U.S. History-Civil War Era

Protest, Resistance, Violence

What is it? (read handout)

Personal Liberty Laws

Codes & Phrases

Margaret Garner

Harriet Tubman

Underground Railroad

African Americans & abolitionists acted collectively

Used from 1830-1861

A secret network of stations

Safe houses provided food, clothes & shelter

Guided by “conductors”, people who risked their lives to show slaves the way to freedom

http://www.vgskole.net/prosjekt/slavrute/37.htm

Underground Railroad

Abolitionist: a person who demanded immediate emancipation of slaves Agent: coordinator, plotting course of escape, making contacts Drinking Gourd: Big Dipper and the North star Freedom train or Gospel train: code name for the Underground Railroad Heaven or Promised land: Canada Preachers: leaders, speakers underground railroad Shepherds: people escorting slaves Station: place of safety and temporary refuge, safe-house Station Master: keeper of safe-house Stockholder: donor of money, clothing, or food to the Underground railroad Phrases “The wind blows from the south today”: warning of slave bounty hunters

nearby “A friend with friends”: A password used to signal arrival of fugitives with

underground railroad conductor “The friend of a friend sent me”: a password used by fugitives traveling alone

to indicate they were sent by the underground railroad network Load of Potatoes, Parcel, or Bundles of Wood: fugitives to be expected

Underground Railroad-Coded Words & Phrases

Slave mother who killed her child rather than see it taken back to slavery

Tried to kill her other children & herself, but was arrested before she could

Margaret went to trial

Sent back to slavery

Case attracted attention & sympathy from the Northern states

Margaret Garner

A Slave Struck in the head by a two pound weight Was brain-damaged, but became physically

strong Was going to be sold again- she escaped to

freedom. Worked as an Operator of the Underground

Railroad Provided nursing aid to soldiers in Civil War Was a military scout & spy for the North

Harriet Tubman

http://www.eduplace.com/kids/socsci/books/applications/imaps/maps/g5s_u6/index.html

http://www.eduplace.com/kids/socsci/books/applications/imaps/maps/g5s_u6/index.html

Route to Freedom

A novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe Harriet Beecher Stowe was born in

Connecticut in 1811 to a prominent minister Moved to Ohio across from slave owners in

Kentucky Harriet Beecher Stowe taught at a school for

former slave children She saw first hand how they suffered, race

riots, bounty hunters, etc. She wanted this injustice to be seen &

heard

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

In 1850 she wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin In its first year it sold 300,000 copies By 1856, two million copies had been sold It evoked international sympathy for African

American slaves Ownership of the book was made illegal in

the South Some blacks angry over the stereotypes

and generalizations that were presented in the book

Uncle Tom’s Cabin cont…

Whig Party

Know Nothing Party

Free Soil Party

Republican Party

Political Parties

Founded in 1834 as a reaction against President Jackson Divided into Northern “antislavery” and Southern

proslavery In 1850 each had opposing views on the Fugitive Slave

Act Whigs nominated General Scott. He owed his nomination

to the Northerners & supported their views Southern Whigs got mad & Scott received less votes

from them. Because of this Democratic Franklin Scott won the

election Whigs took opposing positions on the Kansas-Nebraska

Act which eventually led the Whig party to dissolve.

Whig Party

Formed out the American Party Secret organization also known as the Order of the

Star- Spangled Banner Had a belief in nativism: the favoring of native born

people over immigrants Had secret handshakes and passwords Members split over issues of slavery in the

territories Southern Know- Nothing members looked for

another alternative Northern Know- Nothings edged toward the

Republican party

Know Nothing Party

Made up of abolitionists

Received enough votes to throw the election to Democratic candidate James Polk instead of Whig candidate Henry Clay

Liberty party

Opposed extension of slavery into the territories

Received 10% of the popular vote and sent a message

Could be a Free Soil member and not be an abolitionist

Some supported racist laws Primary objection was slavery’s competition

with the free white worker Lincoln was a member of the Free Soil

Free Soil Party

Formed in 1854 in Jackson, Michigan Opposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act Opposed to keeping slavery out the

territories As the party grew it took in Whig, Free Soil

& nativism members Biggest competition was the Know-Nothing

party Due to “Bleeding Kansas” situation they

challenged the Democratic party in the 1856 Presidential election

Republican Party

Republican choice for president was John C. Fremont

Famed “pathfinder” who mapped the Oregon trail & led the U.S. troops in the Mexico War

John C. Fremont

Democrats nominated James Buchanan He was a northerner but most of friends

were southerners Did not know what happened with the

Kansas-Nebraska Act. Was considered neutral James Buchanan won the nomination

James Buchanan

Won the 1852 Democratic election due to the Whig Party being divided

Franklin Pierce

Editor and founder of the New York Tribune An abolitionist Argued against popular sovereignty and

was in favor of violent protesting and resistance

Was the voice of the Republican Party Encouraged

Horace Greeley

Southerners felt like they lost their political voice when Lincoln was elected President

Southern states wanted to keep their way of life Felt like they were losing their state’s rights South Carolina was first to secede from the

Union On December 20, 1860. Mississippi followed on January 9, 1861 Then Florida on the next day Within a few weeks: Alabama, Georgia,

Louisiana, & Texas seceded. Formed the Confederate States of America

Southern Secession

Closely resembled the United States but had some differences

Major difference: It protected & recognized slavery in new territories

Also: each state was sovereign and independent

Elected Jefferson Davis as the President of the Confederacy. (Alexander Stephens was VP)

Must keep a united front

Confederate States

Everyone was uncertain of the future President Buchanan announced secession

was illegal however, he also said it would be illegal for him to do anything about it.

What would happen now?

Confederate soldiers started taking over post offices, courthouses & forts

Fort Sumter on an island in Charleston harbor Confederacy wanted Major Anderson to surrender

Fort Sumter President Lincoln in a dilemma If he ordered evacuation of the fort he would

acknowledge the Confederacy as a legitimate nation If he ordered the navy to shoot & defend he would

be responsible for starting a war Lincoln’s decision: don’t abandon the fort, but don’t

reinforce it. Just send in food to the hungry.

Fort Sumter

Jefferson Davis had a dilemma as well If he did nothing the Confederacy’s image

would be damaged & some confederate states might rejoin the union.

If he ordered an attack, he would turn peaceful secession into war.

Davis chose war Fort Sumter was bombarded by the

Confederacy and Major Anderson surrenders.

Fort Sumter cont… Jefferson Davis

Overwhelming number of Northern men respond

The upper southern states started to secede – unwilling to fight against other southern states.

Virginia 1st to secede of the upper southern states.

Big loss to the union. Virginia was most populated, most industrialized(iron & navy yard) & most prestigious

Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennessee followed & joined the Confederacy

Lincoln calls for more troops

The union expects a short war

Union had more manpower, more factories, more food production & a more extensive railroad system

Lincoln is a decisive but patient leader

Union Advantages

Union navy would block Southern ports (couldn’t export cotton or import manf. Goods)

Union boats would travel down Mississippi River & split the Confederacy in two

Union army would capture the Confederate capital of Richmond, Va.

Union 3 Part Strategy: The Anaconda Plan

“King” Cotton (profits in the world market)

1st rate generals

Strong military tradition

Soldiers who were highly motivated to be defending their homeland

Confederate’s Advantages

A defensive stance

Goal was survival as a nation

Attack and Invade the North

Confederate’s Strategies

Battle at Bull Run

Occurred 3 months after Fort Sumter Lincoln ordered 30,000 inexperienced

troops to move toward Richmond, Va. Confederate army was also inexperienced Lincoln commands General Irwin McDowell

to attack Seesaw battle, but Union is slowly gaining the

advantage General Thomas J. Jackson (Stonewall

Jackson) of the Confederacy held firm and stays put.

Battle of Bull Run

Confederate reinforcements arrive North retreats leaving all of their food

and supplies The South wins their first battle Confederate troops are so tired and

disorganized to follow up their attack, but they did pick up the North’s food & supplies

South was confident & thought that was the end to the war.

Some soldiers left and went home…

Battle of Bull Run cont…

Lincoln calls for 1 million additional men to serve for 3 years

Appoints General George McClellan to lead the Union army

Union Reorganizes

Britain no longer dependent on Southern cotton. New sources from Egypt & India.

Britain’s wheat crop failed and they started importing wheat from Northern states.

Northern wheat & corn replaced Southern cotton as the essential import.

Britain Remains Neutral

Two men from the Confederacy travel abroad to Britain to gain their support

Captain Charles Wilkes (from the Union) arrests the two men without getting orders from Lincoln.

Britain sends troops to Canada and threatens war against the Union

Lincoln releases the two men to avoid a second war.

Britain Remains Neutral:The Trent Incident

Britain sold ships to the Confederacy A ship called the Alabama was used to fight

against the Northern blockade. It sank or captured 64 merchant vessels of

the Unions. America billed Britain for 19 million in

damages caused by the Alabama.

Britain Remains Neutral: The Alabama Claim

Abolitionist feelings grew in the North. They wanted the issue of slavery settled.

Lincoln disliked slavery but thought that the federal government did not have the power to abolish it.

Horace Greeley urged Lincoln to transform the war into an abolitionist crusade.

Lincoln’s first goal was to save the Union, but found a way to use his constitutional powers to end slavery.

Proclaiming Emancipation

Lincoln’s powers allowed him to order his troops to seize enemy resources.

Southern resources included slaves. This discouraged Britain from supporting

the Confederacy because they were opposed to helping a slave holding nation.

Freeing slaves was not just a moral issue; it became a weapon of war.

On January 1st, 1863, Lincoln issues Emancipation Proclamation.

Proclaiming Emancipation cont…

Free slaves could join the Northern army Some Northerners against it. Didn’t want

blacks fighting next to them in the war. Democrats in the North thought it would

only prolong the war and antagonize the South.

The South reacted with fury and were more determined than ever to fight to preserve their way of life.

Davis called it, “the most hateful measure recorded in the history of guilty man.”

It was war to the death!

Reaction to the Proclamation

Neither the North or South was completely unified.

Both sides harbored the others’.

Both had to deal with citizens being disloyal.

Political Problems

Lincoln dealt forcefully with disloyalty and dissent.

Habeas Corpus: a court order that requires authorities to bring a person being held in jail before the court to determine why they were being held.

Lincoln suspended habeas corpus and put 13,000 Confederacy sympathizers in jail & held without trial.

Seized telegraph offices to make sure no one used the wires for subversion.

Davis also suspended habeas corpus.

Dealing with Dissent

Instituted the draft due to heavy casualties.

This would force certain members of the population to serve in the army.

Confederacy passed the draft first in 1862 (first in American history).

Union followed in 1863.

Conscription

All able-bodied white men between the ages of 18-35 must serve.

The law allowed wealthy draftee to hire substitutes to serve in their places.

Exempted planters who owned 20 or more slaves.

Poor citizens were furious! 80% of eligible men served in the

Confederate Army.

Confederate Conscription

Drafted white men between the ages of 20-45.

Also allowed men to pay for substitutes Could pay a $300 fee to avoid the draft. Offered cash payments or bounties to

volunteers to serve in the Union army. 92% of men volunteered to serve the Union army 46,000 actually went, 118,000 provided

substitutes, 87,000 paid $300 to avoid the draft.

Union Conscription

Northern resentment, especially from Irish immigrants.

New York City had poor people in slums, crime, disease and poverty.

Thought it unfair that poor white people had to fight the war to free slaves.

The city was rampaged from July 13-16. They wrecked draft offices, Republican

newspaper offices, & homes of antislavery leaders.

Lynched 11 African Americans and smashed the homes of hundreds.

Draft Riots

Stonewall Jackson has died

Own soldier took him for a Yankee and shot him in the arm.

Arm had to be amputated

Developed pneumonia and died

Prelude to Battle at Gettysburg

Confederate soldiers led by General Hill Heard there was a supply of shoes in

Gettysburg. Soldiers were barefoot and needed them.

Instead ran into a Union cavalry led by General Buford.

Gen. Buford ordered his men to take position on high ground – better to see your surroundings.

Gen. Meade took over the Union soldiers & started to lose ground. Confederates started to take control.

Battle at Gettysburg: 1st day

Union troops had left their positions Yelling Rebels attacked Union sent another brigade to fight and kept

the Confederates at bay. Colonel Chamberlain ordered his soldiers to

attack with their bayonets. Confederates were exhausted due to their

uphill battle and surrendered.

Battle at Gettysburg: 2nd Day

Gen. Lee ordered Confederate troops to attack on the Union’s center lines.

Two hour battle. Union had to stop and reload guns.

Confederates heard the silence and thought they had defeated the Union. Lee sent more troops in to finish the job.

Right when Confederate troops arrived, the Union had their guns reloaded and started firing point blank at the Confederate soldiers.

Gettysburg Battle: 3rd Day

Union lost 23,000 soldiers

Confederates lost 28,000 soldiers

General Lee was so depressed after losing that he offered his resignation, but President Davis would not accept it.

Total Casualties

Lincoln’s message….

We are a nation and not a collection of states.

The nation is worth dying for and should never be destroyed.

Gettysburg Address

Confederate soldiers morale is down Many soldiers are deserting their troops to

go back south and help their family. Sherman is appointed commander. Lincoln

and Sherman believe in war. Sherman wanted to make Southerners

so sick of war that they would want it to end.

Sherman burned most of Atlanta and South Carolina as he went through them.

The end is near

Gen. Farragut closed Mobile Bay in Alabama – a major port.

Gen. Sheridan chased the confederates out of Shenandoah Village.

Grant & Sheridan were approaching Richmond.

President Davis abandoned his capital and set it on fire. 900 buildings were destroyed.

On April 9, 1865 Lee surrenders at a farmhouse near the Appomattox courthouse.

The End Is Near cont…

Please read pages 340-345 and answer these questions:

What were the human costs?

What were the economic costs?

How did it change the lives of those who took part in it?

After 4 long years the war is over.

Food shortage due to the drain of manpower, loss of slaves & Union occupation of food growing areas

Food prices skyrocketed Women & children started to riot for bread Some smuggled cotton into the North in

exchange for gold

Southern Shortages

Industries such as woolen mills, steel foundries & coal mines increased

Was a need for uniforms, shoes, guns & other supplies

However wages did not keep up with price increases & people’s standard of living declined

Women’s job opportunities expand In 1863, the U.S. government collects

the first income tax to pay for the war

Northern Economic Growth

Lived among heaps of rubbish, spoiled food scraps, human feces

No personal hygiene: body lice, & diseases Food: “cush” stew made up of cubes of

beef, crumbled cornbread “Coffee” was a brew made from peanuts,

potatoes, dried apples, & corn

Life of a Soldier

http://listverse.files.wordpress.com/2008/11/civil-war-036.jpg

Andersonville: 33,000 men jammed into 26 acres (34 sq ft /man)

No shelter from the sun or rain Drank from the same stream that served

as the sewer Lack of food led to starvation Northern prison camps: Southern men not

used to the cold winters & many died from pneumonia

15% of Yankees in Southern prisons died 12% of Confederate in Northern prisons died

Conditions in Prisons

Union nurse 1st women as clerk in the Patent office Dedicated to caring for the sick &

wounded Formed The American Red Cross

Clara Barton

Federal Government assumed absolute power and no state ever threatened secession again.

Increased the federal government’s power – more control over individual citizens through laws. (think taxes)

New paper currency

Political Changes after the War

Federal government subsidized a national railroad system

Passed the National Bank Act of 1865 – system of chartered banks, loans and bank regulations & inspections.

Economies of the North boomed. Iron, coal & ships were produced and brought in massive amounts of money

South’s economy declined tremendously. War destroyed farmland, plantations, machinery, railroads and no slaves = no labor industry.

Economic Changes after the War

360,000 union soldiers died (another 275,000 were wounded)

260,000 Confederate soldiers died (another 260,000 wounded).

1 soldier was wounded or killed for every 4 freed slave.

War disrupted their lives: families, education, & careers.

Government spent 20 billion on the Civil War

Human Cost of the War

Thirteenth Amendment freed all slaves

Emancipation Proclamation freed slaves only in the confederate states.

How does our nation rebuild????

Will freed blacks be treated equally????

The End of Slavery

Because of the successes of Grant, Sherman, & Sheridan

Abe Lincoln defeats George McClellanIn the election of 1864

" With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation's wounds; to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow, and his orphan—to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace, among ourselves, and with all nations.” (A. Lincoln 2nd Inaugural Address

THE ASSASSINATION OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN

APRIL 14, 1865

WHERE: FORD’S THEATER…To see the play “Our American Cousin”

President Lincoln, his wife, Miss Clara Harris & Major Henry Rathbone

WHO: John Wilkes Booth

THE PLAN: To kill the President, Vice President Johnson,

and Sec. of State William StewardTHE HELPERS: Lewis Paine, George Atzerodt, David Harold and Mary Surratt

THE LINCOLN ASSASSINATION

After shooting Lincoln,Booth escapes into Maryland.

THE HUNT IS ON!!

Lincoln will remain unconscious for 9 hours at the Peterson house.

At 7:22 am April 15, 1865… President Abraham Lincoln Dies

“Now He belongs to the Ages”

John Wilkes Booth will be hunted down and will be shot & killed in Northern Virginia on April 26, 1865

Eight others implicated in Lincoln's assassination were tried by a military tribunal in Washington, D.C., and found guilty on June 30, 1865. Mary

Surratt, Lewis Paine, David Herold, and George Atzerodt were hanged in the Old Arsenal Penitentiary on July 7, 1865.

Following his death by assassination, the body of Abraham Lincoln was borne from Washington, D.C. to its final resting place in Lincoln's hometown of Springfield, Illinois by funeral train, accompanied by dignitaries and Lincoln's eldest son Robert Todd.The remains of his son, William Wallace Lincoln, were also placed on the train, which left Washington, D.C., on April 21, 1865 and traveled 1,654 miles to Springfield, arriving on May 3, 1865. Several stops were made along the way, in which Lincoln's body lay in state. The train retraced the route Lincoln had traveled to Washington as the president-elect on his way to his first inauguration, and millions of Americans viewed the train along the route. Lincoln's wife Mary Todd Lincoln remained at the White House because she was too distraught to make the trip; she returned to Illinois about one month later.