copies of the revenue records to the general public. The legacy land
records mainly digitized are: Jamabandi, Mutation and Roznamcha Waqiati. There is lack
of faith as well as undefined procedures regarding services being offered to the citizens.
The citizens can avail copy of the land record from either the Farad Kendras established at
the District, Tehsil or sub-Tehsil level or at the click of the mouse sitting at home and
without the intervention of the revenue officials such as Patwari or Kanungo.
The various existing literature studied for assessment of current scenario of land record
information system and for seeking the requirements of land record information system
using M-commerce methods have been presented below in Table 2.3.
33
Table 2.3: Review of Literature - II
S.No. Title of the Paper Author Contribution
1. E-Governance in
Agriculture- A e-
Krishi model for
J&K state
Mansotra and
Singh (2011)
The study illustrates an E-Krishi model of
agriculture for State of Jammu and
Kashmir for increasing the productivity of
the farmers leading to the economic
growth of the farming community. The
various components of the model have
been proposed for the pilot
implementation of the system in phased
manner based on its infrastructure and
budgetary requirements. The data analysis
of the farmers and the employees has been
conducted for this localized decision
support system.
2. e-Governance:
Experiences from
a few Indian states
Swamy (2011) The paper covers the various significant e-
Governance projects implemented by
three states (Madhya Pradesh, Tamil
Nadu, Gujrat) of India and stressed for the
need of a demand driven ‘citizen
interface’ e-Governance implementation
in India. The case studies of the projects
in three states have been highlighted along
with the various challenges of e-
Governance in India. The study stressed
34
on the need of concrete plans and the need
of cooperation from the concerned
government officials for the successful
implementation of e-Governance projects
in India.
3. Framework of e-
initiatives for
Uttarakhand
Vaisla et al.
(2011)
An improved model for effective
implementation of e-initiatives in the State
of Uttarakhand in India has been
presented. The authors carried out a
survey based data analysis to highlight the
advantages of the proposed system. The
various e-initiative applications have been
also proposed like e-payment and m-
payment, online search option, mobile
phone services, etc. The required policies
and infrastructure have also been
discussed in the study.
4. SWOT analysis of
e-initiative in
Uttarakhand
Vaisla and
Bisht (2010)
The e-initiatives levels and challenges
associated with the service delivery
initiatives to the citizens using
Information and communication
technology (ICT) in the State of
Uttarakhand are the main focus of this
research work. The comprehensive review
of literature regarding e-initiatives
35
experiences in India has been detailed in
the study. The perceptions of the experts
towards the e-initiatives in the State have
been analyzed by deploying descriptive
and inferential analysis on the study
conducted for 148 respondents. The expert
opinion analysis (SWOT) categorized
various aspects: social, political, economic
and technological aspects showcasing
their advantages and disadvantages.
5. Bhoomi, Gyan
Ganga, e-
governance and
the right to
information: ICTs
and development
in India
Thomas (2009) The case studies of Bhoomi and Gyan
Ganga e-Governance projects in
Karnataka and Gujrat respectively have
been illustrated in this paper. The various
issues and challenges concerned with the
implementation of these e-Governance
projects like lack of convergence and
infrastructural problems have been
emphasized. The cause of concern related
with ICT and e-Governance projects has
been discussed in this study that still there
exists digital divide due to which rural and
deprived masses of the country are not
able to reap benefits from these e-
Governance projects & applications of
36
ICT.
6. Analyzing e-
Governance
mainstays on
municipalities
websites
Rodriguez et
al. (2008)
The study analyzes and verifies local
government websites for the adoption of
ICT tools for improving the quality of e-
Governance. The factors considered are:
e-democracy, e-services, e-transparency
and active and passive communication.
The study concluded with that only 17%
municipal websites have actual focus on
e-Governance for providing electronic
services to the citizens and getting
feedback, opinions and critics from them
are a must for improving Governance.
7. M-Governance: A
mobile computing
framework for
integrated disease
surveillance in
India
Garg et al.
(2005)
The authors develop an architectural
framework designed for an Integrated
Disease Surveillance System using mobile
computing technologies in India. The
components of the framework have been
well discussed and the role of mobile
device has been examined. The work
opines about how mobile devices can
results in improving the efficiency of the
field health-care official. The transaction
costs also got reduced due to the reliable
and validated field data collection with the
37
mobile device.
8. Information and
communication
technology in
agricultural
development: A
comparative
analysis of three
projects from
India
Meera et al.
(2004)
The study examines and analyzes the three
ICT projects in India for their
performance. The e-Governance projects
from the States of Madhya Pradesh,
Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra have
been considered for this case study. The
personal effectiveness ranging from the
staff and the respondent farmers has been
studied and conducted by deploying
correlation and regression analysis. The
results of the survey presented an insight
into the opinions of all regarding e-
Governance projects of these three States.
9. Grassroots ICT
Projects in India:
Some Preliminary
Hypotheses
Keniston
(2002)
The author discusses the importance of
grassroots Information and
communication technology (ICT) projects
in developing nations. The focus of the
paper is on the need and significance of
ICT reaching the digitally deprived
citizens so as to result in more efficient
use of e-Governance in the developing
countries.
10. Land management
system in India -
Thakur et al.
(2001)
All the aspects of land records information
maintenance system and the related
38
Past, Present and
future
technologies used for record keeping
along with the use of information
technology in land management have been
highlighted in this paper. The vision of
computerisation of land records both
presently and in future has been presented.
2.4 Design and Evolve M-Commerce Based Model of Land Record Information
System and Testing the M-commerce Model
The various existing literature has been studied for designing and evolving M-commerce
based model of land record information system and testing the M-commerce model as
presented in Table 2.4 below.
Table 2.4: Review of Literature - III
S.No. Title of the
Paper
Author Contribution
1. Adoption of
online banking in
Manila: What the
commercial banks
should learn to be
competitive
Lim (2013) The author carried out a questionnaire
survey of online banking users and non-
users in Manila for examining the factors
concerning the acceptance of online
banking. Factor analysis and Multiple
regression analysis have been used to
study the relationship between the
various banking facilities and
demographic profile factors. Hypotheses
have been developed and the results fully
39
validated the developed hypothesized
relationships showing perceived
usefulness and perceived ease of use as
significant factors.
2. VillageCell: Cost
effective cellular
connectivity in
rural areas
Anand et al.
(2012)
A low-cost alternative to high end cell
phone networks called VillageCell that
provides free local and cheap long
distance communication for rural areas
has been proposed by the authors. The
network architecture, experimental setup,
its implementation in realistic rural area
network scenarios has been well stated in
this study.
3. Exploring user
adoption of
location-based
social network in
Indonesia
Widjaja (2012) The paper identifies five factors that
influence adoption of location-based
social network: performance expectancy,
effort expectancy, social influence and
facilitating condition. The analysis has
been done by applying linear regression
and correlation on the data collection
using survey method. Hypotheses have
also been developed so as to result in
validation of regression results.
4. Design and
implementation of
Padhy et al.
(2012)
The system architecture, the functional
components and the advantages of the
40
a cloud based
rural healthcare
information
system model
cloud based rural healthcare information
system model have been showcased in
the paper. The benefits of easy and
ubiquitous access to medical data and
real-time availability of the services of
medical experts have been stressed to
facilitate ease of data record sharing and
for analysis, diagnosis and processing of
medical images.
5. Consumers’
behavioural
intentions to use
mobile data
services in
Malaysia
Faziharudean
and Li-Ly
(2011)
Theoretical framework to examine the
effect on customers’ behavioural
intention to use mobile data services
from the various identified factors has
been presented in this research. The work
conducted a survey in Malaysia in the
form of questionnaire. Hypotheses have
been framed and Multiple regression
analysis has been deployed for the
purpose. The various factors such as:
Perceived usefulness, perceived
enjoyment, perceived mobility, social
influence and perceived ease of use, all
have been found to have significant
positive influences on consumers’ usage
intentions for mobile data services.
41
6. Location based
services using
Android mobile
operating system
Kushwaha and
Kushwaha
(2011)
The paper highlights the location based
service (LBS) as an emerging application
in mobile data service that is dependent
on the location of the mobile device such
as mobile phone. The study described
LBS components, Applications of LBS
along with Advantages and limitations of
Android operating system.
7. ICICI Bank: A
Multivariate
Analysis of
Customers’
Acceptability
Mohanty (2011)
The authors address the customer’s
acceptability factors by highlighting the
case study of ICICI bank. Multiple
regression techniques and correlations
have been deployed on the data collected
from the customers through the
structured questionnaire method. Various
hypotheses have been formulated to
analyze the data and to find the
relationships between the banking service
facilities and the various demographic
factors.
8. Mobile machine
for E-payment
scheme
Aboud (2010) e-Payment scheme using mobile machine
and its requirements has been elaborated
in this paper. The public key
infrastructures for authentication of
purchaser and merchant have been also
42
sighted so as to have secure
communication between them.
9. Decision support
system in banking
sector: A critical
study of the
factors
responsible for
planning of the
system
Bhatia et al.
(2010)
The study opines Decision support
system (DSS) as a significant tool to take
decisions, thus resulting in increase in
efficiency of the operations and
improvement of planning activities at
various levels of management. Likert
scale and stratified sampling technique
has been used as the sampling technique
in this work. The data analyzed for mean
scores and standard deviation of the
frequency distribution highlights the
significant factors from various factors
related with DSS such as Need of DSS,
Environmental factors, Quality of
information, etc.
10. Implementing
diabetic health
care system using
software multi-
agents and mobile
cell phones for
rural India
Krishnan et al.
(2010)
The implementation of diabetic health
care system using Multi-agent system
technology and mobile phones for real
time monitoring has been presented. The
real-time system architecture and its
benefits have been well illustrated in the
research work. The various properties of
the intelligent systems have been
43
described such as autonomy, reactive,
pro-activeness, social ability and mobile.
11. Avaaj Otalo - A
Field Study of an
Interactive Voice
Forum for Small
Farmers in Rural
India
Patel et al.
(2010)
The case study of developed interactive
voice application (Avaaj Otalo) for
small-scale farmers in Gujarat in India
has been showcased. The application has
been deployed for its usage by farming
community over a period of seven
months pilot study. The highlighting
feature of this social communication tool
is its forum for asking questions,
browsing others’ questions and responses
on a range of agricultural topics that
increased the awareness of the farmers
with timely advices and opinions related
with agriculture.
12. Web-based
Projects
evaluation
management
system
Al-Zoubi et al.
(2008)
The design of web-based evaluation
management system has been illustrated
along with its system and functional
requirements. The system architecture
has been well explained with the three-
tier architecture model using UML use-
case diagram, sequence diagram and
activity diagram.
13. A modeling Pousttchi This paper suggests the mobile payment
44
approach and
reference models
for the analysis of
mobile payment
use cases
(2008) modeling approach (MPMA) which can
specifically be used for the value based-
analysis of use cases for mobile payment.
The study provides further insight into
set of seven reference models that have
been developed to categorize any use
case or any procedure related with
mobile payment. A modeling method that
deals with m-payments have been
proposed and developed models have
been further analyzed m-payment use
cases for business models and their
participants.
14. Intelligent store -
An innovative
technological
solution for retail
activities with
mobile access
Stan et al.
(2008)
The innovative application named
intelligent store integrated with various
technologies such as GPS, GIS, wireless
communications, mobile access to
information on PDA or smartphone,
interfaces with electronic payment
systems has been showcased in this
research work. The reduction in
provisioning time, making the best
decision in real time, interactive and
being efficient are some of the benefits
highlighted by the proposed system.
45
15. Research and
design of
personalized
recommendation
system based on
J2ME
Bing (2007) The author proposes the system design of
personalized recommendation system
with components such as web server,
database, SQL operation and XML
information. The data transmission exists
between mobile terminal and web server.
The proposed system has been tested for
time and space constraints.
16. Secure display
and secure
transactions using
a handset
Ghotra et al.
(2007)
The application of a secured dedicated
device named Secure Display Device
(SDD) used with mobile phone has been
explored by the authors. The hardware
based implementation of the mobile
banking system (SDD here used for
display capability) that can be used with
computer monitor or TV and a payment
system in which SDD works as
Automatic teller Machine has been
explained. The framework adopted in this
paper highlighted the characteristics of a
secure platform using a mobile handset
and SDD.
17. Modeling and
Implementation
of Object-
Tseng et al.
(2007)
The authors propose a method named
object-oriented e-commerce design
method (OOECDM) that included
46
Oriented E-
commerce
Platform
inheritance and polymorphism. The case
study concerning the design and
implementation process of an e-
commerce web site has been discussed.
The objects used with Unified modeling
language (UML) have been shown to be
easily shared, reused and assembled to a
component. The paper discussed the
features of the existing design
approaches related with web design. The
integral object oriented e-commerce
platform modeling and implementation
method has been illustrated in this
research work showcasing the reduction
in time related with the development of a
website and being updated easily.
18. Product-focused
process elicitation
for mobile
application
systems: A
wireless news
browser case
Hakami and
Abdollahzadeh
(2006)
The case study illustrating the design and
implementation of a wireless news
browser system application using
iterative-based framework has been
discussed in this study. The highly
iterative process model framework
results in the faster development time
with parallel execution of iterations. The
subset of UML diagrams: Use case
47
diagram, sequence diagram and class
diagram have been applied for designing
and modeling the system.
19. A study on
applying software
security to
Information
systems: e-
Learning portals
Lim and Jin
(2006)
The case study of applying security to an
e-learning portal has been discussed in
this work. The various risks associated
with Internet security, privacy and
Internet application vulnerabilities (URL
manipulation, SQL injection, etc.) have
been explored and stressed the need of
secure environment for the development
of e-learning portals and secure online
applications.
20. An Integration of
hand-held
computers, GPS
devices and GIS
to improve the
efficiency of
EMS data system
Kowtanapanich
et al. (2005)
The development of an advanced tool to
facilitate accident data collection and
analysis process has been presented in
this paper. The three technologies: hand-
held computers, GPS devices and GIS
have been integrated so as to result in
less error prone and more efficient
Emergency medical services (EMS) data
system. The Khon Kaen city in Thailand
has been selected for this case study
describing the GUI design features of this
EMS Incident reporting system.
48
21. Software
development
issues of a
distributed
mobile-commerce
system
Nguyen et al.
(2005)
The paper illustrates the case study of
easyHotel application for booking of
rooms of a hotel by using mobile phones.
The software development issues like
Interoperability, Concurrency, scalability
and thin-client approach have been
addressed. The benefits and importance
of testing the applications with real
testing tools and devices have been well
highlighted in this research work.
22. Tutorial: An
Overview of
UML 2.0
Selic (2004)
The paper showcases the salient aspects
of UML 2.0 describing it as language
designed for model-driven development
methods. UML 2.0 comparison and
principal distinctions with its previous
versions have been explained based on
the semantics, architectural and network-
based applications. The features of UML
as an architectural description language
and its support for hierarchical modeling
of run-time structures of communicating
components and functionally oriented
modeling have been well highlighted in
this reference.
23. New UML 2.0 Soto et al. The study presents two new UML 2.0
49
based models to
design WAP
applications
(2004) based models used for the design of the
WAP application systems in the WAP
application development process. The
application supporting Decks
navigational model and Cards navigation
model provided clarity for understanding
the system domain resulting in reducing
the resources and time in the application
development process.
24. Research on
Electronic
Payment Model
Meng and
Xiong (2003)
The 3e payment model comprising of
electronic payment models of three
types: credit card, cash and cheque
describing its advantages has been
discussed in this research. Also, the
online payment protocols have been
analyzed and their various characteristics
have been also discussed in this work.
25. Integrating
security design
into the software
development
process for e-
commerce
systems
Chan and Kwok
(2001)
The software development process for e-
commerce systems integrated with
security design named software
development process for secured systems
(SDPSS) has been proposed in this
research work. Unified Modeling
language (UML) has been employed as
the modeling language and the
50
systematic software process has been
described with UML diagrams for the
case study of supply-chain application.
SDPSS has been well-described and
discussed with the help of various UML
notations and diagrams.
2.5 Gaps in the Existing Literature
The following gaps have been identified after the thorough analysis and review of the
existing literature.
Already developed countries are making most of the mobile and their related
applications related with e-Governance projects but this needs to be tapped in our
country. Mobiles are not the asset of rich class and even illiterate persons make use of
the mobile devices. Thus, mobile technology needs to be integrated with e-Governance
initiatives for the benefit of common citizens.
Land record information centres (Fard Centres) have not yet reached the level of
popularity. The implementation of Suwidha centres in the Punjab is the most successful
project of the Government and other States in the country want to imitate this e-
Governance project. Thus, there is need to popularize such e-Governance initiatives
like Suwidha centres so that the common citizens may be able to derive the maximum
benefits out of it.
Most projects have been developed to focus the urban citizens of the country. Thrust
should be on developing more applications for the rural people as nearly 70% of the
citizens of the country still reside in rural areas.
51
People in rural area lack knowledge, are misled by agents for various Government
related works and thus, have poor understanding and response regarding e-Governance
projects. Thus, they need to be made more aware regarding e-Governance initiatives
with the integration of mobile technology such as M-commerce.
2.6 Chapter Summary
The chapter provided the detailed review of the existing literature through the various
research papers presented in reputed International conferences and reputed indexed
Journals. The feasibility of the research objectives has been validated through the
theoretical and empirical research findings of the reviewed literature.
The next chapter discusses the research methodology and the various data analysis
techniques deployed for the research work.
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