POLYVINYL BUTYRAL RESINPROPERTIES & USES€¦ · POLYVINYL BUTYRAL RESINPROPERTIES & USES. CONTENTS...

CoatingsPerformanceMaterials by

Pub. No. 2008084E(Supersedes 2008084D)

Butvar®

P O LY V I N Y L B U T Y R A L R E S I N P R O P E R T I E S & U S E S

CONTENTS

Introduction 1Properties 2

Chemistry 2Properties Tables 3Product Types 6Butvar:The Right Resin Solutions 6Compatibility 13Insolubizing Reactions 15Reaction With Phenolics 15Reaction With Epoxies 15Reaction With Dialdhehydes 16Reaction With Isocyanates 16Reaction With Melamines 16

Applications 17Wire Enamels 17Surface Coatings 17Wash Primers 17Military Specification Wash Primers 17Non-specification Wash Primers:

B-1030 With Butvar 18Single Package Wash Primer:

B-1011 With Butvar 18Chromate-free Wash Primers With Butvar 19Metal Coatings 20Wood Finishes 21

Protective Wash Coats and Sealers 21Knot Sealers 21

Adhesives 22Structural Adhesives 22Phenolic Resins 22Epoxies and Other Thermosetting Resins 22High-strength Bonding Procedure 23Performance Characteristics 23Adhesive Strengths 23Hot Melt Adhesives 24

Textile Coatings 24Advantages as Textile Coating 24Ceramic Binder Applications 25Tape Casting 26Thick Films 26Toners and Printing Inks 27

Storage and Handling 28Storage 28Toxicity and FDA Status 28Quality Control 28

Material Sources Inside Back CoverWorldwide Sales Offices Back Cover

Enfocus Software - Customer Support

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1B U T V A R

INTRODUCTION

Polyvinyl butyral resins are employed in a widearray of industrial and commercial applications.These unique resins offer impressive performance,

as well as outstanding versatility.

Butvar® polyvinyl butyral resins have a combination ofproperties that make them a key ingredient in a varietyof successful formulations. Some of these properties for which Butvar is widely used are: outstanding bindingefficiency, optical clarity, adhesion to a large number of surfaces, and toughness combined with flexibility.

Solutia offers six grades of Butvar resin that cover a broadrange of chemical and physical properties.These resins are generally well suited either as a major ingredient of a formulation or in smaller quantities to enhance theproperties of other resins.

USESSome of the applications in which Butvar is a vital ingredient include:

� Ceramic binders� Inks/dry toners� Wood coatings� Wash primers� Composite fiber binders� Structural adhesives� Other diverse uses

Butvar resin was pioneered by Monsanto in the 1930s asthe key ingredient for automotive safety glass interlayers.It still enjoys widespread use in automotive and architec-tural applications for laminated safety glass.

TECHNICAL SUPPORT FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATIONSSolutia’s technical support and research staff for Butvarresins can assist in your specific application needs.TheSolutia Customer Service Center at 1-800-964-5224stands ready to receive your orders for samples andtechnical literature, as well as purchase orders for shipment of Butvar resin.

® Registered trademark of Solutia, Inc.


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2 B U T V A R

PROPERTIES

CHEMISTRYAcetals, such as polyvinyl butyral, are formed by the well-known reaction between aldehydes and alcohols.The addition of one molecule of an alcohol to one molecule of an aldehyde produces a hemiacetal.Hemiacetals are rarely isolated because of their inherent instability, but, rather, are further reacted withanother molecule of alcohol to form a stable acetal.

Polyvinyl acetals are prepared from aldehydes and polyvinylalcohols. Polyvinyl alcohols are high molecular weightresins containing various percentages of hydroxyl andacetate groups produced by hydrolysis of polyvinyl acetate.

The conditions of the acetal reaction and the concentrationof the particular aldehyde and polyvinyl alcohol used areclosely controlled to form polymers containing predeter-mined proportions of hydroxyl groups, acetate groups and acetal groups.The final product may be representedby the following stylized structure:

The proportions of A, B and C are controlled, and theyare randomly distributed along the molecule.

CCH2 C

O O OH

CCH2

CH2

C3H7H

C

H H H

O

C O

CH3

CCH2

H

Alcohol

Aldehyde

PV ButyralA B C

PV Alcohol PV Acetate

Alcohol

Hemiacetal Acetal

C OHR

H

O

R1+ C OR OHR

H

OH

R1+ C ( OR1)2 H2OR

H

+


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3B U T V A R

TA B L E 1

Physical Properties of Butvar® Resins (white, free-flowing powder)

ASTMProperty Units Method B-72 B-74 B-76 B-79 B-90 B-98

*Volatiles, max % 3.5 3.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0

Molecular wt. (weight average in thousands) – (1) 170-250 120-150 90-120 50-80 70-100 40-70

Solution viscosity15% by weight cp. (2) 7,000-14,000 3,000-7,000 500-1,000 100-400 600-1,200 200-400

Solution viscosity10% by weight cp. (2) 1,600-2,500 800-1,300 200-450 75-200 200-400 75-200

*Ostwald solutionviscosity cp. (3) 170-260 37.0-47.0 18.0-28.0 9.0-16.0 13.0-17.0 6.0-9.0

Specific gravity23˚/23˚ (±0.002) – D792-50 1.100 1.100 1.083 1.083 1.100 1.100

Burning rate ipm D635-56T 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.8

Refractive index(±0.0005) – D542-50 1.490 1.490 1.485 1.485 1.490 1.490

Water absorption (24 hours) % D570-59aT 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5

*Hydroxl contentexpressed as %polyvinyl alcohol – – 17.5-20.0 17.5-20.0 11.5-13.5 11.0-13.5 18.5-20.5 18.0-20.0

Acetate contentexpressed as %polyvinyl acetate – – 0-2.5 0-2.5 0-2.5 0-2.5 0-1.5 0-2.5

Butyral contentexpressed as % poly-vinyl butyral, approx. – – 80 80 88 88 80 80

*Specification properties

All properties were determined by ASTM methods except the following:

� Molecular weight was determined via size exclusion chromatography with low-angle laser light scattering (SEC/LALLS) method of Cotts and Ouano in tetra-hydrofuran.†

� Solution viscosity was determined in 15% by weight solutions in 60:40 toluene:ethanol at 25˚C, using a Brookfield Viscometer. Also in 10% solution in 95% ethanol @ 25˚C using an Ostwald-Cannon-Fenske Viscometer.

� Ostwald solution viscosity for each product type measured with an Ostwald-Cannon-Fenske Viscometer.The solvents and solids levels used are as follows:

Percent TemperatureProduct Solids Solvent (˚C)

AnhydrousB-72 7.5 Methanol 20

SD 29B-76, B-79 5.0 Ethyl Alcohol 25

B-74, AnhydrousB-90, B-98 6.0 Methanol 20

† P. Dublin, ed., Microdomains In Polymer Solutions (New York: Plenum Press, 1985),pp. 101-119.


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4 B U T V A R

PROPERTIES

TA B L E 2

Chemical Properties of Butvar® ResinsASTM

Property Units Method B-72 B-74 B-76 B-79 B-90 B-98

Resistance to:

Weak acids – D543-56T E E E E E E

Strong acids – D543-56T E E E E E E

Weak bases – D543-56T E E E E E E

Strong bases – D543-56T E E E E E E

Organic solvents:

Alcohols – D543-56T P P P P P P

Chlorinated – D543-56T G G F F G G

Aliphatic – D543-56T E E F F E E

Aromatic – D543-56T F F P P F F

Esters – D543-56T F F P P F F

Ketones – D543-56T F F P P F F

Key: E – excellent G – good F – fair P – poor

TA B L E 3

Mechanical Properties of Butvar ResinsASTM


Tensile strength:

Yield 103 psi D638-58T 6.8-7.8 6.8-7.8 5.8-6.8 5.8-6.8 6.3-7.3 6.3-7.3

Break 103 psi D638-58T 7.0-8.0 7.0-8.0 4.6-5.6 4.6-5.6 5.7-6.7 5.6-6.6

Elongation:

Yield % D638-58T 8 8 8 8 8 8

Break % D638-58T 70 75 110 110 100 110

Modulus ofelasticity (apparent) 105 psi D638-58T 3.3-3.4 3.3-3.4 2.8-2.9 2.8-2.9 3.0-3.1 3.1-3.2

Flexural strength,yield 103 psi D790-59T 12-13 12-13 10.5-11.5 10.5-11.5 11-12 11-12

Hardness, Rockwell:

M – D785-51 115 115 100 100 115 110

E – D785-51 20 20 5 5 20 20

Impact strength Izod,notched 1/2" x 1/2" ft.lb./in. D256-56 1.1 1.1 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.7


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5B U T V A R

TA B L E 4

Thermal Properties of Butvar® ResinsASTM


Flow temperature,1,000 psi ˚C D569-59 145-155 135-145 110-115 110-115 125-130 105-110

Glass transitiontemperature – Tg ˚C (4) 72-78 72-78 62-72 62-72 72-78 72-78

Ash content at 550˚C:

In nitrogen % (5) <3.0 <3.0 <2.0 <2.0 <3.0 <3.0

In air % (5) <1.0 <1.0 <0.75 <0.75 <0.75 <0.75

Heat distortiontemperature ˚C D648-56 56-60 56-60 50-54 50-54 52-56 45-55

Heat sealingtemperature ˚F` (6) 220 220 200 200 205 200

� Glass transition temperature (Tg) was determined by Differential ScanningCalorimeter (DSC) over a range of 30˚C to 100˚C on dried granular resin.

� Ash content of the Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) was determined as aweight loss versus temperature profile conducted at a heating rate of 10˚C/min.

� Heat-sealing temperature was determined on a 1-mil dried film on paper castfrom a 10% solution in 60:40 toluene: ethanol. A dwell time of 1.5 seconds at a 60psi line pressure was used on the heat sealer.

TA B L E 5

Electrical Properties of Butvar ResinsASTM


Dieletric constant:

50 cps – D150-59T 3.2 3.2 2.7 2.7 3.2 3.3

103 cps – D150-59T 3.0 3.0 2.6 2.6 3.0 3.0

106 cps – D150-59T 2.8 2.8 2.6 2.6 2.8 2.8

107 cps – D150-59T 2.7 2.7 2.5 2.5 2.7 2.8

Dissipation factor:

50 cps – D150-59T 0.0064 0.0064 0.0050 0.0050 0.0066 0.0064

103 cps – D150-59T 0.0062 0.0062 0.0039 0.0039 0.0059 0.0061

106 cps – D150-59T 0.027 0.027 0.013 0.013 0.022 0.023

107 cps – D150-59T 0.031 0.031 0.015 0.015 0.023 0.024

Dielectric strength (1/8" thickness):

Short time v/mil D149-59 420 420 480 480 450 400

Step-by-step v/mil D149-59 400 400 390 390 370 380


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6 B U T V A R

PROPERTIES

PRODUCT TYPESThe properties of the various types of Butvar® resins aredescribed in Tables 1 through 5.The resins are offered in avariety of molecular weight ranges and viscosities. B-76 andB-79 have a lower hydroxyl content than the other Butvarresins.This permits broader solubility characteristics.

As a general rule, the substitution of butyral groups foracetate groups results in a more hydrophopic polymerwith a higher heat distortion temperature. At the sametime, the polymer’s toughness and adhesion to varioussubstrates is considerably increased.The outstandingadhesion of the polyvinyl butyral resins is a result oftheir terpolymer constitution. Because each moleculepresents the choice of three different functional groupsto a surface, the probability of adhesion to a wide varietyof substrates is increased substantially.

Although polyvinyl butyral resins normally are thermo-plastic and soluble in a range of solvents, they may becrosslinked through heating and with a trace of mineralacid. Crosslinking is generally caused by transacetalizationbut also may involve more complex mechanisms, such as a reaction between acetate or hydroxyl groups onadjacent chains.

As a practical matter, crosslinking of the polyvinyl butyralsis carried out by reaction with various thermosettingresins, such as phenolics, epoxies, ureas, diisocyanates and melamines.The availability of the functional hydroxylgroups in Butvar resins for condensations of this kind is an important consideration in many applications.Incorporation of even a small amount of Butvar resininto thermosetting compositions will markedly improvetoughness, flexibility and adhesion of the cured coating.

Polyvinyl butyral films are characterized by high resistanceto aliphatic hydrocarbons, mineral, animal and vegetableoils (with the exception of castor and blown oils).Theywithstand strong alkalis but are subject to some attackby strong acids. However, when employed as componentsof cured coatings, their stability to acids, as well as sol-vents and other chemicals, is improved greatly. Butvar will withstand heating up to 200˚F for prolonged periodswith little discoloration.

BUTVAR: THE RIGHT RESIN SOLUTIONSButvar brand resins generally are soluble in alcohols,glycol ethers and certain mixtures of polar and non-polarsolvents. A representative list of Butvar solvents can befound in Table 6. In general, Butvar B-98 resin will showthe same general compatibility characteristics as B-90and, therefore, should prove advantageous where physicaland chemical properties of B-90 are desired but lowersolution viscosities are necessary.The same is true forButvar B-79 in relation to B-76.

When an alcohol is the only solvent, the viscosity of aButvar solution increases as the molecular weight of the alcohol increases. Blends of alcohols with aromaticsolvents provide the best starting point for the develop-ment of solvent systems.Where alcohols, such as ethylor isopropyl, are employed either alone or in a mixturewith other solvents, use the 95% grades.The presence of water gives lower solution viscosities than solutionsutilizing anhydrous alcohols.

Butvar solutions show very marked viscosity increases as resin solids increase.This effect is shown in Graphs 3through 10.

The lower hydroxyl content of Butvar B-76 and B-79permits solubility in a wider variety of organic solventsas compared to the other grades of Butvar. One notableexception, however, is the insolubility of Butvar B-76 and B-79 in methanol. All other types of Butvar containsufficient hydroxyl groups to allow for solubility in alco-hol and in hydroxyl-containing solvents.The presence of both butyral and hydroxyl groups permits solution in mixtures of alcohol and aromatics.

Viscosities of Butvar resin solutions containing mixedsolvents depend on the ratio of alcohol to aromatic.Viscosity curves for Butvar B-76, B-90 and B-98 in Graph 2 show minimum points in the general vicinity of 50% alcohol - 50% aromatic.


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7B U T V A R

TA B L E 6

Solubility of Butvar® ResinsButvar* Butvar** Butvar**

Solvent B-72, B-74 B-76, B-79 B-90, B-98

Acetic Acid (Glacial) S S S

Acetone I S SW

Butyl Acetate I S PS

N-Butyl Alcohol S S S

Butyl Cellosolve™ S S S

Cyclohexanone S S S

Diacetone Alcohol PS S S

Diisobutyl Ketone I SW I

N, N-Dimethylacetamide S S S

N, Dimethylformamide S S S

Dimethyl Ester PS1 S PS1

Dimethylsulfoxide S S S

Ethyl Acetate, 99% I S PS

Ethyl Acetate, 85% S S S

Ethyl Alcohol, 95% or Anhydrous S S S

Ethylene Dichloride SW S SW

Ethylene Glycol I I I

Isophorone PS S S

Isopropyl Alcohol, 95% or Anhydrous S S S

Isopropyl Acetate I S I

Methyl Acetate I S PS

Methyl Alcohol S SW S

Methyl Ethyl Ketone SW S PS

Methylene Chloride PS S S

Methyl Isobutyl Ketone I S I

Naphtha (Light Solvent) I SW I

n-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone S S S

Propylene Dichloride SW S SW

Santosol™ DME-1 PS1 S PS1

Tetrachloroethylene SW SW SW

Tetrahydrofuran S S S

Toluene I PS SW

Toluene: Ethyl Alcohol, 95% (60:40 by weight) S S S

1, 1, 1-Trichloroethane SW S SW

Xylene I PS SW

Key: S – soluble PS1 – partially soluble I – insoluble SW – swells

*5% solids solution agitated for 24 hours at room temperature.

**10% solids solution agitated for 24 hours at room temperature.

1 clear solution at 80˚C.


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8 B U T V A R

PROPERTIES

A common solvent for all of the Butvar® resins is a combination of 60 parts of toluene and 40 parts ofethanol (95%) by weight.The viscosities of all of theButvar resins in this solvent blend are shown in Graphs 2 and 3.The viscosities of Butvar resins in alcohols areshown in Graphs 4 through 8. Graphs 9 and 10 presentthe viscosities of Butvar resins in Butyl Cellosolve™.

For compositions of Butvar, methyl alcohol will tend to give the lowest viscosity and, therefore, will permitthe use of higher solids when used as a component of a solvent blend.When much more than 10% to 15%alcohol is used in a formulation for spray application,blushing may result.

The solvent blends in Table 7 are suggested for all Butvargrades.They are useful as starting points in the develop-ment of solvent blends for the other types.

Selection of a suitable solvent system involves a numberof factors. End-use and application technique used willnecessitate consideration of solution viscosity, cobwebformation, blushing, evaporation, solvent release and

toxicity characteristics. In most cases, the choice of components of solvent blend will involve compromises in at least some of these factors so that a desired combi-nation of properties may be obtained.

Aliphatic hydrocarbons can be tolerated in only verysmall proportions.Aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols,esters, ketones and halocarbons, when not active solvents,are generally satisfactory as dilutents or latent solvents.Solvent blends are more likely to be successful whentheir mean solubility parameter and hydrogen bondingfall within the ranges shown in Graph 1 and in Table 8.

The Butvar resins can be dissolved quite rapidly usingconventional techniques.To ensure thorough and uniformwetting of all particles, it is important to add the resinslowly to the solvent system with adequate stirring.Withsome mixed solvents, it may be desirable to slurry theresin in the hydrocarbon or other non-solvent compo-nent and add the more active solvent components intothe slurry under adequate agitation.

TA B L E 7

Suggested Solvent Blends for Butvar ResinsA B C D

Diacetone Alcohol* 22.5% 20.0% 15.0% –

n-Butyl Alcohol 22.5 20.0 15.0 –

Ethyl Alcohol, 95% 10.0 20.0 20.0 55.0%

Xylene 45.0 40.0 30.0 –

Toluene – – 20.0 45.0

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Relative Viscosity High Medium Low Low

Relative Evaporation Rate Slow Medium Medium Very Fast

Application Technique Spray Dip, Roll Dip, Roll Brush

Drying Technique Bake Bake Bake Air Dry

*Cellosolve may be partially substituted here to give lower viscosity.


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9B U T V A R

G R A P H 1

Solubility of Various Butvar® Resins Plotted Against Solubility Parameter (�) and Hydrogen Bonding Index (�)

TA B L E 8

Solubility Parameter (�) and Hydrogen Bonding Index (�) for Common Solvents and Solvent Mixtures1

Solvent Solvent Ratio (% by Weight) (�) (�)

Acetone 100 10.0 9.7

n-Butyl Acetate 100 8.5 8.8

Butyl Cellosolve™ 100 8.9 13.0

Cellosolve 100 9.9 13.0

Diisobutyl Ketone 100 7.8 8.4

Dimethyl Acetomide 100 10.8 12.3

Dimethylacetamide/Xylene 60/40 10.1 9.4

Dimethylsulfoxide 100 12.9 7.7

Dioxane 100 9.9 9.7

Dioxane/Tetrahydrofuran 50/50 9.1 10.4

Ethanol 100 12.7 18.7

Ethanol/Water 95/5 13.1 19.5

Ethyl Acetate/Ethyl Alcohol 99/1 9.1 8.5

Ethylene Dichloride 100 9.8 1.5

Ethylene Glycol 100 14.2 20.6

Solvent Solvent Ratio (% by Weight) (�) (�)

Isopropanol 100 11.5 18.0

Isopropanol/Water 100 11.7 18.3

Methanol 100 14.5 18.7

Methylamyl Ketone 100 8.5 7.7

Methylene Chloride 100 9.7 1.5

Methyl Isobutyl Ketone 100 8.4 7.7

Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether 60/40 9.0 13.0

Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether Acetate 100 8.5 13.0

Tetrahydrofuran 100 9.0 12.0

Toluene 50/50 8.9 4.5

Toluene/Ethanol 100 10.8 11.6

Trichloroethane 95/5 9.6 1.5

Xylene 99/1 8.8 4.5

Xylene/Dimethylacetamide 100 9.7 8.1

1 �, � values according to J.D. Crowley et al., J. Paint Technology, 38, 269 (1996) � in units of cal/cc; � is in units of 1/10 cm.

89991_Page_9 9/13/05 2:26 PM Page 1

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10 B U T V A R

PROPERTIES

G R A P H 2

Viscosities of Butvar® in Toluene-Ethanol (95%) (15% solids)

G R A P H 3

Viscosities of Butvar in 60/40 Toluene-Ethanol (95%) (by weight)

B-76

B-76

B-90

B-90

B-98

1,800

1,600

1,400

1,200

1,000

800

600

400

200

00 20 40 60 80

Toluene

100 80 60 40 20

Ethanol

Solvent Composition by Weight

Broo

kfie

ld V

isco

sity

at

25°C

-cp.

B-72

B-76 B-90B-98

B-79

100,000

10,000

1,000

100

10

10 5 10 15 20 25 30

Percent Total Solids

Broo

kfie

ld V

isco

sity

at

25°C

-cp.


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11B U T V A R

G R A P H 4

Viscosities of Butvar® in Methanol

G R A P H 5

Butvar in Ethanol (95%)

G R A P H 6

Butvar in Ethanol (95%)

B-72

B-90

B-98

100,000

10,000

1,000

100

10

10 5 10 15 20 25 30


Broo

kfie

ld V

isco

sity

at

25°C

-cp.

B-72

B-74

100,000

10,000

1,000

100

100 5 10 15


Broo

kfie

ld V

isco

sity

at

25°C

-cp.

B-76

B-90

B-79B-98

100,000

1,000

100

100 5 10 15


Broo

kfie

ld V

isco

sity

at

25°C

-cp.


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12 B U T V A R

PROPERTIES

G R A P H 7

Butvar® in N-Butanol

G R A P H 8

Butvar in N-Butanol

G R A P H 9

Butvar in Butyl Cellosolve™

G R A P H 10

Butvar in Butyl Cellosolve

B-72B-74

100,000

10,000

1,000

100

100 5 10 15


Broo

kfie

ld V

isco

sity

at

25°C

-cp.

B-76

B-79

B-98

10,000

1,000

100

100 5 10 15


Broo

kfie

ld V

isco

sity

at

25°C

-cp.

B-76B-90

B-79

B-98

10,000

1,000

100

100 5 10 15


Broo

kfie

ld V

isco

sity

at

25°C

-cp.

B-72 B-74

B-90

100,000

10,000

100

1,000

100 5 10 15


Broo

kfie

ld V

isco

sity

at

25°C

-cp.


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13B U T V A R

COMPATIBILITYThe compatibility of Butvar® polyvinyl butyral resins with plasticizers, modifiers and other variousresins is well established. Butvar readily lends itself

to compounding with other additives to enhance its physical and chemical properties. Plasticizers are often used to impart improved flexibility over a broader temperature range. See Table 9 below.

TA B L E 9

Plasticizers for Butvar ResinKnown Butvar:

Type Name or Trademark Plasticizer Compatibility Level

Hexanoate S-2075 (Triethylene Glycol Di-2-Ethylhexanoate) 1:1

Adipate Santicizer® 97 (Dialkyl Adipate) 4:1

Santicizer 367 (Dihexyl Adipate) 3:1

Dioctyl Adipate (DOA) 4:1

Blown Linseed Oil Linseed Oil

Citrate Tributyl Citrate

Phosphate Santicizer 141 (2-Ethylhexyl Diphenyl Phosphate) 1:1

Santicizer 148 (Isodecyl Diphenyl Phosphate) 1:1

Santicizer 154 (Tert-Butylphenyl Diphenyl Phosphate) 1:1

Santicizer 143 (Triaryl Phosphate Ester Blend) 1:1

Tricresyl Phosphate (TCP) 1:1

Triphenyl Phosphate (TPP) 2:1

Phthalate Santicizer 261 (Alkyl Benzyl Phthalate) 2:1

Santicizer 278 (Alkyl Benzyl Phthalate) 4:3

Santicizer 160 (Butyl Benzyl Phthalate) 1:1

Dibutyl Phthalate (DBP) 1:1

Dialkyl Phthalate 4:1

Dioctyl Phthalate (DOP) 4:1

PE Glycol Ether Pycal™ 94

Polyester Paraplex™ RGA-8

Process Castor Oil #15, #30, #40 2:1

Raw Castor Oil #1 Castor 1:1

Ricinoleate Flexricin™ P3 (Butyl Ricinoleate) 2:1

Rosin Derivatives Hercolyn™

Sebacate Dibutyl Sebacate

Sulfonamide Ketjenflex™ 8 (n-Ethyl Toluenesulfonamide) 1:1

Ketjenflex™ 9S (Toluenesulfonamide) 2:1

The values given in the above table are a guide to the compatibility limits of the plasticizers in the various resins shown. (If no value is given, the limit is unknown.) The highest concentration tested was 100 phr. Where the value is given as 1:1, some plasticizer/resin combinations may have even greater compatibility. However, since the values given apply to a resin type, the compatibility with a particular commercial grade should be checked when evaluating a specific compound, particularly if the plasticizer content of the formulationis to be near the ceiling value indicated.


sjchah

Line

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14 B U T V A R

PROPERTIES

Crosslinkers such as Santolink® phenolic and Resimene®

amino resins are used to impart greater toughness andthermal resistance.Table 10 depicts the compatibility

of Butvar® polyvinyl butyral resins with other modifiersand resins.

TA B L E 10

Compatibility of Butvar® With Various ResinsButvar Butvar B-72, B-74,

Solvent B-76, B-79 B-90, B-98

Acrylate I I

Alkyd Beckosol™ 11-035 P P

Duraplex™ 11-804 P P

Cellulose Cellulose Acetate I I

Cellulose Acetate Butyrate P P

Ethyl Cellulose P P

Nitrocellulose, RS™ C C

Nitrocellulose, SS™ C C

Chlorinated Rubber I I

Coumarone-Indene I I

Epoxy Epi-Rez™ 540-C C C

Epon™ 1001F, 1007F C C

Araldite™ 6069 C C

Fossil Damar C C

Isocyanate Desmodur™ AP Stabil C C

Melamine Formaldehyde Resimene® 717 and 881 P P

Resimene® 730 and 741 P P

Phenolic OxyChem™ 02620, 92600, 29107 C C

Durite™ P-97 C C

Methylon™ 75-108 C C

Santolink® EP 560 (Butyletherified) C C

SP-1044 Resin C C

Rosin Derivatives Pentalyn™ H P P

Staybelite™ Ester 10 C P

Vinsol™ C C

Shellac C C

Silicone DC 840 C P

DCZ 6018 C P

Sulfonamid Ketjenflex™ MH P P

Urea Formaldehyde Resimene® 918 P P

Vinyl Chloride Copolymer VAGH,VAGD P I

Key: C – Compatible in all proportions P – Partially compatible I – Incompatible

* Refers to film compatibility provided mutual solvents are used.


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15B U T V A R

INSOLUBILIZING REACTIONSMany applications for the vinyl acetal resins involve curingwith a thermosetting resin to obtain the balance of prop-erties desired.The free hydroxyl groups in vinyl acetalresins present a point of chemical reactivity throughwhich the resins may be insolubilized. In general, anychemical reagent or resinous material which reacts withsecondary alcohols will react with the polyvinyl butyralto inhibit solubility.

Of course, the properties of coatings vary greatly withthe type and amount of crosslinking agent used.

REACTION WITH PHENOLICS

REACTION WITH EPOXIES (Anhydride Cure)

OH

BUTVAR

OHOH

CH3

BUTVAR

PHENOLIC

H+

(R)HOH2C CH2OH

OH

CH3

O

BUTVAR

O OH

CH3

BUTVAR

(R)H2C CH2

OH

CH3

OH

BUTVAR BUTVAR

EPOXY

CH2 CH

CH CH2

CHOC

CH3

CH3

CH3 OH

CH3

CCH2 CH2O O CH2 CH2OCH2 CH

OH

CH

O O

C

O

O

O

O

C

Typical Epoxy ResinX

C

O

O

CH2

C

O

O


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16 B U T V A R

PROPERTIES

REACTION WITH DIALDHEHYDES

REACTION WITH MELAMINES

REACTION WITH ISOCYANATES

CH CH2 CH

OH OH

O

O

OH OH

HC H+

CH

CH CH2 CH

O O

CH CH2 CH

HC

CH

OO

CH CH2 CH

BUTVAR

BUTVAR

O

N N

BUTVAR

O

BUTVAR

HO

BUTVAR

OH

BUTVAR

MELAMINERESIN

HOH2C

NH2

CH2OHNH NHNH HN(R)C CC C

N

C

N N

NH2

C

N

N N

H2C

NH2

CH2NH NHNH HN(R)C CC C

N

C

N N

NH2

C

N

H+

O

OH

R

NCO

OH

NCO

O

NH

C

C O

O

R

NH

BUTVAR BUTVAR

BUTVAR

BUTVAR

DIISOCYANATE

Tertiary Amine


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17B U T V A R

APPLICATIONS

WIRE ENAMELSButvar® resins may be used to overcoat magnet wire sothat coils made from that wire can be cemented withheat or by solvent activation.

Coiled or shaped magnet wire with a polyvinyl butyralovercoat is tough and flexible.The presence of hydroxylgroups in the polyvinyl butyral molecule permits thepolyvinyl butyral not only to crosslink with itself, but also to crosscure with phenolic or isocyanate resin.

The overall balance of physical and chemical propertieshas made this type of overcoat based on Butvar a leader in the field for many years.

SURFACE COATINGSThe Butvar vinyl acetal resin may be used alone or in combination with a wide variety of resins to give functional surface coating compositions. Films which may be air dried, baked or cured at room temperatureare obtained by proper compounding.The presence of hydroxyl groups in the polymer molecule not onlyenables good wetting of most substrates, but also furnishes a reactive site for chemical combination with thermosetting resins.

WASH PRIMERSIn protective coatings for metal the best known vinylacetal application is in “wash primers,” also referred to as “metal conditioners.” Compared with other corrosioninhibiting materials, wash primers are unique and moreeffective because they offer, in a single treatment, severalmeans of preventing corrosion.These anti-corrosiveprimers apply easier, adhere better, and dry faster thanthe more conventional materials.

The action of wash primers over steel, for example, is as follows:

� First, an iron oxide and zinc phosphate film, similarto that formed in the common phosphatingprocesses, is deposited on the metal;

� Second, these wash primers provide a continuoussupply of chromate ions to repair pin holes in thephosphate film, eliminating the need for a specialchromate rinse.

�Third, the polyvinyl butyral film is chemicallybound in the inorganic layers through a chromiumcomplex, providing additional mechanical protec-tion to the metal surface.

In effect, this type of primer actually phosphatizes themetal at the surface, supplies a corrosion inhibiting pigment in a tenaciously adhering binder, and dries to take most topcoats.

Wash primers are widely used on a variety of metalstructures, such as storage tanks, ships, airplanes, etc.Highway departments also have shown a keen interest in these coatings for bridges, dam locks and, in particular,highway guard rails. In finishing trucks or house trailersfabricated of phosphated or galvanized steel, or aluminum,wash primers provide corrosion resistance and adhesionunder single coat styrenated alkyd and other modifiedalkyd enamels. On metal that is subject to immersion and corrosion conditions, wash primers are specifiedunder urethane and vinyl topcoats.

MILITARY SPECIFICATION WASH PRIMERSThe U.S. Navy Bureau of Ships has long recognized the need for the use of the wash primer as a surface pretreatment for metals prior to subsequent painting.Military Specification DOD-P-15328D entitled Primer,Pretreatment is required to be used on all metal surfaces.This primer is a two-package system containing ButvarB-90 in a solvent system consisting of normal butanoland either ethanol or isopropanol. By comparison, theDepartment of the Air Force and the U.S. Navy Bureauof Naval Weapons have approved a slightly different pretreatment formulation designated Coating Compound,Metal Pretreatment, Resin-Acid MIL-C-8514C (ASG).Thissystem specifies the use of either Butvar B-76 or ButvarB-90 in a solvent system consisting of butanol and ethanol.Specific details of both wash primer systems can befound in the particular specification involved.


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18 B U T V A R

APPLICATIONS

NON-SPECIFICATION WASH PRIMERS:B-1030 WITH BUTVAR®

Wash primer B-1030 formulation is a two-package systembased on Butvar B-76 resin and a thermosetting phenolicresin.This formulation was designed to give higher earlywater resistance than the well-known military specifica-tion wash primers. Coatings based on formulation B-1030exhibit reduced tendency to blister and to lose adhesionin high humidity.The B-1030 formulation also has non-settling characteristics. In contrast to the older wash

primer formulations, B-1030 does not display hard pigment settling of the base grind.

The thermosetting resin content of the B-1030 formulationnot only increases water resistance but also contributesto reduced solvent sensitivity.Thus, good adhesion andcorrosion resistance are retained under alkyd, alkyd-nitrocellulose, acrylic and vinyl topcoats, and also under epoxy, urethane, polyvinyl acetate and alkydmelamine topcoats.

SINGLE-PACKAGE WASH PRIMER:B-1011 WITH BUTVAR®

Wash primer B-1011 is a clear, green single-packageprimer also known as a “reacted” wash primer. Based on Butvar B-90 resin, it has excellent stability in bothconcentrated and diluted forms and air dries to clearglossy films of very low color. Films of the primer

possess good adhesion to steel, phosphated steel, galva-nized steel, brass, copper, wood, stainless steel andchrome plate.Although designed to enhance adhesion,this coating also functions as a corrosion-inhibitingprimer for a variety of topcoats, but in many cases may afford protection as the sole coating.

TA B L E 1 1

Wash Primer B-1030 With ButvarA. Base grind Percent by Weight

1.To a solution of: Butvar B-76 1.24

Ethanol, 95% 9.35

Methyl Ethyl Ketone 9.97

2.Add: Basic Zinc Chromate pigment 11.52

Celite™ 266 4.82

3. Grind to Hegman fineness of 6, N.S. Scale

4.Add solution of: Butvar B-76 7.39

Ethanol, 95% 23.08

Methyl Ethyl Ketone 24.63

Santolink® EP 560 8.00

Total 100.00

5. Grind for 30 minutes and package

B. Reducer Percent by Weight

Phosphoric acid, 85% 7.50

n-Butanol 92.50

Total 100.00

Mix for several minutes and package

Reduced Primer Properties (Pigment grind to reducer; 1:1 by volume)

NVM 19%

Weight per gallon 7.5 lbs.

Coverage 533 sq. ft./gal. at 0.3 mils dry

Pot life 8-12 hours


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19B U T V A R

TA B L E 12

Wash Primer B-1011 With Butvar®

Material Percent by Weight

A. Acetone 44.40

Anhydrous Ethanol 36.30

Butvar B-90 11.00

B. 85% Phosphoric Acid (U.S.P.) 0.72

Water 6.48

C. Chromic Acid (99 + %) 0.37

Water 0.73

Total 100.00

Properties

NVM 12%

Viscosity 21 sec., No. 4 Ford cup

Lbs./gal. 7.0

Coverage 384 sq. ft./gal. at 0.3 mils dry

TA B L E 13

Sherwin-Williams Chromate-free Wash PrimerMOLY-WHITE

A. Base Grind DOD-P-15328D X92

Pounds Pounds Gallons

Butvar B-90 56.0 56.0 6.10

n-Butanol 125.0 125.0 18.48

Isopropanol, 99% 353.0 353.0 53.80

Moly-White X92 (1) 39.7 1.70

Basic Zinc Chromate 54.0 1.70

Magnesium Silicate, MP40-27 (2) 8.0 8.0 0.34

Furnace Black (3) 0.6 0.6 0.34

Water, DI 15.0 15.0 1.80

82.26

B. Reducer

Phosphoric Acid, 85% 28.0 28.0 2.0

Water, DI 25.0 25.0 3.0

Isopropanol, 99% 99.0 99.0 15.0

20.0

1. Sherwin-Williams Chemicals 2. Pfizer Inc. 3. Columbian Chemicals

Alternative chromate-free pigments are PhosGuard J-0800 from Mineral Pigments Corporation and Borogard ZB from U.S. Borax.

CHROMATE-FREE WASH PRIMERS WITH BUTVARTraditional wash primer formulations have generallyemployed zinc chromate as the anticorrosive pigment.Due to toxicity concerns associated with chromates,alternative anticorrosive pigments, such as zinc

molybdate, borate or borophosphate, are suggested.Substitution of these pigments for zinc chromate on an equal weight or volume basis are suggested startingpoints for reformulation.A chromate-free wash primerbased upon U.S. Government specification DOD-P-15328D is shown in Table 13.


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20 B U T V A R

APPLICATIONS

METAL COATINGSButvar® resins are used in a wide variety of metal coatingapplications in combination with other resin types, suchas phenolics, epoxies, isocyanates, melamines, ureas, etc.When used with these various modifying resins, Butvarcan improve coating uniformity, minimize cratering,improve adhesion, and increase coating toughness andflexibility.These resin combinations can be compoundedto produce baked coatings with good chemical resistance,which also will withstand post-forming. Applications ofsuch coatings can be made by conventional methodsincluding brush, spray, dip, fluidized bed, etc. End-useapplications include drum and can linings, as well as thewide variety of metallic substrates, which are coated bythe fluidized bed technique. Curable coatings containingButvar resin may be formulated to meet the extractabilityrequirements of the U.S. Food and Drug Administrationfor indirect food additive uses.

Metal coating 2009 is one example of the use of Butvar incombination with other resins – in this case phenolic andepoxy – to produce an excellent coating.This particularcombination provides excellent abrasion resistance, tough-ness, flexibility, adhesion and chemical resistance. Specificapplication tests have shown that this system should makeoutstanding can or drum linings.

TA B L E 1 4

Metal Coating 2009Material Percent by Weight

Diacetone Alcohol 17.4

n-Butanol 17.4

Ethanol, 95% 7.7

Xylol 34.7

Santolink® EP 560 5.1

Epon™ 1007F 13.0

Butvar® B-90 2.0

10% Phosphoric Acid(in above solvents) 2.7

Total 100.00

Properties

NVM 20%

Cure cycle sequence: Room temperature. Drying 15 minutes, followed by 30 minutesat 190˚F and 20 minutes at 400˚F.

Application: Spray or roller


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21B U T V A R

WOOD FINISHES

Protective Wash Coats and SealersButvar® resin is widely used as a component of washcoats and sealers in wood finishing operations. It providesgood holdout, intercoat adhesion, moisture resistance,flexibility, toughness and impact resistance to the coatingsystem. In addition, the wood substrate is protectedagainst discoloration when Butvar is used in the finish.Combinations involving nitrocellulose, shellac and shellacester along with other resin types are used with Butvarunder many of the common topcoats (Table 15). Butvaris particularly effective for improving the holdout of polyester and polyurethane coatings, as well as protectingthe wood substrate against color changes caused by light.

The following starting formulation is representative of the kind of wood sealer or wash coat that can becompounded from Butvar:

TA B L E 15

Sealer/Wash Coat With ButvarMaterial Percent by Weight

Butvar B-98 6.1

Nitrocellulose, RS™, 1/4 Second 9.2

Butyl Acetate 32.9

Ethanol, Anhydrous 5.5

Isopropanol, 99% 10.9

Methyl Isobutyl Ketone 8.8

Xylol 13.3

Toluol 13.3

Total 100.0

Properties

NVM 12.5%

Viscosity 20 sec.,No. 4 Ford cup

Knot SealersThe polyvinyl butyral resins are excellent barriers tobleeding of terpenaceous matter from knots, heart wood and rosin ducts.The Western Pine Association has developed a superior knot sealer based on Butvar.The system consists of a combination of Butvar and phenolic resins (Table 16).

TA B L E 16

Western Pine Association Knot Sealer, WP578Material Percent by Weight

Butvar B-90 3.3

Durite™ P-97 40.0

Ethanol, 95% 56.7

Total 100.0

Properties

NVM 23.3%

Application: Brush

The above formulation is designed for brush application.However, it has been adapted to application from anaerosol spray can, giving the same outstanding perfor-mance as the brush applied system.


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22 B U T V A R

APPLICATIONS

ADHESIVES

Structural AdhesivesStructural adhesives originally were developed for use inthe aircraft industry to replace rivets and other methodsof joining and fastening. Refinements in formulating struc-tural adhesives led to their use in bonding brake linings,in the electrical and electronic industries on printed circuits, in structural composite fiber binders for aerospaceor anti-ballistic applications, and in the architectural fieldfor the manufacture of interior and exterior curtain walls.

Combinations of Butvar® resin with thermosetting resinshave long been in use in bonding aircraft components –in fact, the system was the first synthetic resin adhesiveto be used for bonding metals in structural applications.

Phenolic ResinsIn some structural adhesive formulations, Butvar resinsare combined with alkaline catalyzed phenolic laminatingresins, such as Durite™ LS-433 or Plyophen™ 22-023.Compared with other general types of structural adhe-sive systems (epoxy-phenolic and synthetic rubber-phenolic), the PVB-phenolic gives the highest shearstrength values at temperatures up to 250˚F. Other outstanding properties of the PVB-phenolic systeminclude high peel strength at very low temperatures,excellent dielectric properties, and exceptionally goodcreep resistance as measured by the ability of the bondto carry sustained loads for extended periods of time.

Polyvinyl butyral-phenolic ratios of from 10:1 to 10:20have been used successfully for structural adhesives,although 10:5 seems to be the best ratio for a compro-mise of properties. As the amount of phenolic is reduced,the cured adhesive becomes more flexible and, in mostcases, peel strength increases. In addition, because of theincreased thermoplastic nature of the system, the hightemperature shear strength is reduced.These effects,i.e., increased peel and reduced high temperature shearstrength, occur when the cure time is shortened or thecure temperature is lowered.

Structural adhesives based on polyvinyl butyral resins can be applied as a solution, an unsupported film, a supported film on paper or cloth, or as a mixture of liquid and solid.*

In a solution adhesive system, the choice of solvents isimportant both for viscosity control of the solution andproper drying and filming characteristics. Proper dryingof the adhesive film is very important, as only a smallamount of residual solvent can affect greatly the variousfinal properties.Yet the solvent cannot be so volatile thatblushing occurs. Sprayed films are much more sensitiveto blushing than brushed or roller-coated films. Forbrushing, solvents in the boiling range of 75˚C to 100˚Care advised because they can be removed by air dryingand then force drying for 30 to 60 minutes at 105˚C.Solutions for spraying can tolerate small amounts ofhigher boiling solvents, such as xylene and butanol.

Viscosity of the adhesive solution affects the smoothnessand the thickness of the final brushed or sprayed film.For brushing, the proper viscosity is obtained at the following solids content (with a 10:5 PVB: phenolic ratio):Butvar B-90, 21%; Butvar B-72, 16% to 18%. For spraying,the solids content should be reduced in order to obtainnon-blushing, non-cobwebbing films.

Epoxies and Other Thermosetting ResinsButvar resins are compatible with many epoxy resins andcan confer such improvements on epoxy based systemsas increased impact resistance and peel strength. Inepoxy systems, as in phenolic systems, the vinyl acetalresins can serve as both co-reactant and flexibilizer.

The addition of small amounts of compatible plasticizerto an adhesive system combining a vinyl acetal resin witha thermosetting resin increases the flexibility and impactresistance of the bond with only slight sacrifice in hightemperature shear.This increased flexibility is most evident when peeling thick adherends and at high peelingspeeds.The tack or heat seal temperature of the uncuredadhesive also is appreciably lowered by the addition ofplasticizer. Adhesives with pressure sensitive propertiesin the uncured state can be developed which, when cured,will have temperature shear bond strength of more than1,000 psi.

*See U.S. Patent 2,499,134.


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23B U T V A R

High-strength Bonding ProcedureFor high-strength bonds, substrate cleaning is veryimportant. Usually the removal of surface contamination,such as oil film, dust, etc., is sufficient. Such cleaning normally is achieved by solvent or by detergent wash.However, for highest strength bonds, chemical surfacepreparation is employed.The following metals require the preparation noted:

� Aluminum alloys – acid oxidation� Copper – alkaline oxidation� Steel – a pickling bath to remove oxide scale

Care should be taken to avoid touching the cleaned panelsor exposing them to any contaminated atmosphere.Theadhesive should be applied to the cleaned surface as soonas possible.

A dry glue line of three to 10 mils has been found quitesatisfactory.With solvent systems, this thickness usuallycan be achieved with two to four brushed coats of adhe-sive on each adherend.With very thin glue lines, evenpressure must be applied to the laminate during cure inorder that consistent bonds be obtained.Thicker glue lineshave greater flow and absorb unequal curing pressures.

Performance CharacteristicsThe quality of a structural bond for a particular applica-tion is usually described in terms of its shear strength,peel strength, creep properties, fatigue strength and environmental resistance. In aircraft applications, hightemperature shear, fatigue resistance, creep, and oil andgas resistance are most important. In printed circuits,peel strength, blister resistance and dielectric propertiesare of primary importance. For architectural use, highpeel strength and long-term resistance to dead load and extremes of atmospheric environment are the outstanding requirements.Adhesives based on Butvar®

resins excel in all of these characteristics.

The requirements and methods for testing adhesives foraircraft applications are presented in Military SpecificationsMM-A-132 and MIL-A-25463-30.Test methods for archi-tectural and printed circuit applications are contained in various ASTM and NEMA specifications.

Adhesive StrengthsTypical test values for phenolic bonds of Butvar resinsmeasured by these techniques are given below:

TA B L E 17

Adhesives StrengthsAmount of PSI Shear Strength at Peel at 72˚F

Vinyl Acetal Phenolic Cure 72˚F 180˚F 250˚F 300˚F lbs./in.Width

Butvar B-72 50 phr. 30 min., 330˚F 6,000 4,000 1,400 500 25-30

Butvar B-90 50 phr. 30 min., 330˚F 5,700 2,800 1,000 30-35

Butvar B-72 100 phr. 20 min., 300˚F 5,000 3.300 1,100 35-40

Test Procedures: Shear – aluminum to aluminum as per MIL-A-8431Peel – 6 mil. aluminum to 64 mil. aluminum peeled at 5 inches per minute*phr. = parts per hundred resin.


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24 B U T V A R

APPLICATIONS

Hot Melt Adhesives

Butvar® makes an excellent base for hot melt adhesiveseven where difficult-to-bond surfaces are involved.Themany types of Butvar resins allow the best match to individual applications. For example, Butvar B-98 can be formulated to produce a hot melt with low viscositycharacteristics. B-72 can be used to produce an adhesivewith similar chemical properties but higher viscosity.Other types, such as B-76, are available to produce adhesives where less crosslinking is desirable.

Table 18 shows a starting formulation for a hot meltbased on Butvar:

TA B L E 18

Typical Hot Melt FormulationMaterial Parts by Weight

Butvar B-76 10

Santicizer® 160 10

Castorwax™ 35

Poly-Pale™ Ester #1 26

Staybelite™ Ester #10 19

Total 100

TEXTILE COATINGSOne of the unique uses of Butvar polyvinyl butyral resinis in the textile coating field. It can be compounded tomake fabrics water resistant and stain resistant withoutnoticeably affecting the appearance, feel, drape and colorof the fabric.Tablecloths, drapes, slipcovers, shower curtains, aprons, smocks and children’s bibs are some of the more common items which can be prepared.Outside the home, fabrics coated with Butvar serve as rainwear, porch furniture upholstering, awnings andbeach accessories.

Butvar, which provides a transparent film, can be appliedto practically all common fabrics. Cotton, wool, silk,nylon, viscose rayon and other synthetics can be success-fully coated. As a rule, almost any fairly tightly woven fabric with a flat surface can be made water resistant and stain resistant with a coating based on Butvar.

ADVANTAGES AS TEXTILE COATINGThe advantages of Butvar as a textile coating resin stemfrom the following properties:

� Transparency: Butvar can be made into a clear,colorless coating with excellent light resistanceand aging characteristics.

� Adhesion: After curing, Butvar adheres readily to practically all fabrics, including those normallyconsidered difficult to coat, such as nylon, viscoserayon and fiberglass.

� Hand and Appearance: A coating with Butvarhas the soft, warm, flexible feel of an uncoatedfabric, yet possesses all the functional characteris-tics of coated fabrics.

� Functional Properties: Butvar combines theseattributes with functional properties comparableto those of the best textile coating materials in the field. During the drying and curing opera-tions, Butvar is transformed to an elastomerwhich becomes a permanent part of the fabric.

Fabrics coated with properly compounded and curedButvar have outstanding softness and flexibility withouttackiness of low softening temperatures.They have excellent chemical and water resistance. Films of Butvarresin are tough and will resist abrasion and wear.Coatings can be applied from high solids solutions madewith common solvents. Clear coatings with Butvar may be applied from solutions of up to 35% solids;pigmented coatings may be as high as 45% solids.

Solutions of Butvar are ideally suited to coating witheither rubber or pyroxylin spreaders. Solids content can be high and the solvents fast evaporating.The materialwill flow well after being spread. For most applications,a light coating averaging 1-1/2 oz. dry to the square yardis recommended.The solution of Butvar, which can beprepared in a solvent mixture of alcohol and naphtha,is applied in generally two to five passes, depending onthe type of fabric and the coating operation.This is followed by a flat topcoat to remove gloss and tack normally associated with coated fabrics. Usually two topcoats are required for a smooth, skip-free coating.

The first two coats should be low in viscosity for properpenetration of the coating into the fiber interstices.Therelationship between depth of penetration and coating


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25B U T V A R

viscosity will necessarily depend on the fabric construc-tion and must be determined on the basis of trials. If an excessively high coating viscosity is used for the initialcoats, peel adhesion, Mullen and other physical test prop-erties will suffer. Experience has shown that superiorcoatings are produced by many thin coats rather than by a few heavy applications.

Butvar® is unique among vinyl resins in its ability to becured in a manner somewhat analogous to rubber. Curingimproves the heat resistance, solvent resistance andadhesion to the fabric. Curing of Butvar is accomplishedby incorporating crosslinking resins, such as urea, pheno-lics, melamines and isocyanates. Since the reaction involves the hydroxyl groups on the chain of Butvar, only a smallamount of a modifying resin is needed to increase substantially the heat and solvent resistance of theButvar resin.

A formulation incorporating such a crosslinking resin follows in Table 19.

TA B L E 19

Typical Textile Coating FormulationMaterial Parts by Weight

Butvar B-72 48.0

Tricresyl Phosphate 48.0

Ethanol 95% 84.2

Toluene 64.8

Water 8.0

Resimene® AQ-7550 3.5

p-Toluene Sulfonic Acid .7

p-Nonyl Phenol .2

Compounding

1. Combine solvents and plasticizer.

2.Add Butvar B-72 with stirring; heat if desired to speed solution.

3. Cool batch, blend in p-Nonyl Phenol, Resimene AQ-7550 andp-Toluene Sulfonic Acid in that order.

Compound Properties

Percent solids 39%

Viscosity (freshly made) ca. 70,000 cps.

Viscosity (24 hours) ca. 75,000 csp.

Coated stocks are cured after all coats have been applied.Premature curing of any coat due to overheating willreduce the adhesion of subsequent coats.The timerequired for curing will depend on the resins and thecatalysts employed and on the temperature of the curingoven. Cure time will vary from approximately one hourat 250˚F to five minutes or less at 350˚F.

Coatings with Butvar have been cured satisfactorily infestoon dryers at 200˚F, in steam heated ovens at 300˚F,in gas ovens and even dryer cans. In all cases, overheatingshould be avoided in order to prevent loss of plasticizerand stiffening.

A properly coated and cured fabric will be water resis-tant; will be resistant to stains of ink, coffee, tea, cookingoils and fats; and will have excellent washability. Mostsoilings can be wiped away with a damp cloth. Should the uncoated side require laundering, neutral soap andwarm water should be used.The coated fabric can beironed on the uncoated side.

Coatings based on Butvar cannot be dry cleaned. Suchtreatment will remove the plasticizer and leave a stiff,harsh coating which will break on flexing.

CERAMIC BINDER APPLICATIONSButvar polyvinyl butyral resins are recognized as thebinder of choice in the processing of ceramic tape castmaterials.The resin imparts excellent green strength andflexibility to the ceramic tape. It is compatible with manycommon solvents and plasticizers and burns out cleanlyduring sintering.

Butvar resins also are used as a binder medium in thickfilm processing. Butvar is formulated in the solvent vehi-cle used to deposit the circuit pattern on the ceramicsurface.The primary advantages of using Butvar resinsare their solubility in a wide range of solvents and uniform adhesion to conductive metals.


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26 B U T V A R

APPLICATIONS

TAPE CASTINGButvar® is regarded as the binder of choice for theceramic tape casting process due to the following benefits:

� Butvar resins provide excellent green strength to the unified tape.� The Butvar allows multiple tapes to be

laminated in the green stage.� Low Butvar concentrations allow for higher

density substrates after firing.� Butvar is soluble in many volatile yet inexpensive

solvents.� Flexibility in choosing Butvar product types

and load levels for a wide range in bindersolution viscosities and, therefore, ceramic slipviscosities.

� Butvar is compatible with many of the plasticizers used in ceramic systems.� Choose from dialkyl phthalates, benzyl phtha-

lates, adipates or phosphates commonly used.� Butvar burns out cleanly with a minimum

of warpage to the fired part.� The product shrinks uniformly.� Low gel content minimizes surface defects.

� Butvar has natural dispersing properties and is compatible with common dispersing agents,such as fish oils or phosphate esters.

The medium-to-low molecular weight resins, Butvar B-76, B-79, B-90 or B-98, are recommended for use in tape casting processes.

A typical tape casting formulation based on 100 gms ofsolid ceramic powder is offered below:

TA B L E 20

Typical Tape Casting FormulationComponent Parts by Weight

Alumnina 100.0

Butvar B-79 5.0

Santicizer® 160 4.3

Blown Menhaden Oil Z-3 visc. 2.0

Toluene 14.4

MEK 14.4

Premix the fish oil in the toluene and MEK and add toball mill. Add Alumina and ball mill for one hour. AddSanticizer 160 and Butvar B-79. Mill an additional 24hours. Pour, de-air for several minutes, and cast.

�Additional Butvar can be added to most formulations to improve inter-film lamination in a multilayer substrate.

�A microfiltration system is generally used withbinder/solvent systems. A five micron or finer filter is recommended.

THICK FILMSButvar resins can be used as the binder medium in vehicle formulations for thick film pastes. Our lowestmolecular weight resins, Butvar B-79 and B-98, are recommended for either silk screen or steel screenprocesses.The advantages to using Butvar in thick films include:

� Butvar is an excellent binder and dispersant forthe conductive metals used in thick films.

�Thick films with Butvar can be co-fired with thegreen tape in laminated ceramic substrates.

� Binder compatibility problems are minimized forco-firing systems when Butvar is used in both thethick film processing and as the binder in theceramic tape casting process.

TA B L E 21

Thermal PropertiesButvar Butvar

Test B-76 B-90Units Method B-79 B-98

Glass Transition Temperature – Tg C DSC 62-72 72-78

Ash Content at 550˚C – in Nitrogen % TGA <2.0 <3.0

– in Air % TGA <0.75 <0.75

The apparent glass transition temperature (Tg) wasdetermined by Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC).The Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) was a weightloss versus temperature profile conducted at a heatingrate of 10˚C/min.


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27B U T V A R

Butvar® Resin Thermolysis Profiles:ThermalGravimetric Analysis (TGA)

G R A P H 11

In Nitrogen

G R A P H 12

In Air

TONERS AND PRINTING INKSButvar resins have been used in printing ink formulationsfor many years. All Butvar resins are alcohol soluble andare often used in solvent based gravure and flexographicink formulations to improve flexibility, adhesion, andtoughness.The solubility characteristics of Butvar B-79and B-76 in aromatic and other fast drying solvents allowfor compounding at low concentrations in high speed,high quality printing applications.These properties havealso enabled Butvar to be used in ink formulations forthick film conductive pastes, printer ribbons and peninks, as well as in the manufacture of offset printingplates and other printing technology apparatus.

Butvar also serves the toner industry as a secondary binder.Polyvinyl butyral is added to the formulations to increaseviscosity and to improve film integrity over the fuser roll.The overall toughness of the Butvar enhances the integrityof the toner during the milling process and extendedmachine operation.This minimizes the level of fines without detracting from the flow properties.

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

050 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550

Temperature (°C) Heating Rate: 10°C/min.

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Temperature (°C) Heating Rate: 10°C/min.

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28 B U T V A R

STORAGE AND HANDLING

STORAGEEnvironments of high heat and humidity should be avoided.

TOXICITY AND FDA STATUSButvar® resins are regulated by the U. S. Food and DrugAdministration under parts of 21 Code of FederalRegulations for use as indirect food additives. Butvarresin also has been subjected to acute toxicity and mutagenicity studies. Details on specific coverage of individual studies are available upon request.

QUALITY CONTROLTo obtain the outstanding quality characteristics ofButvar, Solutia maintains statistical process control over the manufacturing process. In addition, to ensurethat you receive highly uniform material with each shipment, the finished product is analyzed in detail to be certain it conforms to our rigid specifications.

TA B L E 2 2

Packaging InformationContainer Type B-72 B-74 B-90, B-76 B-98, B-79

61-gallon Fiber Drum 145 lb. (66 kg) 145 lb. (66 kg) 140 lb. (63 kg) 135 lb. (61 kg)


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MATERIAL SOURCES

Product Designation Owner and/or Supplier

Araldite 6069 Ciba Geigy Corporation

Basic Zinc Chromate Landers Segal Color CompanyMineral Pigments

Beckosol 11-035 Reichhold Chemicals, Inc.

Borogard ZB U.S. Borax

Butvar® Resins Solutia Inc.

Butyl Acetate Eastman Chemical Products Inc.Union Carbide Corporation

Butyl Alcohol Union Carbide Corporation

Butyl Benzyl Phthalate Solutia Inc.

Butyl Cellosolve Union Carbide Corporation

Castor Oil #1 (raw), #15, #30, #40 CasChem Inc.

Castorwax CasChem Inc.

Celite 266 Manville Corporation

Cellulose Acetate Eastman Chemical Products Inc.

Cellulose Acetate Butyrate Eastman Chemical Products Inc.

Chlorinated Rubber Hercules Inc.

Chromic Acid (Chromium Trioxide) J.T. Baker Inc.

DC 840 Dow Corning Corporation

DCZ 6018 Dow Corning Corporation

Blown Menhaden Oil Z-3 visc. Werner G. Smith Inc.

Desmodur AP Stabil Bayer Corporation (Formerly Mobay Corp.)

Diacetone Alcohol Shell Chemical Corporation

Dibutyl Phthalate BASFEastman Chemical Products Inc.

Dibutyl Sebacate C.P. Hall Company

Dihexyl Adipate Ferro Inc.

Dimethyl Esters Solutia Inc.

Dioctyl Phthalate BASFEastman Chemical Products Inc.

Duraplex 11-804 Reichhold Chemicals, Inc.

Durite P-97, LS-433 Borden Chemical Company

Epi-Res 540-C Rhone-Poulenc Inc.

Epon 1001F, 1007F Shell Chemical Corporation

Ethanol, 95% – Neosol Shell Chemical Corporation

Ethanol, 95% – Synasol Union Carbide Corporation

2-Ethylhexyl Diphenyl Phosphate Solutia Inc.

Fish Oil Reichhold Chemicals, Inc.

Flexricin-P3 CasChem Inc.

Furnace Black Columbian Chemicals

Hercolyn Hercules Inc.

Isophorone Union Carbide Corporation

Isopropanol Exxon Company, USA

Ketjenflex 8, 9S, MH Akzo Chemie America

Linseed Oil Arista Chemical Inc.Reichhold Chemicals, Inc.

Magnesium Sillicate MP40-27 Pfizer Inc.

Product Designation Owner and/or Supplier

Methyl Acetate Ashland Chemical CompanyUnocal Corporation

Methyl Alcohol Air Products and Chemicals Inc.Ashland Chemical Company

Methyl Butanol BASF

Methyl Ethyl Ketone Shell Chemical Corporation

Methyl Isobutyl Ketone Shell Chemical Corporation

Methylon 75-108 OxyChem

Moly-White X92 Sherwin-Williams Chemical

Naphtha Shell Chemical Corporation

Nitrocellulose RS, SS Hercules Inc.

OxyChem 02620, 92600, 29107 OxyChem

p-Nonyl Phenol Boddin Chemiehandel

Paraplex G-25 C.P. Hall Company

Pentalyn H Hercules Inc.

PhosGard J-0800 Mineral Pigments Corporation

Phosphoric Acid, 85% U.S.P. Astaris

PlastHall DBS C.P. Hall Company

Plyophen 22-023 OxyChem

Poly-Pale Ester #1 Hercules Inc.

Pycal 94 ICI Americas Inc.

RGA-8 Rohm and Haas Company

Resimene® 717, 730, 741, 881 Cytec Ind.AQ-7550 and 918

SP-1044 Resin Schenectady Chemicals Inc.

Santicizer® Plasticizers Cytec Ind.

Santolink® EP 560 Cytec Ind.

Santosol® DME Cytec Ind..

Shellac Ashland Chemical CorporationWilliam Zinsser and Company

Skydrol® Solutia Inc.

Stabelite Ester #10 Hercules Inc.

Toluol (Toluene) Exxon Company, USAUnocal Corporation

Tributyl Citrate Morflex Chemical Company

Tributyl Phosphate FMC CorporationAkzo Chemicals Inc.

Tricresyl Phosphate FMC CorporationAkzo Chemicals Inc.

Triphenyl Phosphate Triway

VAGH,VAGD(UCAR Solution Vinyl Resin) Union Carbide Corporation

Vinsol Hercules Inc.

Xylol (Xylene) Exxon Company, USA

Z3 Defloc Fish Oil Reichhold Chemicals, Inc.

Zinc Borate U.S. Borax

Zinc Boro Phosphate Mineral Pigments Corporation

Zinc Molybdate Sherwin-Williams Chemical


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NOTICE: Although the information and recommendations set forth herein (hereinafter “Information”) are presentedin good faith and believed to be correct as of the date hereof, Solutia Inc. makes no representations or warranties asto the completeness or accuracy thereof. Information is supplied upon the condition that the persons receiving samewill make their own determination as to its suitability for their purposes prior to use. In no event will Solutia Inc.be responsible for damages of any nature whatsoever resulting from the use of or reliance upon Information orthe product to which Information refers. Nothing contained herein is to be construed as a recommendation to useany product, process, equipment or formulation in conflict with any patent, and Solutia Inc. makes no representationor warranty, express or implied, that the use thereof will not infringe any patent. NO REPRESENTATIONS ORWARRANTIES, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSEOR OF ANY OTHER NATURE ARE MADE HEREUNDER WITH RESPECT TO INFORMATION OR THE PRODUCTTO WHICH INFORMATION REFERS.

St. Louis (headquarters)P.O. Box 66760St. Louis, Missouri 63166-6760Tel: 314-674-1000Fax:314-674-5147Sales OfficeTel: 410-323-3133Fax: 443-269-0588

TECHNICAL ASSISTANCEPlease call our Technical Service Hotline at 734-671-4539Fax:734-671-5820

ORDER ASSISTANCEPlease call our CustomerOrder Processing Dept., toll free at 800-964-5224

Fax: 314-674-5147

BELGIUMSolutia Europe N.V./S.A.Rue Laid Burniat, 3Parc Scientifique – FlemingB-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve (Sud)BelgiumTel: 32.10.48.12.11Fax: 32.10.48.12.12

BRAZILSolutia Brazil Ltda.Rua Gomes de Carvalho1306 - 60. Andar 14547-005Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilTel: 55-11-3365-1811Fax: 55-11-3365-1818

CHINA-PRCSolutia International Trading Co.,LtdUnit 1018,Ocean Towers,No.550 Yanan Road. Shanghai P.R.China 200001 Tel: 86 21 63617760 Cell: 86 134 8211 4301INDIASolutia Chemicals India PrivateLimited205-207, ‘Midas’Sahar Plaza ComplexAndheri-Kurla RoadAndheri (E)Mumbai 400 059 IndiaTel : 91 22 830-2860Fax: 91 22 830-2859

JAPANSolutia Japan Ltd.Shinkawa Sanko BuildingSecond Floor1-13-17, Shinkawa, Chuo-kuTokyo 104-0033, JapanTel: 81-3523 2080Fax: 81-3523 2070

KOREASolutia Korea Ltd.3RD Floor,Anglican Church Building3-7, Jeong-dong, Joong-gu,Seoul 100-120, KoreaTel: 82-2-736-7112Fax: 82-2-739-5049

MALAYSIASolutia Hong Kong Ltd.Malaysia Branch12th Floor (1309-B)Kelana Parkview TowerNo. 1 Jalan SS 6/2Kelana Jaya47301 Petaling JayaSelangor, MalaysiaTel: 6-03-7804-4067/5766Fax: 6-03-7806-5904

SINGAPORESolutia Singapore Pte. Ltd.101 Thomson Road#19-01/02 United SquareSingapore 307591Tel: 65-6-357-6100Fax: 65-6-357-6194

TAIWANSolutia Taiwan Inc.7/F-1, 122 Chung Cheng RoadShin Lin District,TaipeiTaiwan, R.O.C.Tel: 886-2-8866-6181Fax: 886-2-8866-2703

THAILANDSolutia Thailand Ltd.193/11 Lake Rajada Building3rd Floor, Ratchadapisek RoadKlongtoeyBangkok 10110 Thailand Tel: 662-264-0942Fax: 662-264-0944

Visit our web site:http://www.butvar.com

NORTH AMERICA EUROPE

SOUTH AMERICA

ASIA PACIFIC

SolutiaP.O. Box 66760St. Louis, MO 63166-6760Tel: (314) 674-1000 Fax: (314) 674-5147

Litho in U.S.A.

® Registered Trademark of Solutia Inc.

© Solutia Inc., 2006 .All rights reserved.

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POLYVINYL BUTYRAL RESINPROPERTIES & USES€¦ · POLYVINYL BUTYRAL RESINPROPERTIES & USES. CONTENTS...

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