21

Chapter 2

Review of Literature

The field of wireless networks combined with mobile technological advancements has

made smooth inroads into the lives of the common citizens. While electronic commerce

(E-commerce) continues to impact the global business environment, technologies and

applications have begun to focus more on mobile computing and the wireless web. In

simple terms, M-commerce=E-commerce + Wireless Web (Tandon et al., 2003).

2.1 Mobile-Commerce: Definitions

The adjective “mobile” used within the specific contexts of “M-commerce” or “M-

business” signifies an “anytime and anywhere access” related with the business processes.

The access takes place through mobile communication networks and is independent of the

geographic location of the user. The various definitions of M-commerce have been

presented below in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1: Definitions of M-commerce

Tiwari et al. (2006) M-commerce is defined as “any transaction, involving the

transfer of ownership or rights to use goods and services,

which is initiated and completed by using mobile access to

computer-mediated networks with the help of an electronic

device.”

http://www.merriam-

webster.com/dictionary/

M-commerce

M-commerce is defined as: “business transactions conducted

by using a mobile electronic device (as a cell phone)”.

22

http://en.wikipedia.org/

wiki/Mobile_commerce

The phrase mobile commerce was originally coined in

1997 to mean “the delivery of electronic commerce

capabilities directly into the consumer’s hand, anywhere,

via wireless technology.”

Jahanshai et al. (2011)

M-commerce is also known as mobile electronic

commerce or wireless electronic commerce. It is a subset

of electronic commerce that involves the use of mobile

computing devices in carrying out different types of

economic transactions (marketing, buying and selling

products and services).

Kritzinger et al. (2003) Mobile commerce can be described as the act of performing

an electronic transaction that has financial implications from

a mobile device such as a cellular phone or personal digital

assistant (PDA).

2.2 Study of Existing Mobile Commerce Practices

The various existing literature has been studied as detailed below in Table 2.2 for the study

of existing Mobile commerce practices.

Table 2.2: Review of Literature - I

S.No. Title of the

Paper

Author Contribution

1. Mobile

commerce: A

review

Jain

(2012)

The author outlines the various applications of M-

commerce along with its advantages and

disadvantages in this study. The various challenges

23

regarding the implementation of M-commerce have

been revealed like lack of awareness, security

problems, lack of standardized payment

mechanism, wireless constraints, user behaviour,

infrastructure, privacy, etc.

2. Predicting the

consumers’

intention to

adopt mobile

shopping: An

emerging

market

perspective

Wong et

al. (2012)

The paper examines the predictors of consumers’

intention to adopt mobile shopping (M-shopping) in

Malaysia on the empirical data collected using the

web-based survey. The study also suggests the

usefulness and ease of use as the significant factors

for the adoption of mobile shopping by the

consumers. Multiple regression analysis has been

used to test the model framework to examine the

relation between the dependant and many

independent variables.

3. Barriers to E-

commerce

adoption in

Egyptian

SMEs

Zaied

(2012)

The conceptual framework for e-commerce

adoption barriers in small medium enterprises

(SMEs) involving various types of barriers such as:

social and cultural, technical, economical, political,

organizational and legal and regulatory barriers has

been developed for investigating and revealing the

significant factors associated with the ICT and

related e-commerce adoption. The factors

responsible for low usage of e-commerce in SMEs

in Egypt have been well addressed in this work.

24

4. The

Influencing

factors of

Chinese

farmers adopt

M-commerce

services:

Social

Network

perspective

Huo et al.

(2011)

The authors explore the social network model

related with the farmer’s adoption of M-commerce

services. The various models like Technology

acceptance model, social network model and

constructed social network model have been

integrated and the impact of the social networks on

individual adoption has been addressed in this

study so as to highlight the influencing factors of

adoption of M-commerce services by farmers.

5. m-Learning:

Integrating e-

Learning with

Mobile

Technology

Al-Sadi

(2009)

The paper explores the applications of mobile

technology in e-learning so that the existing

learning management systems (LMS) integrate

learning and collaborative interaction with m-

learning (e-learning using mobile devices and

wireless media). The various technical aspects of

the m-learning have been stated in the paper along

with the advantages and disadvantages of using

mobility in the learning process. The relevance and

feasibility of using m-learning in terms of

technology and usability, limitations of mobile

technology while using m-learning tools have also

been widely explored in this study. The authors lay

stress on the use of mobile technology with m-

learning and learning management systems so as to

25

spread the significance of education and m-learning

anytime anywhere.

6. Major

milestones of

modern

payment

systems

Rao et al.

(2009)

The various security issues of various payment

systems have been explored so as to showcase the

best electronic payment system among the existing

systems. The characteristics of all the payment

schemes have been featured and the analysis has

been concluded with the comparison of Comdata,

sound based e-commerce, iKP and biometric

fingerprint system.

7. Comparative

study on M-

commerce

applications

in various

scenarios

Fong and

Yan

(2008)

The paper explored the mobile payment system

design, various M-commerce application scenarios

and the benefits of using SMS in mobile payment.

The research also highlighted how M-commerce is

different from e-Commerce and the various reasons

for low level of trust on Mobile commerce such as:

stability of the mobile network, standardization and

user experience and thus providing insight for how

M-commerce applications can be technically

designed for various scenarios.

8. Mobile

technologies

for

development -

A

Gronlund

et al.

(2008)

The study compares and analyzes three cases of

applications and uses of mobile technology for

everyday learning in developing countries. The

field studies showcase preliminary results and tests

have been analyzed in terms of the technical,

26

comparative

study on

challenges

professional, social, cultural and organizational

challenges involved in development. The cases and

findings from investigations, field studies,

laboratory and field tests and experiences from

implementation have been addressed.

9. Research on

influencing

factors of

consumer

initial trust

based on

mobile

commerce

Li and Li

(2008)

The authors highlight the influencing factors of

consumer initial trust in mobile commerce based on

foundation of trust, the formation process of online

trust and the characteristics of mobile commerce

trust. The existing online-trust development

lifecycle has been illustrated and the various

strategies for creating consumer initial trust in

mobile commerce have been discussed in this

research work.

10. Study on trust

in mobile

commerce

adoption - A

conceptual

model

Meng et

al. (2008)

A conceptual model for evaluating the role of trust

and its antecedents of the customer in adoption of

Mobile commerce has been proposed in this

research work. The classification of various types

of trusts: Mobile vendor trust, Mobile technology

trust, Instrumentation based trusts have been

considered as components of consumer trust in

mobile commerce in the study. The survey

conducted for collection of data has been further

validated with empirical testing hypothesis and

27

research model.

11. Mobile

payment in

mobile e-

commerce

Zhang

(2008)

A new form of mobile payment for mobile e-

commerce and highlights its advantages has been

suggested in this contribution by the authors. The

advantages and disadvantages of the existing

mobile payment methods in China such as mobile

fee account payment and bank card mobile

payment have been discussed. The study highlights

how mobile payment has great significance related

with mobile commerce and also presented the

various hindrances associated with mobile

payment.

12. Quality

attributes of

consumer-

based M-

commerce

systems

Garofala

kis et al.

(2007)

The authors conducted and evaluated consumer’s

perception quality so that the quality attributes

associated with M-commerce systems can be

identified. Functionality, Usability, Efficiency and

Reliability have been defined as the external quality

characteristics and the quality attributes of M-

commerce system have then been modelled on this

basis. The quality framework for M-commerce

systems has been presented so as to measure the

quality of M-commerce systems and the value of

relevance for each attribute of M-commerce

system.

28

13. A review for

mobile

commerce

research and

applications

Ngai and

Gunaseka

ran

(2007)

The research work acts as a comprehensive and

detailed reference for M-commerce and its

applications. The literature on Mobile commerce

has been classified into five distinct categories: M-

commerce theory and research, wireless network

infrastructure, mobile middleware, wireless user

infrastructure, and M-commerce applications and

cases. The paper highlights the classification

framework for M-commerce articles and concluded

with future roadmap for working in mobile

commerce research.

14. Mobile

banking

services in the

bank area

Shirali

and

Shirali

(2007)

The authors introduce a method for the application

of bluetooth technology with mobile phones in the

banking sector. This case study of banking services

describes features highlighting the use of

technology resulting in saving time of the

customers inside outside the bank with minimal

costs and increase in efficiency of the banking

operations. Thus, contributing to the need of mobile

banking and explaining the benefits of bluetooth

technology.

15. Analysis of

the consumer

preferences

towards M-

Shin et

al. (2006)

The study evaluates 4-sector applications by

forming clusters: information, entertainment,

financial, management support applications with an

empirical study to suggest consumer’s preference

29

commerce

applications

based on

empirical

study

for M-commerce. Factor analysis, regression

analysis and factor loadings have also been used to

reach the end conclusions. The paper sums up as a

reference for designing new applications or devices

related with mobile commerce.

16. E-commerce

and M-

commerce

Revolution:

Perspectives,

Problems and

Prospects

Bhasin

(2005)

E-Commerce and M-commerce, various types of E-

commerce (B2C, B2B, C2C and C2B) and the

advantages of both platforms have been discussed

in this work. Various hindrances in M-commerce

growth and global prospects in future have also

been described in this study.

17. Smart phone -

the choice of

client

platform for

mobile

commerce

Chang

and Chen

(2005)

The smart phone has been presented as the choice

of client platform for mobile commerce (M-

commerce) in this research work. The authors

clearly give significant details of the desired system

requirements, features and the ideal characteristics

of the client platform from benchmarking aspects.

A framework for designing smart phone for its use

in further applications related with M-commerce

have been illustrated along with characteristics of

M-commerce system.

18. Handheld

devices and

Computing

Hu et al.

(2005)

The paper acts as a great reference for the various

aspects of mobile commerce: from technical

perspective, mobile handheld devices like PDAs

30

and Payment

methods for

mobile

commerce

functional components: mobile OS, mobile CPU,

microbrowsers, handheld computing (server and

client), requirements and characteristics of payment

methods concerning mobile commerce.

19. Investigating

mobile

payment:

supporting

technologies,

methods, and

use

Valcourt

et al.

(2005)

The categorization of mobile payment methods

along with their characteristics, advantages and

disadvantages have been discussed in this study.

The authors conduct a questionnaire-based survey

on 130 youths. The results of this survey indicate

the need of more such mobile commerce

applications.

20. Design and

Evaluation of

M-commerce

Applications

Wang et

al. (2005)

The analysis and evaluation of the issues

concerning design of M-commerce applications

both from technical perspective and end user

perspective have been showcased in this paper.

Case study of two M-commerce application

scenarios has been illustrated. The authors stress on

the need of a comparative framework for evaluating

the usability and security of M-commerce

applications. Also, the major factors concluded in

the study that influence mobile users are usability,

security, location, device and cultural influences

along with the rich content of the application from

the user’s perspective.

31

21. M-Modeler:

A Framework

implementatio

n for

modeling M-

commerce

applications

Morales-

Aranda et

al. (2004)

M-modeler, a software tool for modeling M-

commerce businesses has been presented by the

authors. The framework has been implemented

using M-modeler that allows M-business solution

to be generated by the user independent of the

mobile application. It also addresses a support

module of M-modeler that can be used for the

design of the mobile application.

22. Electronic

payment

market: a non-

optimal

equilibrium

Sahut and

Malgorza

ta (2004)

e-Payment solutions and the key success factors of

payment solution (security, cost, convenience and

speed) have been examined in this research. The e-

payment business models have been analyzed and

its impact on the banking sector has been discussed.

The client’s needs have been assessed and the

various types of competitive, marketing and

technological challenges have been analyzed in this

study.

23. A system

model for

mobile

commerce

Lee et al.

(2003)

The paper classifies and categories Mobile

commerce system (with examples) into six

components: Mobile commerce applications,

mobile stations, mobile middleware, wireless

networks, wired networks and host computers. The

structure, requirements and the applications of

mobile commerce systems have been stated in this

study.

32

24. M-commerce-

Issues and

Challenges

Tandon

et al.

(2003)

The pros and cons of various network technologies

such as GSM, GPRS, etc. and service technologies

such as WAP, J2ME, etc have been evaluated by

the authors. M-commerce issues relating security,

bandwidth and business have been also addressed

regarding the mobile wireless technology.

2.3 Assessment of Current Scenario of Land Record Information System and

Requirements of Land Record Information System Using M-Commerce Methods

2.3.1 Process of Data Digitisation of Land Records

The automation of the projects related with information systems is underway in many

Government sectors. Fard Kendras have been established in the various Tehsils of the State

to provide certified copies of the revenue records to the general public. The legacy land

records mainly digitized are: Jamabandi, Mutation and Roznamcha Waqiati. There is lack

of faith as well as undefined procedures regarding services being offered to the citizens.

The citizens can avail copy of the land record from either the Farad Kendras established at

the District, Tehsil or sub-Tehsil level or at the click of the mouse sitting at home and

without the intervention of the revenue officials such as Patwari or Kanungo.

The various existing literature studied for assessment of current scenario of land record

information system and for seeking the requirements of land record information system

using M-commerce methods have been presented below in Table 2.3.

33

Table 2.3: Review of Literature - II

S.No. Title of the Paper Author Contribution

1. E-Governance in

Agriculture- A e-

Krishi model for

J&K state

Mansotra and

Singh (2011)

The study illustrates an E-Krishi model of

agriculture for State of Jammu and

Kashmir for increasing the productivity of

the farmers leading to the economic

growth of the farming community. The

various components of the model have

been proposed for the pilot

implementation of the system in phased

manner based on its infrastructure and

budgetary requirements. The data analysis

of the farmers and the employees has been

conducted for this localized decision

support system.

2. e-Governance:

Experiences from

a few Indian states

Swamy (2011) The paper covers the various significant e-

Governance projects implemented by

three states (Madhya Pradesh, Tamil

Nadu, Gujrat) of India and stressed for the

need of a demand driven ‘citizen

interface’ e-Governance implementation

in India. The case studies of the projects

in three states have been highlighted along

with the various challenges of e-

Governance in India. The study stressed

34

on the need of concrete plans and the need

of cooperation from the concerned

government officials for the successful

implementation of e-Governance projects

in India.

3. Framework of e-

initiatives for

Uttarakhand

Vaisla et al.

(2011)

An improved model for effective

implementation of e-initiatives in the State

of Uttarakhand in India has been

presented. The authors carried out a

survey based data analysis to highlight the

advantages of the proposed system. The

various e-initiative applications have been

also proposed like e-payment and m-

payment, online search option, mobile

phone services, etc. The required policies

and infrastructure have also been

discussed in the study.

4. SWOT analysis of

e-initiative in

Uttarakhand

Vaisla and

Bisht (2010)

The e-initiatives levels and challenges

associated with the service delivery

initiatives to the citizens using

Information and communication

technology (ICT) in the State of

Uttarakhand are the main focus of this

research work. The comprehensive review

of literature regarding e-initiatives

35

experiences in India has been detailed in

the study. The perceptions of the experts

towards the e-initiatives in the State have

been analyzed by deploying descriptive

and inferential analysis on the study

conducted for 148 respondents. The expert

opinion analysis (SWOT) categorized

various aspects: social, political, economic

and technological aspects showcasing

their advantages and disadvantages.

5. Bhoomi, Gyan

Ganga, e-

governance and

the right to

information: ICTs

and development

in India

Thomas (2009) The case studies of Bhoomi and Gyan

Ganga e-Governance projects in

Karnataka and Gujrat respectively have

been illustrated in this paper. The various

issues and challenges concerned with the

implementation of these e-Governance

projects like lack of convergence and

infrastructural problems have been

emphasized. The cause of concern related

with ICT and e-Governance projects has

been discussed in this study that still there

exists digital divide due to which rural and

deprived masses of the country are not

able to reap benefits from these e-

Governance projects & applications of

36

ICT.

6. Analyzing e-

Governance

mainstays on

municipalities

websites

Rodriguez et

al. (2008)

The study analyzes and verifies local

government websites for the adoption of

ICT tools for improving the quality of e-

Governance. The factors considered are:

e-democracy, e-services, e-transparency

and active and passive communication.

The study concluded with that only 17%

municipal websites have actual focus on

e-Governance for providing electronic

services to the citizens and getting

feedback, opinions and critics from them

are a must for improving Governance.

7. M-Governance: A

mobile computing

framework for

integrated disease

surveillance in

India

Garg et al.

(2005)

The authors develop an architectural

framework designed for an Integrated

Disease Surveillance System using mobile

computing technologies in India. The

components of the framework have been

well discussed and the role of mobile

device has been examined. The work

opines about how mobile devices can

results in improving the efficiency of the

field health-care official. The transaction

costs also got reduced due to the reliable

and validated field data collection with the

37

mobile device.

8. Information and

communication

technology in

agricultural

development: A

comparative

analysis of three

projects from

India

Meera et al.

(2004)

The study examines and analyzes the three

ICT projects in India for their

performance. The e-Governance projects

from the States of Madhya Pradesh,

Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra have

been considered for this case study. The

personal effectiveness ranging from the

staff and the respondent farmers has been

studied and conducted by deploying

correlation and regression analysis. The

results of the survey presented an insight

into the opinions of all regarding e-

Governance projects of these three States.

9. Grassroots ICT

Projects in India:

Some Preliminary

Hypotheses

Keniston

(2002)

The author discusses the importance of

grassroots Information and

communication technology (ICT) projects

in developing nations. The focus of the

paper is on the need and significance of

ICT reaching the digitally deprived

citizens so as to result in more efficient

use of e-Governance in the developing

countries.

10. Land management

system in India -

Thakur et al.

(2001)

All the aspects of land records information

maintenance system and the related

38

Past, Present and

future

technologies used for record keeping

along with the use of information

technology in land management have been

highlighted in this paper. The vision of

computerisation of land records both

presently and in future has been presented.

2.4 Design and Evolve M-Commerce Based Model of Land Record Information

System and Testing the M-commerce Model

The various existing literature has been studied for designing and evolving M-commerce

based model of land record information system and testing the M-commerce model as

presented in Table 2.4 below.

Table 2.4: Review of Literature - III

S.No. Title of the

Paper

Author Contribution

1. Adoption of

online banking in

Manila: What the

commercial banks

should learn to be

competitive

Lim (2013) The author carried out a questionnaire

survey of online banking users and non-

users in Manila for examining the factors

concerning the acceptance of online

banking. Factor analysis and Multiple

regression analysis have been used to

study the relationship between the

various banking facilities and

demographic profile factors. Hypotheses

have been developed and the results fully

39

validated the developed hypothesized

relationships showing perceived

usefulness and perceived ease of use as

significant factors.

2. VillageCell: Cost

effective cellular

connectivity in

rural areas

Anand et al.

(2012)

A low-cost alternative to high end cell

phone networks called VillageCell that

provides free local and cheap long

distance communication for rural areas

has been proposed by the authors. The

network architecture, experimental setup,

its implementation in realistic rural area

network scenarios has been well stated in

this study.

3. Exploring user

adoption of

location-based

social network in

Indonesia

Widjaja (2012) The paper identifies five factors that

influence adoption of location-based

social network: performance expectancy,

effort expectancy, social influence and

facilitating condition. The analysis has

been done by applying linear regression

and correlation on the data collection

using survey method. Hypotheses have

also been developed so as to result in

validation of regression results.

4. Design and

implementation of

Padhy et al.

(2012)

The system architecture, the functional

components and the advantages of the

40

a cloud based

rural healthcare

information

system model

cloud based rural healthcare information

system model have been showcased in

the paper. The benefits of easy and

ubiquitous access to medical data and

real-time availability of the services of

medical experts have been stressed to

facilitate ease of data record sharing and

for analysis, diagnosis and processing of

medical images.

5. Consumers’

behavioural

intentions to use

mobile data

services in

Malaysia

Faziharudean

and Li-Ly

(2011)

Theoretical framework to examine the

effect on customers’ behavioural

intention to use mobile data services

from the various identified factors has

been presented in this research. The work

conducted a survey in Malaysia in the

form of questionnaire. Hypotheses have

been framed and Multiple regression

analysis has been deployed for the

purpose. The various factors such as:

Perceived usefulness, perceived

enjoyment, perceived mobility, social

influence and perceived ease of use, all

have been found to have significant

positive influences on consumers’ usage

intentions for mobile data services.

41

6. Location based

services using

Android mobile

operating system

Kushwaha and

Kushwaha

(2011)

The paper highlights the location based

service (LBS) as an emerging application

in mobile data service that is dependent

on the location of the mobile device such

as mobile phone. The study described

LBS components, Applications of LBS

along with Advantages and limitations of

Android operating system.

7. ICICI Bank: A

Multivariate

Analysis of

Customers’

Acceptability

Mohanty (2011)

The authors address the customer’s

acceptability factors by highlighting the

case study of ICICI bank. Multiple

regression techniques and correlations

have been deployed on the data collected

from the customers through the

structured questionnaire method. Various

hypotheses have been formulated to

analyze the data and to find the

relationships between the banking service

facilities and the various demographic

factors.

8. Mobile machine

for E-payment

scheme

Aboud (2010) e-Payment scheme using mobile machine

and its requirements has been elaborated

in this paper. The public key

infrastructures for authentication of

purchaser and merchant have been also

42

sighted so as to have secure

communication between them.

9. Decision support

system in banking

sector: A critical

study of the

factors

responsible for

planning of the

system

Bhatia et al.

(2010)

The study opines Decision support

system (DSS) as a significant tool to take

decisions, thus resulting in increase in

efficiency of the operations and

improvement of planning activities at

various levels of management. Likert

scale and stratified sampling technique

has been used as the sampling technique

in this work. The data analyzed for mean

scores and standard deviation of the

frequency distribution highlights the

significant factors from various factors

related with DSS such as Need of DSS,

Environmental factors, Quality of

information, etc.

10. Implementing

diabetic health

care system using

software multi-

agents and mobile

cell phones for

rural India

Krishnan et al.

(2010)

The implementation of diabetic health

care system using Multi-agent system

technology and mobile phones for real

time monitoring has been presented. The

real-time system architecture and its

benefits have been well illustrated in the

research work. The various properties of

the intelligent systems have been

43

described such as autonomy, reactive,

pro-activeness, social ability and mobile.

11. Avaaj Otalo - A

Field Study of an

Interactive Voice

Forum for Small

Farmers in Rural

India

Patel et al.

(2010)

The case study of developed interactive

voice application (Avaaj Otalo) for

small-scale farmers in Gujarat in India

has been showcased. The application has

been deployed for its usage by farming

community over a period of seven

months pilot study. The highlighting

feature of this social communication tool

is its forum for asking questions,

browsing others’ questions and responses

on a range of agricultural topics that

increased the awareness of the farmers

with timely advices and opinions related

with agriculture.

12. Web-based

Projects

evaluation

management

system

Al-Zoubi et al.

(2008)

The design of web-based evaluation

management system has been illustrated

along with its system and functional

requirements. The system architecture

has been well explained with the three-

tier architecture model using UML use-

case diagram, sequence diagram and

activity diagram.

13. A modeling Pousttchi This paper suggests the mobile payment

44

approach and

reference models

for the analysis of

mobile payment

use cases

(2008) modeling approach (MPMA) which can

specifically be used for the value based-

analysis of use cases for mobile payment.

The study provides further insight into

set of seven reference models that have

been developed to categorize any use

case or any procedure related with

mobile payment. A modeling method that

deals with m-payments have been

proposed and developed models have

been further analyzed m-payment use

cases for business models and their

participants.

14. Intelligent store -

An innovative

technological

solution for retail

activities with

mobile access

Stan et al.

(2008)

The innovative application named

intelligent store integrated with various

technologies such as GPS, GIS, wireless

communications, mobile access to

information on PDA or smartphone,

interfaces with electronic payment

systems has been showcased in this

research work. The reduction in

provisioning time, making the best

decision in real time, interactive and

being efficient are some of the benefits

highlighted by the proposed system.

45

15. Research and

design of

personalized

recommendation

system based on

J2ME

Bing (2007) The author proposes the system design of

personalized recommendation system

with components such as web server,

database, SQL operation and XML

information. The data transmission exists

between mobile terminal and web server.

The proposed system has been tested for

time and space constraints.

16. Secure display

and secure

transactions using

a handset

Ghotra et al.

(2007)

The application of a secured dedicated

device named Secure Display Device

(SDD) used with mobile phone has been

explored by the authors. The hardware

based implementation of the mobile

banking system (SDD here used for

display capability) that can be used with

computer monitor or TV and a payment

system in which SDD works as

Automatic teller Machine has been

explained. The framework adopted in this

paper highlighted the characteristics of a

secure platform using a mobile handset

and SDD.

17. Modeling and

Implementation

of Object-

Tseng et al.

(2007)

The authors propose a method named

object-oriented e-commerce design

method (OOECDM) that included

46

Oriented E-

commerce

Platform

inheritance and polymorphism. The case

study concerning the design and

implementation process of an e-

commerce web site has been discussed.

The objects used with Unified modeling

language (UML) have been shown to be

easily shared, reused and assembled to a

component. The paper discussed the

features of the existing design

approaches related with web design. The

integral object oriented e-commerce

platform modeling and implementation

method has been illustrated in this

research work showcasing the reduction

in time related with the development of a

website and being updated easily.

18. Product-focused

process elicitation

for mobile

application

systems: A

wireless news

browser case

Hakami and

Abdollahzadeh

(2006)

The case study illustrating the design and

implementation of a wireless news

browser system application using

iterative-based framework has been

discussed in this study. The highly

iterative process model framework

results in the faster development time

with parallel execution of iterations. The

subset of UML diagrams: Use case

47

diagram, sequence diagram and class

diagram have been applied for designing

and modeling the system.

19. A study on

applying software

security to

Information

systems: e-

Learning portals

Lim and Jin

(2006)

The case study of applying security to an

e-learning portal has been discussed in

this work. The various risks associated

with Internet security, privacy and

Internet application vulnerabilities (URL

manipulation, SQL injection, etc.) have

been explored and stressed the need of

secure environment for the development

of e-learning portals and secure online

applications.

20. An Integration of

hand-held

computers, GPS

devices and GIS

to improve the

efficiency of

EMS data system

Kowtanapanich

et al. (2005)

The development of an advanced tool to

facilitate accident data collection and

analysis process has been presented in

this paper. The three technologies: hand-

held computers, GPS devices and GIS

have been integrated so as to result in

less error prone and more efficient

Emergency medical services (EMS) data

system. The Khon Kaen city in Thailand

has been selected for this case study

describing the GUI design features of this

EMS Incident reporting system.

48

21. Software

development

issues of a

distributed

mobile-commerce

system

Nguyen et al.

(2005)

The paper illustrates the case study of

easyHotel application for booking of

rooms of a hotel by using mobile phones.

The software development issues like

Interoperability, Concurrency, scalability

and thin-client approach have been

addressed. The benefits and importance

of testing the applications with real

testing tools and devices have been well

highlighted in this research work.

22. Tutorial: An

Overview of

UML 2.0

Selic (2004)

The paper showcases the salient aspects

of UML 2.0 describing it as language

designed for model-driven development

methods. UML 2.0 comparison and

principal distinctions with its previous

versions have been explained based on

the semantics, architectural and network-

based applications. The features of UML

as an architectural description language

and its support for hierarchical modeling

of run-time structures of communicating

components and functionally oriented

modeling have been well highlighted in

this reference.

23. New UML 2.0 Soto et al. The study presents two new UML 2.0

49

based models to

design WAP

applications

(2004) based models used for the design of the

WAP application systems in the WAP

application development process. The

application supporting Decks

navigational model and Cards navigation

model provided clarity for understanding

the system domain resulting in reducing

the resources and time in the application

development process.

24. Research on

Electronic

Payment Model

Meng and

Xiong (2003)

The 3e payment model comprising of

electronic payment models of three

types: credit card, cash and cheque

describing its advantages has been

discussed in this research. Also, the

online payment protocols have been

analyzed and their various characteristics

have been also discussed in this work.

25. Integrating

security design

into the software

development

process for e-

commerce

systems

Chan and Kwok

(2001)

The software development process for e-

commerce systems integrated with

security design named software

development process for secured systems

(SDPSS) has been proposed in this

research work. Unified Modeling

language (UML) has been employed as

the modeling language and the

50

systematic software process has been

described with UML diagrams for the

case study of supply-chain application.

SDPSS has been well-described and

discussed with the help of various UML

notations and diagrams.

2.5 Gaps in the Existing Literature

The following gaps have been identified after the thorough analysis and review of the

existing literature.

Already developed countries are making most of the mobile and their related

applications related with e-Governance projects but this needs to be tapped in our

country. Mobiles are not the asset of rich class and even illiterate persons make use of

the mobile devices. Thus, mobile technology needs to be integrated with e-Governance

initiatives for the benefit of common citizens.

Land record information centres (Fard Centres) have not yet reached the level of

popularity. The implementation of Suwidha centres in the Punjab is the most successful

project of the Government and other States in the country want to imitate this e-

Governance project. Thus, there is need to popularize such e-Governance initiatives

like Suwidha centres so that the common citizens may be able to derive the maximum

benefits out of it.

Most projects have been developed to focus the urban citizens of the country. Thrust

should be on developing more applications for the rural people as nearly 70% of the

citizens of the country still reside in rural areas.

51

People in rural area lack knowledge, are misled by agents for various Government

related works and thus, have poor understanding and response regarding e-Governance

projects. Thus, they need to be made more aware regarding e-Governance initiatives

with the integration of mobile technology such as M-commerce.

2.6 Chapter Summary

The chapter provided the detailed review of the existing literature through the various

research papers presented in reputed International conferences and reputed indexed

Journals. The feasibility of the research objectives has been validated through the

theoretical and empirical research findings of the reviewed literature.

The next chapter discusses the research methodology and the various data analysis

techniques deployed for the research work.

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