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UNIVERSITATEA DE TIINE AGRICOLE I DE MEDICIN VETERINAR
ION IONESCU DE LA BRAD IASI FACULTATEA DE AGRICULTUR
SPECIALIZAREA AGRICULTUR
PROIECT DE AN
LA
CULTURA PAJITILOR
I A PLANTELOR FURAJERE
ndrum!"r#
Pr"$% dr% V&'()* VNTU
S!ud*n!#
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PLANUL PROIECTULUI
CAPITOLUL I. INTRODUCRE
CAPITOLUL II. CARACTERIZAREA CADRULUI NATURAL
CAPITOLUL III. MSURI DE MBUNTIRE A PAJITILOR
a. msuri d su!ra"a#
$. msuri radi%a&
CAPITOLUL I'. OR(ANIZAREA PUNATULUI RAIONAL
CAPITOLUL '. APLICAII PRACTICE
)Bi$&i*+ra"i)
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CAPITOLUL I
INTRODUCERE
0%0% Im1"r!&n2# 3)&'($(3&r*# r'14nd(r*
P&5(6!*& r*1r*7(n! 'u1r&$&2& d* !*r*n &3"1*r(! 3u 8*9*!&2(* (*r:"&'# &)3!u(!
;n 3*& m&( m&r* 1&r!* d(n 1)&n!* 1*r*n*# 3* &1&r2(n d($*r(!*)"r $&m()(( :"!&n(3*# & 3r"r
1r"du32(* *'!* u!()(7&! ;n &)(m*n!&2(& &n(m&)*)"r# 1r(n 16un&! '&u 3"'(!%
C"n9r*'u) In!*rn&2("n&) &) P&5(6!()"r# d*$(n*6!* !*rm*nu) d* 1&5(6!* 3& $(nnd
!*r*n &9r(3") *
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P&5(6!()* n&!ur&)* 'un! r*1r*7*n!&!* d* 'u1r&$*2* 1* 3&r* 8*9*!&2(& (*r:"&' '=&
(n'!&)&! '1"n!&n% L& r4ndu) )"r *)* '* ;m1&r! ;n pajiti naturale primare 6( pajiti
naturale secundare%
Pajiti naturale primare 1&5(6!( n&!ur&)* 1r"1r(u=7('* 'un! r'14nd(!* ;n
d($*r(!* r*9(un( &)* 9)":u)u( und* $&3!"r(( *3")"9(3( nu &u 1*rm(' $"rm&r*& 1dur()"r%A3*'!*& 'un! r*1r*7*n!&!* d* 1&m1& &r9*n!(n(&n# '!*1& ru'*&'3# '&8&n& &$r(3&n#
m&r()* 34m1(( &m*r(3&n* 3u (*r:ur( '3und*# 1r**r(& 3u (*r:ur( ;n&)!*# !undr& n"rd(3 6(
!undr& d* &)!(!ud(n*# 3&r* "3u1&u 'u1r&$*2* (m*n'* 6( 'u: ;n8*)(6u) )"r (*r:"' '=&u
$"rm&! '")ur( n*9r*# $*r!()* 6( &d4n3(% n R"m4n( 1&5(6!()* n&!ur&)* 1r(m&r* 'un!
r*1r*7*n!&!* 1r(n "3(ur()* d* '!*1 d(n 'ud=*'!u) 2r(( 6( 1r(n 1&5(6!()* &)1(n*# 'u1r&$&2&
)"r $((nd &1r"
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1*rm&n*n!* ++#? 6( 1dur()* +#+? 3**& 3* ;n'*&mn 3 H,# ? *'!* &3"1*r(! 3u
8*9*!&2(* 6( -#-? *'!* r*1r*7*n!&! d* &)!* !*r*nur(%
P"!r(8(! &nu&ru)u( '!&!('!(3 d(n 0# ;n R"m4n(& 'u1r&$&2& 1&5(6!()"r
1*rm&n*n!* *'!* d* /#+ m()("&n* 1"nd*r*& )"r $&2 d* 'u1r&$&2& !"!&) r*1r*7(n!
+,#/? $&2 d* 'u1r&$&2& u'3&!u)u( d* +0#+?# (&r $&2 d* 'u1r&$&2& &9r(3") -+#?%P&5(6!()* 1*rm&n*n!* d(n 2&r& n"&'!r 'un! r'14nd(!* 3u 1r*3d*r* ;n r*9(un()*
d* d*&) 6( mun!*# und* d*2(n /? d(n 'u1r&$&2& $"ndu)u( 1&'!"r&)%
n $un32(* d* !(1u) d* 1&5(6!*# ;n &:'*n2& )u3rr()"r 3ur*n!* d* ;n!r*2(n*r* 6(
;m:un!2(r*# 1r"du32(& 1&5(6!()"r 1*rm&n*n!* "'3()*&7 ;n!r* ,#@ 6( - !.& S%U%
D(n 1un3! d* 8*d*r* 3&)(!&!(8# $ur&5u) 3"n2(n* ;n m*d(* 0, 0-? P%B% d(n
'u:'!&n2& u'3&! H ? P%B%D%% n &3*'!* 3"nd(2(( 1&5(6!()* 1*rm&n*n!* $urn(7*&7 @, /,, J9.& P%B% 6( @,, -,,, U%N%.&%
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CAPITOLUL II
CARACTERIZAREA CADRULUI NATURAL
DESCRIEREA CADRULUI NATURAL
,.- A/ara +*+ra"i%
S"3(*!&!*& &9r(3") S%C% KPr"d&9r"K S%A% Z"r)*n( $"'!u) I%A%S% Z"r)*n(
d*'!(n&! 1r"du32(*( 8*9*!&)* ;6( &r* '*d(u) )& @ Jm d* "r&6u) B4r)&d# 5ud*2u) V&')u(#
m&( *T*m1*r&!ur& m*d(* 1* &n"!(m1ur( '* 1r*7(n! &'!$*)>
= (&rn&> = 0#,C
- 1r(m8&r&> 00#0,C
- 8&r&> ++,C
- !"&mn&> 0,#-,C
T*m1*r&!ur& m&
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Am1)(!ud(n*& !*rm(3 m*d(* &nu&) &5un9* 14n )& +@#-,C# (&r 3*& m&
=n anul agricol 1998 - 1999# 'um& 9r&d*)"r !*m1*r&!ur()"r m*d(( )un&r* & $"'!
d* 000#,C# n"rm&)& $((nd d* 0,+#0,C# d*3( &:&!*r*& $&2 d* n"rm&) & $"'! d* 0@#,C%
C*& m&( m&r* &:&!*r* n*9&!(8 $&2 d* n"rm&) & $"'! ;n )un& $*:ru&r(* 3u =
+#,C# (&r &:&!*r*& 1"7(!(8 3*& m&( m&r* $&2 d* n"rm&) & $"'! ;nr*9('!r&! ;n )un&
'*1!*m:r(* 3u @#@,C%
- n anul agricol 1999 - 2000# !*m1*r&!ur& m*d(* & $"'! d* 0-0,C# &:&!*r*& $&2
d* n"rm&) $((nd d* 0#,C% C*& m&( m&r* &:&!*r* n*9&!(8 $&2 d* n"rm&) & $"'! ;n
)un& &1r()(* 3u H#-,C# (&r &:&!*r*& 1"7(!(8 3*& m&( m&r* $&2 d* n"rm&) & $"'!
;nr*9('!r&! ;n )un& '*1!*m:r(* 3u #@,C%
= n &nu) &9r(3") +,,, = +,,0# !*m1*r&!ur& m*d(* &nu&) & $"'! 3*& m&( m&r*#
0-/#/,C# du34nd )& " d(m(nu&r* & 1r"du32(*( )& 3u)!ur()* )u&!* ;n '!ud(u%
n !&:*)u) -%+%0% 'un! 1r*7*n!&!* 8&)"r()* !*m1*r&!ur()"r 1* 3*( !r*( &n( )u&2( ;n
'!ud(u%
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Tabelul 321
T*m1*r&!ur( ;nr*9('!r&!* )& B4r)&d ;n &n(( &9r(3")( 0=+,,0
A2u& Lu2a Mdia &u2ar N*rma&a A$a1ra
0=0
IIIIIIIIII
IVVVIVIIVIII
0@#@0,#/0#0=@#=0#/,#H@#@
00#/0/#@+0#H+-#++0#+
0,#,#@=+#,=/#,=+#-#//#H
#0/#,+0#,++#@0H#,
@#@,#-#0=0#0#-=+#,#
0#H,#@,#H,#@#0
T"!&) = 00# 0,+#0 0@#
0=+,,,
IIII
IIIIIIIVVVIVIIVIII
0#@0,#/-#H0#,=/#00#-/#@
0-#@0#@+,#@++#H++#
0,#,#@=+#,=/#,=+#-#//#H#0/#,+0#,++#@0H#,
#@,#@#H@#,=0#/=+#0=,#0H#--#@=,#@,#0H#
T"!&) = 0-0 0,+#0 +@#++,,,=+,,0 I
III
IIIIIIIVVVI
0@#,0,#@#+#0=,#+0#,H#
0,#0@#0#H
0,#,#@=+#,=/#,=+#-#//#H#0/#,+0#,
@#,0#,
0,#H#0+#@=+#/+#00
0#=+#/
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VIII +-#- 0H#, #-
T"!&) = 0-H#/ 0,+#0 -/#-
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Fig.1 Temperaturi nregistrate la statia meteo Brlad n
anii agricoli 1998-2001
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
I I II I II III I! ! !I !II !III
"unile
Temperaturi
1999
2000
2001
#ormala
0,
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8/10/2019 Proiect de an La Cultura Pajistilor Si a Plantelor Furajere
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M*d(& mu)!(&nu&) & 1r*3(1(!&2(()"r *'!* d* /@0# mm%
C& r*9(m m*d(u )un&r# 3*)* m&( m&r( 3&n!(!&2( d* 1r*3(1(!&2(( 3&d ;n )un& (un(*
H-#, mm# d&r 1r*3(1(!&2(( &:und*n!* 3&d 6( ;n )un()* m&(# (u)(* 6( &u9u'!%
C*)* m&( 1u2(n* 1r*3(1(!&2(( 3&d ;n )un& m&r!(* ++#@ mm 1r*3um 6( )un()*
(&nu&r(* 6( $*:ru&r(*%R*$*r(!"r )& 1*r("&d& )u&! ;n '!ud(u '=& 3"n'!&!&! 3>
=n anul agricol 1998!19991r*3(1(!&2(()* &nu&)* &u $"'! d* @,#/ mm# n"rm&)&
$((nd d* /@0# mm# d*3( &3*'! &n '=& 3&r&3!*r(7&! 1r(n!r=" &:&!*r* d* @H# mm%
n &3*'! &n 1u!*m &$(rm& 3 d(n 1un3! d* 8*d*r* &) 1r*3(1(!&2(()"r 3"nd(2(()* &u
$"'! $"&r!* $&8"r&:()* 1*n!ru 1r(n3(1&)*)* 3u)!ur(%
="nul agricol 1999!2000'=& 3&r&3!*r(7&! 1r(n!r=" &:&!*r* $&2 d* n"rm&) d*=0+ mm# 1r*3(1(!&2(()* ;n &3*'! &n $((nd d* -++# mm%
= "nul agricol 2000!2001& $"'! un &n '*3*!"' ;n )un()* "3!"m:r(*# (&nu&r(*#
$*:ru&r(* 6( &u9u'!% A3*'! $&1! & &du' )& d(m(nu&r*& 1r"du32(()"r )& 1r(n3(1&)*)*
3u)!ur(# 3u !"&!* 3 &:&!*r*& &nu&) $&2 d* 1r*3(1(!&2(()* n"rm&)* nu & $"'! n*9&!(8%
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Tabelul 331
Pr*3(1(!&2(( mm ;nr*9('!r&!* )& B4r)&d ;n &n(( &9r(3")( 0=+,,0
A2u& Lu2a Mdia &u2ar N*rma&a A$a1ra
0=0
I
III
IIIIIIIVVVI
VIIVIII
/,#/
-,#H-H#H+#00#0#+0#/@@#0-+#0-/#,
/0#0@+#+
-#+
--#H-/#@+#H+@#,+-#/++#@-,#,@,#,H-#,
@#,@,#-
-#+
=-#,0#H=,#@=#+=/#H=0#0+@#0=0#+0#,
=0#0#
T"!&) = @,#/ /@0# @H#
0=+,,,
IIII
III
IIIIVVVIVIIVIII
-#+-#@0#,-H#/0H#@+,#@
+#/+-#0#0@#@,#---#+
-#+--#H-/#@+#H+@#,+-#/
++#@-,#,@,#,H-#,@#,@,#-
+#,@#
=0H#@#=#@=+#
/#=H#0
=/#0=/#0=#
=0#T"!&) = -++# /@0# =0+
+,,,=+,,0
I
IIIIIIIIIIVVVIVII
VIII
H@#+#/
@,#0/##/
0H#+/#0@/#+-#+HH#@+#/
#
-#+--#H
-/#@+#H+@#,+-#/++#@-,#,@,#,H-#,@#,
@,#-
+#@=-0#+
0H#-=0-#=0@#H=H#0#H
+/#+=00#-#=H#H
=/+#@T"!&) = /,-#- /@0# =/#
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3i+.0 Pr%i!i1a#ii 4mm5 62 a2ii a+ri%*&i -778)099-
Lu2i&
0
20
$0
%0
80
100
1201$0
1%0
I I II I II III I! ! !I !II !III
&mm'
1999
2000
2001
#ormala
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,.: R+imu& ;
= 1r(m8*r( '3ur!* 6( ;n 9*n*r&) '*3*!"&'*# 3u 84n!ur( $r*38*n!* 3&r*
&33*n!u(&7 *8&1"!r&n'1(r&2(& &1*( d(n '")# 9r:(nd u'3&r*& )u(
= 1)"( &:und*n!* )& '$4r6(!u) 1r(m8*r(( 6( m&( &)*' )& ;n3*1u!u) 8*r((
= (*rn( r*3(# 3u 71&d nu 1r*& mu)!# 3&r* *'!* '1u):*r&!%
A3*'!* 84n!ur( d"m(n&n!* &du3 8&r& '*3*!* 1r"nun2&!*# (&r (&rn& 8('3")*
1u!*rn(3*# ;n'"2(!* d* '3d*r*& 1r"nun2&! & !*m1*r&!ur((%
0H
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Tabelul 3#1
Fr*38*n2& 6( 8(!*7& 84n!ur()"r )& S!&2(& M*!*r")"9(3 B4r)&d
S!&2(& N NE E SE S SV V NV C&)m
Fr*38*n2& ? -,# #@ 0#/ /#/ 0-#@ 0,#0 /#, H#- +,#@
V(!*7& m.' -#0 +#+ 0#+ +# -# +#/ +#, +#- =
0
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3i+. , R*/a ;
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D(n 1un3! d* 8*d*r* )(!")"9(3# ;n !"&!* $"rm&2(un()* &u " m&r* r'14nd(r*
&r9()*)* 6( n('(1ur()*% Num&( )& 1&r!*& 'u1*r("&r & d*1"7(!*)"r '&rm&2("nu)u(# '* &$)
un "r(7"n! d* 9r*'(* 3&)3&r"&'# 1* &)"3ur( 3u " 9r"'(m* d* 0,=0+ m% Un "r(7"n!
m&( 'u:2(r* d* 3&)3&r $"'()($*r '* &$) 6( ;n 3u1r(n'u) '&rm&2(&nu)u( 'u1*r("r%n d*1"7(!*# * 9ru1& '")ur()"r d* !(1 3*rn"7("m 3u 1r"$() n"rm&)# &84nd '!ru3!ur&
"r(7"n!ur()"r A# A.C# C.D 6( 9ru1& '")ur()"r ')&: '1r* m"d*r&! *r"d&!*# 3u '!ru3!ur&
"r(7"n!ur()"r A# B# C# D "3u1 3*& m&( m&r* 1&r!* & 'u1r&$*2*( 7"n*(% C*)*)&)!*
9ru1* "3u1 'u1r&$*2* m(3( 6( (7")&!*%
Gru1& 3*rn"7("mur()"r 3u1r(nd*> 3*rn"7("mur( !(1(3* 6( 3*rn"7("mur(
3&r:"n&!(3*# 3&r&3!*r('!(3& $"rmr(( &3*'!"r !(1ur( d* '") 3"n'!(!u(nd=" (n$)u(*n2&
d(r*3! & $&3!"r()"r 3)(m&!(3( & 3*)"r d"u un(!&2( 9*"m"r$")"9(3*> 8*r'&n2( 6( )un3(%
A'!$*)# 1* 8*r'&n2(( 3u r"3& m&m &r9() ;n 3"nd(2(( d* !*m1*r&!ur '37u!#
(*rn( 3u 71&d 1u2(n# '1u):*r&! d* 84n! 6( !*m1*r&!ur( r(d(3&!*# 3u 1r*3(1(!&2((
m"d*r&!* ;n !(m1u) 8*r((# 1r*3um 6( " 8*9*!&2(* !(1(3 d* '()8"'!*1# &u du' )&
$"rm&r*& &3*'!"r !(1ur( d* '")%C*rn"7("mur()* !(1(3* "3u1 '*3!"&r*)* 3u 3)(m&! 6( 8*9*!&2(* 1r"1r(u=7('%
D(n 3&u7& r*)(*$u)u( $rm4n!&!# & 1&n!*)"r 1r"nun2&!* 6( d&!"r(! &1)(3r(( ;n
!r*3u! & un*( &9r"!*n(3( n*3"r*'1un7!"&r*# '!r&!u) d* '") $*r!() & $"'! !r&n'1"r!&! )&
0
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1(3("ru) 1&n!*)"r# ;n m"m*n!u) d* $&2 "r(7"n!u) A 1r*7*n!4nd 9r"'(m( $"&r!*
8&r(&:()* '&u un*"r( )(1'(nd# &5u94nd )& 1r"$()u) d* !(1 B 6( C%
S")ur()* &)u8(&)* &u r'14nd(r* )&r9 1* 6*'ur()* 6( )un3()* !u!ur"r &r!*r*)"r
(dr9r&$(3*% E)* '=&u $"rm&! 1* &)u8(un()* )u!"=&r9()"&'*# 3u dr*n&5 ')&:%
,.> As!%1u& +*m*r"*&*+i%
D(n 1un3! d* 8*d*r* 9*"m"r$")"9(3 un(!&!*& *'!* '(!u&! ;n 7"n& 3")(n&r &
P"d(6u)u( B4r)&du)u(# 3&r&3!*r(7&! 1r(n!r=" 1!ur 9r"&' d* d*1"7(!* 3u&!*rn&r* d*
)"*''ur(# 3&r* &!(n9 un*"r( 9r"'(m*& d* 14n )& +,=/, m% C")(n*)* '* 3&r&3!*r(7*&7
1r(n 8*r'&n2( 1&r2(&) &$*3!&2( d* &)un*3r( 6( &u 3"&m*)* ;n 9*n*r&) r"!und*%
n)2(m*& m&
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R*2*&u& (dr"9r&$(3 d(n 7"n *'!* d*n' 6( 1'!r*&7 &3*)&6( 1&r&)*)('m
3"n'*38*n! 3u ;n3)(n&r*& 9*n*r&) & 1"d(6u)u(% E& *'!* &)3!u(! d(n!r=" '*r(* d* &1*
3ur9!"&r*# d(n 3&r* 3*& m&( (m1"r!&n! *'!* r4u) B4r)&d%
a' Apele &e $pra!aA1*)* d* 'u1r&$&2 1r"8(n d(n 1)"( 6( 71*7( 6( d&!"r(! 1&n!*( m(3( &
!*r*nu)u(# 3ur9 3u " 8(!*7 r*du'# (&r '!r&!u) d* '") d* )& 'u1r&$&2 *'!* &$*3!&!# ;n!r=
" $"&r!* m(3 m'ur# d* *r"7(un*%
D(n d&!*)* *
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8&r=!"&mn# 34nd 3&n!(!&!*& m(3 d* 1r*3(1(!&2(( nu 3"m1*n'*&7 1(*rd*r()* m&r(
&)* *8&1"!r&n'1(r&2(*(%
Tur:(d(!&!*& d*16*6!* ;n num*r"&'* 3&7ur( m*d(& &nu&)# d* 0,, 9.m-%
S3ur9*r*& m*d(* '1*3($(3 & &)u8(un()"r 1r*7(n! 8&)"r( 3&r* 8&r(&7 ;n 5ur d* ,#@!.&.&n%
(' Apele $(terane
P4n7& d* &1 $r*&!(3 8&r(&7 (n $un32(* d* r*)(*$# du1 3um urm*&7>
= 1* 3um1*n*)* d* &1# &d4n3(m*& 14n7*( $r*&!(3* 8&r(&7 d* )& @=+,m
= 1* 8(# &1& $r*&!(3 *'!* )& &d4n3(m*& m(n(m d* ,#, m 6( m&
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C"m1"7(2(& 8*9*!&2(*( )*mn"&'* *'!* urm!"&r*&> $arpinus betulus% Tillia
parvi&lora% Tillia tomentosa% "cer campestris% 'ra(inus e(celsior% )lmus
campestris% Prunus spinosa
V*9*!&2(& (*r:"&' '1"n!&n d(n 16un()* '(!u&!* 1* 8*r'&n2( 3u1r(ndurm!"&r*)* '1*3((>Poa pratensis% *romus tectorum% *romus inermis% "grop+ron
repens% 'estuca sulcata% Tri&olium arvense% ,edicago lupulina
n 5uru) (78"&r*)"r d* 3"&'!# '* d*78")! " 8*9*!&2(* !(1(3 * 9r4u#
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CAPITOLUL III
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)*9um(n"&'* 1*r*n* '1*3($(3 7"n*(%
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)un3(# '&u ;n 3&7u) d*1un*r(( unu( '!r&! d* &)u8(un(%
)#*#.# Com(aterea +egetaiei lemnoae
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d(n 1un3! d* 8*d*r* $ur&5*r 6( '!4n5*n*6!* *
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V*9*!&2(& )*mn"&' '* ;nd*1r!*&7 !"!&) '&u 1&r2(&) 1* :&7& un"r 1r"(*3!*#
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D('!ru9*r*& 8*9*!&2(*( )*mn"&'* 1* 3&)* 3(m(3% F")"'(r*& &r:"r(3(d*)"r '*
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&m*nd&m*n!*)"r# d('!ru9*r*& mu6ur"&(*)"r *!3%
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$"rm*&7 )'!&r( d(n 3")*! 6( 'mu)9*r*& 3"m1)*! d(n 1m4n! & :uru(*n()"r 3u
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;n!r* *)* *'!* d* +=0, m ;n '")ur()* &r9()"&'* 6( d* 0,=+, m ;n '")ur()* !ur:"&'*# (&r
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;rigarea prin &:ii '* &1)(3 num&( 1* 1&5(6!()* !*m1"r&r*# 1* !*r*nur(
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d"u d* )*9um(n"&'* 1*r*n*> D&3!Q)(' 9)"m*r&!&'estuca pratensis% Poa pratensis
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M*!"d& d* '*mn&!
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n &nu) ;n!4( 8"m r*3"m&nd& " d"7 d* @,J9.& N% n &n(( urm!"r( 8"m
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N C O
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BIBLIO(RA3IE
-. T*d*r IACOBK 'asi& 'NTUK C*s1& SAMUIL T*n")"9(& 1r"du3*r(( 6(
3"n'*r8r(( $ur&5*)"r%.ditura D;on ;onescu de la *radE ;ai-2000
0. Adria2 IONEL Cu)!ur& 1&5(6!()"r 6( & 1)&n!*)"r $ur&5*r*%.ditura "F92
,. Adria2 IONELK 'asi& 'NTUK C*s1& SAMUIL Cu)!ur& 1&5(6!()"r 6( &
1)&n!*)"r $ur&5*r* ;ndrum!"r d* )u3rr( 1r&3!(3*% .ditura D;on ;onescu de la
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