Download - PRR Localizing Development Ch3

7/29/2019 PRR Localizing Development Ch3

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C h a p t e r t h r e e

t Cg Icig picii

thIs Chapter applIes the analytICal ramework outlIned

i c 2 i b cg c i v-

ig civi ci i, ivig ici civi ci i gv, iig ici jc.

w c ici v civ, ci-

i? w c i c v b

i ic? w cg ig ic

ivi i civic i ic icii? h

iciv ii iii gv bcci

c ii ici jc? t c

ic iv gi

i vic i bq c.

u ig cii, civ c icii c b

c cg civ vi v-

bjciv. lc v v big ici

cii b i g

ibi i ic cii ci g

wig (2003) c ici gvc. ti c

i cciz b i ici:

picii v cic ii.

picii b b , i

c b b gb bi i b ivv i cii ig.

picii b ibiv.

g wig ibi c cciv ci-

i ig i ic g c c c iv i

Under the right conditions

eective local participatio

can be a powerul orce o

change and the achieveme

o various development

objectives.


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l o c a l i z i n g d e v e l o p m e n t : d o e s p a r t i c i p a t i o n w o r k ?

88

vi. I i ci c c ggg

i g c ci. I c cii ig,

c ggg b cig v. dibiv cii ig

qi ici i ii g

g cic cii i vi, v i

ci cic i.a xiig vi cc c ici

gvc , g wig cc i

vc i ici, gvc iii

ic ig :

Devolution. lc cii-ig i v ig-

b ccb.

Centralized supervision and coordination. lc cii-ig

i ii, ,

icv b i i big i ccb b c.

State-centered, not voluntary. e icii

iii ig i i i i-

ci v c.

Iic, icii qi g, ciig

iiz b bjciv ig

cc v c vi ciiz i

ig ic b civ vi c

b ic i c .t i ig ici v i

g i iivi civ

g c bjciv

civ bjciv i . B biizig ciiz

g i cciv -big, ici v

i i i

i ivig cci iivi b

g.

o icii c i i c v iiic v

p v i c vig i ii ,

big i . I bic cii i ibiv

ici, i giv v ic

, c q vic, c b

ic cii , i i, i c gc

Ironically, empowered

participation requires a

strong, unctioning state.


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t h e c h a l l e n g e o f i n d u c i n g p a r t i c i p a t

piic i c icii i

c iiv -i b czig ib

cg i iivi: c cii cic ig, g

c ic, iivi b cici,

c bii i c i bi i

c, bii gg i ic jg (w 1995).

mc v icii c b c i hic

(1970) vi vic b iiic i v. t

gi aj ai (2004) g , cibig vic

c cci. Vic, c, i j

ig cic ig b ggig i ci, iic,

cic i i , ic, gizi, b-

ic c, i gi vig i . ti

cci i i v iib. I ii icv ci b b ci, iic, cic

cci v c vig ,

i . . . b cci i b

ii bjc ii. t ic b b

vig i cizig i ii. I icii

i bi i vigi cci, vic cci

i b cic i, i c ccig

(ai 2004).

pici ivi , v, ji b i

i vi i ccb ciiz, cii biiz

iv ci ivi ii g c -

c. t ccbii ci icii qi

g biiz i cg iciv g

c i i ciiz. s i

cc bc iciv iivi ci

, ci i g, ig i

ciiz; i, g xiiz i i. I

bc q vig, i c c i g

v c, bi ci bic

c. , i vig ci i g gi

( i, b), c ci cc-

b , ivig ci ic i

b ig c . t cqc

Participation can have

intrinsic value: people ma

value the simple courtesy

being listened to.


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90

c i cbig biig b c, ciig

i , cb ig

i biqi i vig .

picii i c g c

gi i iv i bic g. I

ccbii i b c, ci, icfic. h i cfic i g c

, iii iciv i g,

ivii ibii b iic i

bc, x cizi i

civi ciiz.

picii i c ivi ii

ci . micci g biiz g iivi

cciv c c v b, i

v cii b i i ii cii iivi, ic v b

g ci i vicig c cii

s- g v b biiz x ivi

ii gb viig iig i ic

gic ciq, x, iig i -c

i civii. t g vi ci

cic , ig i

ii g.

picii b vii

bic g vic c , , c, ciic, ic c gv ic vi. I ci

iv v ivi, c bic g vic

b v i cii g. I i x

c cii q i gv

b qic, xci

i biiz bi , , big g

gc i. w c i gig g civi

i, ci-b i i cfic

cci.

picii b c ci, iic,

cic iqi. B vig i ii i civic bi

ivg g, ici ivi

v xici iciii b ig

gii i i big ii

Participation has the

potential to orce agents o

the state to act against theirprivate interests and or the

public good.

Participation has

been used to try to redressthe underprovision o public

goods and services . . .

. . . and to reduce social,

political, and economic

inequality.


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i. t ivi i cfic, i c-

g giv i i.

uig civic g c v ivv

cfic i i, bc i cg bi i

i. I ci, ic, ci-b ici-

bi c bcii v ci g, iv gig v c i civ i.

Participation and the Capacity to Engage

a i i ic ici ivi c i b

cgig cc v ici c , v

i, ci ii. I ig q vi,

ci c . mvig ccb gv b qi big b

cg i c ic. t cvi i

big b ii xiig ii c-

ii b ci i ic c i,

cg, b i ic, ciiz

bjc. sc i i cgii c v i c-

ic iici (B 2011).

t big b i cg, ciiz v cc -

i iciv giccii, ci, ig,

ig, ig b gic .ev i c v ii ic

ci bic c, cg i c c, v

i, bi Gib wcc (2008) c cci

gg. hvig ibiv ci giv gi-

iz g qib giig, ig, ig

i i i i i i xic. wi

ici, qi i bii ic

c v cii jc b qi-

b gvc. ti xi i i gic i c cg

civ ii i cii b

civ v.

r s (2010) z ci 300 gram sab-

has(vig ig) Ii. ti xc ici

b -c i panchayat(vig cci),

Participatory interventions

have the potential to chan

the character o everyday

interactionsa process thover time, reshapes socia

relationships.

To bring about this change

citizens must have access

a new toolkit o discursivestrategies that they are ab

to deploy strategically.


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92

-c vig (J), vig (mij

cb (di) cvi x ibiv

ci i ic di vig i ig ciiz.

Jayaraman:t 45 ii i vig. n

. w g i g. wv i g ci ci. B i iib c

ci ig c bc v . . .

s q gv ig. . . . o

i i. ev i , i. . . . h

i v q ci g

c ?! w c q . t

i .

Panchayat president:I 2025 i , b b i . t b

i b ig .

Muniraj:t [i v b], i v

g i [ gram sabha ig i ig

c]. I qi b i , c

vic ? w i ? . . . I b

bg ci, v i b

ei, i bc c v

i i i ! t c c [ gram sabhaig] v

b . y c, i ci, ig

ci g v, g . w ?

yv j . w v

? . . . w b c v.

X c y c, i i . w v, b

? w g v b

i, v , v , i

. . . w g i . B b

i b. wv b i

. ev vig i i. h

i . B b i ig

. t i i iv. w c

ig i.


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Panchayat president:I cii, i

i . t ci-b i-

ciii b. I i b b 1 ji

v , I bc i. o , i v

i b v , bc

i. a i i c b v i. t, g g, v

bic i v ig. a c bc . . . . ev

g b b g, I i-

. I cg c i.

Muniraj:ev b q. n b

ii . w b giv cc i

i [ i]. w b i

ig? J bc I i i, i I g i ic . I i vicig ig.

C-b ivii v iic i Ii. t i-

v i cic c ic icig bic

c. I i ii ici

big cg igram sabhaig, mij

g ci iic. l-c cg c

; xcg xc bv i i i c

b c i b i vig

b i v, c c iqi. oi ivg c v i iic icii,

bc gram sabha i ic ig

i ciiv ii cic i i i

ii ciiz i q ig i . t

bic ici v i cg c ci

i bc v

xi iici i iv i -

ig ci i bic, ggig i

i. sc ici x i ci (sc

1990) c ig i ii b

c vi cg .

mi i , c

c b vic ci giv

ig q cgii ciiz. w


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94

c -c cg cc i civ civic cci

ci v ic c, v

iqi, x ic iqi i b ii

b ci ii.

Diagnosing Failure Triangles

ec ici ivi c b ci i i

igi i i i c i i ig

g iiic i c, g-

v bjciv, - cii. ec

ivi i ii ci ( ic

ci g i v i g biiz

cc ic). n c g ii i cii, v i ggic ci

bi iciv cciv ci. Cq,

b bjc i i.

pi iv civic bjciv

b g g. wi biig icci g i

i g c g vig cci ci? wi

ig ci i q cci

i ci-b iii c c bi i

c ?

Gv ivi b jii i cic ci iqii b ( c 2)

t iic c bic vic b vi b

jiici vig c v ii ggic

iiz [i] b c (o 1972, 55). lc

ic c gv ci, bc g

ii c ig bc gii i

c vii i cii cii cii

i , gg cii c i

vii c bic g b ciz.1

Jici gv ivi cic b

c gv v i, bc b

cii, ci, ii i

c c. t xci b gv c

fc c iqi. t g ic ci-b

Each type o participatory

intervention needs to be

associated with a dierent

diagnosis o the ailures it

will conront.


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bi c gv b ii c c

iqi c b x g, ig c iig

c bi v ic. Cq, c civic ci (c -

icii) i civ ib ig

c gv iig i ci, givig

g i ic cii, ig c gv ccb.

t , v, ii i i gic, ic

b ig. i, civi ci i bjc i

iqii . Icig i iqi-

i i civi ci ic gic cic

ciiv. picii i bi b c

. Civi ci xi i biic ii i :

i b cii i cii

b i.sc, v civic cci i j c cg;

civi ci i ccig c v gv-

c c iii. I ii, civic

g i i v , b c-

ig big vi i; cig i-

; viig ci, ci i

iciv cic g. t, cg v i

v civic civi b ic c v.

ti, civi ci i bc cc xi i c

g, ci c, ig bi , i. I i b , c c

i ci c ii cic iic .

t i ic giz, i ic

biiz, iv i ic ic,

bjc i ic bi c c ic

i gb ifc. pic b c-

i cci civi ci c i

c vi ( x, w iic ). I,

ig c civi,

ci, icii ii iig . I,

ic i i

ivi ci vv

(C C 1999). dig c

ciiv iv c ic.

. . . but civil society and

government, which are su

to ailure themselves, sha

and condition each other,

a manner determined by t

nature o the ailure.

Local civic action is believ

to be the most eective w

o redressing local govern

ailure . . .

Developing civil society

is not just a local

challenge . . . doing so

helps check the tendency

o all levels o government

central and localtoward

authoritarianism.

Civil society is not an abst

concept that exists outsidlocal orms o knowledge,

social structures, meaning

and belie systems, and p

relations . . .

. . . it is shaped by people

who are products as much

o their social and cultura

milieus as o economic an

political systems.


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96

i, , gv, civi

ci b b i iqii, ic i ic

c v, ic bc , ig bc vi

bc bc g b 1950

(lv 2010). s v ic b q

icig , x, biig igii gi xci b gv civi

cci i , i c vig civ

gv civ civic ? s g b

bc b i ivig ciig

? h , gv, civi ci ccii

c v c ic i c v? a c v

v vig igb c i b

i cii b i ci c, ggi, ci

v ccivi qi b civ b xiig vic, c 46 .

Local Government Failure and the Nexus o Accommodation

I cii i vig , b

v i. lc ii vii bi

g, c cig, , c ic; i cc

ci, , ii. lc gv

i c, v, b i c vi c iii

iivi. a c gv ic ci bc. l c b b vig cci, igb

ci, ici cci, ci ii

ci i vi. t ci ii vi

ccbii. t b c i g, i

vi ci i g ci giz

vi c; b i b -v iic

c ccbii; b i.

ev i ci cci, ic gic

cic ccbii ci i

gic ici b gv ciiz. lc g

iz ci c b i b c i vg

i ci, g c civ i

ccbii ci, c b bjc cii

ii bic c cig. ev i

Local government ailure

is dispersed across a

variety o local institutions

and individuals.


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i b v gv ccb

, c gv c b civ i qiig g

c gv. hi c i cic ig,

g ii, c b bjc vi g- c-

i, cc, bic ci big c

i i i bjc.a c c i ic ii giig

i c gv, ii cx c g-

i iic iciv. t g j b

c i bgiig i c. a

i gv, v ii v

b c i ii vig bg c

ig v. t , v, v bi

iic i c, givig

. t i c bc x ic c ci gv

i c cci i v. t

c , g i . B c gv

ci ii i c g, c g

, i cib ifc

i b i.

lc v i c bc,

bjc iii c gv. lc

bc c g gv vic;

i i iciv g ig i cb vig i ic. t i

ci c v c bic c,

ic giv cib ii vig ici-

i. t c bc c g iic ii

-v ci, c xi c ji gi,

c gv, c ji bi cc.

I ici jc, i i -v bc (

jc cii) v xi ic

c, bc i cii

-- bi. t xc biiz cii;

bi cci cciv ci; q i

icii; , c, b i ii. t

i, gi, gi, ci, cc

b c iic iiv ciic . I i iic

The theoretical logic o

democratic accountability

does not necessarily map

into the real world logic

o interactions between

government and citizens.

In participatory projects,

project acilitators have th

most proximate impact on

outcomes, because they

are the people who deal

with communities on a

day-to-day basis.


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98

i ic , ic icii c cc i, i

xic, -i, ji .

a c gv c ii i

ic c v b c ci gv

iv. w c b cci

c, b ii ccbii ci, bcci c g b c bc

iici (mig 1988). t cci i

c c g vig cci, x

c g c b b ici i

i cii. w c q , i

c b i i ci icb, i

ibii ci, civ ic.

I i ic c gv i c

gv bc v ici i ii cii c b vv i c. t x

ci c, i, g cc

i, ciiz, qi v g

jiici jiici, cig cii v ig

g gi. t vii c b b

iig vii c gv; i i

ciz, c c i gv i

. t c c cci g c, c

g, c gv , bc,

i ciiz ii i i ic i b cc.

picii i cg i ic. I c v

ci c gv i ciiz b

ig i vic ix c cci. I civic

g iic g c c

gv ib g xi ii

c c cci, c bc iic

c. I civ ic i g i i

i, ciiz c b i, bb civ, c

gv i i i vi, ig i i

b cgig iciv ii c gv.

ag ici jc cg

i cig i

It is dicult or central

governments to monitor thework o local governments

because o the very

imperections in inormation

and coordination that caused

power to be devolved in the

rst place.

Participation has the potential

to move the actions o local

governments toward the

interests o citizens by

adding their voice to the

mix o necessary

accommodations . . .

. . . but realizing this potential

requires radical change,

including conrontation with

elites.

Local politicians, bureaucrats,

strongmen, and other elites

oten unction in a nexus o

accommodation that is hardto break.


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gvc, c b c qi

ic cg ci i c i i,

mig gg, i x cci. I x

c gv v c iiz

ic g icii i i ig

-iv , i i i ivi i b i- i i ig. I, g i

b c ii xiig x cci, ig

cg i c i b i c i

c. pici ivi bc c

h sigiz (2001) c iviivi

i ib ivib cg i iic -

ic v gigib ic c. t civ

ivi, ci g- c

giig; ccb civ ic i qi cig ig. dig qi g

iig vi i bc, bvi, c, bi-

i iigi b bv v i gg

i cii.

Participation and Political Opportunity

eciv icii qi i xii c iic

ii (kii 2007). a iivi iic i

i i b i i (i, igic, iib), b cic, ci, iic, cic c-

i c. t cii ici, v,

g ci b g ic

iivi bg. a g iig biiz c cc-

iv i i , gi cc

cig cciv, c ci ci i

ciig cciv civi. I i j iivi cciv

i ifc iii i bi

b ii (e 1989). t bi i

bc c c i vi i

cci c cg. scigi c i ix iivi

g iic ii bi iic i

c (kii 2007).

Lasting change is unlikely

i the radical process o

breaking the local nexus

o accommodation is not

internalized and supported

donors and the central sta

Eective participation req

the skillul exploitation o

local political opportunitie


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100

Ii vi iig x vig g

b xi iic ii cg b vig i

cci gg (Gib wcc 2008). a x cfic

v v fi gizig

vig i iig vi iigi

iig . Iii, vig bcic c q i . w i

bg xig i g g g -c

vic g v, icig g b i

b i iji.

a i 2001, vig cg i cic

bg biiz c, ic, civi v, ic

g b ci

ti biizi cg i ci c

cci, i i c icb. a vig bc , ci

i ci cig ii c i

cci iv i iic

c ii .

ti vic gv i f c i gg

i cig gv c

i b . I ig igi cfic v i

cci gg i c ci xi cii

b vig v iic i

c bi b v i v ig ic c i.

a iic i c i i ic civic ci

c xi cg i iic i c

, i i, i ic b ic i

i ic g. lcizig vg

cizi ci-iv v jc,

xc iic ii b bigig c

cii ig c ciiz, ic ic b

icii i cig i c. Bc x cc

i b c c iici b c

c bc, v, civ c civic biiz

i c b . ag civic biizi c i cg

iciv g c c i

i ciiz, g i v bc

c ciiz gi c ii

Localizing development can

open up political opportunities

by bringing the locus o

decision making closer

to citizens, increasing the

benets to participation while

reducing its costs.


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cig c c. I bc

ib i i x cci, , xi

civic ii c v v ii ic.

acg rbi i iig i

c ici cic cg i Economic Origins of

Dictatorship and Democracy. t cii iciic ii ciiz xiiz i

ic ciiz c c cg i giv -

ic g biv i cc-

i bi i v ici gi ic i

c cvic g i c (acg

rbi 2006, 21). B c c, ciiz v b

v iic i c i b

b iic iii i cic

ci g i giv ccb c. Icg i , iivi i i

xiiz i ii gi. Ciiz i ici i

cg i i c c

i iic i i i v.

Ciiz iig c i cic b ci

b cizi, ic c b ciz ig x

iic cc, i v vig c.

sii, i bc b i ccb

, icii i ci-iv v jc

g ciiz biizi i, ci xc b. I c, gi cg i iic

i c, cci b cciv biizi, c

ic c i iiig i ii.

Ciiz cii b icii b i

cc cic , i bi b ib i i,

i i bc. ev i civ ici-

i, b gi i cg

b i c g i. s i

v i i i , iig

qic i cg b ciig c. t i b

gi civ civic g bc

g cg i i.

ei gi i ic

c c bc, c g, c c

iici. s i bc gi, v, i

Beore they can act, citize

have to be persuaded that

move toward an open poli

opportunity structure will

durable.


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102

cg i ic c v i i; i, i

c, i i c i gi ivi cc i

- i i . a i cg i

b-c ciiz i ig b iic

i, c c, , i c

i bc iic ig cigiiv cg bc i giv i

gi . I i c, i ii c cii

ivi v b i i cc.

p cg icig ciz ici

gv i cii i ii i c i

ii ci i i gvc

ic ci g cc j gii. I

cii, i cgizb cci ciizi i x

b ; , i, bjct giic c i b gi c,

bigi b bjc i ic civic civi

ci g bjc ig q . l g

q i b , xcig bic i

t ig qiibi c i ic, ii

iqii i , , ci .

dv jc c i i gvc

ciizi, ic ic i gv

ciiz q c

g gvc qi b ccb ciiz. ti i gvc i b cii

gii bigi.

siig gi-b cii- gii-b

gvc ciizi i ig ci c

dig i c b c ii qiibi

ci iic v ci

ici ig icbv cfic . wii

i , v, b ii b iqi

. a b, c sc (1990

x i xici c

i. pici ivig i c

iqii, c i i qiibi

b cgig c civ ic, cig i

giiiz b bigi i ii b

In some societies, there is

no recognizable conception

o citizenship in the textbook

sense o the term . . .

. . . instead, leaders and

subjects relate to one another

through systems o mutual

obligation.

Shiting rom a git-based to a

competition- and negotiation-

based model o governance

and citizenship is a highly

contentious process.


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ciiz b cic ccbii. u ii

iqii ig ii , , ii cc-

c b i ic bii

, v, ii xiig c i

b bv c ici iii.

I, v, ici ivi b b iqi-i, cciv -big c iii i , i

i, bjc , i i cg i .

s i bjc i b c, ig

vig vi. o i c b ig

vic. t j cg ig i ii i i c

cfic i v ibi b, i civ

gi ii gi. I c i civ, i i

qiibi i ic i i gii b i bii

ciiz ci i b civ.

Implementation Challenges: The Role o Donors

Cg i icig icii i i -

ic ii cii; ifc b iciv

ii gci i ig iig ici

jc. I ic, b i biv

b i ici ivi. t v

b ib ig i ciq gi

civ cig ivi vi cii i c. d v

ig c cx (iic jci, ci cic

iqi, ic gi, bic bic g) c

iic ci iii, ci ci v, -

ig i b cic .

ti c i ev (2004) c iii

cig iii bi b iiz

vi ag-aic iii, icbii ic i

c i cicc c. o

ciic, icig hi (2001) C ki (2001), g

i ici jc, cx cx cc c

ci, , cci cciv ci

i g v jc ig ii. Cq,

jc i, iciv ig i

Challenges in inducing

participation lie not only i

the power dynamics within

communities . . .

. . . they are also deeply

infuenced by incentives

within agencies tasked wi

unding and implementing

participatory projects.


18/33


104

jc, g v ic ii g g

c c c i ic

iii biig i v i ivb b

c.

m (2005) g I-Bii ri- ig

pjc (IBrp), b ui kig ov dvaiii (oda) d Ii dv

(dId), i c ic icii i

g, c-, -iv jc. m i jc v

v ivv i i i vi ccii

ci x, i cvi c, vi

i vv g i ig ii . h

i i , ici, i 1992, ici

jc g bigig gic cgi iv

i ib Bi i i c Ii; i b v ci, i 1995, x cc; i

cii, i 199899, b ic i i c i. oda

dId Ii gizi iiz c, ic

m b ci ici ic. t

c i g ci giz i

g b vig-v v, cjankars(gb

), g g cci c i b

t jc bg i vig ici i

t v ici iic i ic

i c vig bbjc i ig g bi fc c c . t

g cic, ic,

fc bi civ, ic b

vig, ci bc

cci i ci gizi i iii

biig jc. t b ci

iig, iic ici i c c. I

, ci gizi g cg i cic

t c i ic, i

i xci, ic ci i ii i

i vig i.

m i ig i vi

, v: vig qic ici

i i vi, jc ccii viig


19/33


ic, c i ccig. t jc

c b ic civii cici.

t ici i ig g bc, i c,

c ci i ic c g i

civ ic b jc vcb, ci

civ i jc i. ag ci gg icii -

, vig vi jc j i g.

B- vig vi ic i

ci iv (, i, ); - vig-

c vi jc c g b ci.

w ig g i i ici jc

g? t b -

icii. r vig jc bc i,

m i vi ic. t ci gizi g ic c ig

ci b. dig qi bc ii i

c b, iii g, bc. a i ,

g bc iic i vi vig ici c-

i i c xcg, v, ic.

t vig-vjankarsbc v i

(g i c x i

jc), g i i g i

i i. ti c, m g, i gic i-

ici c: c jc b iiv gc c, b c-ci,

c g (m 2005).

s i ig bgi g g i i jc? t i-

i b : m vi ii

g jc gizi jg c

jc cc i.

I m vi, ii g bg i i i

gizi ic: iiizig qib g, ig

ic g, vig ig xii. ti

ii c gi ii (2005, 109). s -

b c gig ii g,

bv b. tjankars, ig c i b

ji ci gizi jc , bg g

v ii jc (i iv cc),


20/33


106

i ci (m 2005

114). a i jc ,

i jankars g iig v

. t bc iv ci, ic [

igi iig (114). a vig, g

ii i ici ic icii (janasabhagita), i c c icii (bhagidari

ii i cibi ( b) b

. . . x vig bhagidari(cibi)

gii g i i (114). B

i , ici i bc g bic. s

i [ici i] ; v

i xi. . . . a gic ii c

ic izi, i vi iib

ici ig ivv c b vig v cigb iv. I c, qi ici c

(116).

m i cib i ic xic b

ici jc, - ig

c ii . I i ib c

civ i i ici jc, ic c

, v b ici.

m gig, ccig m, c i i

vic iv c jc i

v b b c i. Vig v i c v jc c bg. r i

ig i vig v , c

(iivi c bii) b iv

i-b-i bii i gic bb

iiiv icb. o

x gic b q b g i

vig jc ciig ii cg

civiic, g, rabi, (m 2005

263). m g b i i

ig ii i c cic i

i c, g i iii, civii, g

ic b qi i g gig c

i icii x i ic v

jc ig c. t ii b ic cic

i ici ivi c cii.


21/33


a b i i, iv

v jc c i i v (m cib

i ii g), i i m ii

g c, c, bg cii, jc

, vig-v ci gizi, v, vig.

ti g ii i cci qi c jc. m cib g , ii i i

jc, dIdi i c b g ii

vi -cig, iig, -cig, ici.

a , g b c cx :

jc c gizi c, q

iz i i . . . -c i c (c vig

i) . . . c ig [ b c gv

cci c], i iig i i c ici-

i . . . (m 2005, 185).m iig, g i i ic jc

c cc i, civii, v ,

gg i , jc

c ii iv . ti , ccig m,

jc gc i i ig

ii b cgig ic i. t 1990

ic i i i c; -

jc v, b icb

(m 2005, 199). w m i i i ic

i cc bcig , bii gi ci b icig ci, jc b

i i g g v i ic bjciv.

sv g m cc:

t xci b i i ic v c

v v jc cci cib

ivi. I jc i -

ig ii v xi i cibig

ib cg, ig-v jc ci i i

i ig ivi cc ig i ig cg.

t xci b i i ic ifc q-

i cc biizi. Bc ivi i

i b, ici g i

i gi. t c c


22/33


108

jc big v gi cc

i b. ag c bvi c

- iv i i -big, i

i ig i i ii g

ci vic bii.

ev i ivi i g ig, ici cg i. a jc cc iii b i-

jc cg c v cii gig

ci.

pici jc giv -

b ig, c xi iv

b bc g. a jc x,

v, xii bc ic,

ic ig

ii jc g. cii cci i ici jc.

Implementation Challenges: The Role o Facilitators

cii i ic icii. t ii

i c civi ci, , gv; ig i

vi i ; i ci civi

i, iic ii, biiz ci

xi . cii i ci civ

i i gic ici v. ti iciv ig i i cg

v. x, g i jb qi fxibii, i

c gg i xii, cii giv

g (biiz X cii i y ). Bc

c jc i i ,

c ig . t i

ig bi civ jc

g.

p g cc, cii ig ci

i c c ici, igg ci qi i jc

g. x, i icii g b

ig g i g i ic b ig i

iici i b. I big g

Facilitators are at the rontline

o induced participation . . .


23/33


cg, cii b civ xiig x

cci. t qi, , i c gii

c ic cg civ -

? w cg qi ic vcc, cii,

i vc ic

cg, c ig iciv? m , c cii- cci? wii ic c c cg? C

ic ici v g iic ci

? m c c qi, b

i i c ivi i cc i ig v

gv big civ ci v civ civic

gg c v.

Implementation Challenges: Trajectories o Change

a j b i -ic icii i i

ii ic . d iii c

iciv i i jc i ii

i jci cg i c, big jc

c. w big i bi, ic, c i i

vi, jc cg i icb, ic i

ii. pici ivi, ic gg i c

cx iig iic ci qiibi, v v

i jci.

u, ici jc g

gci ig ii jc -

v- cc ic jc. a jc cc,

jc xc v vi civic bjciv (b

ci ci, ci , iv ccbii).

a ci-iv jc g , jcig gi i

c c v ci, c , ii

, . t i i ii i

jc cc, ivi i civ civic cci

x i i i iic i g v bvb ic c.

t i i i i iig:

Civic gg i b civ i iii i

jc.

. . . but their incentives ar

oten not set up to truly

empower communities.

Donors institutional

structures and incentives

optimally suited to project

with short timelines and li

trajectories o change with

clear, unambiguous projec

outcomes . . .

. . . but civic change is a h

unpredictable process.


24/33


110

Civic cci i b g i gv

i.

ti iv i qi gv

i i b cg i c.

ig 3.1 i b i i. tjc-b i (i b i)

i ic civi ci gvc c iv i ic

b i i cg i cg i b

c. t b i i ig i civic cg i ig

icb c; ig v c i

. Iivi v biv cciv biizi i

b iig ici; civic g v v

cciv ci b xi iic ii c

cg; x cci i gv b i

b iig c igig ciiz i, iici bc cg i ci; i ci v

i cg i c. a cg i c b c b

iv i civic cci, ic ib i

cg i cg c (wcc 2009). t i i

ic b i i i g 3.1.

picig ig cg i cc i c

i x iic bc b c c i

Figure 3.1 Possible trajectories o local participation

Household welfare, public

goods, quality of public

services

Projected development

path for welfare outcomesRealized

development

path for welfare

outcomes

Civil society and governance

outcomes

Projected development

path for civil society and

governance outcomes

Realized development

path for civil society an

governance outcomes

Time


25/33


icig civ ic; i

civic gg iic; v v; x

ic ci c cg i

civ icivizig, cig, iig ci i

g; v ic; ii fi ,

c c civic i. sci qiibi i cgbc i vv ici ii -

ic cic, iic, ci vi.

t, ic c v, civic gg-

b bb, i i g, ii x

cci, i c- b i. ,

ic i i i c, i ciiz cvic

ig c gig i i iig i ii

i , i gg i civ .

wi icii cc iig i i c g cvic v icii,

cg i iic ,

g cvic g gg, ig

i ici cc. Big vi bigi,

cigi cib i c c qiibi

(k 2007) c i ic g i bii

c b bi i x i cg. a c

v, i ivi i cii ic i

icbii i iig cg. ec ci i i

v i cg jc.t, ic i i cg ii jc, ic

icii i i bc iic ic-

i g bcic iiv. t cg

ic ivi i g c ci i ii

i cx jc cg c big vi

i ic cg c cc i iv v-

bjciv. ic ici jc v cc

ig i bjciv, v ii

xii, ig, i gg cc-

iz gic ici cg. u, b b

ic ii; iiv i qic civ;

i iciv civ iig

vi ii jc v, i ic i -

i.

Particularly when it is

packaged within a project

induced participation is

almost set up or ailure

because o unrealistic

predictions that emerge r

bureaucratic imperatives.


26/33


112

Deriving Hypotheses

pbic ig iv ivig cii iv

g i i cc c cib v

g. t i i ic i i i ic

i ic g civi ci. I i i i vig ci v vv g bi

vic, v ciz ii g v

ci g, icig viig c bic g

g ci ic ci ici

i. a c i i g civic gg

c c ci b iv cc

b, i g b iz b i ifc

cci iv iv.

t ii cic jici c vii b

ic g vic i i bjiici i

v, qi, c vic c c i

Gv b g big ciiz bi, b

v i i b vig gi, x

vic b c i c .

m bic g vic (c, iig , ii

) i c; v b - g

ic i c b civ xc. I c c

vi ic b cic qi, bc i

i c vig cqi c ii cc c bic g. lc g

v cc gig ii, c c v c,

b fc i vib i c

ii. t x i cciic

v ci cic, cizig iici

bcii ic cic c ci

Ciiz bii c x c b

jiici c b civ

b bi, ic cb xciv -ig b bi

ci ic vic qi. m (2003) g i

c cc ci i ici ci i ui

s 20 c. a i v

i bc ccib, cci c gv ci

xc ci ( rii, mccg, J

1989; k 2002).


27/33


I ciiz bi gv big, b

cic g ciz c ci, xc

igic ici cii b i iv,

xii, ci c qi ciz g-

. (r gi gig vi i, vc-

cii g, g x.)t ii i qi i i vig ci,

i g cizi c ccbii.

I i vi, b i c vii

bic g vic i bcic icic

-ig. lcizig c ci cii big i

ciiz, v g i qi vic vi

g iciv ic -ig, i c x-

ii i v cii . dcizi ciiz

bv ci ci vi, i ii ic ig v c, g ci

ic .

Cc b ci v i ccbii g-

cizi.2 ov c, vi c-

i j v cqi cib c-

c. Ci i ig bi c viig

bic bic g vic; ig iibiv bjciv

v ci g; , , cgig

iciv cig b ciiz bic ci.3 a

ic g ci iii c v ci cc, c i g, i

g i civi ci vig iig bic

ci vi.4

ti i c ccbii civ c

jici cizi c ci cii

i v v i igic vii i

c bic g. ag

c ici iii cc i givig vic

ivg b ci i c

b gvc.

Ifi vic i b v icii

i iig c cii ig

v c i ci c fc g ii

c ici. I c cx, g, c

iqii c cqi c g igicc,

The main argument or

decentralization in most

developing countries is th

it increases accountability

thereby reducing corruptio


28/33


114

i c ci cii i ; i

x, c xcb c iqi v

ivig c i.

w cii g i c, c i

i ic, ci, ib cii, b ii c

ii cg g i iibiv jc g xcb c cfic. s c, c h

si (2001), v g g gg b

ici g i ig ci g c ig

i, c c i i bi

i ii vic ii gvc

icii c, ic i

cci. I c igic g gi, c

iciv c ic iic g c c i

ci i, c b iv i bicg vic.

w c gv ici g c

b iv c igic g

c c cc iv i ici

v v ci c c iv .

, icig iic cx i ic c gv

cizi, i vig ci, vi

ibii xi b ci

vi ibiii xi, ic c

gv c. wi xci, v, g cizi , c gv bi

b i c , b i

ci c, c ii-v gv

xi i i vv bi g. a

, i vib i b c v

gv gig ccbii c icii c

v. lc ci b c i i i vic vi

i b ciig c ig

, iiig i bii i ibiii. dici

c ci ic i

c vii bic g vic, bc ii

c gv bii iv xi

v c gv vb vi i

i c. i , c gv b

Whether local governments

or participatory programs can

be responsive to local needs

may depend to a signicant

degree on the resources they

can access relative to their

mandate . . .

. . . and the discretion they

have over the allocation o

resources across diverse

needs.


29/33


c gv bg ci, ii i ic c

gv ci b i v-iig cci

v c bi i

x v g .

o c, c vig i b

xi .I ici, c gv c i i

c ic i ci, g x ,

i g i v vvig v-iig

ibiii. s c v v g g

c b cig c v-iig ,

c v c c gv cc ibii

vic vii iciviz ciiz i c ci

c c. I cic, v, vvig v i-

ig c v i ic.C gv v iig igi

iii g i g c , ic c

ic cii ii gic iz. a Ci

ti (2004) g, gi ic i civ-

i cic c igic (bc ci, ggi

xii, c), c xi i

c c b. a c gv c

c , - cii bc

c . ti ii c xcb

gi iii i gv vic ic iz iqi. t - v iciv

giv -ig civii.

s bv gg ii bjciv -

jc c xcb cg. d- jc,

g, v i ib i, ci

ci gizi, civ i

iv, iv i ic

bcii. t vi cii c iciv c

i c giz g jc b

b qic bb jc i civ

civii.5

a cc i ibii civi ci i ( i

c 2). a g ig b b c cciv, cciv

ci c cc i -ci b ci

In practice, devolving reve

raising to the local level is

dicult.

Donors evaluation criteria

create incentives to select

areas that are easily reach

and organized . . .

. . . . and to target project

benets to households thaare able to quickly absorb

project unds in productiv

activities.


30/33


116

c vg ciiz ( i c, x

giz ig g vic i

xi ig ci c).

w i civic icii i b b gv

i, i i ? t c

x, cii b ci c iicjci, i v ci. a ic i

vig i ib i . mv, civ cciv

ci civ ic vi b g

, i i c g civi ci c g gv

; i i cx c. sii, g

ig civic g g c, ig i

i -b g iig ic

g g c bc

, iv ci vic. kig i i i, cii b, , c icii b

i ig ivv i vig cii

c ciii ic c, ii ic gi

i c, ic i.

tizig iig g cc i

qi c i i iig, b v qi

b b xiig vic. w icii

, i i civ cic bjciv? h i

i c? d ig v g ci

g , i i ic v? wci civ i ivig cci cciv

ci biig ci ci? w c civic iq

i i c ? d ici

jc i cic b ig i

c? d ig icii c ci ci? d i

g civi ci? d i c ii iciv

c iii? t x g gi ii

c c qi icii? d icii iv

v c c v? d i ib

g c c? C 46 vi b c

iv vi vic qi

i i c 1, c vi

vic i g-c ici jc v b

When civic participation is

likely to be the best solution

to government and market

ailures, and when it is not, is

highly contextual. . . .

. . . and thus best determined

by turning to the evidence.


31/33


v b iv g i i

g cci v vi c g

cii g ( ) b ivi. G

ig, i ig c cic i,

g -ig qiiv c i xi i

.

Notes

1. n c b ii, v. niv i c -i cizi cq q i bgci ci i cig xi x ig c jiici. ag i i cizi c i ,

i i i.2. t w B u.s. agc Ii dv(usaId) v b ig ci i i gigci. s World Development Report 2004(w B 2004) c ci vic iv

3. tzi dvi (1997) ci c c bic v ic ic iqi b ig -ii iivi b gv g i .

4. m (1993) p, r, tbii (1997) vi -ic g ii b iic iii ci. B mj (2006) vi g vvi cc i ii b cizi

ci vi c iic vic.5. B (2008) vic ii ci

gizi i Bi sg b cii i i. t ic g i b - ci-i vig gizi v -c ib 1980, ici c bc - i, b 2002. I Bi , 22 c vig vig gizi i 1982, 91 c vi-g gizi b 2002; i sg, 10 c vig vig gizi i 1982, g 65 c.h icii i vig gizi ic,

i 57 c i Bi 69 c i sg

iciig i vig gizi. hv, - gi gizi civi b i v, g , b j-c i ic i igicb.


32/33


118

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