What is it? (read handout)
Personal Liberty Laws
Codes & Phrases
Margaret Garner
Harriet Tubman
Underground Railroad
African Americans & abolitionists acted collectively
Used from 1830-1861
A secret network of stations
Safe houses provided food, clothes & shelter
Guided by “conductors”, people who risked their lives to show slaves the way to freedom
http://www.vgskole.net/prosjekt/slavrute/37.htm
Underground Railroad
Abolitionist: a person who demanded immediate emancipation of slaves Agent: coordinator, plotting course of escape, making contacts Drinking Gourd: Big Dipper and the North star Freedom train or Gospel train: code name for the Underground Railroad Heaven or Promised land: Canada Preachers: leaders, speakers underground railroad Shepherds: people escorting slaves Station: place of safety and temporary refuge, safe-house Station Master: keeper of safe-house Stockholder: donor of money, clothing, or food to the Underground railroad Phrases “The wind blows from the south today”: warning of slave bounty hunters
nearby “A friend with friends”: A password used to signal arrival of fugitives with
underground railroad conductor “The friend of a friend sent me”: a password used by fugitives traveling alone
to indicate they were sent by the underground railroad network Load of Potatoes, Parcel, or Bundles of Wood: fugitives to be expected
Underground Railroad-Coded Words & Phrases
Slave mother who killed her child rather than see it taken back to slavery
Tried to kill her other children & herself, but was arrested before she could
Margaret went to trial
Sent back to slavery
Case attracted attention & sympathy from the Northern states
Margaret Garner
A Slave Struck in the head by a two pound weight Was brain-damaged, but became physically
strong Was going to be sold again- she escaped to
freedom. Worked as an Operator of the Underground
Railroad Provided nursing aid to soldiers in Civil War Was a military scout & spy for the North
Harriet Tubman
http://www.eduplace.com/kids/socsci/books/applications/imaps/maps/g5s_u6/index.html
http://www.eduplace.com/kids/socsci/books/applications/imaps/maps/g5s_u6/index.html
Route to Freedom
A novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe Harriet Beecher Stowe was born in
Connecticut in 1811 to a prominent minister Moved to Ohio across from slave owners in
Kentucky Harriet Beecher Stowe taught at a school for
former slave children She saw first hand how they suffered, race
riots, bounty hunters, etc. She wanted this injustice to be seen &
heard
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
In 1850 she wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin In its first year it sold 300,000 copies By 1856, two million copies had been sold It evoked international sympathy for African
American slaves Ownership of the book was made illegal in
the South Some blacks angry over the stereotypes
and generalizations that were presented in the book
Uncle Tom’s Cabin cont…
Founded in 1834 as a reaction against President Jackson Divided into Northern “antislavery” and Southern
proslavery In 1850 each had opposing views on the Fugitive Slave
Act Whigs nominated General Scott. He owed his nomination
to the Northerners & supported their views Southern Whigs got mad & Scott received less votes
from them. Because of this Democratic Franklin Scott won the
election Whigs took opposing positions on the Kansas-Nebraska
Act which eventually led the Whig party to dissolve.
Whig Party
Formed out the American Party Secret organization also known as the Order of the
Star- Spangled Banner Had a belief in nativism: the favoring of native born
people over immigrants Had secret handshakes and passwords Members split over issues of slavery in the
territories Southern Know- Nothing members looked for
another alternative Northern Know- Nothings edged toward the
Republican party
Know Nothing Party
Made up of abolitionists
Received enough votes to throw the election to Democratic candidate James Polk instead of Whig candidate Henry Clay
Liberty party
Opposed extension of slavery into the territories
Received 10% of the popular vote and sent a message
Could be a Free Soil member and not be an abolitionist
Some supported racist laws Primary objection was slavery’s competition
with the free white worker Lincoln was a member of the Free Soil
Free Soil Party
Formed in 1854 in Jackson, Michigan Opposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act Opposed to keeping slavery out the
territories As the party grew it took in Whig, Free Soil
& nativism members Biggest competition was the Know-Nothing
party Due to “Bleeding Kansas” situation they
challenged the Democratic party in the 1856 Presidential election
Republican Party
Republican choice for president was John C. Fremont
Famed “pathfinder” who mapped the Oregon trail & led the U.S. troops in the Mexico War
John C. Fremont
Democrats nominated James Buchanan He was a northerner but most of friends
were southerners Did not know what happened with the
Kansas-Nebraska Act. Was considered neutral James Buchanan won the nomination
James Buchanan
Editor and founder of the New York Tribune An abolitionist Argued against popular sovereignty and
was in favor of violent protesting and resistance
Was the voice of the Republican Party Encouraged
Horace Greeley
Southerners felt like they lost their political voice when Lincoln was elected President
Southern states wanted to keep their way of life Felt like they were losing their state’s rights South Carolina was first to secede from the
Union On December 20, 1860. Mississippi followed on January 9, 1861 Then Florida on the next day Within a few weeks: Alabama, Georgia,
Louisiana, & Texas seceded. Formed the Confederate States of America
Southern Secession
Closely resembled the United States but had some differences
Major difference: It protected & recognized slavery in new territories
Also: each state was sovereign and independent
Elected Jefferson Davis as the President of the Confederacy. (Alexander Stephens was VP)
Must keep a united front
Confederate States
Everyone was uncertain of the future President Buchanan announced secession
was illegal however, he also said it would be illegal for him to do anything about it.
What would happen now?
Confederate soldiers started taking over post offices, courthouses & forts
Fort Sumter on an island in Charleston harbor Confederacy wanted Major Anderson to surrender
Fort Sumter President Lincoln in a dilemma If he ordered evacuation of the fort he would
acknowledge the Confederacy as a legitimate nation If he ordered the navy to shoot & defend he would
be responsible for starting a war Lincoln’s decision: don’t abandon the fort, but don’t
reinforce it. Just send in food to the hungry.
Fort Sumter
Jefferson Davis had a dilemma as well If he did nothing the Confederacy’s image
would be damaged & some confederate states might rejoin the union.
If he ordered an attack, he would turn peaceful secession into war.
Davis chose war Fort Sumter was bombarded by the
Confederacy and Major Anderson surrenders.
Fort Sumter cont… Jefferson Davis
Overwhelming number of Northern men respond
The upper southern states started to secede – unwilling to fight against other southern states.
Virginia 1st to secede of the upper southern states.
Big loss to the union. Virginia was most populated, most industrialized(iron & navy yard) & most prestigious
Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennessee followed & joined the Confederacy
Lincoln calls for more troops
The union expects a short war
Union had more manpower, more factories, more food production & a more extensive railroad system
Lincoln is a decisive but patient leader
Union Advantages
Union navy would block Southern ports (couldn’t export cotton or import manf. Goods)
Union boats would travel down Mississippi River & split the Confederacy in two
Union army would capture the Confederate capital of Richmond, Va.
Union 3 Part Strategy: The Anaconda Plan
“King” Cotton (profits in the world market)
1st rate generals
Strong military tradition
Soldiers who were highly motivated to be defending their homeland
Confederate’s Advantages
A defensive stance
Goal was survival as a nation
Attack and Invade the North
Confederate’s Strategies
Occurred 3 months after Fort Sumter Lincoln ordered 30,000 inexperienced
troops to move toward Richmond, Va. Confederate army was also inexperienced Lincoln commands General Irwin McDowell
to attack Seesaw battle, but Union is slowly gaining the
advantage General Thomas J. Jackson (Stonewall
Jackson) of the Confederacy held firm and stays put.
Battle of Bull Run
Confederate reinforcements arrive North retreats leaving all of their food
and supplies The South wins their first battle Confederate troops are so tired and
disorganized to follow up their attack, but they did pick up the North’s food & supplies
South was confident & thought that was the end to the war.
Some soldiers left and went home…
Battle of Bull Run cont…
Lincoln calls for 1 million additional men to serve for 3 years
Appoints General George McClellan to lead the Union army
Union Reorganizes
Britain no longer dependent on Southern cotton. New sources from Egypt & India.
Britain’s wheat crop failed and they started importing wheat from Northern states.
Northern wheat & corn replaced Southern cotton as the essential import.
Britain Remains Neutral
Two men from the Confederacy travel abroad to Britain to gain their support
Captain Charles Wilkes (from the Union) arrests the two men without getting orders from Lincoln.
Britain sends troops to Canada and threatens war against the Union
Lincoln releases the two men to avoid a second war.
Britain Remains Neutral:The Trent Incident
Britain sold ships to the Confederacy A ship called the Alabama was used to fight
against the Northern blockade. It sank or captured 64 merchant vessels of
the Unions. America billed Britain for 19 million in
damages caused by the Alabama.
Britain Remains Neutral: The Alabama Claim
Abolitionist feelings grew in the North. They wanted the issue of slavery settled.
Lincoln disliked slavery but thought that the federal government did not have the power to abolish it.
Horace Greeley urged Lincoln to transform the war into an abolitionist crusade.
Lincoln’s first goal was to save the Union, but found a way to use his constitutional powers to end slavery.
Proclaiming Emancipation
Lincoln’s powers allowed him to order his troops to seize enemy resources.
Southern resources included slaves. This discouraged Britain from supporting
the Confederacy because they were opposed to helping a slave holding nation.
Freeing slaves was not just a moral issue; it became a weapon of war.
On January 1st, 1863, Lincoln issues Emancipation Proclamation.
Proclaiming Emancipation cont…
Free slaves could join the Northern army Some Northerners against it. Didn’t want
blacks fighting next to them in the war. Democrats in the North thought it would
only prolong the war and antagonize the South.
The South reacted with fury and were more determined than ever to fight to preserve their way of life.
Davis called it, “the most hateful measure recorded in the history of guilty man.”
It was war to the death!
Reaction to the Proclamation
Neither the North or South was completely unified.
Both sides harbored the others’.
Both had to deal with citizens being disloyal.
Political Problems
Lincoln dealt forcefully with disloyalty and dissent.
Habeas Corpus: a court order that requires authorities to bring a person being held in jail before the court to determine why they were being held.
Lincoln suspended habeas corpus and put 13,000 Confederacy sympathizers in jail & held without trial.
Seized telegraph offices to make sure no one used the wires for subversion.
Davis also suspended habeas corpus.
Dealing with Dissent
Instituted the draft due to heavy casualties.
This would force certain members of the population to serve in the army.
Confederacy passed the draft first in 1862 (first in American history).
Union followed in 1863.
Conscription
All able-bodied white men between the ages of 18-35 must serve.
The law allowed wealthy draftee to hire substitutes to serve in their places.
Exempted planters who owned 20 or more slaves.
Poor citizens were furious! 80% of eligible men served in the
Confederate Army.
Confederate Conscription
Drafted white men between the ages of 20-45.
Also allowed men to pay for substitutes Could pay a $300 fee to avoid the draft. Offered cash payments or bounties to
volunteers to serve in the Union army. 92% of men volunteered to serve the Union army 46,000 actually went, 118,000 provided
substitutes, 87,000 paid $300 to avoid the draft.
Union Conscription
Northern resentment, especially from Irish immigrants.
New York City had poor people in slums, crime, disease and poverty.
Thought it unfair that poor white people had to fight the war to free slaves.
The city was rampaged from July 13-16. They wrecked draft offices, Republican
newspaper offices, & homes of antislavery leaders.
Lynched 11 African Americans and smashed the homes of hundreds.
Draft Riots
Stonewall Jackson has died
Own soldier took him for a Yankee and shot him in the arm.
Arm had to be amputated
Developed pneumonia and died
Prelude to Battle at Gettysburg
Confederate soldiers led by General Hill Heard there was a supply of shoes in
Gettysburg. Soldiers were barefoot and needed them.
Instead ran into a Union cavalry led by General Buford.
Gen. Buford ordered his men to take position on high ground – better to see your surroundings.
Gen. Meade took over the Union soldiers & started to lose ground. Confederates started to take control.
Battle at Gettysburg: 1st day
Union troops had left their positions Yelling Rebels attacked Union sent another brigade to fight and kept
the Confederates at bay. Colonel Chamberlain ordered his soldiers to
attack with their bayonets. Confederates were exhausted due to their
uphill battle and surrendered.
Battle at Gettysburg: 2nd Day
Gen. Lee ordered Confederate troops to attack on the Union’s center lines.
Two hour battle. Union had to stop and reload guns.
Confederates heard the silence and thought they had defeated the Union. Lee sent more troops in to finish the job.
Right when Confederate troops arrived, the Union had their guns reloaded and started firing point blank at the Confederate soldiers.
Gettysburg Battle: 3rd Day
Union lost 23,000 soldiers
Confederates lost 28,000 soldiers
General Lee was so depressed after losing that he offered his resignation, but President Davis would not accept it.
Total Casualties
Lincoln’s message….
We are a nation and not a collection of states.
The nation is worth dying for and should never be destroyed.
Gettysburg Address
Confederate soldiers morale is down Many soldiers are deserting their troops to
go back south and help their family. Sherman is appointed commander. Lincoln
and Sherman believe in war. Sherman wanted to make Southerners
so sick of war that they would want it to end.
Sherman burned most of Atlanta and South Carolina as he went through them.
The end is near
Gen. Farragut closed Mobile Bay in Alabama – a major port.
Gen. Sheridan chased the confederates out of Shenandoah Village.
Grant & Sheridan were approaching Richmond.
President Davis abandoned his capital and set it on fire. 900 buildings were destroyed.
On April 9, 1865 Lee surrenders at a farmhouse near the Appomattox courthouse.
The End Is Near cont…
Please read pages 340-345 and answer these questions:
What were the human costs?
What were the economic costs?
How did it change the lives of those who took part in it?
After 4 long years the war is over.
Food shortage due to the drain of manpower, loss of slaves & Union occupation of food growing areas
Food prices skyrocketed Women & children started to riot for bread Some smuggled cotton into the North in
exchange for gold
Southern Shortages
Industries such as woolen mills, steel foundries & coal mines increased
Was a need for uniforms, shoes, guns & other supplies
However wages did not keep up with price increases & people’s standard of living declined
Women’s job opportunities expand In 1863, the U.S. government collects
the first income tax to pay for the war
Northern Economic Growth
Lived among heaps of rubbish, spoiled food scraps, human feces
No personal hygiene: body lice, & diseases Food: “cush” stew made up of cubes of
beef, crumbled cornbread “Coffee” was a brew made from peanuts,
potatoes, dried apples, & corn
Life of a Soldier
Andersonville: 33,000 men jammed into 26 acres (34 sq ft /man)
No shelter from the sun or rain Drank from the same stream that served
as the sewer Lack of food led to starvation Northern prison camps: Southern men not
used to the cold winters & many died from pneumonia
15% of Yankees in Southern prisons died 12% of Confederate in Northern prisons died
Conditions in Prisons
Union nurse 1st women as clerk in the Patent office Dedicated to caring for the sick &
wounded Formed The American Red Cross
Clara Barton
Federal Government assumed absolute power and no state ever threatened secession again.
Increased the federal government’s power – more control over individual citizens through laws. (think taxes)
New paper currency
Political Changes after the War
Federal government subsidized a national railroad system
Passed the National Bank Act of 1865 – system of chartered banks, loans and bank regulations & inspections.
Economies of the North boomed. Iron, coal & ships were produced and brought in massive amounts of money
South’s economy declined tremendously. War destroyed farmland, plantations, machinery, railroads and no slaves = no labor industry.
Economic Changes after the War
360,000 union soldiers died (another 275,000 were wounded)
260,000 Confederate soldiers died (another 260,000 wounded).
1 soldier was wounded or killed for every 4 freed slave.
War disrupted their lives: families, education, & careers.
Government spent 20 billion on the Civil War
Human Cost of the War
Thirteenth Amendment freed all slaves
Emancipation Proclamation freed slaves only in the confederate states.
How does our nation rebuild????
Will freed blacks be treated equally????
The End of Slavery
Because of the successes of Grant, Sherman, & Sheridan
Abe Lincoln defeats George McClellanIn the election of 1864
" With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation's wounds; to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow, and his orphan—to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace, among ourselves, and with all nations.” (A. Lincoln 2nd Inaugural Address
THE ASSASSINATION OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN
APRIL 14, 1865
WHERE: FORD’S THEATER…To see the play “Our American Cousin”
President Lincoln, his wife, Miss Clara Harris & Major Henry Rathbone
WHO: John Wilkes Booth
THE PLAN: To kill the President, Vice President Johnson,
and Sec. of State William StewardTHE HELPERS: Lewis Paine, George Atzerodt, David Harold and Mary Surratt
Lincoln will remain unconscious for 9 hours at the Peterson house.
At 7:22 am April 15, 1865… President Abraham Lincoln Dies
“Now He belongs to the Ages”
John Wilkes Booth will be hunted down and will be shot & killed in Northern Virginia on April 26, 1865
Eight others implicated in Lincoln's assassination were tried by a military tribunal in Washington, D.C., and found guilty on June 30, 1865. Mary
Surratt, Lewis Paine, David Herold, and George Atzerodt were hanged in the Old Arsenal Penitentiary on July 7, 1865.
Following his death by assassination, the body of Abraham Lincoln was borne from Washington, D.C. to its final resting place in Lincoln's hometown of Springfield, Illinois by funeral train, accompanied by dignitaries and Lincoln's eldest son Robert Todd.The remains of his son, William Wallace Lincoln, were also placed on the train, which left Washington, D.C., on April 21, 1865 and traveled 1,654 miles to Springfield, arriving on May 3, 1865. Several stops were made along the way, in which Lincoln's body lay in state. The train retraced the route Lincoln had traveled to Washington as the president-elect on his way to his first inauguration, and millions of Americans viewed the train along the route. Lincoln's wife Mary Todd Lincoln remained at the White House because she was too distraught to make the trip; she returned to Illinois about one month later.
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