QC Analytical Water
Treatment/Distribution
ConferenceMay 23, 2016
QC Analytical Training Facility LeClaire, IA
Water System Master Planningby
Brian Roth, P.E.
Principal Civil Engineer
Stanley Consultants, Inc.
Muscatine, IA
Alice: Which road should I take?
Cheshire Cat: That depends on
where you are going.
Alice: I don’t know where I’m
going.
Cheshire Cat: Then it doesn’t
matter which road you take!
As Water Utility, do you feel like Alice?
Adapted from Lewis Carroll, Through the Looking Glass, 1872.
Water System Master Planning
Provides a framework
for decision making to
direct future short- and
long-range
development of the
water system.
• Includes history, trends, projections and goals;
• Blueprint for the future (guides growth);
• Puts your utility decisions on Target!
Water System Master Planning
What does this mean for you as a Water Utility?
Master Planning Goals
• IMPROVE utilities’ capacity to predict flow and pressure
• DETERMINE system improvements needed to meet
current and projected water demands and meet
regulatory requirements.
• PRIORITIZE capital improvement projects that will
sustain reliable water supply, treatment and distribution
into the future.
• DELIVER high quality water to all customers
Water System Master Planning
Audience Pole Questions
• What type of water system do you have?
– Municipal
– Industrial
– Institutional (college/university)
– Military
Water System Master Planning
Audience Pole Questions
• What population size do you serve?
– Less than 1,000
– Between 1,000 to 5,000
– Between 5,000 to 10,000
– More than 10,000
Water System Master Planning
Audience Pole Questions
• How many pressure zones do you serve?
– One
– Two
– More than Two
Water System Master Planning
Audience Pole Questions
• Who has a master plan within last 10 years?
– Yes
– No
Water System Master Planning
Audience Pole Questions
• Who has water system issues that worry you?
– Yes
– No
Water System Master Planning
Who needs to Master Plan?
Every water system responsible for
delivery of adequate & safe water to
customers
• Addresses Demand/Supply Issues
• Addresses Treatment/Quality Issues
• Addresses Regulatory Compliance
• Addresses Aging Infrastructure
Water System Master Planning
Why Plan At All?
Required by Regulating Agencies
• Iowa DNR Construction Permit
– Preliminary Engineering Report (PER) i.e., Master Plan for
major improvements or technical information justifying
improvement for smaller projects
• Iowa State Revolving Fund (SRF) Requires PER
Water System Master PlanningWhy Plan At All?
Financial Planning• Rate setting (allows income to meet current and
expected future system expenditures)
• Permits orderly growth
• Needed as responsible action by Water Utility to rate
payers, utility boards and city councils
Training, Transitions• Communicates institutional knowledge
– When it is needed
– What type of training required
Water System Master Planning
Why Plan At All?
Operation and Maintenance• Places emphasis on Preventive Maintenance instead of
Reactive Maintenance/Repairs
Water System Master Planning
Why Plan At All?
“It’s the Right Thing to Do!”
Water System Master Planning
• Vision Phase
• Information Gathering Phase
• Analysis and Decision-Making Phase
• Facility Master Plan and Capital Improvement Plan
Phase
Water System Master Planning
Vision Phase
• Define Goals (where do we want to be in 20 years?)
– Extent of service area
– Level of technology
• SCADA
• Meter Reading
• GIS
– Resource Allocation
• Funds
• Personnel
• Equipment
Water System Master Planning
Vision Phase (cont.)
• Anticipate ways to meet expected regulation
• System Operations
– Maintain Status Quo
– Change in Direction
• New WTP?
• Sell/Buy water to/from another utility
• Water supply source
Water System Master Planning
Information Gathering Phase
• Collect Data
– Previous reports, records, logs
– Pumping records
– Demand from meter/billing records
– Fire demand (from Insurance Services Office and/or fire
department)
– Population data (trends, land us, projections)
– Water quality information including source and treated water
– Maintenance records/programs
Water System Master Planning
Information Gathering Phase (cont.)
• Collect Data
– Facility condition reports including:
• Water mains, fire hydrants, valves, storage, wells, pumps, treatment,
surface water intake
– Maps (pipe network, topographic)
– Pump curves
– Storage tank data (capacity, operating levels)
– IDNR, 10 State Standards, local rules, regulations and criteria
– Water treatment unit capacity, operating conditions, etc.
– Water supply capacity, sustainability, operating conditions, etc.
Water System Master Planning
Analysis and Decision-Making Phase
• Water Use Projections
– Compile water billed from previous 5-10 years
– Compile water pumped from previous 5-10 years
– Determine
• Average day water use
• Maximum day water use
• Peak hour water use
– Project water use based on anticipated population growth
– Evaluate fire demands (location and amount)
– Identify top 10 or 15 water users
– Calculate unmetered/unbilled/unaccounted for water
Data EntryResults
Water System Master Planning
Analysis and Decision-Making Phase (cont.)• Existing Facilities
– Pressure Zones
• Take into account service area, topography, desired pressure
– Storage
• Condition assessment (when last inspected, painted, cathodic protection, etc.)
• Establish how each is used (control pumps, effective capacity, turnover, etc.)
– High Service Pumps
• Number, capacity, duty and standby (determine firm capacity)
• How operated (sequencing, soft start/stop, manual/automatic control)
– Distribution System
• Pipe location, sizes (accurate mapping)
• Pipe age and material
• Maintenance programs (hydrant flushing, valve exercising)
• W.Q. issues (red water complaints)
• Maintenance issues (break history)
Water System Master Planning
Analysis and Decision-Making Phase (cont.)
• Raw Water Sources
– Groundwater (number, depth, capacity, W.Q.)
• Maintenance issues (reduction in yield, etc.)
• Pump condition
• Water quality
• Reliability
– Surface Water
• Condition and maintenance of intake, pumps, etc.
• Water quality (seasonal variations)
• Maintenance issues
• Reliability
Water System Master Planning
Analysis and Decision-Making Phase (cont.)
• Treatment Facilities
– Schematic flow diagram (processes, chemical addition)
– Condition and maintenance issues
– Redundancy/flexibility
– Operational control
– Type of chemicals and quantities
– Capacity (max day)
Water System Master Planning
Analysis and Decision-Making Phase (cont.)• Regulation
– Water supply/water quality
• Safe Drinking Water Act
• Lead & Copper Rule
• Total Coliform Rule
• Comprehensive Surface Water Treatment Rules
• Stage 1 Disinfectants & Disinfection Byproducts Rule
• Consumer Confidence Report Rule
• Stage 2 Disinfectants & Disinfection Byproducts Rule
• Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Treatment Rule
• Ten State Standards
• Iowa Administrative Code & IDNR Guidelines
• Future Regulations
Water System Master Planning
Analysis and Decision-Making Phase (cont.)• Water Distribution
– Ten State Standards
• Pumps, storage, water mains, pressure
– Iowa DNR (Guidelines)
• Pumps, storage, water mains, pressure
– Insurance Services Office (ISO)
• Use recommended by Ten State Standards & Iowa DNR
Water System Master Planning
Analysis and Decision-Making Phase (cont.)• Water Supply & Treatment Evaluations
– Establish W.Q. target for finished water
– Determine capacity of supply and WTP unit processes
– Compare to design criteria from regulation (loading and W.Q.)
– Identify deficiencies
– Recommend improvements
• Develop cost
• Prioritize
Water System Master Planning
Analysis and Decision-Making Phase (cont.)• Water Distribution System
– The heart of a water distribution system analysis is a computer
model of the network
• Software (model) selection is important first step
• Used to identify and make decisions on:
– Deficiencies (pipes, storage, pumps, pressure zone boundaries)
– Pipe sizing
– Pump operations
– Storage location & effectiveness
Water System Master Planning
Analysis and Decision-Making Phase (cont.)• Water Distribution System
– Enter all characteristics of network into model• Pipes, pumps, storage, PRVs, demands, hydrants, operating conditions
– Analyze and evaluate water system performance for:• Average day demand
• Maximum day demand
• Peak hour demand
• Fire demand
• Storage refilling
– Compare performance to design criteria from regulation/guidelines
– Identify deficiencies
– Recommend improvements• Develop cost
• Prioritize
Water System Master Planning
Capital Improvement Plan Phase• Develop list of deficiencies
• Develop list of improvements to correct deficiencies
• Cost each improvement
• Prioritize Improvements
• Develop a timeline for implementation
• Summarize MASTER PLAN in final report (PER)
Water System Master Planning
Typical Report Table of Content• General
• Water Quality
• Water Demands
• Water Supply
• Water Treatment
• Water Storage
• Water Pumping
• Water Transmission/Distribution
• Cost Estimating
• Recommendations
Water System Master Planning
Rule of Thumb – Planning Horizon• 20 Years
Water System Master Planning
Rule of Thumb - Frequency• Update Every 10 Years
• At major milestone events:
– New regulations
– Adding new demands
– Losing major water customer
– Major capital improvements
Water System Master Planning
Rule of Thumb – Average Day DemandSource Design Criteria
General (default)
Iowa Water Supply Facilities Design Standards
10 States Standards
100 gpcpd
100 gpcpd (>500 people)80 gpcpd (100-500 people)60 gpcpd (<100 people)
None
Water System Master Planning
Rule of Thumb – Maximum Day DemandSource Design Criteria
General
Iowa Water Supply Facilities Design Standards
10 States Standards
2 x average day
2 x average day (>500 people)2.5 x average day (<500 people)
None
Water System Master Planning
Rule of Thumb – Peak Hour DemandSource Design Criteria
General
Iowa Water Supply Facilities Design Standards
10 States Standards
Varies with water system
9.0 x average day (< 220 people) 7/P0.167 x average day (>220 people) Where P= population in 1,000s
7.0 for 1K4.8 for 10K3.2 for 100K
None
Water System Master Planning
Rule of Thumb – Fire DemandSource Design Criteria
Insurance Services Office (ISO)(see Fire Suppression Rating Schedule for details)
Iowa Water Supply Facilities Design Standards
10 States Standards
3,500 gpm (Maximum Basic Fire Flow) Needed Fire Flow for specific buildings:Up to 2,500 gpm for 2 hrs. (300 K gal)3,000-3,500 gpm for 3 hrs. (630 K gal)>3,500 gpm for 4 hrs. (840 K gal)
Use State ISO Recommendations Minimum: 500 gpm
In accordance with State ISO Requirements
Water System Master Planning
Rule of Thumb – Maximum Day + Fire Demand
• Compare to peak hour
• Typically more demanding due to concentrate, localized
water demands
• Assume elevated storage is near empty (end of fire)
Water System Master Planning
Rule of Thumb – Prioritization
Flow Condition Current Future
Average Day Priority 1 Priority 5
Maximum Day Priority 2 Priority 6
Peak Hour Priority 3 Priority 7
Max Day & Fire Priority 4 Priority 8
Prioritization sets the order of improvement implementation. Improvements needs to be designed to accommodate future peak hr/max day & fire flow conditions.
Water System Master Planning
Rule of Thumb – Unaccounted for WaterSource Design Criteria
General
Iowa Water Supply Facilities Design Standards
10 States Standards
<10 percent
None
None
Water System Master Planning
Rule of Thumb – Working PressureSource Design Criteria
General
Iowa Water Supply Facilities Design Standards
10 States Standards
Normal range: 35-90 psi Optimum: 60 psiMinimum during fire flow: 20 psi
Working pressure: 60 psi Minimum working pressure: 35 psi Minimum during fire flow: 20 psi
Normal working pressure: 60-80 psiMinimum working pressure: 35 psi Minimum pressure: 20 psi
Water System Master Planning
Rule of Thumb – Topography Effects
Static HGL
H2 = 100 ft
H1 = 120 ft
System Pressure (PSI) = H (ft) x 0.43 (PSI/ft)
Example: H1 = 120 ftH2 = 100 ft
H1 ≈ 120 ft x 0.43 (PSI/ft)≈ 52 PSI
H2 ≈ 100 ft x .43 (PSI/ft)≈ 43 PSI
20 ft change in topography ≈ 9 PSI
Water System Master Planning
Rule of Thumb – Pipe SizeSource Design Criteria
General
Iowa Water Supply Facilities Design Standards
10 States Standards
Absolute minimum: 4" Minimum serving hydrants: 6"
Absolute minimum: 2" Minimum serving hydrants: 6"
Absolute minimum: None Minimum serving hydrants: 6"
Water System Master Planning
Rule of Thumb – System Pipe Velocity• Average/Max Day – limit to 2 ft/sec
• Fire – limit to 5 ft/sec
• Higher velocities result in higher headlosses/lower
system pressures
• Localized high velocities (ex. Pump Discharge) is ok
• Maximum ≤ 10 ft/sec
Water System Master Planning
Rule of Thumb – Friction Factor• Estimates the system headlosses
• Varies by pipe material
• Varies by pipe age
• Typically includes minor headlosses for fittings/valves
Water System Master Planning
Rule of Thumb – Quick Pipe Capacity Comparison
Pipe Dia(inch)
Pipe Area( Sq Ft )
Pipe Velocity(Ft/Sec) (Cu Ft/Sec) GPM
6 (3/12)²∏=0.20 2 0.4 180
8 (4/12)²∏=0.35 2 0.7 315
12 (6/12)²∏=0.80 2 1.6 720
Flow Rate
Pipe Flow = Pipe Area x Pipe VelocityPipe Area = R² ∏
Water System Master Planning
Rule of Thumb – Supply• Water quality is dependent upon the supply source
• Surface water – typically more variable in water
quality/temperature
• Well water – typically harder in water quality
• Supply rate - firm capacity greater than Maximum day
• Requires redundant power supply
• Reclaimed water – gaining in use/popularity
Water System Master Planning
Rule of Thumb – Treatment• Water treatment is dependent upon the supply
source/quality
• Treatment rate - firm capacity greater than Maximum
Day
• Requires redundant power supply
• Membrane Treatment – gaining in use/popularity,
pretreatment requirements vary based on water
source/quality
Water System Master Planning
Rule of Thumb – Storage
• Storage volume is dependent upon water demands and
fire flows
• Storage volume is to simplify pumping/treatment
requirements from peak hour to maximum day
• Elevated water storage can have water quality impacts
• Need to purposely let the tank fill/empty over typical day
• Can take advantages of off peak electrical rates
Water System Master Planning
Rule of Thumb – Storage Location
• Typically located away from pumping to reduce system
headlosses
• Typically located on high ground to reduce tank
height/construction costs
HGL
Pump Station
HGL
Flow Flow
Water System Master Planning
Rule of Thumb – Storage VolumeSource Design Criteria
General
Iowa Water Supply Facilities Design Standards
Per Procedures in " AWWA M32, Section 5
Effective storage = maximum day demand
Minimum total storage = average day demand for systems not providing fire protectionFor systems providing fire protection, storage is larger of the following:Effective storage = average day demand or QfTf+0.8QiTf Qf = fire flow demand rate (gpm) Tf = fire flow duration (min.)Qi = instantaneous peak flow (gpm)(These values may be reduced if additional source, pumping, and emergency power is available)
Water System Master Planning
Rule of Thumb – Storage Volume (cont)Source Design Criteria
10 States Standards Minimum storage: average day demand (where no fire protection provided)
Water System Master Planning
Rule of Thumb – Pumping• Pumping capacity is dependent upon the water storage
type
• Pumping rate = firm capacity greater than Maximum Day
with elevated water storage
• Pumping Capacity = firm capacity greater than Peak Hr
without elevated water storage
• Requires redundant power supply
Water System Master Planning
Rule of Thumb – PumpingSource Design Criteria
General
Iowa Water Supply Facilities Design Standards
Maximum day rate with largest pump out of service
a) If adequate effective elevated storage is available, each ground storage facility is equipped with 2 service pumps each capable of pumping at maximum day rate.
b) If effective storage is less than minimum required, high services pumping is determined as:
HSP Capacity = QP24 + (Qi – QP24 +Qf)(1-Actual Effective Elevated Storage/Storage per 7.1.3.d)
Water System Master Planning
Rule of Thumb – Pumping (Cont)Source Design Criteria
Iowa Water Supply Facilities Design Standards
10 States Standards
Where: HSP = High Service Pump Firm Capacity QP24 = Maximum day demand rate (gpm)Qi = Instantaneous peak flow rate (gpm) Qf = Fire flow demand rate (gpm)Storage per Chap 7.1.3d: = QfTf + 0.2 x maximum day demand (gallons) when adequate emergency power is available and Tf = fire flow duration
Minimum of 2 pumping units providing maximum daily pumping demand with largest pump out of service
Water System Master Planning
Rule of Thumb – Hydrant CoverageSource Design Criteria
General
Iowa Water Supply Facilities Design Standards
10 States Standards
Spacing: 1 every 400 feet
None
Spacing: at each street intersection and 1 every 350 to 600 feet depending on area served
Water System Master Planning
Modeling• Estimating water supply under various water demand
conditions is difficult
• Water modeling provides tool to estimate system
response
• Results need to make sense on a gut level
Water System Master Planning
Rate Study• Water master planning typically results in capital
improvement projects
• Water system should be a self funding enterprise
• Rates need to cover capital improvement projects
CONCLUSION
Don’t ever be in Alice’s position
and have to ask, “Which road
should I take?”
Master Planning will make the direction clear
and the road straight!
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