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PRAS HNA RA AA I
PREFACE
A H a a a a a a V a a . W a ba a b a a V a a
b a V , a a a ab aa .
T V a b a P a a a a, a a aa a a (= a a). T a : a a (U a a ); S a a ( ) a ( ).
O , U a a b , a a H , a a .
T , b a a a U a a , b
a a a V a.T , b a a a a , b a
a a a :
1. I a a b a, a b a a G .
2. I a a a a , a ( V a).
3. T a a a a H a , a B a aa/V a.
4. T a a U a a , a a b b a ` ' ` ' U a a .
T . A a b b a a b .
T a b b , a P a a a aa V a b b , b a a bb .
W a a Va .
S a Ha a a a
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B
1. P a b S a2. V a Da a a3. P a a a a4. T U a a5. T B a a a6. B a aa, A
7. Ab W8. A B S. F C a. S C a. T C a. F C a
9. T P B a aa10. T C a a W
. a a a
. R a
. Ma a. B a a. N b a. Va ab a. Ba a a
11. T B a a a L a12. C
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K P , a , a , a a , , , , F
b , b a b a ,
b a a Ma , a , , a , b b ba , b b ab b a , ( a ) , a , , a , a a , (G a ) , , ( a ) a F ,, , , : a
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A R C
T a G ba b a a a, a a a a . I 700 a a 18 a . T
a b a b a a a :
C 1 (A , 47 ):
D a a, b ( a Ka a a ) a Sa a a, a ab a b a , a a a ba . Sa a a a b D a a a a D a,
a b a a b . J , B a, a aa Ka a a a b a
a ' ba . T b a Pa a , b . A A a, Pa a , a, a , b a
a a b a , b B a a D a! S a b a a b a , A a a . H
b ab a, a a a a a a b a a a a a a
a a aba a .
C 2 (S , 72 ):
a a A a b a a a a a a , a a a b a b a a a a b a . E a a a . H a a
a , , b a , a . T a a A a' a a b
b , a a a a a a a a b a , a , a
. A a a b . A a b ba a , a , a . D a
a b b a . E a a b b a a , a ,
ab . B a a a a a b a a , a a , , a
ba . F a a , b a a , a ab a a ba .
I a a b a b a a a a a a a , b a . T `b '
` a' `b a'. T a A a' , a b a a a a a a a a a a A a' a . Ta a a a aba a , a S . H b
a a a . H a a , a a . H a ab a . H a a H T a a . H
ab a B a a , a a .
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C 3 (K , 43 ):
A a ab a a (b a) a ( a a). a a a b a a a : a a ( a ) a a a a ( a a ). T a a a , a a a ab . F
, a ' a , , a a b a . T a b C a
a , a . T a a a a Ja a a a a , a a a . L a ( A a) a a b
. B a a a a b ( . ., a, G H ) a b . D ' ,
a a a b , a b a a ' , ' . W a a ' a a
, a a a . T a b b b aa a .
C 4 (J ,* 42 ):
a a a (Ka a a) a a V a a Ma a Ma I , a a a . HA a a a b a a a a a a Ma . T a A a b a a aa b , b a a a b a A a .I a a a a G H a a a a a ( ) a a a a ( ) a , ba a . A a a a a a a
a a b a . B G H , H a a aa a a H a . I a a a a a a ba a a a
. T a Ka a a. A a a a , b a a a a b a . H a a
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a b . H a a a A a ba a a a , b a ba a b .
C 5 (K ,* 29 ):
A a, a a , a a a a, Ka a a a Ka a a b . a a a b a
a a a b a , Ka a a b . I a a a a . T a Ka a a a a a Ka a a. O Ka a a a b
a . T a b b ab G . S a a .
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C 6 (D ,** 47 ):
a a a a a, b a a a . O a a b b a a a a . I a , b a a a a a a a
a a b . Ka a a a a b a a . H , a
a a , a b
. T b a . T a a a , b a a . C a a , a a ( G H ). T a a
a . S a b a a a ba a , a a .S a b ab a b G a G a b . H a a b . H A a a : H ? W a a a a a a a ? a a , b . I a b a b a a ( a ) a ab a
( a ). A a a a , b b a a a a , a a , a , a a a a . A , , a ; a
A a b .
C 7 (J , 30 ):
H a ( . ., a) a a a, ? T b . N a a a a a a . O a
a a . T a b a a : a a a a ; a a a a a a . H a b a b a a a
b a . H a b a a b a . H , a ( a a, a a a a a ) ( , a a a a ) a
a a . O a a a
a . T a a a a .A , a : a ( a ), a ( a ), ( ) a ( ). T a b a . P a a
. H , ( a, S L ) a a , . H S L , b b a a a . O a a a a b a .
C 8 (A ,* 28 ):
A a a a b a a, a a a a a, a a
A a, a b a b a b a a . I a , a b a a b a a , a a . H A a a b L a a a ba . T b ab a a a a a L . T a , a a a , a S L . T
ab O a a a . I a a b a , ba a . A a
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b a a a a . H a ab a A a ( a ) aD a ( a ) a U a a . T a B a a a ( B a ) , a aa P a ( a ) a a a . A ab a a a .
C 9 (R , 34 ):
P a a a a a b A a a a b a , a . H a a aa . A a a , a b a a
a a a b . T a b a . E a , a a ,
a . T a b , , . H a a a a , a , a a
, a a L , a a . H a , a a . H a a a a . I a
a . I , a a , a b a a . T a , a
, . H S a a . W aa a . H a a a a a
a a . H a . E , a a a a , b a a
. a a a a a A a b .
C 10 ( , 42 ):
a a a a a a . N a a a . A
a a . T a a Ma ( a ) a a . M a a . S a a a ab . T , L b a a b a a .
A A a a a a Pa ab a a , a .R A a a ab a a a
a . a a a S a a b . H V , S a,Ma a Ca a. H S a a a V a , I a a a
b . H R a, K b a a A . H B a a , B , O aa a a a a. H M a H a a . H N a a, A a a, Va a, Ya a a a P a a
a R a. H a a a a . H A a a Pa a .I a a a a a , a b b a a .
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C 11 ( , 55 ):
A a' b b , L a . T L a a a V a a a . I a a a a a , a a a .
D a a a a a , b a a a . T a a , a a a b .
E b a , A a a a a D . T b a a
17 a V a a . A b , aa b a a b H . H a a a , b a a . H a a b a . H a a a . A b a a , a
a H a . T a a a ba a H a . G a a , A a a H a H . T L a H T , a , a a a a . S a b a b H
A a' , L a A a , a a , a . A a a a a L a H , a a
a a H a . H H a a a a a a . A , a
a a b b V a a a a , b b .
C 12 (B , 20 ):
A a a: `B a, a a a U a R a , a b ?' a
a a a ab . H , a a a U aR a , a a a . O , a a b .T a a a a a a ,
a a a ( a a ) b a . H a A a
ab a . T . I a a a a , a a a . E a . I b b a a a a a . L a b a a a b a a a a . H a a . H a . H a a a a a . H a a a a , a . Ha a a a a L . H a , a . H a
a , a a a . H b a a a , a , a aaba a a , ba . H a a a a
a a a a . E , a a a
a a a , a a . S a a . S a a a S a a a .
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C 13 (K ,* 34 ):
C a , a b a ( ) a a a ( ) b a . T b a a S a a . D a a b b b a a . I a a a , a a S L a a a a . T , , ,
a , , b , a a a a b a. J a
a a , , ,, , , , a , ab ,a a a, L . R a , ,a a a a .
T a a, a b , ., B a a , b a . I b a a b a . I a a , , , a a a . I a. T a ,
a . I a a b . I ; a a a ab a a .
P a ( a , a) a a ( b , a a) a b b .P a, b a a a a a b a . I a a a a a a a ba b . O a a a a b . T a a ( a)
J a a Ka a a a a . A b a b a a a a a. Pa a a a,
S L , a . O a a a a a a . I a a a a a S , a b , a a , a . T a a ( , S ) a (
b ) . T a b a a a a a a B a a .
C 14 (G , 27 ):
a a a a b a a a . C a a a a b H
( L ) a a a a . H a a b a a a a . T a a a a, a a a a a . Sa a a
b , a a , a b . Ra a a a , a a a a b b a .Ta a , b a , b a , a . Sa a
a a a a , a a a a a a , , b
a . T a a a a a . T a a a b b a , a a b a a a a ab a a . D a a a a a aa a . A a a a a a a a a a b a a a a b a b . A aa a a a a S b , a a b .
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A A a a a a, aa a . a a b a ( a ) a a. H a a . H a a , a a a a , b a a a a a b a b a . H a a . H aba a a . H ( L )
a . S a a a a b a a B a a .
C 15 (P , 20 ):
a b a a a , a a .I ab B a a , Ab . T a a b a , V a a a V a a b a . T a a b . H , a . N , , a b . O a b a a a a a b a ,
a . O a a a P a a a a a a . O b , a a a , a
a a a a a , a L , aa a a a ab . N a a ab .A a , . N , a a : H a aa S L a a . W b b , a a a a . W a b , a a a a
a a a . T a b a a . H b b b a a . T .
T a a : ``I a L , . I I a a a Ia a a . I a a I a b
b , a Va a a . I a ab a a . I a b V a . I a a V a.
``I a a b , a a ( ab ) a a a a( ab ). B I a Pa a a , ( S S ), P a a ( Ba ), a a a a . Wa a , b a a .''
D
a a a a a a a a a , a b a a a a b a . T a a a ( a ) 26 a , b : a ,
, , V , a , , , a ,
a , a ab . T , a a ( aa ) : , a , , a , a a a a .
T a b a a a . T a a . T a . T a a
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a a . B a , , .T b aab a a . T L
S a b . S a b ( . ., L a) ab ab b .
T a a a a a : , a a. O a a ab . F , a
a V a a a ( b ) b a a .
C 17 ( , 28 ):A a a a : W a ( a )
a , b a (b ), , a a . a a a a b a
, a , a a . T , a a a a a a , a
a a a b a .
L a a , a a ; a a a ( a ), a a(a ) a a ( ). F a , a , a
a a a. F a a b , a , a a a a . O a a , a a a a a , , a a .
Ya ( a ) a a a a a . I a , a , a . T
a b a b , a a a a a a (V a ) a a ( ).
Ta a a a, a a a a a ( a b , a ). W , b aa a a a b a , a a b . T a a a
' b a V a a a . P a , a ,a a a a a a a . W a a aa , . I a a a aa a , a . I a ' a a a a a .
D a a a a a a b . I a a
, b a . G a a ,a a .
T a a a ` ' a a B a a , a a a a a a ( a ), a a(a ) a a ( ), a a .
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C 18 ( 78 ):
T a a a a a a .
A a a ab a a a a. I , a a a a , a a a a a a ;
a a a a a . W a a a
a b a a a a , a a a a a( a ), a ( ) a a a (a ) b aba . M , aa , a a , a a a a ( a ), a ( ) a a a (a )
b aba . T a a a b a aa . I a a , b a
a b . I b a b b a. H a a a a . R
a a, ba , a a ( a ).
E a a a b a ; a a ( ) a . O a a a
a b b .
T a b a ( ), a a (a ) a a () a a . S a ab a a (S ) a .
S a a a b b b a a a a a .S a a a a , a a a b a .
R a a a a . R a a a a a . R a a , a a , a .
T a a a b a a , a
a , a . T a a a a a , aa , a a ab . T a a a a ba a , a a , a a a .
B ( ) a ( ) a a a . S b a a b a a b a . R a b a ab a a a
( ) a a a a ( ) . T a b a a . S . R a a b a a . T a a , a a a .
T a a , . T a a a a a
b b a a , a a a a bab a (S ) . Ha b a b , a a a a b b a , a . T a a
a a a .
T a a .
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T a a a :b aa , a a , a a a a . T b aa a a a
, a a a . T a a a a , a a a . T a a a a . T a a a a a
, a a b . A a a a a a a a ab a b a . A , b
L a , a a a a . T a a ' a a b .
O a b , a , a a aa a S , b a a a B a a . S a , ab a L a , b a ( . ., L a). T
a a .
N a a A a a b a a a a a a ab , a a a . I a
a , . I a A a a , `I !' H , a a a a a , a .
a a S L a a b . Y b a , a a, b a a , a a a ab .
A , a a : `Y a a !' Ta a , b a a a b a a a( a a ). H ( S L ) a a a b .
T a a a a a b b a a , b
L . E a a H .
N A a a a b a a a a a' a .
Sa a a a a b a a a . H a a a,
a a (L Y a) a A a, a ( b ) a , ,a a a a .
P B
T I a a , a ` a a a ,' a a b
a a : 1. T a .2.C a .3. Na a .4. G a a a a a .
T a a a , b a b a a . I a b a a
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5.29; 7.3, 18, 23, 30; 8.5, 7, 14, 15, 16; 9.28, 34; 10.10; 11.55; 12.4, 9; 18.55). T a U a aa a a B a a a b A a a , a a b
b (8.24 26). S a a a a b a a , a ba b a a a a a (4.35 39; 5.16 17).
A a a b b a a . I a a a a a
(2.58, 60, 61, 64, 68; 3.34, 41; 5.22, 23; 6.4, 24; 12.4). Ta a a (16.1; 17.14 16;
18.5), a a (6.12), a (6.16,17) a a ' a a a b . B L a a b (7.21; 8.10, 22; 9.14, 26, 29, 31; 11.54; 12.17,20; 13.10; 14.26; 18.55).
T a b a b , a a a a : a a a a a (2.55 72), b a a (12.13 20) a a a a a (14.22 27).
T a a a ( a a ) b a . H b a a a a , a a a a . H a ab a
a b . H a . H a a a b b a b . H a a a ,
R a , . H a , a a . Ta a `b ,' a b ab B a a .
T b a a a a G , a aa b . H a b a a . H a a a . H a a . Ha a , a
a a G , . H b a a a b. B , a , a a . D G , a a b a , a b a a
a a a a , b a a a L .
T a ( b a ) a b b abb a , a . H a a a a
a a b a a a S b . H a a ,a a b , a a b a , . H a a
a , b G .
S C G I P
T a b a a U a a *a b ba V a ( a a a a)
a a a a a a a I a a a , . T a : A. T a a a a ( a a ), a a a a aa a a a; B. T a a a a a ( a
); a , C. T a a a ( G a a a G ).
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a. D N :
A a, a a , a a . O a ab a a b
a a a a a a , a a a a , b , a a . S a , a ,
a , a a a a , a b a U a a , a a a
a a a ba a , a a a a ( S ) .
B a , a a b aaa a b , a a , a a a . A a
, a , b aa a . I a a' a a a a b a a
.
B a a b a , a a a a a , b a a a . S P a a a
a a a a a b a b a , a b a a a (3.10, 11). B a a a a b a a a . A a a a a a b a a b a a a ( 4.25 30).
A a a a a a a a a aa , a a a aba a a a a a a a (18.2), a a a a a ( a a ), a ( ) aa a (a ) (18.5). E a b a a a , a a a . W a a b
, b ( 9.20, 21). S ab ab b (3.5, 8; 18.11) b a a a a
(3.7), a a a a a (3.9) a (3.19; 12.11).O a b a a a a (6.1). A a , a
a a G a a (12.6, 10, 11; 11.55; 5.1012). I a a a a a a a
a (3.20, 25) b a .
W , , a a a a ( b a ) . I a a a . Ma a a a , Ja a a,
a a a a a (3.19.20; 4.15, 23,41; 5.5, 6, 12; 8.7; 9.27,28; 12.12; 18.45, 46, 56). N a , , a ,
a , a a , a
, a a b a (3.21 26).A a a a a a . H a a a
a a a a . H , a a a a a( ) a a a a . T a a a a A aa ; a ; b
(2.47).
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C a a , a ` a a a,' ` a a' a a ` a' ' , a b ' a a , a , a b . I a a ` a a a' b ` a a' ( ) ! S a a a b aba . I , b a ; aba , (2.31 33). H
a a a , a b a a a a a ' a a ab (3.35). O a a a a a b
a b (18.47). T b a a a a a
a (18.45, 46).
b. D I :
A a a a , a a a ` a a.' `Y a' a a a G a a a a a .
T a , a a a a , a , a a a b a a :Ka a a, a , a ; J a a, a ,
a ; B a a, a , a a R a a, a , . Ea a T
a G . T b a .
a a ` a' a . F a , Ka a a a a 2.48,50 a 6.2. H , 6.12 a 15 R a a a a . I 5.8 ` a' a b a . A a , b a a b ` a a' 8.14.
K a a a a a a a a a, A a, , a b a a a
a a a a a . H , A a' ab a a a a Ka a a a b , a
(2.18; 3.30; 11.34).
T b : T a a a a a ba a b a a a , a a ' a b , a a
a a . S a b a a a , b a , a ,
a ab .
. D A :
T a a a a a G a , a , b
I a a a a . T a a a , a , (3.53.8; 6.47.18) . S a a a a a a a ( a a V ) a (1.8.1.1 6;
1.2.5.1). H , , , a a a .
W a a a a V a (S ) aa b Ma a , A a a a
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b a a a a a aa (4.1 4). I a a a b a ab .
W a A a b ab a a a ( aa a, b b ) a ab , a b S LH , a a a b a .
I a a a a
a . S a a a a a, a a a a a a a a a , b a a a a a a . W a a a a a a a , a a a a a a ( ) a . A a a , SL a a a a a ba a . T b ,
a a L a b , a a ` ' (a a a aa = ) ba (a a a a ) (4.6, 7). T a a a a a a a a a ab a a a a . I , b , a a b (4.8).
T D a a a a a a a a , b a a a a a a a (4.7)
ab , a a .
T a a a a b a a ab a a b a a a a a a, a a b a (4.9).
O , a b a , A a a , a a (9.34; 11.55; 18.65), a b a a , a (18.66).
C
B a a a a a a a a a a a a I a, a a a a a a a a
a a a a Sa . I A a a V a a ,a a a ( A.D. 788 820) . I a , a a a . R a (A.D. 1017 1137), Ma a ( A.D. 1197 1276), N b a (12 A.D. ) a Va ab a ( A.D. 14731531) a a a a a a . a a (A.D. 1200), V a D a ( A.D. 1268 1370) a Ja a a (13 . A.D. ) a
a a a a, R a a Ma a . M a a b a a a a (15 . A.D. ), Ma a a ( A.D. 1500), N a a a (16 . A.D. )
a R a a ( A.D. 1598 1671) a a a b G a .
CT a a a . T b a a
b , a a b a a a a aa a a , a a a a a a a a a ab a a .
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T a a , a a a a a . T a ba K a, A a , a
a ba b , b a ' a , a a a b . T b S a P a A a a , a a , `R b M a !' (8.7) a a a , b a
b , . T , a b V a a (11.9 13) a a a 7.7,
a a a a a a
ba a a a a .
I a a b a a a H a , a a a b . T a H a a
a a a .
A a a b b L . P ( S ) a a . D a b ' a . (O D , a ?)
(1)
'
A , , b ab a a b aa , a , a b a a , a
P a a a ( ). (3.2.8)
G I
I a a a a a H a, U a a . B a a a a , a a ,
U a a a a , a a a a a . T a, b a a a , b a b a
b , a a a a . N , , b I a
a a b , a b . I a , a a a ab a a b a a a b
U a a .
R a a I a a U a a a a a b b a I a, Ja a , C a a
K a Ea C a A a W .
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H a a a a a U a a a a a b a a , R a W .
M '
T `U a a ' ba a a a : , a a a . P a , `U a a ' a
b a a ( a a ) a b ,
a a a a a a a a a B a a G , Ab .T b a a a a a `U a a '.
T a a a ` a '. H ` a , a ' a a , b a a .
D C
T a U a a a R a W . T a a b G a a a . H a a .
H , a a b a , a a a a , a a a ? A a a b a ,a a a a H a a a a .
T U a a a b a a a V a . H , a a a a a U a a a . T a a a 4500 B. C. (B. G. T a )
a 2400 B. C. (Ha ) 1200 B. C. (Ma M ). M E a a a 700B.C. 600 B. C. U a a a a a a a a
V a a a a a U a a . B. G. T a , ba aa a a a , a , a 1900 B. C. a a a U a a .
H , a a a a , U a a b 2500 B. C. 2000 B. C.
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H , a U a a a a ? O , aa , a , ?
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b b a a U a a a a ( a a a ?) a a a a .
C b a , , a a a b a a a , a a a a ? T a a ba a , .
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b a a . H , b a a , a a , a a a B a a ?
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T b a b a `U a a ' a a a ab a 200.T a 108 U a a . a a a ( A. D. 788 820), a a ,a U a a . H a a
. R a ( A. D. 1017 1137) a , a , . C b a a a a a a ( a ab a ) a:
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a a , a U a a . S a a .
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) Va a a U a a) Y a U a a) Sa a U a a
T V a U a a b a a a U a a a a a a a . T a a, a a Va a a U a a a
a, D a V . T Y a U a a a a ab Ha a a a R a aba Pa a a a . T Sa a U a a a
a , a a a .
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B , a U a a a , a a . Ta a a a . Ma , b a a a Sa a B aa , a b , a a , b a, a a .H b a , , a , aa a a ab a . a a a a a . Hb a a , a b a a (13 ) a
a ab b U a a .
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b a a U a a . Ma a ( A. D. 1197 1276) a b a a a U a a R a a T a ( A. D. 1595 1671) a
.
S a a a U a a . T aa a a a a B a a a Sa a a , a a a a (14 .),U a a (11 .) a a V a a ( A. D. 1268 1370) a
U a a . R a a T a a , , , , a Ma a' a . A a , U a a B a a Y a, a
a ab b U a a .
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( a ) a a ( ).
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a a a `B a a .'
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. H , V a .
D b a a , a a , a U a a .I a ' a a a a b a a a a a
a a a a a .
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BRAHMAN
T ba a , a a a , a `B a a ' b U a a . a , Sa , A a a. a a B a a a B a a . T , b a ba . H , a . H a a a , a a a a a S a . H a a a , a a . H b a a a a . H a a b a a . H , a a
a a a . H a a a . I a a aa a . H a a a .
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a ? S b a U a a a ab a , S , a ab b b a b .
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a a . A a b , a b , . T a , , a a .
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a a a ` a a,' ab a a .F , a a a a a b a ,
a , U a a a a a a a , b .
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a , b a , a a . Ka a a a b a a a.
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b a . F a a a a . A , a a a a a . H , a ab , a b , a a a .
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( a ), (a ), a a ( ), a ( a ) a ( a ).
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N a a a a a a a B a a a .
BONDAGE AND LIBERA ION
S U a a a a Pa a a ( S S ,B a a a ) a b a ( b ). T
a ( a a) a b a a . T a a a , a a ,
. W a a a Pa a a , b a a .
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T , a b a a, a ba b U a a , a a a a
b a a a a .
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a a a a T a . H b
a a ( a a ) a a ( ). B a b a , ba , , a , a a , a a .
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a . S U a a , a a bb a a a a ba a a a ab a a .
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.
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a a a . B , ab a , . H a aa b a a a , a
b . H a a b . W a , a , a , B a a .
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a U a aa) B a a a (a a Sa a a) a a a a b . T a a a , a , a ,
b , , a , , a . A a a a a a . F a a , , a `a a a a,' a a ( )
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b a a ? M U a a a a a aa . T (8.5.3) b a a , a , a a a A a a a. T a a a
a A a a a.S a a a a, a a a a A a , a a a
a a . T (1. 3, 4 a 5) a a a V a , (I a a P a a ), a
a V a aa a a b a A a a . F a b a a a . T a a a a B a a
a a a a .
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ESCHA OLOG
W a a a a a /B a a ? T a b U a a .
T a a a a a ( a a ) a a . S a a a* ( a ) a a
. S , b a D a ( a ) (a a Da a a)
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b .
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a a a .ID S OR PSANS
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C C A
G a a U a a b a a a a a U a a .
T G a (A a a ) , a a Ma a (Sa ), K (D ), K a a (P ab), P a (Ba , Ka a U a P a ),
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K. T a a a a a aa a , a a V . I a , a a a . T a b aa a a b a a a
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a ' a .
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a a a , a a a .
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a b a .
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T a a U a a a a V a . H a ab a ab V a a b .
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O a U a a a b a aa . T b ( a a Pa a a ) a (a b ) a U a a : (1.3.1.); (4.6.) a (3.1.1.). T b a a (2.2.3, 4) a a a . T a a (6.1) a a b a a (5.1).
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B a a a a b a a b aa a a (1.1.7). I a a V a a a a a ab
b a (1.2.7). R a a b a a a B a a (3.2.8). T ab a :
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T V a a B a a a b (2.4.10). J a a a , a a b Pa a a (2.5.15).
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a a a a a a b a , b a (4.4.3). A b a a b a a a (4.4.7). T ab
a a a a b a a a a a , b a ,a (4.3.35).
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S a , U a a , a , a . T b a , a I a,
a a b B a a a a a (3.1 11). Ma a Na a a Ya a. T a : D
a(1.12); J a a a Ra a (4.1 3); Sa a aJb a a a H a a (4.4 9); Sa a a a U a a a (4.10 15); a b , b a Ga a a a P a aaJa a (5.3 10); Sa a a a N a a (7.1 26); I a a V a a a a P a a
a (8.7 12).
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A aa (2.1); Ma a ba Y a a a (2.4 a 4.5); Ja a a a a a Y a a a ( a 3 a 4).
S
W a a b a U a a . S Y a a a a
a a a . O Ga a a a a . A a a a a a . Sa b a b b
a b b a a a a a .
A a a a U a a a b a a :
A a , B , G , G a a a, H a a, Ma a A a a, N a a, P a a,Ra a, Sa a a, a, Sa a a Jb a, U a a , V a a a Va a.
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b , a .
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A R P
A b a a a a U a a a b . F a a a , a b a a E a ab a .T a V a b , b a , a a a a b a a a b a .
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a a . T a .
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a V a a b a .
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a a a a a .
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a a a B a a , S .
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a ba a a, ba . E a a a , b
a , a a . O a a a , aB a a , a b , a a a. T a a , b aa a , a a
a , a a a a .
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H a a a a a b a a a a b bab .
H a ab a a , b a a a a , a b S .
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T a a a a b a , a aa a O, a , a a , ( ) a a b a .
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C ( ; 8 a ; 154 ; 628 a a )
C b U a a , b a O a a, a b . M a O aa ( ) a a a a a .
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) a a a ab B a a a a a .T a a , a a a
. M a B a a G a a a a .
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a b b ' a a a a. T a Ma a
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a a ab b a . I a b a .
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T , a a b P a aa Ja a Ga a a, a . M a a , b a Va a a , a a a b . T a , b A a a a a a a .
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ab a b b . S a a a a , a a a a . B
a , a Sa ( T ). T Sa b a .T a a a . Sa a a a . a a S a a a a . Ha a a a a a a Sa .
T a a a b Sa a a a
N a a. T N a a a a a a a , a a a a . Sa a a a b a a , a B a B a a .
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, ab a , S . T U a a a a b a ab b a a a a
B a a .
( ; 18 )
T a a U a a , a a a a a a a a . S a a , a a a b a a a b , a b a ,
a a .
I a a a b a G . I a a a a a ' a a a b a , ., a . A b a a , a a aa a a a , a a . I
a a a ba a b a ( a ) a a ( a a,a b a a ) a a a b ( a
B a a ) a a a b ( b ). T a a b a Pa a a a a a G b a a a .
J ( ; 6 a ; 6 a a )
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b a V a a U a a . T a a a a a a a a .
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b a a a a a Sa a a a, ,b , Jaa b a a a, Da a a .
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K ( ; 2 a ,; 24 a a )
T a a a b a a a a ( )a a B a ( a ). I a a a a B a a . S a a B a a ' a , a a a a , a . T a a b
a bb a a ( ), a a Va . T b a B a a (a
U a a ) a a a a a B a a a a b a a .
K ( ; 6 a ; 119 a a )
A a , a a ab a . Ia a V a a a a a . S a a
a a b b a a a , Na a , , a a a a. V a a a a , a a a ,
, `I D a !' Na a a Ya a, a .F ab , a a a , a , a .W Ya a , a a a
a .O b a Na a a a , b
Na a a a S . A b a a , Ya a a a a .
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R a a a a . T a a , S a , b b a , a b a b a
. S a , a a G , aa a a . Ya a b a a a a a ,
a b b . J a a a a a b a a a a , a a a ab V
b a a a b a .
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a .Ya a a a a a b , a a , b
a a a . H a a a , B a a
b a a . I a b a a a , a B a a .
C a a a b a a a a a a ab B a a , a a a a a Pa a a b a ( b ) a a a a U a a .
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K ( ; 4 a ; 51 a a )
A a , a a U a a a .
T a a a D a a a P a. T aa a B a , b A a
D a a, b a B a a a (S a 64 & 65).T a a a a , a a aB a a . T a a b b a ` a a a,'
a ` a '.
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A a , a a b ` a' (`b a '). T a a a .
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a b , b , a . W a a , a b a .
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I a a b a a a a a a a B a a a a .
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a a I a, a .
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M ( ; 80 ; 259 a a )
T a U a a : a . T a a a a a .
T a a a ab : a , b .
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T U a a b a a a b , a aa a a a . T a a a a
. Ea b a . I a a a V ., a a ( a ), a ( ) a a ( a ).
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.
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a a a a a a a a a a .
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.
A b a C P b , a a a a a a a a b a a a B a a a aa a a b U a a .
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C 12 a a a a U a a a a a aa a (O), a a B a a . P aa a b b a, B a a . T a b a a a a ab b U a a a a a , ., a ( a
a ), a a ( a a ) a ( a ) a B a a , C T a , a a a , a a . H a a T a ( F , b
a b ). I b b a a a (b) a a a aa (b a a ). H a a b . M a
aa a (O), a a a , a a a .
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M ( ; 3 a ; 6 ; 64 a a )
T ` a' a a a a . T U a a a a a a a a a a a a
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V a a a a , !T a A a a B a a a a .
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a , a a a a a a a b a a B a a . T a B a a aa a (O)
b a b a a . T a a
a B a a , b a aa b ' a b .
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a Pa a a , b a a a a .
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a a a .
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U a a .
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a P a a . A a a a a a a a , . T a
b P a a a b .
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b a a (S a a ) a a (A a S ). T a a a : U a aa ( N Pa ) a Da a a ( S Pa ).
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a b , a a.
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T a a a a b . I a a , a Pa a a S S .
T a a aa a (O) a b a . H a a a a B a a a.
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a .
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Pa a a .
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a a a a a . T a a (B a a ) a b
a V a a a a , a a a a a a.
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a a a Pa a a a b a a a a a a a U a a .
( ; 3 a ; 31 a a )
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a a b a a a a ( a b a ) a a a .
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M a B a a , b ., a . T a a a a V a
ab a .
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a a ( a ) b
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a a . T a a a a a , aa I a a ,
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B
H ( b a ) a a b a B a a .
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(B a a ) b a (I ) b .
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P S
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a , a ab .
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a a a , a a a a B a a (G , Ab ) a a a U a a .
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T V a , a a , a U a a a (a a = ) V a a a a (a a = ) a .
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T a a b b a `U a a ' a a a ab a , a a a a a a a a a . T
V a U a a .
T a U a a a , b a a , b a a : B a a a a a , a B a a , a a a , a b a a , a B a a , a a a a , a a , a a a a a
a a a a a a .
I a a a U a a , a a a , a ab . S a a b U a a a a a b a a a a a a
a . I a a a B a aa a a a .
B
T a a a a B a a (G , Ab )a b U a a , a a . I a b a a :
(a) T , b a a V a U a a ;
(b) T , a a a b a ;
( ) T (a ) a a a a V a ;
( ) T a b b a .
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B , A
N ab B a aa, a b a . T a a V a, a a a . T a a
500 B.C. 200 B.C. b I a a W a . H , a a b a a B a aa A.D. 200.
A
T a a a . Ea a a a a . T a a a aa , a a .
T a b a a aa a a , a a a a, aa , 191 a 555 . H , a a a b a a
a . S a , a a a a a b a a a a a . Sa a a a b a a . N a , a a a a a a a a a a a a ( , b b ) a a a a aa a ( b a ).
A a a a , a a a a a , a a a aa .A a a aa a a a a a . T a :
(1) a a ; (2) a a aa a, b ; (3) a a a ' ;(4) a ab a (5) a a b
.
T b a a a a aa a b .T a a b a , a b a a aa a
a a .
W N b a (13 . A.D. ) a b a a aa (151) Ma a (A.D. 1238 1317) a a (223).
T a b a a a a a a a . T a : a a a a a a a ( b a
), ab a ( ), a a ( ), a a ( b ), a a a ( ) a a a( a ).
T a , B a a a a a B a a a T , , b a , a a a a . T a
a B a a a a a , a a a( a B a a / a ) V a U a a . T B a a a b b a b a a
a . S a b a B a a , a , b , a a .
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T a a U a a a a ba B a a a .
S a a a a a , B a aa a a ab a a a a . W
, a a a U a a . W a U a a , a , B a aa a a ? T a a a a . F a a b a a a a , a a a .
I 31 a a aa (a a a a) a a a a a a a a ( b a ) a U a a , b
a a :
C a (14), B a a a a (5), Ka a (4), Ta a (2), M a a (3), P a a(1) a Ka a (2).
A a , a a a a, A a a a Jb a U a aa a b .
W a a a a a U a a , B a aa a a a . T a : a, a a a, A , K a , Ka a,
Ja a B a . A a a a a a a a a a a a . I a B a aa a Ja a b
a . T , a , bab b a a V , a a U a a a a a a B a a
a .
A B S
T a b a a :
FIRS CHAP ER
T F a 134 a 39 a a aa a b a Sa a a a, a a ( a a a a = a ) a a
U a a .
T a a a a b a a (`N , , B a a '). S B a a , a a
a a , a a a a B a a . K , a a a a U a a B a a .
B a a a , a a a a . T B a a
U a a .I B a a a a a a a a a a
S a a , . A a a a a .
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. T a a a a a a b b ab B a a , B Ab .
A a S a , Va a , B , Ja a , P a a a B a a a P a a a a b a a a
.
HIRD CHAP ER
T a a a , 186 a a 67a a aa . T a , a . T a : a a a
b , a a a, a a b a a G , a a U a a a a a a ,a a b U a a , a
B a a a a a a , a a a a a a b a a a ( a b a a a a a a) a a a a
( a ) a .
FO R H CHAP ER
K a a 78 a a 38 a a aa . Ta a a a B a a a b `A a' `D a a', a .
O a b a a a a aa ( b a a /B a a ) a a a a . T a a a b U a a a a a a a. O a a
b a a a B a a , a a a a ( a a a a a ) . a a, a a a a a , . T ab a a a,
a a a a a a a b a a b a b .
T a a a a a a (a ), a (a ) a b a a a a ( ba ), a a a B a a a , a a , b a a a , a , b a , a a
B a a a . T a a ` a ' a a a a B a a a.
A a a A a a b a a a .
T a a , , a a , (`T
, a .') a a a a B a a a a . D a a a, b a , a a a a a . T Ja , A a B a a a a b .
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P B
B a aa a a U a a a . H , a a a , b a b
a a a a . E , a b a b a , a a a b a a
a .
T a a a ( ) a B a aa a V a V a , a J a a a , ., U a a . H V a a a a . L a a , a a a b
b , a b a a aa . S a a
a a b , a a a .
T a B a a a , a , a , . Ia , ( a a a a a, 1.1.2) a a a ,
a a . H b a a a a . H a a a a a a a a
.
H a ( ), (a ) a b a ; a , a a a a a .
S B a a a a , , a a a a a .
T a a a B a a . B , a a a a , a b a a , a a .
A a a a , B a aa a a ` a' , a b . H a b a . H a a a . W
a a aa ( a ) B a a b a ( ) a b a a V a a a, A a Ka a a b .
T a b a a B a a a b a a a a . T a a a b a .
B a a /B a a a a, a , a a ab a . T a a a a a b a a
a a a , a b a a ( a ) a b a a a . T a a a a b a a a b a a a (B a a a a ).
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9. Va ab a A.D. 1479 1544 a a10. a A.D. 1550 B a a11. V ab A.D. 1550 a b a a a b a a12. Ba a a A.D. 1725 A a b b a
A b a a a b . S b a a a, R a a Ma a a a a
, b a .
AKARA
a a a' a a a a a b a B a a a , a U a a a B a a a a A a a V a. T aa `b a a a a a a b a a a a a' (`B a a a a ; a a a a . T a B a a a .')
a .
a a a a B a a a : Pa a b a a a A a a b a a . W U a a a a a a a , a b a a
a a B a a , Pa a, , B a a . O a , a b a a , a a a b , A a a
, B a a a . I a a a a , a a .
R a a , B a a a . T aa a ` a a,' a a a a , a a , a a a a
. T , a a `a a' `a a' ( ). T a , `a a a' a a ,
a .
a a a a a a a a , b , b b
a a a aa ( ` a ' ). T a, a ( a ), a ( ), b a(a a ), a a ( ), a a a a ( ) a b ( )
a b a a a aa.
T U a a ` a a a ' a a b a aB a a , a , a a a a .
a a a a a a a a b a a a a , b a D a a, B a a a, a b U a a a B a a a . H ,
a ab a a b a , a , a a . S a a a a , b a .
RMN JA
R a' a B a a a a b a. A a , aa a B a a a , V a a a V a a.T , b a a , a a a a a .
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T a b a b a a a G . I a b a a b a b . D a a , , a b a .
BHSKARA
B a a a b a a a a V a a
a a a' b a a a a ba a, a . H a V a a a U a a a B a a a . H a a .
B a a a a a a a a a a U a a a . H a B a a a ab a a b , b , a a a . H a a b a ( ) a
b aa ( ). U a a a a b a a . T a a a ,
a a a . T a a a a B a a , b a a b a , a b a
a a . T , a , a a a . T a b a a a a a . B , a b a , b B a a a a b .
B a a a a a , B a a a a .
A a a , B a a a a a a a a B a a a a a'
. S a a P a G , a a .
NIMBRKA
N b a' D a a a a B b a B a a. H , b a b B a a a a b a a , a a R a.
N b a' a V a a a ab a a B a a a . I a b b , a a a a .
A a a a a a a a : B a a , a a . W B a a a , ( b , a )
, b , a a ( a , a ) , b a.
A : a a a a a ; a a a a , b a a a b a B a a a a , a .
T a a a a a . B a a aa a a a a a , a .
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N b a a a b a ( ) a ab a ( ) a ba a . T b a a . I a b a a a a a . C a a , a , B a a a a a a a a a a .
T a a a a , .
B a a a , a a b , b a a a . N b a
Ka a R a a a R a a La a V N aa.
B a a , a , a a . H a a a . H a a a a
.
T a a a a b . Ea a a , a a ( ),a ( ) a b ( ) a a . T a a b , a aa a a .
T a a a a a , a a a a a a a a a . A a a a a a B a a
.
C a a B a a a S a a a a a B a a B a a a. T a b a a a a b a, b a a , a .
T a a : a , , a G , a a b a a .
ALLABHA
Va ab a' a a a. H a a a B a a a , B a b a a A b a, a a ab .
T a 33 a a a a (3.2.33) . T b a b V a a a. A a a a a a, B a a a
. H a a a , a S b , a .
F Va ab a, G Ab Ka U a a a `B a a '. H a a a a a, (b , a a a b ). H a : Pa ab a a ,
P a a Ka; A a , a b , a A a ab a a b a a ab Ka. I A a a a a a a a
( a , a a a b ) a a ( , a), b bb . W P a a , A a a a .
T A a a, a a , a a : a ( ), a a (a ) a ab a( a ).
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G a : a a ( ), a a a ( ) a a a( ). T , b a , a , , a a a . W a a a , aa a .
C a a a a L . H , a a a a .
T a a . I b a , a a a a a ,
. I a .
B a a a a a . T a a ( a ) b a , b a ( ) a G a b a .
P a . S a a a a .H , a b a G a a a b a a a a a a . T
a a a , a a a a a b .
H , a a a .
Ba a a a a b a b .
B L
B ba V a, b a a a a a a , B a a a a a a a a a . A a
b a b a a , a b a a a B a a a a . I a a a ab , a b
b A a a .
O a ab a, b a a a a ab : B a V a a a ( A.D. 840), N a a a a a ( A.D. 1260) a Ra a ab R a a(17 .)
T b Pa a a ( A.D. 820), a a a a, a Pa a a a (1.1.1 4) . T a b P a a ( A.D. 1200)
Pa a a aa . T a a Ta a a a b A a a a M ( A.D.1350). A a , a a V a aa a a, a a A a a V a, a a a .
A , B a a a a b A a a a (13 . A.D. ) Ka a a B a a A a a a (16 . A.D. ) Pa a , Ka a a .
M a a b a a B a a a , b
a a :Sa a a a Sa a a M ( A.D. 900), V a aa a a V a a ( A.D.
1350), B a a a a a a a (14 . A.D. ) a B a a a a a Sa ab a a (18 . A.D. )
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