Butvar® polyvinyl butyral resin
Properties and uses
ContentsContents
1 Introduction
1 Uses
1 Technicalsupportforspecificapplications
2 Properties
2 Chemistry
6 Producttypes
6 Butvar:therightresinsolution
13 Compatibility
15 Insolubilizingreactions
17 Applications
17 Wireenamels
17 Surfacecoatings
17 Washprimers
17 Militaryspecificationwashprimers
18 Nonspecificationwashprimers:
B-1030withButvar
18 Single-packagewashprimer:
B-1011withButvar
19 Chromate-freewashprimerswithButvar
20 Metalcoatings
21 Woodfinishes
21 Protective wash coats and sealers
21 Knot sealers
22 Adhesives
22 Structural adhesives
22 Phenolic resins
22 Expoxies and other thermosetting resins
23 High-strength bonding procedure
23 Performance characteristics
23 Adhesive strengths
24 Hot melt adhesives
24 Textilecoatings
24 Advantagesastextilecoating
25 Ceramicbinderapplications
26 Tapecasting
26 Thickfilms
27 Tonersandprintinginks
28 Storage and handling
28 Storage
28 ToxicityandFDAstatus
28 Qualitycontrol
29 Material sources
Introduction
Polyvinylbutyralresinsareemployedinawidearrayofindustrialandcommercialapplications.Theseuniqueresinsofferimpressiveperformance,aswellasoutstandingversatility.
Butvar®polyvinylbutyralresinshaveacombinationof
propertiesthatmakethemakeyingredientinavarietyof
successfulformulations.Someofthesepropertiesforwhich
Butvariswidelyusedareoutstandingbindingefficiency,
opticalclarity,adhesiontoalargenumberofsurfaces,and
toughnesscombinedwithflexibility.
SolutiaofferssixgradesofButvarresinsthatcoverabroad
rangeofchemicalandphysicalproperties.Theseresins
aregenerallywellsuitedeitherasamajoringredientof
aformulationorinsmallerquantitiestoenhancethe
propertiesofotherresins.
Uses SomeoftheapplicationsinwhichButvarisavital
ingredientinclude:
•Ceramicbinders
•Inks/drytoners
•Woodcoatings
•Washprimers
•Compositefiberbinders
•Structuraladhesives
•Otherdiverseuses
ButvarresinwaspioneeredbyMonsantointhe1930sas
thekeyingredientforautomotivesafetyglassinterlayers.
Itstillenjoyswidespreaduseinautomotiveand
architecturalapplicationsforlaminatedsafetyglass.
Technical support for specific applications Solutia’stechnicalsupportandresearchstaffforButvar
resinscanassistinyourspecificapplicationneeds.The
CustomerServiceCenterat1-800-964-5224standsready
toreceiveyourordersforsamplesandtechnicalliterature,
aswellaspurchaseordersforshipmentofButvarresin.
1
Properties
ChemistryAcetals,suchaspolyvinylbutyral,areformedbythe
well-knownreactionbetweenaldehydesandalcohols.The
additionofonemoleculeofanalcoholtoonemoleculeof
analdehydeproducesahemiacetal.Hemiacetalsarerarely
isolatedbecauseoftheirinherentinstabilitybut,rather,are
furtherreactedwithanothermoleculeofalcoholtoforma
stableacetal.
Polyvinylacetalsarepreparedfromaldehydesandpolyvinyl
alcohols.Polyvinylalcoholsarehighmolecularweightresins
containingvariouspercentagesofhydroxylandacetate
groupsproducedbyhydrolysisofpolyvinylacetate.
Theconditionsoftheacetalreactionandtheconcentration
oftheparticularaldehydeandpolyvinylalcoholusedare
closelycontrolledtoformpolymerscontainingpredetermined
proportionsofhydroxyl,acetate,andacetalgroups.Thefinal
productmayberepresentedbythefollowingstylizedstructure.
TheproportionsofA,B,andCarecontrolled,andtheyare
randomlydistributedalongthemolecule.
2
H
R — C + R1 — OH
O Alcohol
Aldehyde
H
R — C (— OR1)2 + H
2O
Acetal
H
H C3H
7
HCH2
CH2 — C
C
C
O O
PV Butyral
A
H
CH2 — C
OH
PV Alcohol
B
H
CH2 — C
O
C
CH3
O
PV Acetate
C
H
R — C — OR + R1 — OH
OH
Hemiacetal
Alcohol
3
Table 1.PhysicalpropertiesofButvar®resins(white,free-flowingpowder)
Property Units ASTM method B-72 B-74 B-76 B-79 B-90 B-98
Volatiles,amax % — 3.5 3.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0
Molecularwt(weightaverageinthousands)
— (1) 170–250 120–150 90–120 50–80 70–100 40–70
Solutionviscosity15%byweight
cp (2) 7,000–14,000 3,000–7,000 500–1,000 100–400 600–1,200 200–400
Solutionviscosity10%byweight
cp (2) 1,600–2,500 800–1,300 200–450 75–200 200–400 75–200
Ostwaldasolutionviscosity
cp (3) 170–260 37.0–47.0 18.0–28.0 9.0–16.0 13.0–17.0 6.0–9.0
Specificgravity23˚/23˚(±0.002)
— D792–50 1.100 1.100 1.083 1.083 1.100 1.100
Burningrate ipm D635–56T 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9
Refractiveindex(±0.0005)
— D542–50 1,490 1.490 1.485 1.485 1.490 1.490
Waterabsorption(24hours)
% D570–59aT 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5
Hydroxylacontentexpressedas%polyvinylalcohol
— — 17.5–20.0 17.5–20.0 11.5–13.5 11.0–13.5 18.5–20.5 18.0–20.0
Acetatecontentexpressedas%polyvinylacetate
— — 0–2.5 0–2.5 0–2.5 0–2.5 0–2.5 0–2.5
Butyralcontentexpressedas%polyvinylbutyral,approx.
— — 80 80 88 88 80 80
aSpecification properties
All properties were determined by ASTM methods except the following:
• Molecular weightwasdeterminedviasizeexclusionchromatographywithlow-anglelaserlightscattering(SEC/LALLS)methodofCottsandOuanointetra-hydrofuran.b
• Solution viscositywasdeterminedin15%byweightsolutionsin60:40toluene:ethanolat25˚C,usingaBrookfieldViscometer.Alsoin10%solutionin95%ethanol@25˚CusinganOstwald-Cannon-FenskeViscometer.
• Ostwald solution viscosityforeachproducttypemeasuredwithanOstwald.Cannon-FenskeViscometer.Thesolventsandsolidslevelsusedareasfollows:
ProductPercent solids Solvent
Temperature (C˚)
B-72 7.5Anhydrousmethanol
20
B-76,B-79 5.0SD29ethyl
alcohol25
B-74,B-90,B-98 6.0Anhydrousmethanol
20
bP. Dublin, ed., Microdomains In Polymer Solutions (New York: Plenum Press, 1985), pp. 101-119.
bP. Dublin, ed., Microdomains In Polymer Solutions (New York: Plenum Press, 1985), pp. 101-119.
4
Table 2.ChemicalpropertiesofButvar®resins
Property Units ASTM method B-72 B-74 B-76 B-79 B-90 B-98
Resistance to:
Weakacids — D543-56T E E E E E E
Strongacids — D543-56T E E E E E E
Weakbases — D543-56T E E E E E E
Strongbases — D543-56T E E E E E E
Organic solvents:
Alcohols — D543-56T P P P P P P
Chlorinated — D543-56T G G F F G G
Aliphatic — D543-56T E E F F E E
Aromatic — D543-56T F F P P F F
Esters — D543-56T F F P P F F
Ketones — D543-56T F F P P F F
Key:E–excellentG–goodF–fairP–poor
Table 3.MechanicalpropertiesofButvarresins
Property Units ASTM method B-72 B-74 B-76 B-79 B-90 B-98
Tensile strength:
Yield 103psi D638-58T 6.8–7.8 6.8–7.8 5.8–6.8 5.8–6.8 6.3–7.3 6.3–7.3
Break 103psi D638-58T 7.0–8.0 7.0–8.0 4.6–5.6 4.6–5.6 5.7–6.7 5.6–6.6
Elongation:
Yield % D638-58T 8 8 8 8 8 8
Break % D638-58T 70 75 110 110 100 110
Modulusofelasticity(apparent)
105psi D638-58T 3.3–3.4 3.3–3.4 2.8–2.9 2.8–2.9 3.0–3.1 3.1–3.2
Flexuralstrength,yield 103psi D790-59T 12–13 12–13 10.5–11.5 10.5–11.5 11–12 11–12
Hardness, Rockwell:
M — D785-51 115 115 100 100 115 110
E — D785-51 20 20 5 5 20 20
ImpactstrengthIzod,notched½"x½"
ft.lb./in. D256-56 1.1 1.1 0.8 0.8 0.9 80
*Specification properties
5
Table 4.ThermalpropertiesofButvar®resins
Property Units ASTM method B-72 B-74 B-76 B-79 B-90 B-98
Flowtemperature,1,000psi
ºC D569-59 145–155 135–145 110–115 110–115 125–130 105–110
Glasstransitiontemperature(Tg)
ºC (4) 72–78 72–78 62–72 62–72 72–78 72–78
Ash content at 550ºC:
Innitrogen % (5) <3.0 <3.0 <2.0 <2.0 <3.0 <3.0
Inair % (5) <1.0 <1.0 <0.75 <0.75 <0.75 <0.75
Heatdistortiontemperature
ºC D648-56 56–60 56–60 50–54 50–54 52–56 45–55
Heatsealingtemperature ºF (6) 220 220 200 200 205 200
Table 5.ElectricalpropertiesofButvar®resins
Property Units ASTM method B-72 B-74 B-76 B-79 B-90 B-98
Dielectric constant:
50cps — D150-59T 3.2 3.2 2.7 2.7 3.2 3.3
103cps — D150-59T 3.0 3.0 2.6 2.6 3.0 3.0
106cps — D150-59T 2.8 2.8 2.6 2.6 2.8 2.8
107cps — D150-59T 2.7 2.7 2.5 2.5 2.7 2.8
Dissipation factor:
50cps — D150-59T 0.0064 0.0064 0.0050 0.0050 0.0066 0.0064
103cps — D150-59T 0.0062 0.0062 0.0039 0.0039 0.0059 0.0061
106cps — D150-59T 0.027 0.027 0.013 0.013 0.022 0.023
107cps — D150-59T 0.031 0.031 0.015 0.015 0.023 <0.24
Dielectric strength (l" thickness):
Shorttime v/mil D149-59 420 420 480 480 450 400
Step-by-step v/mil D149-59 400 400 390 390 370 380
*Specification properties
• Glass transition temperature (Tg)wasdeterminedbyDifferentialScanningCalorimeter(DSC)overarangeof30˚Cto100˚Condriedgranularresin.
• Ash contentoftheThermalGravimetricAnalysis(TGA)wasdeterminedasaweightlossversustemperatureprofileconductedataheatingrateof10˚C/min.
• Heat-sealing temperaturewasdeterminedona1-mildriedfilmonpapercastfroma10%solutionin60:40toluene:ethanol.Adwelltimeof1.5secondsata60psilinepressurewasusedontheheatsealer.
Product types ThepropertiesofthevarioustypesofButvar®resinsare
describedinTables1through5.Theresinsareofferedina
varietyofmolecularweightrangesandviscosities.B-76and
B-79havealowerhydroxylcontentthantheotherButvar
resins.Thispermitsbroadersolubilitycharacteristics.
Asageneralrule,thesubstitutionofbutyralgroupsfor
acetategroupsresultsinamorehydrophobicpolymerwith
ahigherheatdistortiontemperature.Atthesametime,the
polymer’stoughnessandadhesiontovarioussubstratesis
considerablyincreased.Theoutstandingadhesionofthe
polyvinylbutyralresinsisaresultoftheirterpolymer
constitution.Becauseeachmoleculepresentsthechoiceof
threedifferentfunctionalgroupstoasurface,theprobability
ofadhesiontoawidevarietyofsubstratesisincreased
substantially.
Althoughpolyvinylbutyralresinsnormallyarethermoplastic
andsolubleinarangeofsolvents,theymaybecrosslinked
throughheatingandwithatraceofmineralacid.Crosslinking
isgenerallycausedbytransacetalizationbutalsomay
involvemorecomplexmechanisms,suchasareaction
betweenacetateorhydroxylgroupsonadjacentchains.
Asapracticalmatter,crosslinkingofthepolyvinylbutyrals
iscarriedoutbyreactionwithvariousthermosettingresins,
suchasphenolics,epoxies,ureas,diisocyanatesand
melamines.Theavailabilityofthefunctionalhydroxylgroups
inButvarresinsforcondensationsofthiskindisan
importantconsiderationinmanyapplications.Incorporation
ofevenasmallamountofButvarresinintothermosetting
compositionswillmarkedlyimprovetoughness,flexibility,
andadhesionofthecuredcoating.
Polyvinylbutyralfilmsarecharacterizedbyhighresistance
toaliphatichydrocarbons,mineral,animal,andvegetable
oils(withtheexceptionofcastorandblownoils).They
withstandstrongalkalisbutaresubjecttosomeattackby
strongacids.However,whenemployedascomponentsof
curedcoatings,theirstabilitytoacids,aswellassolvents
andotherchemicals,isimprovedgreatly.Butvarwill
withstandheatingupto200˚Fforprolongedperiodswith
littlediscoloration.
Butvar: the right resin solutions Butvarbrandresinsgenerallyaresolubleinalcohols,glycol
ethers,andcertainmixturesofpolarandnonpolarsolvents.
ArepresentativelistofButvarsolventscanbefoundin
Table6.Ingeneral,ButvarB-98resinwillshowthesame
generalcompatibilitycharacteristicsasB-90and,therefore,
shouldproveadvantageouswherephysicalandchemical
propertiesofB-90aredesiredbutlowersolutionviscosities
arenecessary.ThesameistrueforButvarB-79inrelation
toB-76.
Whenanalcoholistheonlysolvent,theviscosityofa
Butvarsolutionincreasesasthemolecularweightofthe
alcoholincreases.Blendsofalcoholswitharomaticsolvents
providethebeststartingpointforthedevelopmentof
solventsystems.Wherealcohols,suchasethylorisopropyl,
areemployedeitheraloneorinamixturewithothersolvents,
usethe95%grades.Thepresenceofwatergiveslowersolution
viscositiesthansolutionsutilizinganhydrousalcohols.
Butvarsolutionsshowverymarkedviscosityincreasesasresin
solidsincrease.ThiseffectisshowninGraphs3through10.
ThelowerhydroxylcontentofButvarB-76andB-79permits
solubilityinawidervarietyoforganicsolventsascompared
totheothergradesofButvar.Onenotableexception,
however,istheinsolubilityofButvarB-76andB-79in
methanol.AllothertypesofButvarcontainsufficient
hydroxylgroupstoallowforsolubilityinalcoholandin
hydroxyl-containingsolvents.Thepresenceofbothbutyral
andhydroxylgroupspermitssolutioninmixturesofalcohol
andaromatics.
ViscositiesofButvarresinsolutionscontainingmixedsolvents
dependontheratioofalcoholtoaromatic.Viscositycurves
forButvarB-76,B-90,andB-98inGraph2showminimum
pointsinthegeneralvicinityof50%alcohol:50%aromatic.
6
7
Table 6.SolubilityofButvar®resins
SolventButvara
B-72, B-74Butvarb
B-76, B-79Butvarb
B-90, B-98
Aceticacid(glacial) S S S
Acetone I S SW
2-Butoxyethanol S S S
n-butylacetate I S PS
n-butylalcohol S S S
n-butylpropionate I S I
Cyclohexanone S S S
Diacetonealcohol PS S S
Diisobutylketone I SW I
Dimethylesters PSc S PSc
N,N-dimethylacetamide S S S
N,N-dimethylformamide S S S
Dimethylsulfoxide S S S
Ethylacetate,85% S S S
Ethylacetate,99% I S PS
Ethylalcohol,95%oranhydrous S S S
Ethylenedichloride SW S SW
Isophorone PS S S
Isopropylacetate I S I
Isopropylalcohol,95%oranhydrous S S S
Methylacetate I S PS
Methylalcohol S SW S
Methylamylketone SW S PS
Methylethylketone PS S PSc
Methylisoamylketone I S SW
Methylisobutylketone I S I
Methylpropylketone SWc S SWc
Methylenechloride PS S S
N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone S S S
Naphtha(lightsolvent) I SW I
Propylpropionate I S I
Propylenedichloride S S S
Tetrachloroethylene SW SW SW
Tetrahydrofuran S S S
Toluene SW SW SW
Toluene:ethylalcohol,95%(60:40byweight) S S S
1,1,1-trichloroethane SW S SW
Xylene I PS SWa5% solids solution agitated for 24 hours at room temperatureb10% solids solution agitated for 24 hours at room temperaturecClear solution at 50º–80ºC
Key:S–solublePS–partiallysolubleI–insolubleSW–swells
AcommonsolventforalloftheButvar®resinsisa
combinationof60partstolueneand40partsethanol
(95%)byweight.TheviscositiesofalltheButvarresins
inthissolventblendareshowninGraphs2and3.The
viscositiesofButvarresinsinalcoholsareshowninGraphs
4through8.Graphs9and10presenttheviscositiesof
Butvarresinsin2-Butoxyethanol.
ForcompositionsofButvar,methylalcoholwilltendtogive
thelowestviscosityand,therefore,willpermittheuseof
highersolidswhenusedasacomponentofasolventblend.
Whenmuchmorethan10%to15%alcoholisusedina
formulationforsprayapplication,blushingmayresult.
ThesolventblendsinTable7aresuggestedforallButvar
grades.Theyareusefulasstartingpointsinthedevelopment
ofsolventblendsfortheothertypes.
Selectionofasuitablesolventsysteminvolvesanumber
offactors.End-useandapplicationtechniqueusedwill
necessitateconsiderationofsolutionviscosity,cobweb
formation,blushing,evaporation,solventrelease,andtoxicity
characteristics.Inmostcases,thechoiceofcomponentsof
solventblendwillinvolvecompromisesinatleastsomeof
thesefactorssothatadesiredcombinationofproperties
maybeobtained.
Aliphatichydrocarbonscanbetoleratedinonlyverysmall
proportions.Aromatichydrocarbons,alcohols,esters,ketones,
andhalocarbons,whennotactivesolvents,aregenerally
satisfactoryasdiluentsorlatentsolvents.Solventblends
aremorelikelytobesuccessfulwhentheirmeansolubility
parameterandhydrogenbondingfallwithintheranges
showninGraph1andTable8.
TheButvarresinscanbedissolvedquiterapidlyusing
conventionaltechniques.Toensurethoroughanduniform
wettingofallparticles,itisimportanttoaddtheresin
slowlytothesolventsystemwithadequatestirring.With
somemixedsolvents,itmaybedesirabletoslurrytheresin
inthehydrocarbonorothernonsolventcomponentandadd
themoreactivesolventcomponentstotheslurryunder
adequateagitation.
8
Table 7.SuggestedsolventblendsforButvar®resins
A B C D
Diacetonealcohol 22.5% 20.0% 15.0% —
n-butylalcohol 22.5 20.0 15.0 —
Ethylalcohol,95% 10.0 20.0 20.0 55.0%
Xylene 45.0 40.0 30.0 —
Toluene — — 20.0 45.0
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Relativeviscosity High Medium Low Low
Relativeevaporationrate Slow Medium Medium Veryfast
Applicationtechnique Spray Dip,roll Dip,roll Brush
Dryingtechnique Bake Bake Bake Airdry
9
Graph 1.HansensolubilityparametersofButvar®resinsa
Polyvinyl butyral Hansen solubility parameters
Dispersive δD (MPaa)
Polar δP (MPaa)
H-bonding δH (MPaa)
Sphere radius(MPaa)
●B-90andB-98 21.72 7.85 14.55 15.0
●B-72andB-74 21.19 8.70 14.02 13.7
●B-76andB-79 17.72 7.18 12.62 9.7
aHSPiP Software, Version 4.0.08, 2013.
Ingeneral,solventsorsolventmixtureshavingδD,δP,andδHcoordinateswithinapolymersphere,RED≤1,aresolvents;thoseoutsideaspherearenonsolvents.Relative Energy Difference (RED) = [4(δD2-δD1)2+(δP2-δP1)2+(δH2-δH1)2]½/Sphere Radius
Table 8.Hansensolubilityparametersforcommonsolventsandsolventmixturesa
Solvent Solvent ratio (wt%)Dispersive δD (MPaa)
Polar δP (MPaa)
H-bonding δH (MPaa)
Acetone 100 15.5 10.4 7.0
2-butoxyethanol 100 16.0 5.1 12.3
n-butylacetate 100 15.8 3.7 6.3
Diisobutylketone 100 16.0 3.7 4.1
N,N-dimethylacetamide 100 16.8 11.5 9.4
N,N-dimethylacetamide/xylene 60/40 17.2 7.2 7.3
Dimethylsulfoxide 100 18.4 16.4 10.2
Dioxane 100 17.5 1.8 9.0
Dioxane/tetrahydrofuran 50/50 17.1 3.9 8.5
Ethanol 100 15.8 8.8 19.4
Ethanol/water 95/5 15.8 8.2 20.5
Ethylacetate/ethylalcohol 99/1 15.8 5.3 7.3
Ethylenedichloride 100 18.0 7.4 4.1
Ethyleneglycol 100 17.0 11.0 26.0
Isopropanol 100 15.8 6.1 16.4
Isopropanol/water 98/2 15.8 6.3 16.8
Methanol 100 14.7 12.3 22.3
Methylamylketone 100 16.2 5.7 4.1
Methylenedichloride 100 17.0 7.3 7.1
Methylisobutylketone 100 15.3 6.1 4.1
Propyleneglycolmonomethylether 100 15.6 6.3 11.6
Propyleneglycolmonomethyletheracetate 100 15.6 5.6 9.8
Tetrahydrofuran 100 16.8 5.7 8.0
Toluene 100 18.0 1.4 2.0
Toluene/ethanol 50/50 16.9 5.2 11.0
Trichloroethane 100 16.8 4.3 2.0
Xylene 100 17.8 1.0 3.1
Xylene/N,N-dimethylacetamide 50/50 17.2 6.1 6.6aCharles M. Hansen, Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User’s Handbook, 2nd Edition, CRC Press (2007).
D H
P
30
24
18
12
6
30
24
18
12
6
6
27
24
2118
15
12
18
24
30
Graph 2.ViscositiesofButvarintoluene-ethanol(95%)(15%solids)
Graph 3.ViscositiesofButvarin60/40toluene-ethanol(95%)(byweight)
1,800
1,600
1,400
1,200
1,000
800
600
400
200
00 20 40 60 80
Toluene
100 80 60 40 20
Ethanol
Solvent composition by weight
Broo
kfie
ld V
isco
sity
at
25ºC
-cp
— B-76
— B-90
— B-98
100,000
10,000
1,000
100
10
10 5 10 15 20 25 30
Broo
kfie
ld V
isco
sity
at
25ºC
-cp
Percent total solids
— B-72
— B-76
— B-79
— B-90
— B-98
10
11
Graph 4.ViscositiesofButvarinmethanol Graph 5.Butvarinethanol(95%)
Graph 6.Butvarinethanol(95%)
100,000
10,000
1,000
100
10
10 5 10 15 20 25 30
Broo
kfie
ld V
isco
sity
at
25ºC
-cp
Percent total solids
— B-72
— B-90
— B-98
100,000
10,000
1,000
100
100 5 10 15
Broo
kfie
ld V
isco
sity
at
25ºC
-cp
Percent total solids
— B-72
— B-74
100,000
1,000
100
100 5 10 15
Broo
kfie
ld V
isco
sity
at
25ºC
-cp
Percent total solids
— B-76
— B-79
— B-90
— B-98
12
Graph 7.Butvarinn-Butanol
Graph 8.Butvarinn-Butanol
Graph 9.Butvarin2-Butoxyethanol
Graph 10.Butvarin2-Butoxyethanol
100,000
10,000
1,000
100
100 5 10 15
Broo
kfie
ld V
isco
sity
at
25ºC
-cp
Percent total solids
— B-72
— B-74
10,000
1,000
100
100 5 10 15
Broo
kfie
ld V
isco
sity
at
25ºC
-cp
Percent total solids
— B-76
— B-79
— B-90
— B-98
10,000
1,000
100
100 5 10 15
Broo
kfie
ld V
isco
sity
at
25ºC
-cp
Percent total solids
— B-76
— B-79
— B-98
100,000
10,000
100
1,000
100 5 10 15
Broo
kfie
ld V
isco
sity
at
25ºC
-cp
Percent total solids
— B-72
— B-74
— B-90
Compatibility ThecompatibilityofButvar®polyvinylbutyralresinswith
plasticizers,modifiers,andothervariousresinsiswell
established.Butvarreadilylendsitselftocompoundingwith
otheradditivestoenhanceitsphysicalandchemicalproperties.
Plasticizersareoftenusedtoimpartimprovedflexibilityover
abroadertemperaturerange.SeeTable9.
13
Table 9.PlasticizersforButvar®resin
Type Name or trademarkKnown Butvar:plasticizer
compatibility level
Hexanoate EastmanTEG-EH(triethyleneglycoldi-2-ethylhexanoate) 1:1
Adipate Santicizer®97(dialkyladipate) 4:1
Santicizer367(dihexyladipate) 3:1
Dioctyladipate(DOA) 4:1
Blownlinseedoil Linseedoil —
Citrate Tributylcitrate —
Phosphate Santicizer141(2-ethylhexyldiphenylphosphate) 1:1
Santicizer148(isodecyldiphenylphosphate) 1:1
Santicizer154(Tert-butylphenyldiphenylphosphate) 1:1
Santicizer143(triarylphosphateesterblend) 1:1
Tricresylphosphate(TCP) 1:1
Triphenylphosphate(TPP) 2:1
Phthalate Santicizer261(alkylbenzylphthalate) 2:1
Santicizer278(alkylbenzylphthalate) 4:3
Santicizer160(butylbenzylphthalate) 1:1
Dibutylphthalate(DBP) 1:1
Dialkylphthalate 4:1
Dioctylphthalate(DOP) 4:1
PEglycolether Pycal™94 —
Polyester Paraplex™RGA-8 —
Processcastoroil #15,#30,#40 2:1
Rawcastoroil #1Castor 1:1
Ricinoleate Flexricin™P3(butylricinoleate) 2:1
Rosinderivatives Hercolyn™ —
Sebacate Dibutylsebacate —
Sulfonamide Ketjenflex™8(n-ethyltoluenesulfonamide) 1:1
Ketjenflex™9S(toluenesulfonamide) 2:1
Thevaluesgiveninthistableareaguidetothecompatibilitylimitsoftheplasticizersinthevariousresinsshown.(Ifnovalueisgiven,thelimitisunknown.)Thehighestconcentrationtestedwas100phr.Wherethevalueisgivenas1:1,someplasticizer/resincombinationsmayhaveevengreatercompatibility.However,sincethevaluesgivenapplytoaresintype,thecompatibilitywithaparticularcommercialgradeshouldbecheckedwhenevaluatingaspecificcompound,particularlyiftheplasticizercontentoftheformulationistobeneartheceilingvalueindicated.
CrosslinkerssuchasSantolink®phenolicandResimene®amino
resinsareusedtoimpartgreatertoughnessandthermalresistance.
Table10depictsthecompatibilityofButvar®polyvinylbutyral
resinswithothermodifiersandresins.
14
Table 10.CompatibilityofButvarwithvariousresinsa
SolventButvar
B-76, B-79Butvar B-72, B-74,
B-90, B-98
Acrylate — I I
Alkyd Beckosol™11-035 P P
Duraplex™11-804 P P
Cellulose Celluloseacetate I I
Celluloseacetatebutyrate P P
Ethylcellulose P P
Nitrocellulose,RS™ C C
Nitrocellulose,SS™ C C
Chlorinatedrubber — I I
Coumarone-indene — I I
Epoxy Epi-Rez™540-C C C
Epon™1001F,1007F C C
Araldite™6069 C C
Fossil Damar C C
Isocyanate Desmodur™APStabil C C
Melamineformaldehyde Resimene®717and881 P P
Resimene®730and741 P P
Phenolic OxyChem™02620,92600,29107 C C
Durite™P-97 C C
Methylon™75-108 C C
Santolink®EP560(butyletherified) C C
SP-1044resin C C
Rosinderivatives Pentalyn™H P P
Staybelite™ester10 C P
Vinsol™ C C
Shellac — C C
Silicone DC840 C P
DCZ6018 C P
Sulfonamid Ketjenflex™MH P P
Ureaformaldehyde Resimene®918 P P
Vinylchloridecopolymer VAGH,VAGD P IaRefers to film compatibility provided mutual solvents are used.
Key: C–compatibleinallproportionsP–partiallycompatibleI–incompatible
Insolubilizing reactionsManyapplicationsforthevinylacetalresinsinvolvecuring
withathermosettingresintoobtainthebalanceofproperties
desired.Thefreehydroxylgroupsinvinylacetalresinspresent
apointofchemicalreactivitythroughwhichtheresinsmay
beinsolubilized.Ingeneral,anychemicalreagentorresinous
materialwhichreactswithsecondaryalcoholswillreactwith
thepolyvinylbutyraltoinhibitsolubility.
Thepropertiesofcoatingsvarygreatlywiththetypeand
amountofcrosslinkingagentused.
15
OH
OHOH
CH3
BUTVAR
BUTVAR
BUTVAR
BUTVAR
PHENOLIC
H+
(R)HOH2 CC H 2OH
OH
CH3
O
O OH
CH3
(R)H2 CC H2
OH
CH3
OH
BUTVAR
EPOXY
BUTVAR
CH2 CH
CH CH2
CHOC
CH3
CH3
CH3 OH
CH3
CCH2 CH2O O CH2 CH2OCH2 CH
OH
CH
O O
C
O
O
O
O
C
X
C
O
O
CH2
C
O
O
Typical epoxy resin
Reactionwithphenolics
Reactionwithepoxies(anhydridecure)
16
Reactionwithdialdehydes
Reactionwithmelamines
Reactionwithisocyanates
CH CH2 CH
OH OH
O
O
OH OH
HC H+
CH
CH CH2 CH
O O
CH CH2 CH
HC
CH
OO
CH CH2 CH
BUTVAR
BUTVAR
O
N N
O
HO
OH
BUTVAR
BUTVAR
BUTVAR
BUTVAR
MELAMINERESIN
HOH2C
NH 2
CH2OHNH NHNH HN(R)C CC C
N
C
N N
NH2
C
N
N N
H2C
NH2
CH2NH NHNH HN(R)C CC C
N
C
N N
NH2
C
N
H+
O
OH
R
NCO
OH
NCO
O
NH
C
C O
O
R
NH
BUTVAR
DIISOCYANATE
BUTVAR
BUTVAR
BUTVAR
Tertiary amine
Applications
Wire enamelsButvar®resinsmaybeusedtoovercoatmagnetwiresothat
coilsmadefromthatwirecanbecementedwithheatorby
solventactivation.
Coiledorshapedmagnetwirewithapolyvinylbutyral
overcoatistoughandflexible.Thepresenceofhydroxyl
groupsinthepolyvinylbutyralmoleculepermitsthe
polyvinylbutyralnotonlytocrosslinkwithitselfbutalso
tocrosscurewithphenolicorisocyanateresin.
Theoverallbalanceofphysicalandchemicalpropertieshas
madethistypeofovercoatbasedonButvaraleaderinthe
fieldformanyyears.
Surface coatingsTheButvarvinylacetalresinmaybeusedaloneorin
combinationwithawidevarietyofresinstogivefunctional
surfacecoatingcompositions.Filmswhichmaybeairdried,
baked,orcuredatroomtemperatureareobtainedbyproper
compounding.Thepresenceofhydroxylgroupsinthe
polymermoleculenotonlyenablesgoodwettingofmost
substratesbutalsofurnishesareactivesiteforchemical
combinationwiththermosettingresins.
Wash primers Inprotectivecoatingsformetal,thebestknownvinyl
acetalapplicationisin“washprimers,”alsoreferredto
as“metalconditioners.”Comparedwithothercorrosion
inhibitingmaterials,washprimersareuniqueandmore
effectivebecausetheyoffer,inasingletreatment,several
meansofpreventingcorrosion.Theseanticorrosiveprimers
applyeasier,adherebetter,anddryfasterthanthemore
conventionalmaterials.
Theactionofwashprimersoversteel,forexample,is
asfollows:
•First,anironoxideandzincphosphatefilm,similartothat
formedinthecommonphosphatingprocesses,isdeposited
onthemetal.
•Second,thesewashprimersprovideacontinuoussupply
ofchromateionstorepairpinholesinthephosphatefilm,
eliminatingtheneedforaspecialchromaterinse.
•Third,thepolyvinylbutyralfilmischemicallyboundinthe
inorganiclayersthroughachromiumcomplex,providing
additionalmechanicalprotectiontothemetalsurface.
Ineffect,thistypeofprimeractuallyphosphatizesthemetal
atthesurface,suppliesacorrosioninhibitingpigmentina
tenaciouslyadheringbinder,anddriestotakemosttopcoats.
Washprimersarewidelyusedonavarietyofmetal
structures,suchasstoragetanks,ships,airplanes,etc.
Highwaydepartmentsalsohaveshownakeeninterest
inthesecoatingsforbridges,damlocks,andinparticular,
highwayguardrails.Infinishingtrucksorhousetrailers
fabricatedofphosphatedorgalvanizedsteel,oraluminum,
washprimersprovidecorrosionresistanceandadhesion
undersingle-coatstyrenatedalkydandothermodified
alkydenamels.Onmetalthatissubjecttoimmersionand
corrosionconditions,washprimersarespecifiedunder
urethaneandvinyltopcoats.
Military specification wash primersTheU.S.NavyBureauofShipshaslongrecognizedtheneed
fortheuseofthewashprimerasasurfacepretreatmentfor
metalspriortosubsequentpainting.MilitarySpecification
DOD-P-15328DentitledPrimer, Pretreatmentisrequiredto
beusedonallmetalsurfaces.Thisprimerisatwo-package
systemcontainingButvarB-90inasolventsystemconsisting
ofnormalbutanolandeitherethanolorisopropanol.By
comparison,theDepartmentoftheAirForceandtheU.S.
NavyBureauofNavalWeaponshaveapprovedaslightly
differentpretreatmentformulationdesignatedCoating
Compound, Metal Pretreatment, Resin-AcidMIL-C-8514C
(ASG).ThissystemspecifiestheuseofeitherButvarB-76or
ButvarB-90inasolventsystemconsistingofbutanoland
ethanol.Specificdetailsofbothwashprimersystemscanbe
foundintheparticularspecificationinvolved.
17
Nonspecification wash primers: B-1030 with ButvarWashprimerB-1030formulationisatwo-packagesystem
basedonButvarB-76resinandathermosettingphenolic
resin.Thisformulationwasdesignedtogivehigherearly
waterresistancethanthewell-knownmilitaryspecification
washprimers.CoatingsbasedonformulationB-1030exhibit
reducedtendencytoblisterandtoloseadhesioninhigh
humidity.TheB-1030formulationalsohasnonsettling
characteristics.Incontrasttotheolderwashprimer
formulations,B-1030doesnotdisplayhardpigmentsettling
ofthebasegrind.
ThethermosettingresincontentoftheB-1030formulation
notonlyincreaseswaterresistancebutalsocontributesto
reducedsolventsensitivity.Thus,goodadhesionandcorrosion
resistanceareretainedunderalkyd,alkyd-nitrocellulose,
acrylic,andvinyltopcoats,andalsounderepoxy,urethane,
polyvinylacetate,andalkydmelaminetopcoats.
Single-package wash primer: B-1011 with ButvarWashprimerB-1011isaclear,greensingle-packageprimer
alsoknownasa“reacted”washprimer.BasedonButvar
B-90resin,ithasexcellentstabilityinbothconcentrated
anddilutedformsandairdriestoclearglossyfilmsofvery
lowcolor.Filmsoftheprimerpossessgoodadhesionto
steel,phosphatedsteel,galvanizedsteel,brass,copper,wood,
stainlesssteel,andchromeplate.Althoughdesignedto
enhanceadhesion,thiscoatingalsofunctionsasacorrosion-
inhibitingprimerforavarietyoftopcoatsbutinmanycases,
mayaffordprotectionasthesolecoating.
18
Table 11.WashprimerB-1030withButvar
A. Base grind Percent by weight
1.Toasolutionof: ButvarB-76 1.24
Ethanol,95% 9.35
Methylethylketone 9.97
2.Add: Basiczincchromatepigment 11.52
Celite™266 4.82
3.GrindtoHegmanfinenessof6,N.S.scale
4.Addsolutionof: ButvarB-76 7.39
Ethanol,95% 23.08
Methylethylketone 24.63
Santolink®EP560 8.00
Total 100.00
5.Grindfor30minutesandpackage
B. Reducer Percent by weight
Phosphoricacid,85% 7.50
n-butanol 92.50
Total 100.00
Mixforseveralminutesandpackage
Reduced primer properties (Pigmentgrindtoreducer;1:1byvolume)
NVM 19%
Weightpergallon 7.5lb
Coverage 533sq.ft./galat0.3milsdry
Potlife 8–12hours
Chromate-free wash primers with Butvar Traditionalwashprimerformulationshavegenerally
employedzincchromateastheanticorrosivepigment.
Duetotoxicityconcernsassociatedwithchromates,
alternativeanticorrosivepigments,suchaszincmolybdate,
borate,orborophosphate,aresuggested.Substitutionof
thesepigmentsforzincchromateonanequalweightor
volumebasisaresuggestedstartingpointsforreformulation.
Achromate-freewashprimerbasedonU.S.Government
specificationDOD-P-15328DisshowninTable13.
19
Table 12.WashprimerB-1011withButvar
Material Percent by weight
A. Acetone 44.40
Anhydrousethanol 36.30
ButvarB-90 11.00
B. 85%phosphoricacid(U.S.P.) 0.72
Water 6.48
C. Chromicacid(99+%) 0.37
Water 0.73
Total 100.00
Properties
NVM 12%
Viscosity 21sec.,No.4Fordcup
Lb/gal 7.0
Coverage 384sq.ft./galat0.3milsdry
Table 13.Sherwin-Williamschromate-freewashprimer
A. Base grind DOD-P-15328DMoly-White
X92Butvar**
B-90, B-98
Pounds Pounds Gallons
ButvarB-90 56.0 56.0 6.10
n-butanol 125.0 125.0 18.48
Isopropanol,99% 353.0 353.0 53.80
Moly-WhiteX92 — 39.7 1.70
Basiczincchromate 54.0 1.70
Magnesiumsilicate,MP40-27 8.0 8.0 0.34
Furnaceblack 0.6 0.6 0.34
Water,DI 15.0 15.0 1.80
— — 82.26
B. Reducer
Phosphoricacid,85% 28.0 28.0 2.0
Water,DI 25.0 25.0 3.0
Isopropanol,99% 99.0 99.0 15.0
— — 20.0
Alternativechromate-freepigmentsarePhosGuard®J-0800fromMineralPigmentsCorporationandBorogardZBfromU.S.Borax.
Metal coatingsButvar®resinsareusedinawidevarietyofmetalcoating
applicationsincombinationwithotherresintypes,such
asphenolics,epoxies,isocyanates,melamines,ureas,etc.
Whenusedwiththesevariousmodifyingresins,Butvarcan
improvecoatinguniformity,minimizecratering,improve
adhesion,andincreasecoatingtoughnessandflexibility.
Theseresincombinationscanbecompoundedtoproduce
bakedcoatingswithgoodchemicalresistance,whichalso
willwithstandpostforming.Applicationsofsuchcoatings
canbemadebyconventionalmethodsincludingbrush,
spray,dip,fluidizedbed,etc.End-useapplicationsinclude
drumandcanlinings,aswellasthewidevarietyofmetallic
substrates,whicharecoatedbythefluidizedbedtechnique.
CurablecoatingscontainingButvarresinmaybeformulated
tomeettheextractabilityrequirementsoftheU.S.Foodand
DrugAdministrationforindirectfoodadditiveuses.
Metalcoating2009isoneexampleoftheuseofButvar
incombinationwithotherresins—inthiscasephenolic
andepoxy—toproduceanexcellentcoating.Thisparticular
combinationprovidesexcellentabrasionresistance,
toughness,flexibility,adhesion,andchemicalresistance.
Specificapplicationtestshaveshownthatthissystem
shouldmakeoutstandingcanordrumlinings.
20
Table 14.Metalcoating2009
Material Percent by weight
Diacetonealcohol 17.4
n-butanol 17.4
Ethanol,95% 7.7
Xylol 34.7
Santolink®EP560 5.1
Epon™1007F 13.0
Butvar®B-90 2.0
10%phosphoricacid(inabovesolvents)
2.7
Total 100.0
Properties
NVM 20%
Application:sprayorroller
Curecyclesequence:Roomtemperature.Drying15minutes,followedby30minutesat190˚Fand20minutesat400˚F.
Wood finishes Protective wash coats and sealers
Butvar®resiniswidelyusedasacomponentofwash
coatsandsealersinwood-finishingoperations.Itprovides
goodholdout,intercoatadhesion,moistureresistance,
flexibility,toughness,andimpactresistancetothecoating
system.Inaddition,thewoodsubstrateisprotectedagainst
discolorationwhenButvarisusedinthefinish.Combinations
involvingnitrocellulose,shellac,andshellacesteralongwith
otherresintypesareusedwithButvarundermanyofthe
commontopcoats(Table15).Butvarisparticularlyeffective
forimprovingtheholdoutofpolyesterandpolyurethane
coatings,aswellasprotectingthewoodsubstrateagainst
colorchangescausedbylight.
Thefollowingstartingformulationisrepresentativeofthe
kindofwoodsealerorwashcoatthatcanbecompounded
fromButvar.
Knot sealers
Thepolyvinylbutyralresinsareexcellentbarriersto
bleedingofterpenaceousmatterfromknots,heartwood,
androsinducts.TheWesternPineAssociationhasdeveloped
asuperiorknotsealerbasedonButvar.Thesystemconsists
ofacombinationofButvarandphenolicresins(Table16).
Theprecedingformulationisdesignedforbrushapplication.
However,ithasbeenadaptedtoapplicationfromanaerosol
spraycan,givingthesameoutstandingperformanceasthe
brushappliedsystem.
21
Table 15.Sealer/washcoatwithButvar
Material Percent by weight
ButvarB-98 6.1
Nitrocellulose,RS™,¼second 9.2
Butylacetate 32.9
Ethanol,anhydrous 5.5
Isopropanol,99% 10.9
Methylisobutylketone 8.8
Xylol 13.3
Toluol 13.3
Total 100.0
Table 16.WesternPineAssociationknotsealer,WP578
Material Percent by weight
ButvarB-90 3.3
Durite™P-97 40.0
Ethanol,95% 56.7
Total 100.0
Properties
NVM 23.3%
Application:brush
Properties
NVM 12.5%
Viscosity20sec.,
No.4Fordcup
Cure cycle sequence: Room temperature. Drying 15 minutes, followed by 30 minutes at 190˚F and 20 minutes at 400˚F. Application: Spray or roller
Adhesives Structural adhesives
Structuraladhesivesoriginallyweredevelopedforusein
theaircraftindustrytoreplacerivetsandothermethodsof
joiningandfastening.Refinementsinformulatingstructural
adhesivesledtotheiruseinbondingbrakelinings,inthe
electricalandelectronicindustriesonprintedcircuits,in
structuralcompositefiberbindersforaerospaceor
antiballisticapplications,andinthearchitecturalfieldfor
themanufactureofinteriorandexteriorcurtainwalls.
CombinationsofButvar®resinwiththermosettingresins
havelongbeeninuseinbondingaircraftcomponents—
infact,thesystemwasthefirstsyntheticresinadhesive
tobeusedforbondingmetalsinstructuralapplications.
Phenolic resins
Insomestructuraladhesiveformulations,Butvarresinsare
combinedwithalkalinecatalyzedphenoliclaminatingresins,
suchasDurite™LS-433orPlyophen™22-023.Comparedwith
othergeneraltypesofstructuraladhesivesystems(epoxy-
phenolicandsyntheticrubber-phenolic),thePVB-phenolic
givesthehighestshearstrengthvaluesattemperaturesup
to250˚F.OtheroutstandingpropertiesofthePVB-phenolic
systemincludehighpeelstrengthatverylowtemperatures,
excellentdielectricproperties,andexceptionallygoodcreep
resistanceasmeasuredbytheabilityofthebondtocarry
sustainedloadsforextendedperiodsoftime.
Polyvinylbutyral-phenolicratiosoffrom10:1to10:20have
beenusedsuccessfullyforstructuraladhesives,although10:5
seemstobethebestratioforacompromiseofproperties.
Astheamountofphenolicisreduced,thecuredadhesive
becomesmoreflexible,andinmostcases,peelstrength
increases.Inaddition,becauseoftheincreasedthermoplastic
natureofthesystem,thehightemperatureshearstrengthis
reduced.Theseeffects,i.e.,increasedpeelandreducedhigh
temperatureshearstrength,occurwhenthecuretimeis
shortenedorthecuretemperatureislowered.
Structuraladhesivesbasedonpolyvinylbutyralresinscan
beappliedasasolution,anunsupportedfilm,asupported
filmonpaperorcloth,orasamixtureofliquidandsolid.1
Inasolutionadhesivesystem,thechoiceofsolventsis
importantbothforviscositycontrolofthesolutionand
properdryingandfilmingcharacteristics.Properdryingof
theadhesivefilmisveryimportant,asonlyasmallamount
ofresidualsolventcanaffectgreatlythevariousfinal
properties.Yetthesolventcannotbesovolatilethat
blushingoccurs.Sprayedfilmsaremuchmoresensitiveto
blushingthanbrushedorroller-coatedfilms.Forbrushing,
solventsintheboilingrangeof75˚to100˚Careadvised
becausetheycanberemovedbyairdryingandthenforce
dryingfor30to60minutesat105˚C.Solutionsforspraying
cantoleratesmallamountsofhigherboilingsolvents,such
asxyleneandbutanol.
Viscosityoftheadhesivesolutionaffectsthesmoothness
andthethicknessofthefinalbrushedorsprayedfilm.
Forbrushing,theproperviscosityisobtainedatthe
followingsolidscontent(witha10:5PVB:phenolicratio):
ButvarB-90,21%;ButvarB-72,16%to18%.Forspraying,
thesolidscontentshouldbereducedtoobtainnonblushing,
noncobwebbingfilms.
Epoxies and other thermosetting resins
Butvarresinsarecompatiblewithmanyepoxyresinsand
canconfersuchimprovementsonepoxy-basedsystemsas
increasedimpactresistanceandpeelstrength.Inepoxy
systems,asinphenolicsystems,thevinylacetalresinscan
serveasbothcoreactantandflexibilizer.
Theadditionofsmallamountsofcompatibleplasticizerto
anadhesivesystemcombiningavinylacetalresinwitha
thermosettingresinincreasestheflexibilityandimpact
resistanceofthebondwithonlyslightsacrificeinhigh
temperatureshear.Thisincreasedflexibilityismostevident
whenpeelingthickadherendsandathighpeelingspeeds.
Thetackorheatsealtemperatureoftheuncuredadhesive
alsoisappreciablyloweredbytheadditionofplasticizer.
Adhesiveswithpressuresensitivepropertiesintheuncured
statecanbedevelopedwhich,whencured,willhave
temperatureshearbondstrengthofmorethan1,000psi.
22
1See U.S. Patent 2,499,134.
High-strength bonding procedure
Forhigh-strengthbonds,substratecleaningisvery
important.Usuallytheremovalofsurfacecontamination,
suchasoilfilm,dust,etc.,issufficient.Suchcleaning
normallyisachievedbysolventorbydetergentwash.
However,forhigheststrengthbonds,chemicalsurface
preparationisemployed.Thefollowingmetalsrequire
thepreparationnoted:
•Aluminumalloys—acidoxidation
•Copper—alkalineoxidation
•Steel—apicklingbathtoremoveoxidescale
Careshouldbetakentoavoidtouchingthecleanedpanels
orexposingthemtoanycontaminatedatmosphere.The
adhesiveshouldbeappliedtothecleanedsurfaceassoon
aspossible.
Adrygluelineof3to10milshasbeenfoundquite
satisfactory.Withsolventsystems,thisthicknessusually
canbeachievedwith2to4brushedcoatsofadhesiveon
eachadherend.Withverythingluelines,evenpressuremust
beappliedtothelaminateduringcuresothatconsistent
bondsbeobtained.Thickergluelineshavegreaterflowand
absorbunequalcuringpressures.
Performance characteristics
Thequalityofastructuralbondforaparticularapplication
isusuallydescribedintermsofitsshearstrength,peel
strength,creepproperties,fatiguestrength,and
environmentalresistance.Inaircraftapplications,high
temperatureshear,fatigueresistance,creep,andoilandgas
resistancearemostimportant.Inprintedcircuits,peel
strength,blisterresistance,anddielectricpropertiesareof
primaryimportance.Forarchitecturaluse,highpeelstrength
andlong-termresistancetodeadloadandextremesof
atmosphericenvironmentaretheoutstandingrequirements.
AdhesivesbasedonButvar®resinsexcelinallofthese
characteristics.
Therequirementsandmethodsfortestingadhesivesfor
aircraftapplicationsarepresentedinMilitarySpecifications
MM-A-132andMIL-A-25463-30.Testmethodsfor
architecturalandprintedcircuitapplicationsarecontained
invariousASTMandNEMAspecifications.
Adhesive strengths
TypicaltestvaluesforphenolicbondsofButvarresins
measuredbythesetechniquesareinTable17.
Table 17.Adhesivesstrengths
Amount of PSI shear strength at Peel at 72ºFVinyl acetal phenolic, phra Cure 72ºF 180ºF 250ºF 300ºF lb/in. width
ButvarB-72 50 30min,330ºF 6,000 4,000 1,400 500 25–30
ButvarB-90 50 30min,330ºF 5,700 2,800 1,000 — 30–35
ButvarB-72 100 20min,300ºF 5,000 3,300 1,100 — 35–40aphr = parts per hundred resin
Testprocedures:Shear—aluminumtoaluminumasperMIL-A-8431Peel—6-milaluminumto64-milaluminumpeeledat5inchesperminute
23
Hot melt adhesives
Butvar®makesanexcellentbaseforhotmeltadhesives
evenwheredifficult-to-bondsurfacesareinvolved.Themany
typesofButvarresinsallowthebestmatchtoindividual
applications.Forexample,ButvarB-98canbeformulatedto
produceahotmeltwithlowviscositycharacteristics.B-72
canbeusedtoproduceanadhesivewithsimilarchemical
propertiesbuthigherviscosity.Othertypes,suchasB-76,
areavailabletoproduceadhesiveswherelesscrosslinkingis
desirable.
Table18showsastartingformulationforahotmeltbased
onButvar.
Textile coatings OneoftheuniqueusesofButvarpolyvinylbutyralresinis
inthetextilecoatingfield.Itcanbecompoundedtomake
fabricswaterresistantandstainresistantwithoutnoticeably
affectingtheappearance,feel,drape,andcolorofthefabric.
Tablecloths,drapes,slipcovers,showercurtains,aprons,
smocks,andchildren’sbibsaresomeofthemorecommon
itemswhichcanbeprepared.Outsidethehome,fabrics
coatedwithButvarserveasrainwear,porchfurniture
upholstering,awnings,andbeachaccessories.
Butvar,whichprovidesatransparentfilm,canbeapplied
topracticallyallcommonfabrics.Cotton,wool,silk,nylon,
viscoserayon,andothersyntheticscanbesuccessfully
coated.Asarule,almostanyfairlytightwovenfabricwith
aflatsurfacecanbemadewaterandstainresistantwith
acoatingbasedonButvar.
Advantages as textile coating TheadvantagesofButvarasatextilecoatingresinstem
fromthefollowingproperties:
•Transparency:Butvarcanbemadeintoaclear,colorless
coatingwithexcellentlightresistanceandaging
characteristics.
•Adhesion:Aftercuring,Butvaradheresreadilytopractically
allfabrics,includingthosenormallyconsidereddifficultto
coat,suchasnylon,viscoserayon,andfiberglass.
•Handandappearance:AcoatingwithButvarhasthesoft,
warm,flexiblefeelofanuncoatedfabric,yetpossessesall
thefunctionalcharacteristicsofcoatedfabrics.
•Functionalproperties:Butvarcombinestheseattributes
withfunctionalpropertiescomparabletothoseofthebest
textilecoatingmaterialsinthefield.Duringthedryingand
curingoperations,Butvaristransformedtoanelastomer
whichbecomesapermanentpartofthefabric.
FabricscoatedwithproperlycompoundedandcuredButvar
haveoutstandingsoftnessandflexibilitywithouttackiness
oflowsofteningtemperatures.Theyhaveexcellentchemical
andwaterresistance.FilmsofButvarresinaretoughandwill
resistabrasionandwear.Coatingscanbeappliedfromhigh
solidssolutionsmadewithcommonsolvents.Clearcoatings
withButvarmaybeappliedfromsolutionsofupto35%
solids;pigmentedcoatingsmaybeashighas45%solids.
SolutionsofButvarareideallysuitedtocoatingwitheither
rubberorpyroxylinspreaders.Solidscontentcanbehigh
andthesolventsfastevaporating.Thematerialwillflowwell
afterbeingspread.Formostapplications,alightcoating
averaging1½ozdrytothesquareyardisrecommended.The
solutionofButvar,whichcanbepreparedinasolvent
mixtureofalcoholandnaphtha,isappliedingenerallytwo
tofivepasses,dependingonthetypeoffabricandthe
coatingoperation.Thisisfollowedbyaflattopcoatto
removeglossandtacknormallyassociatedwithcoated
fabrics.Usuallytwotopcoatsarerequiredforasmooth,
skip-freecoating.
Thefirsttwocoatsshouldbelowinviscosityforproper
penetrationofthecoatingintothefiberinterstices.The
relationshipbetweendepthofpenetrationandcoating
viscositywillnecessarilydependonthefabricconstruction
andmustbedeterminedonthebasisoftrials.Ifan
excessivelyhighcoatingviscosityisusedfortheinitial
coats,peeladhesion,Mullen,andotherphysicaltest
propertieswillsuffer.Experiencehasshownthatsuperior
coatingsareproducedbymanythincoatsratherthan
byafewheavyapplications.24
Table 18.Typicalhotmeltformulation
Material Parts by weight
ButvarB-76 10
Santicizer®160 10
Castorwax™ 35
Poly-Pale™Ester#1 26
Staybelite™Ester#10 19
Total 100
Butvarisuniqueamongvinylresinsinitsabilitytobecured
inamannersomewhatanalogoustorubber.Curingimproves
bothheatandsolventresistanceandadhesiontothefabric.
CuringButvarisaccomplishedbyincorporatingcrosslinking
resins,suchasurea,phenolics,melamines,andisocyanates.
Sincethereactioninvolvesthehydroxylgroupsonthe
chainofButvar,onlyasmallamountofamodifyingresin
isneededtoincreasesubstantiallytheheatandsolvent
resistanceoftheButvarresin.
Aformulationincorporatingsuchacrosslinkingresinis
showninTable19.
Coatedstocksarecuredafterallcoatshavebeenapplied.
Prematurecuringofanycoatduetooverheatingwillreduce
theadhesionofsubsequentcoats.Thetimerequiredfor
curingwilldependontheresinsandthecatalystsemployed
andonthetemperatureofthecuringoven.Curetimewill
varyfromapproximatelyonehourat250˚Ftofiveminutes
orlessat350˚F.
CoatingswithButvarhavebeencuredsatisfactorilyinfestoon
dryersat200˚F,insteamheatedovensat300˚F,ingasovens,
andevendryercans.Inallcases,overheatingshouldbe
avoidedtopreventlossofplasticizerandstiffening.
Aproperlycoatedandcuredfabricwillbewaterresistant;
willberesistanttoinkstains,coffee,tea,cookingoils,and
fats;andwillhaveexcellentwashability.Mostsoilingscanbe
wipedawaywithadampcloth.Shouldtheuncoatedside
requirelaundering,neutralsoapandwarmwatershouldbe
used.Thecoatedfabriccanbeironedontheuncoatedside.
CoatingsbasedonButvarcannotbedrycleaned.Such
treatmentwillremovetheplasticizerandleaveastiff,harsh
coatingwhichwillbreakonflexing.
Ceramic binder applicationsButvarpolyvinylbutyralresinsarerecognizedasthe
binderofchoiceintheprocessingofceramictapecast
materials.Theresinimpartsexcellentgreenstrengthand
flexibilitytotheceramictape.Itiscompatiblewithmany
commonsolventsandplasticizersandburnsoutcleanly
duringsintering.
Butvarresinsalsoareusedasabindermediuminthick
filmprocessing.Butvarisformulatedinthesolventvehicle
usedtodepositthecircuitpatternontheceramicsurface.
TheprimaryadvantagesofusingButvarresinsaretheir
solubilityinawiderangeofsolventsanduniformadhesion
toconductivemetals.
Table 19.Typicaltextilecoatingformulation
Material Parts by weight
ButvarB-72 48.0
Tricresylphosphate 48.0
Ethanol95% 84.2
Toluene 64.8
Water 8.0
Resimene®AQ-7550 3.5
p-toluenesulfonicacid 0.7
p-nonylphenol 0.2
Compounding
1.Combinesolventsandplasticizer.
2.AddButvarB-72withstirring;heatifdesiredtospeedsolution.
3.Coolbatch,blendinp-nonylphenol,ResimeneAQ-7550,andp-toluenesulfonicacidinthatorder.
Compound properties
Percentsolids 39%
Viscosity(freshlymade) ca70,000cps
Viscosity(24hours) ca75,000csp
Cure cycle sequence: Room temperature. Drying 15 minutes, followed by 30 minutes at 190˚F and 20 minutes at 400˚F. Application: Spray or roller
25
Tape castingButvarisregardedasthebinderofchoicefortheceramic
tapecastingprocessduetothefollowingbenefits:
•Butvarresinsprovideexcellentgreenstrengthtothe
unifiedtape.
-Butvarallowsmultipletapestobelaminatedin
thegreenstage.
-LowButvarconcentrationsallowforhigherdensity
substratesafterfiring.
•Butvarissolubleinmanyvolatileyetinexpensivesolvents.
-FlexibilityinchoosingButvarproducttypesandload
levelsforawiderangeinbindersolutionviscositiesand,
therefore,ceramicslipviscosities.
•Butvariscompatiblewithmanyoftheplasticizersused
inceramicsystems.
-Choosefromdialkylphthalates,benzylphthalates,
adipates,orphosphatescommonlyused.
•Butvarburnsoutcleanlywithaminimumofwarpage
tothefiredpart.
-Theproductshrinksuniformly.
-Lowgelcontentminimizessurfacedefects.
•Butvarhasnaturaldispersingpropertiesandiscompatible
withcommondispersingagents,suchasfishoilsor
phosphateesters.
Themedium-to-lowmolecularweightresins,Butvar
B-76,B-79,B-90,orB-98,arerecommendedforusein
tapecastingprocesses.
Atypicaltapecastingformulationbasedon100gmsof
solidceramicpowderisshowninTable20.
PremixthefishoilinthetolueneandMEKandaddtoball
mill.AddAluminaandballmillforonehour.AddSanticizer
160andButvarB-79.Millanadditional24hours.Pour,
de-airforseveralminutes,andcast.
•AdditionalButvarcanbeaddedtomostformulationsto
improveinterfilmlaminationinamultilayersubstrate.
•Amicrofiltrationsystemisgenerallyusedwith
binder/solventsystems.Afivemicronorfinerfilteris
recommended.
Thick filmsButvarresinscanbeusedasthebindermediuminvehicle
formulationsforthickfilmpastes.Ourlowestmolecular
weightresins,ButvarB-79andB-98,arerecommendedfor
eithersilkscreenorsteelscreenprocesses.Theadvantages
ofusingButvarinthickfilmsinclude:
•Butvarisanexcellentbinderanddispersantforthe
conductivemetalsusedinthickfilms.
•ThickfilmswithButvarcanbecofiredwiththegreen
tapeinlaminatedceramicsubstrates.
•Bindercompatibilityproblemsareminimizedforcofiring
systemswhenButvarisusedinboththickfilmprocessing
andasthebinderintheceramictapecastingprocess.
Theapparentglasstransitiontemperature(Tg)was
determinedbyDifferentialScanningCalorimeter(DSC).
TheThermalGravimetricAnalysis(TGA)wasaweightloss
versustemperatureprofileconductedataheatingrateof
10˚C/min.
26
Table 20.Typicaltapecastingformulation
Component Parts by weight
Alumnina 100.0
ButvarB-79 5.0
Santicizer®160 4.3
BlownMenhadenOilZ-3visc. 2.0
Toluene 14.4
MEK 14.4
Table 21.Thermalproperties
UnitsTest
method
Butvar B-76 B-79
Butvar B-90 B-98
Glasstransitiontemperature(Tg)
C DSC 62–72 72–78
Ashcontentat550ºC
Innitrogen % TGA <2.0 <3.0
Inair % TGA <0.75 <0.75
Toners and printing inksButvarresinshavebeenusedinprintinginkformulations
formanyyears.AllButvarresinsarealcoholsolubleand
areoftenusedinsolvent-basedgravureandflexographic
inkformulationstoimproveflexibility,adhesion,and
toughness.ThesolubilitycharacteristicsofButvarB-79and
B-76inaromaticandotherfast-dryingsolventsallowfor
compoundingatlowconcentrationsinhighspeed,high
qualityprintingapplications.Thesepropertieshavealso
enabledButvartobeusedininkformulationsforthickfilm
conductivepastes,printerribbons,andpeninks,aswellasin
themanufactureofoffsetprintingplatesandotherprinting
technologyapparatus.
Butvaralsoservesthetonerindustryasasecondarybinder.
Polyvinylbutyralisaddedtotheformulationstoincrease
viscosityandtoimprovefilmintegrityoverthefuserroll.
TheoveralltoughnessofButvarenhancestheintegrity
ofthetonerduringthemillingprocessandextendedmachine
operation.Thisminimizestheleveloffineswithoutdetracting
fromtheflowproperties.
27
Graph 11.Butvar®resinthermolysisprofiles:ThermalGravimetricAnalysis(TGA)
Graph 12.Butvar®resinthermolysisprofiles:ThermalGravimetricAnalysis(TGA)
In nitrogen
In air
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
050 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
Wei
ght
(wt
perc
ent)
Temperature (ºC) Heating rate: 10ºC/min
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
050 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
Wei
ght
(wt
perc
ent)
Temperature (ºC) Heating rate: 10ºC/min
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
050 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
Wei
ght
(wt
perc
ent)
Temperature (ºC) Heating rate: 10ºC/min
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
050 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
Wei
ght
(wt
perc
ent)
Temperature (ºC) Heating rate: 10ºC/min
Storage Environmentsofhighheatandhumidityshouldbeavoided.
Toxicity and FDA statusButvar®resinsareregulatedbytheU.S.FoodandDrug
Administrationunderpartsof21CodeofFederalRegulations
foruseasindirectfoodadditives.Butvarresinalsohasbeen
subjectedtoacutetoxicityandmutagenicitystudies.Details
onspecificcoverageofindividualstudiesareavailableon
request.
Quality controlToobtaintheoutstandingqualitycharacteristicsof
Butvar,Solutiamaintainsstatisticalprocesscontrolover
themanufacturingprocess.Inaddition,toensurethat
youreceivehighlyuniformmaterialwitheachshipment,
thefinishedproductisanalyzedindetailtobecertainit
conformstoourrigidspecifications.
Storage and handling
28
Table 22.Packaginginformation
Container type B-72 B-90, B-76 B-98, B-79, B-74
61-gallonfiberdrum 145lb(66kg) 140lb(63kg) 135lb(61kg)
Material sources
29
Product designation Owner and/or supplier
Araldite6069 CibaGeigyCorporation
BasiczincchromateLanscoColorsRockwoodPigmentsNA,Inc.
Beckosol11-035 ReichholdChemicals,Inc.
BlownMenhadenOilZ-3visc.WernerG.SmithInc.
R.E.Mistler,Inc.
BorogardZB U.S.Borax
2-Butoxyethanol(Eastman™EBsolvent) EastmanChemicalCompany
Butvar®resins EastmanChemicalCompany
Butylacetate EastmanChemicalCompany
Butylalcohol EastmanChemicalCompany
Butylbenzylphthalate FerroCorporation
CastorOil#1(raw),#15,#30,#40 CasChemInc.
Castorwax CasChemInc.
Celite266 ImerysFiltration
Celluloseacetate EastmanChemicalCompany
Celluloseacetatebutyrate EastmanChemicalCompany
Chlorinatedrubber HerculesInc.
Chromicacid(chromiumtrioxide) J.T.BakerInc.
DC840 DowCorningCorporation
DCZ6018 DowCorningCorporation
DesmodurAPstabil BayerMaterialScience
Diacetonealcohol ShellChemicalCorporation
Dibutylphthalate BASF
Dibutylsebacate HallStar
Dihexyladipate FerroCorporation
Dimethylesters Invista
Dioctylphthalate EastmanChemicalCompany
Duraplex11-804 ReichholdChemicals,Inc.
DuriteP-97,LS-433 BordenChemicalCompany
Epi-Rez540-C Solvay
Epon1001F,1007F Momentive
2-ethylhexyldiphenylphosphate FerroCorporation
Flexricin-P3 CasChemInc.
Furnaceblack ColumbianChemicals
Hercolyn PinovaSolutions
Isophorone DowChemicalCompany
Isopropanol EastmanChemicalCompany
Ketjenflex8,9S,MH Axcentive
Product designation Owner and/or supplier
LinseedoilAristaChemicalInc.ReichholdChemicals,Inc.
MagnesiumsilicateMP40-27 SpecialtyMinerals
Methylacetate EastmanChemicalCompany
Methylalcohol AirProductsandChemicalsInc.
Methylethylketone ShellChemicalCorporation
Methylisobutylketone EastmanChemicalCompany
Methylon75-108 OxyChem
Moly-WhiteX92 Sherwin-WilliamsChemical
Naphtha ShellChemicalCorporation
NitrocelluloseRS,SS DowWolffCellulosics
OxyChem02620,92600,29107 OxyChem
p-nonylphenol BoddinChemiehandel
Paraplex®RGA-8 HallStar
PentalynH EastmanChemicalCompany
PhosGuard®J-0800 RockwoodPigmentsNA,Inc.
Phosphoricacid,85%U.S.P. Astaris
Plyophen22-023 OxyChem
Poly-Paleester#1 HerculesInc.
Pycal94 ICIAmericasInc.
Resimene®717,730,741,881AQ-7550and918
CytecInd.
SP-1044resin SchenectadyChemicalsInc.
Santicizer®plasticizers FerroCorporation
Santolink®EP560 CytecInd.
Shellac RPMInternationalInc.
Staybeliteester#10 EastmanChemicalCompany
Tributylcitrate MorflexChemicalCompany
TricresylphosphateFMCCorporationAkzoChemicalsInc.
Triethyleneglycoldi-2-ethylhexanoate(Eastman™TEG-EH)
EastmanChemicalCompany
Triphenylphosphate Triway
VinylchloridecopolymerVAGH,VAGD(UCARsolutionvinylresin)
DowChemicalCompany
Vinsol PinovaSolutions
Xylol(xylene) ExxonCompany,USA
Zincborate U.S.Borax
Zincborophosphate RockwoodPigmentsNA,Inc.
Zincmolybdate Sherwin-WilliamsChemical
Eastman Chemical CompanyCorporate HeadquartersP.O. Box 431Kingsport, TN 37662-5280 U.S.A.
Telephone:U.S.A. and Canada, 800-EASTMAN (800-327-8626)Other Locations, (1) 423-229-2000Fax: (1) 423-229-1193
Eastman Chemical Latin America9155 South Dadeland Blvd.Suite 1116Miami, FL 33156 U.S.A.
Telephone: (1) 305-671-2800Fax: (1) 305-671-2805
Eastman Chemical B.V.Fascinatio Boulevard 602-6142909 VA Capelle aan den IJsselThe Netherlands
Telephone: (31) 10 2402 111Fax: (31) 10 2402 100
Eastman (Shanghai) Chemical Commercial Company, Ltd. Jingan Branch1206, CITIC SquareNo. 1168 Nanjing Road (W)Shanghai 200041, P.R. China
Telephone: (86) 21 6120-8700Fax: (86) 21 5213-5255
Eastman Chemical Japan Ltd.MetLife Aoyama Building 5F2-11-16 Minami AoyamaMinato-ku, Tokyo 107-0062 Japan
Telephone: (81) 3-3475-9510Fax: (81) 3-3475-9515
Eastman Chemical Asia Pacific Pte. Ltd.#05-04 Winsland House3 Killiney RoadSingapore 239519
Telephone: (65) 6831-3100Fax: (65) 6732-4930
www.eastman.com
BVR-001 11/13
Although the information and recommendations set forth herein are presented
in good faith, Eastman Chemical Company and its wholly owned subsidiary
Solutia Inc. make no representations or warranties as to the completeness or
accuracy thereof. You must make your own determination of their suitability
and completeness for your own use, for the protection of the environment,
and for the health and safety of your employees and purchasers of your
products. Nothing contained herein is to be construed as a recommendation
to use any product, process, equipment, or formulation in conflict with any
patent, and we make no representations or warranties, express or implied, that
the use thereof will not infringe any patent. NO REPRESENTATIONS OR
WARRANTIES, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, OR OF ANY OTHER NATURE ARE MADE
HEREUNDER WITH RESPECT TO INFORMATION OR THE PRODUCT TO WHICH
INFORMATION REFERS AND NOTHING HEREIN WAIVES ANY OF THE SELLER’S
CONDITIONS OF SALE.
Safety Data Sheets providing safety precautions that should be observed when
handling and storing our products are available online or by request. You
should obtain and review available material safety information before handling
our products. If any materials mentioned are not our products, appropriate
industrial hygiene and other safety precautions recommended by their
manufacturers should be observed.
© 2013 Eastman Chemical Company. Eastman and The results of insight are
trademarks of Eastman Chemical Company. Butvar is a trademark of Solutia
Inc., a subsidiary of Eastman Chemical Company. As used herein, ® denotes
registered trademark status in the U.S. only. All other trademarks are the
property of their respective owners.
Top Related