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POWER OF WORDS
Chapter
No.
CONTENT Page
1 Importance of Words 2
2 Role of Words 4
3 Learning about the Roots of Words 6
4 Roots 1 to 11 and Review 7 to 16
5 Roots 12 to 30 16 to 29
6 Roots 31 to 50 29 to 43
7 Roots 51 to 75 44 to 58
8 Roots 76 to 100 59 to 82
9 Roots 101 to 125 83 to 101
10 Roots 125 to 150 101 to 119
11 Roots 151 to 175 119 to 136
12 Roots 176 to 200 137 to 147
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Chapter 1 IMPORTANCE OF WORDS
1.1 Words are the building blocks with which we construct sentences to
communicate our thoughts to others. This communication can either be oral - as in a
spoken sentence – or it can be written down by hand or printed in the form of a book
or a newspaper or journal1 or a magazine
2.
1.2 In „Introduction to Literature‟ we have already seen that literature is one
of the five areas of human activity that has a long term impact or that can provide
immortality because written words or books survive through centuries.
1.3 All the religions in the world, are based on the words and thoughts of one or
a few persons, who conveyed their wisdom through words. The thoughts expressed
by them through words were so important , that they began to be worshipped as
gods. Till today we read and learn from the words of great sages, saints, and poets.
In history we can read the inscriptions on the stone Stupas of the Maurayan Emperor
Ashok who lived and ruled almost 1600 years ago.
1.4 For this reason written Literature is recognized as a part of the most precious
cultural heritage in every country. This is because literature encodes the best
thoughts that have occurred to Man3, that helped him to learn, develop and
progress.
1 Journal is a publication that is either once a year (Annual) or twice a year (Bi-annual) or four times in a year
(Quarterly). It generally relates to serious study of a subject and includes articles on latest thinking and theory
on that subject. As such they have a long term reference value in a specialized area. Most of the established
Religious organizations, leading Universities and various professional bodies publish their own Journal to
communicate their view of the world or the latest research and developments on a subject. As such all articles
in Journal are on one subject or topic only. 2 Magazine is a publication that is weekly (once a week), fortnightly (once in two weeks or 14 days) or
monthly (once in a month) It includes articles on news, fashion, films, household matters, or any such area of
day to day life. Thus, as compared to the material published in a journal, the material in a magazine is for light
reading, fun filled information, puzzles and crosswords or utility information such as on health, food, exercise
etc. As such in a magazine you will find articles on several topics and issues. 3 Man – whenever you come across this term „Man‟ or „man‟ it means the human species as a whole and
therefore includes Woman also. Only „Man‟ is used in the literature of most languages partly because before
the 20th
Century only boys / men were allowed to learn to read and write in formal schools. Girls / women
could learn to read and write only at home. Before 1900 in England and in the USA if a women wrote a book
or poem or a story it could be published only under the name of a man. So many women writers in the 19th
century used the names of their husband to get their novel or book published. In these circumstances, the
achievements of women poetess such as Meerabai become all the more important. In ancient Indian history
there are several examples of highly learned women. Yet, before the 20th
century the role of women in public
life was very limited as the majority did not know how to read or write.
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1.5 A “language based on words” is what separates the human species from all
other living species of plants, insects and animals. In „Introduction to Science‟ we
have learnt that plants, insects, animals and humans are life forms and are called
„Organic Matter‟ in this Universe. Among these only the human species has
developed languages based on words. Other living species have sounds and silent
modes of communication. But it is only Man who communicates through „Words‟.
In this story of the „Power of Words‟ I am going to introduce you to a whole new
world of words. Words are not merely a collection of letters, lifeless and stationary,
written or printed on a sheet of paper. They in fact are full of life because they are
created, they grow and have their roots, branches and leaves.
1.6 Above all words are the tools with which Man conveys all his emotions and
feeling, thoughts and ideas, his pains and fears, his joys and sorrows. As such words
can be as sweet or sour, as tasty or bitter, as painful or soothing as the personality of
the speaker or writer. The capacity of words to convey human thoughts is unlimited.
It is we as students who need to learn this power of words.
1.7 „Lewis Carrol‟ was the pen-name of an English Mathematician who wrote
two story books between1867 and 1887, for an eight year old girl he met in a park.
They are entitled „Alice in Wonderland’ and „Through the Looking Glass’. Both
these books are today acknowledged as classics in English Literature. In both Alice,
a young girl, is the main character. „Through the Looking Glass’ is better as this is
the only story that is developed as a Game of Chess from beginning to the end. s I
am reproducing an extract here from a conversation between a character called
„Humpty Dumpty‟ and Alice:-
“When I use a word” Humpty Dumpty said in a rather scornful tone, “it means
just what I choose it to mean – neither more nor less.”
“The question is” said Alice, “whether you can make words mean different
things?”
“The question is” said Humpty Dumpty, “which is to be the master – that‟s all”
Alice was too much puzzled to say anything, so after a minute Humpty Dumpty
began again “They‟ve a temper, some of them – particularly verbs, they‟re the
proudest – adjectives you can do anything with, but not verbs – however, I can
manage the whole lot ! Impenetrability ! That‟s what I say!”
“Would you tell me please,” said Alice “what that means?”
“Now you talk like a reasonable child” said Humpty Dumpty, looking very much
pleased. “I meant by „impenetrability‟ that we‟ve had enough of that subject, and it
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would be just as well if you‟d mention what you mean to do next, as I suppose you
don‟t intend to stop here all the rest of your life.
“That‟s a great deal to make one word mean” Alice said in a thoughtful tone.
“When I make a word do a lot of work like that,” said Humpty Dumpty “I
always pay it extra”
“Oh!” said Alice. She was too much puzzled to make any other remark.
“Better say nothing at all. Language is worth a thousand pounds a word.”
In almost all languages there are many thoughts of wisdom that are priceless.
But the value of words lies in the understanding of the listener or the reader. If the
listener is unable to understand what is being conveyed, the power is non-existent
for him/her. Through a book an author conveys his / her learning and thoughts, and
even after centuries, through great books can help the reader to know the mind of
the author, his life and the kind of society he lived in. It is words that make literature
the „mirror of society‟ of its time.
Chapter 2. ROLE OF WORDS IN A SENTENCE
The main points of Grammar relevant to the understanding of power of words
2.1 SENTENCE: Words are the building blocks through which a sentence is
constructed. Here, a sentence can be seen as a wall being constructed with bricks or
blocks called WORDS. A Sentence is a set of two or more words that makes
complete sense. For examples, “Birds fly”; “ I run” ; “Come home”, are
sentences of two words each.
2.2 In other words „A Sentence is a complete thought put into words whether
spoken or written‟. For this reason, words are like clothing for the thought. How
well you dress up or „clothe‟ your thoughts becomes your power over words. For
having Power over words, you need to develop your „stock of words‟ or
„vocabulary‟ on a continuous basis.
2.3 This Book is going to introduce you to a method or tool, that will make it
easier for you to know and develop your „stock of words of power.
2.4 Each word in a sentence, has a special role to play in completing the
meaning of the thought. There has to be at least one Noun and one Verb to make a
sentence. See the examples of two word sentences given above, once again.
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„Birds‟, „I‟, and „home‟ are the Nouns / Pronoun and „fly‟, run‟ and „come‟ are
showing the action happening in the sentences.
2.5 VERB: A „Verb‟ is the „doing word‟ in a sentence. It conveys the action that is
taking place in the sentence. As Humpty Dumpty said to Alice „Verbs have a
temper‟ You cannot misplace them or use them incorrectly. Now, if there is an
action, there has to be a doer of that action. So, a Noun is also an essential part of a
sentence.
In sum, the wall of a simple sentence = one brick of NOUN (the doer of action) +
one brick of a VERB (the action) .
2.6 NOUNS are the „naming words‟. They tell who is doing the action in the
sentence. So „Birds fly‟ is a simple sentence in which birds is the noun or the doer of
the action of „flying‟. The action „to fly‟ is the Verb. The role of the word „bird‟ here
is that of a noun.
The noun part of the sentence is called „the Subject‟ . The Verb part is called
„the Predicate‟. The Predicate part includes the Verb and the Object of the action
indicated by the verb.
A Sentence = SUBJECT PART ( Noun) + PREDICATE PART ( Verb) .
2.7 Kinds of Sentences: A Sentence can be a „Simple Sentence‟ or a „Compound
Sentence‟ or a „Complex Sentence‟
One verb = Simple Sentence.
Two verbs= „Compound Sentence‟
Three or more verbs = „Complex Sentence‟.
2.8 ADJECTIVES : Next, there are words that tell us more about the Noun.
These are called „Adjectives‟ because they „Add to the meaning of the NOUN. So, if
we say „The white birds fly‟ the word „white‟ is telling us more about the kind of
birds that are flying. It is adding some more information on the „birds‟, so the role of
the word „white‟ in this sentence is of an „adjective‟. Thus, Adjectives answer the
question „What kind of?” doer is the Noun.
1.9.ADVERBS: Similarly, words that add to the meaning of the Verb are called
„Adverbs‟ If we say The white birds fly higher and higher‟ or that they „fly
swiftly‟ or „fly slowly‟ the role played by the words „higher‟ „swiftly‟ and
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„slowly‟, would be of an „Adverb‟ because in these sentences, they are telling
us more about the Verb „fly‟. So words that answer the question “How the action
is being done?” are playing the role of „Adverbs‟.
2.10 PREPOSITION and PROVERB: In addition to verb, adverb, noun and
adjective, there can be other words in a sentence with additional roles. For example,
„Preposition‟ – are words that are placed just before or after the Noun or Adjective.
PROVERB is a word placed before a verb to help complete the action. Its role is to
be in position just before, nearest to the verb.
2.11 CONJUNCTION: Another role for a word in a sentence is that of joining two
parts of a sentence, and therefore they are called „Conjunctions‟. Conjunctions join
two or more simple sentences, to make a Compound Sentence. They may also join
two parts in a simple sentence.
Normally, a Compound Sentence is made by joining two simple sentences
with the help of a Conjunction. You can easily remember it by recalling that a
railway station is a „Junction‟ if trains from two or more directions come and
converge at that station. So a „conjunction‟ is the „joining word‟.
2.12 These are roles of words in a sentence. Please also remember that the same
word can have different roles in different sentences. So pay attention to the role or
function performed by a word in a sentence and not to the word itself. So the trick is
to understand what role the word is playing in a given sentence and how to identify
that role.
2.13 Summary: The above fundamental rules of Grammar are common to all
languages whether English or Hindi or Sanskrit or any other. To sum up, the role of
words in a sentence remains that same in all languages . Words play the role of a
verb (showing action) a noun (indicating the doer of the action) an adjective (telling
more about the noun) an adverb (telling more about the verb) a preposition (placed
before a noun, adjective, verb or adverb), a conjunction (joining two parts of a
sentence), proverb (coming before a verb)
Chapter 2 LEARNING ABOUT THE ROOTS OF WORDS
Just as we understand the role of words in a sentence we can also understand
words by recognizing the role of letters that make a word. This means that we can
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learn to break a word into smaller units to reach its root and understand its meaning.
This will become clearer as we learn to identify more and more roots in a word.
With a total of 200 Roots of words, we can create a good command over
vocabulary. The roots may be a prefix or a suffix. A „Prefix‟ is a letter that comes
before or at the beginning of the word. A „Suffix‟ is a letter that comes at the end of
a word.
Root Number 1 = Suffix „y‟. = something is very near to or very similar or alike
1. Arty = Inclined to be artistic but is not. It indicates that the person has an
interest in art but is not an artist.
2. catty = tends to be spiteful and stealthy like a cat
3. cheery = Tends to see the brighter side of everything. Puts up a show of
being happy but is not.
4. crafty = Inclined to by sly and tricky.
5. dreary = Tends to be dull
6. dirty = Tends to be unclean or soiled
7. faulty = Inclined to be at fault
8. foxy = Tends to be a bit sly like a fox
9. hairy = tends to have more hair on the body than needed
10. itchy = inclined to itch, inclined to be a bother, or be bothersome
11. misty = tends to be obscured by a slight mist
12. pretty = tending towards beauty but is not
13. rosy = tends to be of pink colour like a rose
14. salty = tends to taste of salt
15. sleepy = tending towards sleep, not wide awake
16. slinky = inclined to slither like the movement of a snake
17. smarty = inclined to be tricky and smart
18. wary = tends to be watchful; be on one‟s guard
19. weary = tending towards being tired and exhausted
Root No. 2 = Suffix „ar‟ „er‟ and „or‟ means „One who‟ or „that
which‟
1. Actor = one who acts a part in a drama or a play or a movie
2. Amplifier = an instrument that makes sound louder. A loudspeaker
3. baker = one who bakes bread and biscuits
4. barber = one whose work is to give haircuts and shave beards
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5. beggar = one who begs alms from others for his / her living
6. dancer = one who dances
7. doctor = one who is learned especially in medicine
8. exhibitor = one who shows things for sale to the public as a profession
or art
9. fighter = one who fights
10. jester = one who tells jokes / also called a joker especially in circus as
he paints his face and dresses up in a funny manner to make audience
laugh in between two major acts in a circus
11. killer = one who kills
12. miser = one who has money to live comfortably and yet lives in
discomfort only to save money.
13. pacifier = that which quiets or sooths babies when they cry, such as the
ring to bite on during their teething.
14. painter = one who paints
15. racer = one who races in a sports event
16. sufferer = one who suffers especially from an ailment or disease
17. toiler = one who does physical hard work; one who toils
18. tractor = a machine that ploughs the fields
Root No. 3 Prefix „Re‟ means „again‟
1. regard = look up to again and again, respect, relating to as in this matter is
regarding the book I read yesterday.
2. re-iterate = say something again; repeat a sentence; say the same thing a
second time
3. rejoin = join with another group of persons such as a family after a brief
separation ( I shall rejoin my family after I return from Jaipur)
4. repay = pay again, return a sum of money borrowed from another person for
a short period
5. reside = the larger town, village or city where one lives. It originates from
which side of the river or lake do you live? All human settlements began on
the banks of large water bodies such as lakes or rivers as water is essential
for daily life. Source of water in a village has traditionally divided the areas
belonging to the rich and the poor. So which „side‟ became the word „reside‟
as it was the side one person returned again and again? „ I reside in Delhi‟
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6. residence = a house where one comes back every night to go out to work or
to school again the next morning. The house in which one lives – example -
„I reside in Delhi, and my residence is on Kasturba Gandhi Marg‟
7. return = come back again to the same place
8. re-warm = heat again as re-warm the milk
9. rewrite = write again, as rewrite a story or a book
10. reverse = make a complete change to begin again or afresh; make a turn
about
Root 4 Pre-fix „Un‟ = not (is the first of the negative Roots. It says „No‟
and means just that – a simple negative) -
1. Unable = no ability; not having the skill to do something; not able.
2. Unabridged = not cut or shortened by the printer or author (used for
books / articles only); as written originally by the author.
3. Unadorned = not adorned with ornaments or other forms of decorative
material; simple.
4. Unaffected = No impact; not touched; not concerned.
5. Unafraid = not afraid; fearless.
6. Unalloyed = no mixing of another element; not mixed with any impurity;
pure (Taken from Science where alloy is a new metal created by mixing
two or more metals in different proportions)
7. Unaltered = no change from original form; not changed. ( opposite of the
verb „to alter‟ meaning to change from its existing or natural form,
current status or position)
8. Undesirable = not good; not desired or wanted by anyone; is so bad that
no one is able to desire or want it.
9. Uneducated = having no education, not learned, with out any learning or
training of any kind.
10. Uneasy = not easy; difficult; not calm; not able to rest
11. Unfinished = not yet ended, not finished, not completed.
12. Unheard = not heard of before.
13. Unhurt = not hurt
14. Unhurried = having no sense of hurry; slow; with out any hurry or sense
of acting quickly; not in a rush.
15. Unknown = no knowledge of; not known, not recognized, strange, not
yet understood
16. Unloved = not loved; not cared for; not cherished, not taken care of.
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17. Unread = not read earlier or so far.
18. Unspoken = not uttered in words; not said in oral sound loud enough for
another to hear; not put in to words said out loud.
19. Untold = not said by anyone before this time.
20. Untouched = not yet touched by anyone or anything. This can have a
physical meaning as well as an emotional meaning The physical meaning
would be touching by hand as in the „sense of touch‟. The emotional
meaning is touching one‟s heart through depth of feelings and thoughts
as through a poem. Good poetry always touches one deeply.
21. Untouchable = that which cannot be touched; something beyond reach
of hand or touch; something placed so high up that it cannot be reached
or touched.
This word has three parts – Prefix „Un‟ = not or no; suffix „able‟ = can
Do, ability to do; and root „touch‟ = contact by hand or any medium.
22. Unwelcome = no well come; not invited; no feeling of happiness or joy
at coming; coming is not „well‟ or good; so not welcome.
23. Unworthy = not having any worth or value; not appreciated by others.
Root 5 Suffix „less‟ = without.
This is a simple and frequently used Root. When added to nouns (naming words) it
converts them in to adjectives (words that tell us more about nouns). When another
suffix „ly‟ is added after „less‟ the adjective gets converted in to adverbs (telling more
about the verb or the doing word or the manner of the action in a sentence) Here, refer
back to Root 1 also
Suffix „less‟ Adjective form Suffix „ly‟ Adverb form
1 Artless without any art or artificial
manner; natural as a baby.
Artlessly Naturally
2 baseless Without a base, groundless baselessly groundlessly
3 careless Without being careful,
slovenly, sloppy, dropping
or spoiling things by not
doing the work attentively.
carelessly In a careless manner
4 effortless Without any effort or
strain, easy; that which is
easy to do.
effortlessly easily
5 fearless Without fear; unafraid fearlessly Like one who is not
afraid
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6 friendless Without a single friend; all
alone by one self.
No „ly‟ form
for friendless.
The form is
the positive
meaning
word
„friendly‟ that
is not being
considered
here
7 Graceless
„Grace‟ is the
highest and
best form of
perfect, gentle
manner or
behaviour.
Without grace; clumsy in
manner of doing or
behaving; Earlier the King
or the Pope was addressed
as “Your Grace” when
spoken to. In such cases
the person‟s name is not
used as a mark of respect
to the high office. Today
only Judges in Courts are
addressed to as „Your
Honour‟, while Members
of Parliament are addressed
to as „Hon‟ble Member‟
Gracelessly clumsily
8 helpless Without any help from
others; defenceless
helplessly Like one who is
defenceless
9 homeless Without a home homelessly Like someone without
a home
10 hopeless Without any expectation of
relief from the existing
situation of despair;
without hope
hopelessly Like one who has no
expectations or hope of
respite
11 listless Without any life or spirit;
Physically very tired and
unable to move; exhausted
listlessly Like one who is
without any energy or
life
12 noiseless Without making any
sound; without noise; very
quiet; silence.
noiselessly Soundlessly, quietly,
silently.
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Root 6 Suffix „ness‟= state of; condition of
All the words in Root 5 can be converted to the „state of‟ meaning by adding „ness‟ at
the end – as in – carelessness, effortlessness, helplessness, hopelessness, joylessness,
listlessness, restlessness, shamelessness, weightlessness.
Root 7 Suffix „ful‟ = full of.
Note that the Root has a single „l‟ while the meaning has a double „l‟. Also y is replaced
by „i‟ before suffix „ful‟ in a few words such as beauty = beautiful. The additional suffix
13 powerless Without power; without
strength.
powerlessly Lacking in strength
14 sleepless Without sleep; awake
continuously
sleeplessly Like one who is unable
to sleep
15 restless Without being able to rest;
not being calm; uneasy
restlessly Like one who is unable
to rest
16 tireless Without getting tired;
never weary or doing
something, never tired of
the same work
tirelessly Like one who never
gets weary
17 Tasteless Without taste; flat to taste;
flavourless.
- Also taste in clothes and
manner implying good
choice of clothes can be
meant-
tastelessly Like some who has no
taste or good choice of;
18 trackless Without any path or track
by which animals or
humans travel; pathless
No „ly‟ form
19 voiceless Without any voice,
soundless.
In abstract noun form its
also means „voice‟ of the
citizens in the decisions
and policies of the State.
voicelessly Like one who has no
voice
20 weightless Without any heaviness or
weight, very light as a
feather
weightlessly Like one who has no
weight; lightly
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„ly‟ can be added to convert it in to adverb form except in the case of a few words such as
„earful‟ and „mouthful‟.
Noun form Adjective form by adding suffix „ful‟ Adverb
form by
adding
Suffix „ly‟
1 Beauty Beautiful= full of beauty Beautifully
2 Care Careful = taking due care; watchful Carefully
3 Doubt (abstract ) Doubtful = Having doubts; uncertain; unsure Doubtfully
4 Duty Dutiful = fulfilling all duties; conscious of
one‟s duties
Dutifully
5 Ear Earful = an ear full of news and gossip No adverb
form
6 Fear Fearful = filled with fear; frightened Fearfully
7 Great Grateful = full of thanks; glad to give thanks Gratefully
8 Help Helpful = willing and able to help Helpfully
9 grace Graceful = full of grace and tact
Gracefully
10 hope Hopeful = full of hope and expectation; without
despair.
Hopefully
11 joy Joyful = full of joy and happiness Joyfully
12 mouth Mouthful = as much as the mouth can hold;
filled up mouth.
No adverb
form
13 pity Pitiful = filled up with pity; pathetic Pitifully
14 rest Restful = bringing rest as in a restful sleep Restfully
15 shame Shameful = full of shame; disgraceful Shamefully
16 tact Tactful = having the capacity not to hurt others
with spoken words; poised; graceful.
Tact is the ability to say an unpleasant thing in a
manner that is pleasant to others, or through
words that do not hurt as much as they would if
said without tact. Diplomats are specially
trained to be tactful. They invariable use words
that are polite and kind even when they have to
convey an unpleasant message.
Tactfully
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Root 8 Suffix „an‟ „ian‟ = native of; relating to.
Converts nouns in to adjectives by adding this suffix after the name of a country or a place
Example Asia – Asian; America – American; Australia – Australian, Africa – African, India
– Indian and so on Also refer to Root 2 here
Root 9 Suffix „able‟ „ible‟, ble = can do
1. Acceptable = able to be accepted; be welcome
2. Agreeable = able to please, impress and agree – agreeable manners, agreeable
proposition
3. Bearable = able to be endured; able to bear it
4. Capable = able to do things well
5. Comfortable = able to give comfort, ease, and strength
6. Doable = can be done or able to be put in to practice
7. Edible = able to be eaten; can be eaten and consumed by humans or other life forms
8. Enjoyable = able to give satisfaction and joy
9. Forcible = can be powerful, able to become a force.
10. Horrible = able to shock and cause dismay
11. Laughable = can be laughed at as a joke
12. Manageable = can be managed
13. Portable = can be carried across to another place
14. Reliable = can be relied upon; trustworthy
15. Sociable = able to get along with people; friendly
- Tact can convert enemies into friends and
defuse tense situations that otherwise could
result in wars.
17 tear Tearful = full of tears; weeping and crying tearfully
18 vengence Vengeful = full of thoughts to pay wrong by
wrong, evil by evil; full of plans to hurt or
cause loss to the person who has caused hurt or
loss to oneself; bitter
vengefully
19 worship Worshipful = worthy of highest respect and
regard
Worshipfull
y
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16. Tenable = a thought, argument or a decision that can be defended when challenged;
logical and sensible
17. Terrible = able to invoke terror or deep fear
18. Transferable = able to be taken from place to place
19. Transmissible = able to be sent across as in the case of a wireless message or a TV
transmission; Also something hereditary across generations
20. Transportable = can be carried across a place from one point to another
21. Visible = able to be seen; perceptible to human eyes
Root 10 Prefix „ Tra‟ „Trans‟ = across, through, over
1. Transact = put a deal through in business
2. Transaction = an economic activity of putting across a process of exchange
3. Transatlantic = across the Atlantic Ocean that lies between Europe and North
America
4. Transcend = go across to a higher level
5. Transcontinental = across more than one continent
6. Traduce = to disgrace; to fall across from good grace to lower level in society; to
lower the good name of one‟s family and friends or status.
7. Transform = take across one form or structure to change in to another form
Example transformer in electricity generation that converts one form of heat energy
in to the electric current form
8. Transfusion = going across from one person to another as in „blood transfusion‟
9. Transfer = going across from one place to another place
10. Transferable = able to be transferred; can be transferred
11. Transit = passage, permission, or way from one place to another. Normally used for
the permission to go from one country to another as in „Transit Visa‟ and „Transit
Passport‟
12. Transmit = send across from one person to another person, or from one place to
another place.
13. Transmitter = that which can send across messages
14. Translate = change from one language form to another language form
15. Translator = One who or that which translates
16. Transport = move across ports; take across long distances from one place to another
17. Transportation = act of taking across ports or places
18. Transitive = a verb that has a direct object on which the action in the verb occurs
19. Transplant = uproot from one place to take it across and plant it at another place
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20. Traverse = lying across a river or such distance as a bridge traverses the river
Root 11 Suffix „port‟ = to carry.
This is a „root‟ word because it comes in the middle of a word, and can form new words
with different prefix and suffix.
1. Port = a place where boats and ships can anchor to unload or reload their cargo
2. Portable = that can be carried from place to place
3. Porter = one who carries things, parcels or baggage
4. Exports = Goods carried out of a country to another country
5. Exporter = One who sends goods out of a country
6. Exportation = The act of carrying goods out of a country
7. Imports = Goods brought in to a country from another country
8. Importer = One who brings goods in to a country
9. Importation = The act of brining goods in to a country
10. Deport = to send a person away out of a country as a punishment; to banish someone
from his or her country
11. Deportee = one who is banished from a country as a punishment and sent away to
another place
12. Deportment = the manner in which one stands up and walks or carries one‟s body;
the manner of one‟s public appearance
13. Report = to write and carry an account of events or activities that have happened
14. Reporter = one who sends reports as a means of earning his or her livelihood
15. Reporting = the act of bring in all news to one point
16. Support = to carry along with some help
17. Transport = the act or means of taking things or persons across ports or from place
to place
REVIEW
Q Tick mark the number of the choice that best expresses the un-numbered first word
1. Transit (a) station (b) store (c) beauty parlor (d) going across (e) costume
2. Translate (a) purchase (b) sell (c) unite (d) read (e) convert in to another language
3. Transplant (a) plant in another place (b) unload (c)sever (d) sow (e) plant
4. wearable (a) tastes good (b) can be worn (c) expensive (d) cheap (e) explainable
5. skill (a) ability (b) leisure (c) clumsy (d) taste ( e) carelessness
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Question 2. Match the following:
Root 12 Prefix „IN‟ and „IM‟ = Not
1. Inability = state or situation of not being able to do something
2. Inaccessible = not able to be reached
3. Inadequate = not enough; not sufficient
4. Inarticulate = not able to express oneself; not able to articulate
5. Imbalance = not balanced; more weight on one side than the other.
6. Inclement = not mild (weather); extremely hostile weather; generally used in
context of weather only
7. Inhospitable = not willing to be a good host to others; also an inhospitable place; or
inhospitable climate
8. Immature = not yet grown fully; not yet ripe; unripe.
9. Immobilize = not able to move; not capable of any movement.
10. Immoderate = not moderate; not within bounds or limits.
11. Immoral = not having good morals; not of good character or good nature
12. Immortal= not mortal; not likely to die; not subject to death; like immortal poetry.
13. Impassable = that cannot be passed; a blocked place or area; as an impassable
mountain range
14. Imperfect = not perfect; having short-comings; flawed.
15. Implacable = cannot be placated or made happy; cannot be appeased; cannot forgive
16. Impossible = not possible; that which cannot be done; not doable; not capable of
being; that which cannot happen
17. Improbable = not likely to exist; not likely to be true
18. Insatiable = that which cannot be satisfied; always wanting more of something.
19. Intolerable = not to be endured; not to be suffered; not to be tolerated
20. Invisible = not visible; that cannot be seen; as the invisible air
Root 13 Prefix „EN‟ „EM‟ = into, to
1. embark = get in to a train or a ship; also „embark on a journey‟
2. embellish = to make more beautiful; to decorate
Suffix „y‟ One who Suffix „an‟ „ian‟ Carry
Prefix „re‟ Not Prefix „Un‟ Can do
Suffix „or‟ „ar‟ „er‟ Again Suffix „ful‟ Similar to, like
Prefix „de‟ Native of Prefix „Tra‟ „Trans‟ Away from
Suffix „able‟ „ible‟ Across
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3. embitter = to make bitter; into bitterness
4. embody = to give a solid form or body to something invisible; in to body; as in „a
law must embody freedom‟
5. embrace = take another person in to one‟s brace or arms
6. embroider = to make more fanciful with colourful stitches; in to fancy on the border
of a cloth
7. encamp = to set up camp
8. encourage = put heart or courage in to someone; as in encourage with hope of
success
9. endanger = to put someone in to danger; as in „endangered species‟
10. employ = in to being useful; to find a use for.
11. employable = able to hold a job; able to get in to a job.
12. unemployable = not able to get in to a job; not able to hold a job.
13. employee = one who works and is in to employment;
14. employer = one who employs others
15. enroll = to enter one‟s name in to a register
16. enslave = to place in to slavery or bondage
17. entrap = to put in to trap; to catch.
18. entrust = to place in to trust of another person
19. environ = to put a ring around something ; to encircle
20. environment = life that surrounds one‟s own life; the surrounding in to which one
puts one‟s life or lives
21. envenom = to put venom or poison in to something, as „to be envenomed by a
snake‟s bite‟
Root 14 Pre-fix „AD‟ = to, toward.
This is a complex Root because before c, f, g, n, and s „ad‟ becomes the same letter as
in the last few examples in this list
1. adaptable = to be able to adapt; to be able to fit in to the environment; be
pliable or flexible
2. addict = to give in to a habit of;
3. adequate = to be sufficient; to be adequate to the need of; enough.
4. adhere = to stick to; to be faithful; to adhere to one‟s word.
5. adjacent = next to another; lying nearby; as in „the adjacent house‟.
6. adjunct = one thing joined to another
7. admire = towards additional attraction; wonder at with pleasure; admiration
8. administer = to manage; to take charge
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9. adulterate = to add something inferior to a superior quality thing to bring down
it quality; to cheapen and make inferior.
10. advance = to go forward; towards the next step; towards more from one point
or stage; to be ahead of
11. advantage = to a better position or situation
12. advertise = to bring to attention of the public; to put to notice; to notify
13. advise = to give guidance; to caution
14. advocate = to speak out for a worthy cause; to add one‟s voice to a cause
15. accept = to take to oneself; to receive
16. affiance = to promise to wed; to be engaged for getting married
17. aggressive = to be assertive, likely to attack; to go forward to be on the
offense.
18. allege = to declare
19. announce = to make known to public
20. assert = to declare, to say in a positive manner, to be firm in declaring
Root 15 Prefix „IL‟ and „IR‟ = not
1. Illegal = not according to law
2. Illicit = not according to law; illegal; not allowed by law or society
3. Illegible = writing that cannot be read easily; not readable
4. Illiberal = not liberal; not open minded; not broad minded, not believing in
liberty of the mind
5. Illiterate = not literate; not able to read or write
6. Illiteracy = the condition or state of not being able to read or write
7. Illogical = having no logic; not as per reason or logic;
8. Illusion = something that is not real; an unreal image; exists only in imagination
9. Irrational = not based on reason; illogical; unreasonable
10. Irreclaimable = that which cannot be claimed back or again
11. Irregular = not regular; not as it should be;
12. Irrelevant = not related or relevant; unconnected to something, not significant to
the situation
13. Irreligious = not religious; lacking in religious faith or feeling
14. Irreparable = a broken thing that cannot be repaired
15. Irreproachable = one who cannot be blamed in any way; not to be reproached or
found fault with;
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16. Irresolute = not having any resolve; not able to make up one‟s mind; with out
any resolution
17. Irrevocable = that which cannot be revoked; an action that cannot be taken back
or brought back;
18. Irresistible = that which cannot be resisted or stopped; full of temptation
19. Irreverent = having no respect for another person; showing no respect where it
should be shown
20. Irresponsible = not responsible; not having any sense of responsibility or duty
Root 16 Suffix „ITE‟ = quality of; mineral product of; native of.
1. appetite = the quality of hunger for something
2. anthracite = a mineral of hard natural coal
3. dolomite = a mineral composed of carbonates of calcium and magnesium
4. dynamite = a powerful chemical explosive used in all gun bullets and arms
5. expedite = having the quality of speeding up an action; to quicken; to hasten
6. exquisite = having the quality of great beauty
7. favourite = having the quality of being regarded as above others
8. granite = a solid sand grainy rock
9. graphite = a mineral of pure carbon used for making pencils
10. Israelite = a native of the country Israel
11. meteorite = a stony metallic rock falling on earth from outer space
12. pyrite = a common mineral of yellow brass colour, also called the „fool‟s gold‟
13. suburbanite = a native of a suburb of a city; one who lives in a suburb
14. stalactite = a solidified mineral drip with in a cave that hangs from the ceiling like an
icicle ( In colder regions water dripping from the roof or branches of trees freezes to
form hanging „icicles‟)
15. stalagmite a solidified mineral rock formations from the floor of caves that are
shaped like a normal curve
16. sulfite = a salt of sulphuric acid
Root 17 Suffix „AL‟ = relating to.
This Root establishes a relationship and can be attached to a large number of words
1. animal = relating to creatures that live and breathe
2. aural = relating to the ear; sound that can be heard
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3. autumnal = relating to autumn season; part of the season of fruition
4. cerebral = relating to the brain (cerebrum, cerebellum)
5. decimal = relating to the number system of counting based on ten
6. gradual = relating to advancing forwarding in small steps or by small degree
7. infernal = relating to inferior world of hell
8. internal = relating to an inside part or area
9. intellectual = relating to the power of the intellect and the capacity to think
10. manual = relating to work done with hands
11. mental = relating to the mind
12. natural = relating to nature
13. optional = relating to a choice or option given in a situation
14. oral = relating to the oral cavity of the mouth; spoken in words through the
mouth
15. phenomenal = relating to something unusual among its kind
16. reprisal = relating to revenge or paying back evil for evil
17. sensual = relating to the five senses of the human body – hearing, sight, smell,
taste and touch.
18. spiritual = relating to the spirit
19. technical = relating to technology or machines
20. usual = relating to common things; normal or ordinary
Root 18 Prefix „DI‟ = two, double, separate
1. diacid = an acid having two hydrogen atoms
2. diclinic = having two oblique intersections behind three axes of a crystal
3. dicellate = having two prongs as in a tong or fork
4. dicotyledon = plants that have two leaves in its seed
5. dicotyledonous = a seed having two leaves
6. dichotomy = a separation in to two parts
7. dichromatic = having two colours
8. diameter = a line that divides a circle in to two parts
9. dioxide = a compound containing two atoms of hydrogen
10. dilogy = a speech that has two or more meaning
11. dilemma = a situation in which two difficult choices exist
12. diphthong = a word sound made by joining two vowels such as „ou‟ in
„house‟
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13. digraph = two vowels written together to give one sound as is „ae‟ of
Aesop‟s fables
14. diota = a vessel with two handles
15. divide = to separate in to two or more parts
16. divorce = separation of husband and wife to annul the marriage
17. divulsion = tearing apart of one object
Root 19 Root „FER‟ = bring, bear, yield
(Root means the central part of a word)
1. circumference = the line that goes round a circular plane
2. conference = a bringing together; a meeting
3. coniferous = trees that bear cone like seeds / fruits
4. cross- fertilization = fertilization in plants from one variety to another
5. deference = bearing respect and courtesy for another
6. fertile = having the capacity to bear fruits; yielding much
7. fertilization = the act of causing to bear richly or rich fruits.
8. inference = carrying over a reasoning from one point to another to
understand what is implied and has not been stated
9. reference = a thought relating to a subject
10. preference = bringing forward as the first choice
11. offer = to bring something for giving to another
12. proffer = to bring forward to offer
13. suffer = to bear sorrow or pain
14. transfer = to bring from one place to another
Root 20 Suffix „EN‟ at the end of the word means „made of ‟ or
„ make‟
1. brazen = made of brass
2. brighten = to make bright
3. broaden = to make broad, to widen.
4. frighten = make frightful
5. frozen = made icy, as in frozen food
6. golden = made of gold
7. hasten = to make haste; to put on speed
8. heighten = to make higher; to increase in height
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9. hempen = made of hemp; rope
10. lighten = make lighter in weight by reducing
11. molten = made by melting
12. oaken = made of oak wood
13. roughen = make rough; make a situation filled with obstacles
14. silken = made of silk
15. smoothen = to make smooth
16. soften = to make soft or softer
17. toughen = to make tough; to strengthen
18. whiten = to make white
19. wooden = made of wood
20. woolen = made of wool
Root 21 prefix „IN‟ „IM‟ means „in‟ „into‟ ( IN become IM before b,
m, p)
In Root No. 12 the prefix IN had meant „not‟ So you will need to
consider whether the meaning of the Root is „not‟ or „in / into‟
1. Influx (noun) = an inward flow (of water or people)
2. Ingress ( noun)= act of entering; coming in
3. Inhale (verb) = to breathe in; take air into one‟s lungs / body
4. Imbue (verb) = to inspire. For example „to imbue with the love for books
or „to imbue a habit for reading‟
5. Imbibe (verb) = to take in to the mind, example to imbibe wisdom
6. Immure (verb) = to wall in; to build a wall around
7. Immigrate (verb) = to come in to a country in order to settle down.
8. Immigrant (noun) = one who comes in to a country
9. Imminent (adjective) = an event that is about to occur; that which will
occur soon.
10. Immingle (verb ) = mix in with; to blend in to
11. Important (adjective) = that which is in significance or importance
12. Impress (verb) = to leave a mark in the mind; to make a image on.
13. Impression (abstract noun) = mark or image one is able to leave on
another‟s mind or on a material
14. Impressionable (adjective) = one who is easily impressed
15. Imperil (verb) = to put in to danger
16. Impinge (verb) = to strike; to dash into; to come in to close contact with
17. Imprison (verb) = to put in to jail or prison
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18. Implosion (noun) = a bursting inward; to burst in to (inside)
19. Impulsive (adjective) = To act suddenly on instinct; to cause to be.
20. Interior = (noun) the inner part; the inside of a place
Root 22 Prefix „EX‟ meaning „out‟ „from‟
1. Exact (verb) = to demand; to extract from; to compel a person to give out
2. Excel (verb) = to outdo all others; to surpass
3. Excellent ( adjective) = one who surpasses another
4. Excellence (abstract noun) = to heighten the quality of
5. Excite (verb) = to arouse; to bring out uncontrolled feelings; to stir up
6. Excitement ( abstract noun) = the mental state of being excited
7. Excitable (adjective) = one who can be aroused very easily
8. Exclaim (verb) = to cry out; to shout out at something
9. Exclamation (abstract noun) = an outcry; a loud sound of surprise or
sorrow or disgust
10. Exclude ( verb) = to keep out of a group; to shut out from participating
11. Exit (noun) = a door or way to go out of a building or space
12. Exit (verb) = to leave a building or place; to go out
13. Expect (verb)= to look out for; to await
14. Expelled (verb) = to be thrown out of; example „expelled from college‟
15. Express ( verb) = to speak out
16. Expression (abstract noun) = the act of saying something
17. Excavate (verb) = to dig a hole in the ground; to hollow out the mud or
ground
18. Exception (abstract noun) = something that is not a part of the general
rule; something left out of the general rule.
19. Extend (verb) = to stretch out; to stretch to full length; to make longer
20. Extension (adjective) = the stretched out part of a place or thing
Root 23 Prefix EX
As in Root 22 can be extended in to three forms as prefix „E‟
„EC‟ „EF‟ all conveying the negative meaning of „not‟
1. Eccentric (adjective) = not having normal habits or manner of
behaving; having different or odd way of behaving
2. Eclipse (verb) = not in light; in darkness; in the shadow of
3. Ecstasy (abstract noun) = joy that is not in control; overwhelming
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emotion of happiness that cannot be controlled
4. Effect (abstract noun) = the result of; the impact of
5. Effete (adjective) = worn out and tired; not fresh in feeling and
strength; no longer fertile
6. Effort (abstract noun) = exertion of strength; an attempt to do
something by exerting pressure or strength
7. Effulgent ( adjective) = shining out brilliantly, example „the
effulgent rays of the Sun‟
8. Efflux ( noun) = flowing out; not staying in
9. Effusion (noun) = fluid such as oil escaping from a containing; a
seeping out of fluid
10. Effervesce (verb) = to bubble out; to display liveliness; not effete
11. Effervescent (adjective) = lively, bubbling with life
12. Effeminate (adjective) = a male who has feminine qualities more
than masculine qualities; not a manly person
13. Eject ( verb)= to throw out
14. Efficient (adjective) = one who produces results; one who is very
capable in doing his / her work
15. Ejaculate (verb) = to call out loud; to exclaim
16. Elaborate (verb) = to work out in detail in full; not to leave out any
part or aspect of detail
17. Emanate (verb) = to flow out in intangible form, as fragrance from
flowers, or aroma from a dish being cooked
Root 24 Suffix „ION‟ „SION‟ „TION‟ meaning ACT OF, STATE
OF, RESULT OF
1. Action ( noun) = act of doing something; manner of doing something
2. Celebration (noun) = act of honoring someone or an occasion through a
special event
3. Diction (noun) = result of choice of words
4. Dominion (noun) = authority over, absolute power over
5. Formation (noun) = the act of giving shape or form to something
6. Function (noun) = purpose of an act; act of work or occupation
7. Injection (noun) = act of forcing something in to
8. Junction (noun) = the state of being joined or connected
9. Limitation (noun) = the state of being confined within a limit
10. Location (noun) = the state of a place; a place or locality
11. Option (noun) = the act of choosing; a choice
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12. Partition (noun) = the act of separating or dividing
13. Purification (noun) = the act of removing impurities for making
something pure
14. Question (noun) = the act of asking or inquiring
15. Reflection (noun)= the state of looking in a mirror; the result of light
thrown back
16. Suspension (noun) = the state of being stopped temporarily
17. Verification (noun) = the act of giving truth; act of confirming truth
18. Versification (noun) = the act of putting in to verse form of poetry
Root 25 Root „NAS‟ „NAT‟ meaning to be born, to spring forth to life
1. Innate (adjective) = inborn; a quality that is inherent in; a quality one is
born with
2. Natal (adjective) = relating to birth
3. Naïve (adjective) = acting or behaving like a new born child; a simpleton;
an artless person
4. Native (adjective) = belonging to a place by birth
5. Nativity ( noun) = the process of being born
6. Nature (abstract noun) = the inborn qualities of a person
7. Natural (adjective) = relating to nature
8. Naturalization (adjective) = the process by which one gets the citizenship
of a country where one is not born
9. Nation ( common noun) = a people with a common origin or birth
10. National (adjective) = relating to a nation
11. Nationalism (abstract noun) = the belief of supporting one‟s nation is the
highest duty
12. International ( adjective)= between or among nations.
Root 26 Suffix „IC‟ conveys the meaning „nature of‟ „like‟
It can also be combined with „ALLY‟ to become the ending for many words
1. Acidic = like an acid
2. Barbaric = as cruel as the nature of a barbarian (pre-historic man living through
hunting with crude stone weapons)
3. Caustic = having the sharp nature of burning; therefore a „caustic remark‟ is a form
of violence through words
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4. Drastic = Relating to rapid action; it has its roots in „drama‟ but is generally used to
convey decisive action taken in quick succession, one after another, to change or
control a situation. Example: After the financial scandal broke out in the Press the
political leader took drastic action for damage control .
5. Emphatic = in the nature of a strong expression
6. Endemic = in the nature of a particular social group or a country
7. Galactic = as vast as a galaxy; in the nature of a galaxy like the Milky Way Galaxy
of which our Solar System is a very small part; on a galactic scale means covering
very vast areas or on a very large scale
8. Geologic = in the nature of geology or the study of rocks and earth formation
9. Heroic = like a hero; a heroic deed
10. Majestic = in the nature of royalty or the ruling class; like royalty
11. Metallic = like a metal
12. Metamorphic = like the figure of speech called a „metaphor‟. A metaphor is a hidden
„Simili‟ (Comparison between two things) A Simili makes a direct comparison as in
„as distant as the stars‟ is a simili. A metaphor will convey the same meaning by
saying „ That actor is now a star‟ meaning he has far ahead of others and no longer
able to keep his social contacts with other actors. Another example is from
geography where „metamorphic rock‟ is one form of rock that has changed from
some other form. Sand converts in to sandstone, lime in to limestone and then
becomes a metamorphic rock called „marble‟ Therefore the word „metamorphic‟
conveys that the nature has changed from something in to another thing totally
different. This change is implied and not clearly stated or visible.
13. Patriotic = like a patriot who loves his / her country more than any one else
14. Poetic = in the nature of poetry; having more imagination and deeper emotions.
15. Prosaic = in the nature of prose or day to day ordinary manner; commonplace
16. Realistic = like reality; like real life itself; not poetic or imaginary
17. Strategic = like a plan of action for completion of an activity in the future; earlier
the term „strategy‟ was used only in the context of battles and wars to defeat the
enemy through planned action of all the different forms of attack. In modern times it
is used as a management term for daily life as well. So today even a student can do
strategic thinking to achieving a particular career or profession. Simply put a
strategy is a plan of action for achieving a given target. The target can be in studies,
in profession, in life or any area of activity.
18. Tragic = in the nature of a tragedy; a calamity that ends life or a phase of life
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Root 27 Root „AUD‟ „AUS‟ meaning „to hear‟ or „to listen‟.
„Hear‟ refers to every sound that may enter the human ear (called the „auditory canal‟)
through any form of sound. The word „Listen‟ always has the additional meaning of „paying
attention‟ to the what one is hearing. As such, one can „hear‟ a bus passing on the road
without listening to it. But one has to „listen‟ to the lesson teacher is teaching in the class.
1. Audible = can be heard
2. Audience = a group or assembly of people who have gathered to hear (a musician
or a poet); a gathering of listeners.
3. Audio = relating to sound through electric currents transmitted in to the air
4. Audiogram = a graph that traces the relation of frequency and audibility
5. Audio-metre = an instrument for measuring hearing capability of the ear
6. Auditory = relating to hearing; example „auditory nerves‟ that help humans to hear
7. Audit = a formal account made in writing by an accountant. Earlier accountants
were orally told about the expenses and income incurred during the year. On its
basis the government „auditor or accountant‟ wrote out the accounts for calculation
of taxes payable
8. Audition = a modern method of testing a singer‟s voice before recording the song.
So an audition is a special hearing before recording.
9. Auditorium = part of a building where listeners gather as an audience
10. Audi-phone = a metal plate that carries sound vibrations; a hearing device
11. Audient (adjective) = listening, paying attention
12. Inaudible = a sound that cannot be heard; The old man‟s mumbling was inaudible
across the room
Root 28. Root „VIS‟ „VID‟ meaning „see‟
1 Visage (common noun) = the face; the visible part of human body through which a
person is recognized or seen.
2 Visible (adjective) = that which can be seen
3 Vision (abstract noun) = physical eyesight; ability of the human eye to be able to
see; metaphorically speaking also the mental eyesight that means the ability to see
through one‟s mind‟s eye on a long term basis;
4 Visionary (common noun) = one who gets visions; also called a daydreamer
because in the beginning all visionaries are laughed at by others as trying to
convert dreams in to reality.
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5 Envision (verb) = ability to make a mental picture on basis of a description or
imagination; to envisage something not seen earlier.
6 Visit (abstract noun)= the act of visiting another person to see him / her
7 Visitor (common noun) = one who visits to see or meet; a guest
8 Visitation ( abstract noun) = an official visit; something that visits for long such as
visitation of cold and cough that come occasionally for a few days at a time
9 Visor (noun) = a mask for a face / visage; the brim of a cap that juts out to protect
the eyes from direct sunlight
10 Vista (noun) = a view from a distance; such as a vista of a valley or a lake
11 Visual (adjective) = that which relates to eye sight
12 Visual (verb) = try to envisage a face of someone not present in a place
13 Invisible (adjective) = that which cannot be seen; that which is not visible
14 Evident ( adjective) = that which is clearly seen or visible
15 Provide (verb) = to see what is needed and to supply it
16 Provision (common noun) = necessary things that are provided beforehand or
before their need arises
17 Providential (adjective) = provided by divine fate / or providence (heaven)
18 Television (noun) = that which makes visible through telecasting / broadcasting
Root 29 Suffix „AGE‟ meaning „act of‟ / „state of‟ / „result of‟ /
„function of‟/ „collection of‟
1. Carriage (abstract noun) = the act of / the manner of carrying oneself while
walking/ sitting etc.
2. Courage ( abstract noun) = state of strength of mind
3. Courageous (adjective) = one who has the strength of mind; one who is fearless
4. Damage (noun) = result of loss or injury from a situation or act
5. Envisage (verb) = to see with one‟s mind‟s eye
6. Forage (noun) = food for horses and cattle
7. Forage (verb) = when a horse or cattle is searching / looking for food in a field or
farm
8. marriage (noun) = the state of being married or bound in wedlock
9. outrage (noun) = a state of wild anger or wrongdoing
10. outrageously (adverb) = an act that is wildly wrong and abusively done
11. salvage (verb) = act of making something fit for use;
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Root 30 Prefix „DIS‟ meaning „take away‟ „deprive of‟ „not‟ This Root carries a
sense of failure in the meaning
1. Disabled (adjective) = deprived of use by an injury or illness
2. Disadvantage (noun) = a loss; a handicap; a detriment
3. Disagree (verb) = not to have the same view or opinion; not to agree with another
4. Disarm(verb) = to take away a weapon; make one weaponless
5. Disapprove (verb) = not approve; to view as wrong
6. Disbar (verb) = to keep away through official order; as disbar a doctor from
practicing or any other professional
7. Discredit (verb) = not to believe in; to disbelieve; not to accept the words of a
person
8. Discourage (verb) = to take away hope; cause to lose heart
9. Disease (noun) = not a normal state of health; sickness, ill-health
10. Disgrace (noun) = loss of good opinion of others; shame
11. Disgust (abstract noun) = a repulsive feeling at bad manners or taste; a sickening
feeling of being far away from good taste or good manners; sickening in one‟s
behaviour; a manner that is below normal social behaviour
12. Dishonour (verb) = to deprive one of honour; to take away one‟s self respect.
13. Disinherit (verb) = to deprive one of an inheritance that is a person‟s due as a right
14. Dispose (verb) = to be inclined towards someone or something; to throw away or
to give away something. Example: (1) Hari is well disposed to settling down in this
hill station. (2) The medical syringes these days are legally required to be disposed
after one use.
15. Disregard (verb) = not to pay any attention to; to neglect
16. Dissolved (adjective) = broken up; melted away like ice; blending in to another
form and losing the earlier form, such as salt dissolved in water
17. Distrust (abstract noun) = lack of trust in another ; doubting the words of the other
18. Disconcerted (adjective) = loss of control over oneself; very upset; highly
disturbed state of mind.
Root 31 Suffix „MENT‟ meaning „state of‟/ „act of‟/ „result of an action‟
This suffix when added to verbs converts them in to nouns. It is also a duplicate Root
for suffix „AGE‟ in Nos. 29. All words given in this list are noun.
1. Achievement (noun) = a state that is reached as a goal with efforts / or a
goal that is accomplished after efforts or repeated attempts
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2. Aggrandizement (noun) = state of becoming larger in size as a result of
taking away land, wealth etc from others
3. Alignment (noun) = result of setting in line more than one object. Example:
wheel alignment in motor vehicles
4. Amendment (noun) = the result of changing a law; any addition or omission
in laws is done through an amendment duly notified in the „Gazette of
India‟
5. Apartment = a set of rooms to live in; a residence
6. Appeasement = an act of trying to pacify the anger of another through acts
that please him / her; a state of trying to calm down an angry person
7. Attainment = a state of having reached a goal or target aspired for
8. Compliment = praise given as a result of an action
9. Contentment = a state of mind of being satisfied with the existing
circumstances in life
10. Ferment = a state of unrest
11. Instrument = a means or a tool to get a result
12. Nourishment = the act of providing food for the body
13. Postponement = a result of putting a work or action for a later time, a delay
14. Presentiment = a mental image or feeling of forewarning about some
trouble or situation likely to arise in the near future. A premonition.
15. Resentment = a result of anger against another for a reason or cause
16. Statement = an expression of fact or opinion
17. Testament = result of an expression or tribute
Root 32 Root FAC or FACT = to make , to construct
1. Facile (adjective) = easy to make or achieve, a work that can be done even by a
child; very easy to makes
2. facility ( noun) = possessing the quality of being easy to make or do
3. facilitate (verb) = to help or make easy to do
4. facsimile (noun) = a copy of a original document or painting that is exactly the
same in every detail.
5. fact = a thing done, a deed, an action that has been done
6. factor (noun) = a person who transacts business (of items produced in a factory)
7. factor (verb) = to resolve into factors, a process in arithmetic. To factorize.
8. factory (noun) = a place where goods are made with the help of machines
9. factive (adjective) = making or causing to be made
10. faculty = ability to act or do something
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11. faction ( noun) = a small group with in a political party that does not agree with
the majority view point, a group that makes a dissent
12. factious (adjective) = Inclined to dissent
13. factotum (noun) = one who can do or make many things
14. factitious (adjective) = made artificially, not made by nature
15. manufacturer (noun) = one who owns a factory that makes goods or
manufactures goods from raw material
16. dissatisfaction (noun) = a mental state of being made unhappy by another
person‟s work that is not as it was required or is not of the quality that was
promised
Root 33 Root FIC or FECT meaning „make‟
1. Amplification (noun) = to make larger, or louder, or of higher frequency
2. Affect (verb) = to make an impression on
3. Acidification (noun) = the process of making an acid
4. beneficiary (noun) = a person to whom a benefit is made; one who
receives a benefit or gain without having to pay for it
5. calorific (adjective) = making heat
6. Certificate (noun) = a written proof of a fact.
7. Confection (noun) = the act or process of making a tasty or dainty dish
with preserved fruits and sugar. Therefore a confectionary makes
biscuits, jams, sauce and marmalade that are delicious and are preserved
for a longer time.
8. Defective (adjective) = something that has not been made completely for
fully; wanting in completion; or a part of it is missing that prevents the
good from functioning properly. Having a defect.
9. Deficiency (abstract noun) = the quality or state of having a defect or
shortfall. Example – the deficiency of calcium in food can cause tooth
trouble or can weaken bones in human body
10. disinfect ( verb ) = to make free of germs and bacteria through use of
special chemicals
11. effectual (adjective) = having results, being effective in making
12. Efficacious ( adjective) = producing the desired result, making the
correct impact
13. efficacy (abstract noun) = the ability or quality of making the desired
impact or result
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14. magnificent ( adjective) = make something very attractive; make
something grand and strikingly attractive
15. Personification (noun) (Is also a figure of speech in literature) = to make
a non-living object resemble a living person; to personify; to make
another similar to a person.
16. Proficient (adjective) = able to do things well. Example He is proficient
in Mathematics.
17. Versification (noun) = make in to poetic verse form; make lines in
poetic form
Root 34 Prefix „NON‟ = not.
This Root is not as emphatic as Root No. 21
1. Non-age (noun) = the state of not being of legal age. Law in every
country fixes a certain age after which a person is recognized as an
adult. Below that age the person is considered as a child. In India this
age is 18 years after which a person may register as a voter and vote
in elections or get a driving license and so on. The critical difference
between a „nonage‟ person and an adult is that as a child one is still
learning about life and society. Therefore, a nonage person is not
held responsible for any activity that he /she may do. As an adult a
person is fully responsible for each and every decision and activity
and has to bear the consequences of all his / her actions. For
example, if a nonage person breaks a traffic law of driving a vehicle
with out a driving license, it is the parents or guardians who are held
responsible and not the nonage person. But if an adult breaks a
traffic law then he himself has to pay the penalty under the law.
2. Non-contemporary (adjective) = not belonging to the present times.
Generally used in the context of art – non-contemporary painting
3. non-descript (adjective) = not easy to describe. Generally used to
refer to something very common and ordinary
4. Nonsense ( abstract noun) = reason of an act not understood by
another.
5. Nonsensical (adjective) = something that is not making any sense;
6. Non profit (adjective) = not for making profit out of an activity
7. Nontaxable (adjective) = not able to be taxed under the law.
8. Nontoxic (adjective) = not having any poisonous element or effect.
Example – nontoxic waste
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9. Nonpartisan (adjective) = not belonging to any party or group.
Maintaining a middle ground and equal distance from all groups /
parties
10. Nonstop ( adjective) = having no stops between the point of
departure and the destination in its movement or during its transit
11. Nonplus ( abstract noun) = the mental state of total uncertainty, a
state of perplexity when one does not know what to do
12. Non-quota ( adjective) = not a part of a fixed quota or amount.
Root 35 Suffix – ARY, ERY, ORY = relating to; quality of; place
where
1. Bakery (noun) = a place where bread, biscuits and other
confectionary dishes are baked in an oven.
2. Bindery (noun) = a place where books are bound after printing
3. Bravery ( noun) = a quality of courage
4. Bribery (noun) = a gift of money or something valuable to
influence another person‟s decision in an official act
5. Burglary (noun) = the act of breaking in to another person‟s
house for a theft
6. Depositary ( noun) = a place where valuable things are kept for
safety
7. Dictionary (noun) = a book of words and their meaning; a place
to look for meaning of words
8. Dietary (adjective) = relating to diet or rules for eating during
illness and recovery. Dietary conditions after major illness are to
be followed very strictly.
9. Dormitory (noun) = a common large hall / room in schools or
colleges where hostel students have allocated beds and cupboards
for sleeping and keeping their belongings
10. Factory (noun) = a place where a large number of workers make
goods with the help of machines.
11. Memory ( noun) = the process of recalling a past event; relating
to remembering
12. Necessary (adjective) = relating to a need that is essential.
Example air is necessary for all life forms; food is necessary for
sustenance,
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13. Obligatory (adjective) = relating to a duty that has to be done;
something compulsory; mandatory; an activity that cannot be
avoided without receiving a penalty for not doing it.
14. Primary (adjective) = things that are important and first in priority
15. Reformatory (noun) = a place with rules of discipline and
restrictions where nonage youngsters who attempt to break a law
are kept to help them learn and reform or change their behaviour.
( re + form = form again)
16. Stationary ( adjective) = quality of standing still, not moving,
state of being fixed in one place
17. Stationery ( noun) = relating to paper and writing material. One
way of avoiding mixing number 14 and 15 is to remember that
„paper‟ in its suffix has „er‟. So „stationery‟ has „ery‟.
18. Voluntary (adjective) = relating to one‟s free will; relating to
one‟s own „volition‟.
Root 36 Suffix „ATE‟ meaning „to cause‟ or „to make‟
All words in this list are Verbs as this Root denotes action.
It is a „doer‟ Root
1. Abbreviate = to make short; to shorten a word
2. Advocate = to defend; to speak up for a cause or reason
3. Arrogate = to claim as one‟s own without any right something
that actually belongs to another (relate it to arrogance )
4. Attenuate = to make thinner; to weaken.
5. Consecrate = to make a place sacred and holy; to put aside
for a religious purposes; used for objects in places of worship;
consecrate is always through a specified religious procedure
or method
6. Dedicate = to set apart for a specific purpose
7. Deviate = to cause to stray from the main path; to cause to
turn aside from main activity. Example to deviate attention
from a lesson; to deviate in to a side path while driving on a
main road.
8. Educate = to cause to learn; to make way towards knowledge
9. Emanate = to come forth; to flow from
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10. Emancipate = to cause to set free from control; such as
emancipate from poverty and indebtedness. To emancipate
from ignorance through education
11. Enervate = to cause to lose strength; to enfeeble; to make
weak
12. Enumerate = to count and list in sequence one after the other.
The word is taken from numbers 0 to 9 because they come in
an increasing flow of sequence one after the other
13. Exaggerate = to cause to appear larger and bigger than reality
14. Fascinate = to impress so much that another person is put
under a spellbound as if under the influence of a charm
15. Permeate = to cause to go through and through. Example the
water permeates the soil in the fields beyond the roots of the
plants
16. Segregate = to cause to separate in to group on basis of a
common characteristic. Example segregate the boys and girls
in class; segregate books from copies; bags from water -
bottles and so on. This can be done on any criterion
Root 37 Suffix „ITY‟ and „TY‟ = „state of‟ „quality of‟.
All words here are abstract nouns
1. Ability = the quality of being able to do an activity.
2. absurdity = the state of being ridiculous or absurd in the
given circumstances; not making any logical sense
3. acerbity = quality of bitterness as in an acid
4. acuity = quality of sharpness as in a needle
5. adversity = a state of misfortune and obstruction in one‟s
progress
6. ambiguity = the quality of uncertainty in the meaning of a
written or spoken sentence
7. amenity = the quality of being amiable; the quality of
pleasantness in a person
8. authority = the state of having power to act. Example the
authority of parents over the upbringing of their child
9. Celerity = the quality of quickness and speed
10. charity = the quality of kindness to the poor and the
unfortunate
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11. Chastity = the state of physical purity; the state of being
untouched by another person
12. Clarity = the quality of clearness in sight and vision
13. Complexity = the quality of being complex as opposed to
being simple and straight forward. In Grammar, a
complex sentence has more three or more clauses and is
therefore difficult to construct or understand.
14. Debility = the state of weakness , as in old age
15. dignity = the state of being worthy of self respect
16. Eternity = the state of time without end; timelessness;
forever and ever as far as the Universe
17. Fraternity = the quality of being brothers because one
believes in the same cause or one belongs to the same
motherland / country. This was one of the three words
raised as a slogan during the French Revolution that
overthrew the monarchy to establish democracy in 1789
„Equality, Fraternity, and Liberty‟ It is now the national
slogan of France like India has „Satyamev Jayate’ It was
the common people of France who collected money
among themselves to create and gift the „Statue of
Liberty‟ to the USA after the success of the American
War of Independence (1770) as it was the first country to
establish democracy.
Root 38 Suffix „OUS‟= „full of‟ „having the quality of‟.
This Root is positive and assertive. Therefore it makes the words „full and strong with
feeling and emotions‟ both for good and evil. All the words in this list are adjectives.
1. covetous = full of desire for what others possess; wanting to possess what others
have even by wrong means; full of envy / jealousy
2. delicious = full of delightful taste
3. gracious = full of graceful manners and kindness; example a gracious princess
4. homogenous = (homo = same; gene= basic nature; ous= full of) Full of the same
quality or characteristic throughout
5. luscious = full of delicious taste and aroma („aroma‟ is the pleasant smell from
dishes and fruits)
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6. malicious = full of malice or ill-will towards another; full of wanting to harm
another person for self-gain. Malice is the state of highest form of jealously and
envy that leads a person on to harming the object of his/ her envy
7. mysterious = full of hidden secrets and obscurity; not clearly understood by others.
How large is our Universe and how it came to existence is still a mystery for
mankind.
8. nervous = a state when the nervous system is full of anxiety; a highly excited state
of nerves; an excited state of mind
9. oblivious = full of forgetfulness; unaware; mindless about one‟s environment
10. obvious = easily seen and understood; full of clarity
11. obnoxious = hateful; objectionable; repulsive
12. opprobrious = full of wrong behaviour that is disgraceful; reproachful behaviour
13. obsequious = full of flattery in one‟s praise of another; slavishly flattering
14. pugnacious = fully inclined to quarrel and fight over anything; quarrelsome by
nature
15. rapacious = full of greed; having a nature that wants to grasp everything or more
than one needs, a very greedy nature
16. serious = full of deep thoughts; full of earnestness in what one is doing
17. spacious = full of space; very roomy, as in a spacious banquet hall
18. tremendous = full of power that is awful and dreadful, power that incites fear and
awe
Root 39 Prefix „AB, ABS = away; from; separation.
All words in the list are verbs as they indicate action
1. abbreviate = a short form of a word or a message; away from the normal form
2. abdicate = to give up a claim and go away from it ; as in „to abdicate one‟s
property rights‟
3. abduct = to take a person away by force; to kidnap
4. aberration = an act of wandering away from the main path or thought
5. abjure = to give up; to renounce
6. ablate = to cut away and remove
7. ablution = to wash away one‟s wrong deed or sins through religious rites
8. abnegate = to give up forever; to relinquish charge of office on retirement
9. abnormal = away from normal in manner or nature or behaviour
10. abolish = to do away completely; to finish for ever; as in abolish capital
punishment; abolish a particular tax.
11. abrogate = to repeal a law; to end it entirely
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12. abscond = to steal away and hide; to decamp
13. absolve = to separate or free someone from blame or charge for a wrong act
14. abstain = to hold back from; as in to abstain from having sweets; to abstain from
voting in elections
15. absorb = to suck in a fluid. Example a blotting paper absorbs the excessive ink;
cotton clothes are better for absorbing sweat during the summer months; the air
absorbs water vapour.
16. abstract = to draw away from; to separate from association
Root 40 Suffix „SHIP‟ = meaning office, state, dignity, skill, quality,
profession.
This Root can be added to several words to make the noun form
1. authorship = the profession of writing books to earn a living
2. championship = the office of a defender on one‟s title in a sport
3. citizenship = the state of being a member of a country through legal rights
4. courtship = the act of being pleasant to a lady through gifts, praise and good
manners in order to win her over for marriage
5. craftsmanship = a high quality of skill in one‟s art and craft
6. dictatorship = the highest office in a non-democratic; head of a totalitarian state. It
is called totalitarian because total or all power is concentrated in the hands of one
person who is called the dictator. He only dictates his wishes or orders. No one can
question him. Dictatorship as a form of government has emerged in the 1940s.
7. friendship = good personal relationship between two individuals
8. hardship = the state of passing through days of great financial and physical
difficulties; a period of suffering mentally and / or physically
9. professorship = office of a teacher in a University
10. showmanship = skill in organizing good shows; skill in display of one‟s art before
an audience.
Root 41 Suffix „ANCY‟ „ANC‟ = action; process; quality; state;
degree
1. Accountancy = the work or profession of keeping accounts of income and
expenditure in a business
2. assistance = the act of giving help to another in office or in need
3. attendance = the act of being present in a required place such as a class; the job of
waiting to serve as in a hotel;
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4. alliance = the state of being joined together in matrimony (marriage); or in a
political alliance of two or more parties
5. defiance = the state or act of opposing or being against an authority or order
6. dominance = state of authority
7. endurance = the ability to with stand hardship
8. elegance = the quality of being graceful in manners and tasteful in one‟s clothes
9. reluctance = the state of being not willing to do something asked for
10. tolerance = the quality of graceful forbearance of defiance or opposition by others
11. intolerance = the opposite quality of tolerance; not forbearing any opposition.
Example the dictator is intolerant of all opposition to his authority
12. relevance = the quality of being related to something
13. resistance = the process of defiance against an authority, a law or a form of
behaviour
14. vigilance = the state of being alert; state of being watchful
Root 42 Suffix „ENCE‟ „ENCY‟ = action; state; quality
1. belligerency = the quality of ability to fight, and fighting nature
2. competence = the quality of fitness and ability to do a work
3. complacency = the state of being satisfied with one self; not wanting to do more
than has been done; a state of smugness
4. Conference = an act of coming together for a short period of one or two days to
exchange views on a subject or a matter
5. deficiency = the state of being in deficit or shortfall; the quality of lacking in
something that is required
6. existence = the quality of existing; of being in this world
7. fluency = the quality of knowing a language very well; as in fluency over Hindi
8. influence = the act of creating an impression; the quality of having power to
control others through one‟s impact. Example Films and advertisements are said
to have great influence over the minds of children
9. obedience (noun) = the quality of obeying . Adjective form is obedient.
10. urgency (noun) = a state of need for instant action Urgent (adjective)
Root 43 Root „COR‟ „COUR‟ „CORD‟ means „heart‟.
Words beginning with these or having this root in the middle refer to the
fundamental essential or core or centre of the matter.
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1. Core (noun) = the very centre of. Example core of a fruit where the seeds are
located; core of the Earth which is molten lava
2. Cordial ( adjective) = cheerful and showing warmth from the heart in one‟s
behaviour; a smiling and well mannered host; cordial relationship between two
persons implies a heart to heart understanding and commitment for each other
3. Cordially ( adverb) = in a hearty manner; Example, cordially welcoming the guest at
the wedding
4. Courage (noun) = full of bravery from the heart; courage is the core of the quality of
bravery because without courage there cannot be any brave thought or act.
5. Cordiality (noun) = warmth of feeling and heartiness
6. Discouraged (adjective) = disheartened; loss of heart and courage
7. Encouraged (adjective) = given courage and hope; made hopeful.
8. Undiscouraged (adjective) = not disheartened
Root 44 Root from French „Court‟ = king‟s assembly and also a house of
justice
1. Courtesy (abstract noun) = good manners and formal behaviour befitting a
person interacting with the king in his court; best of manners and graceful
behaviour
2. Courteously ( adverb)= behaving with courtly politeness and grace
3. Courtier (common noun) = a member of the king‟s court
4. Courtliness (abstract noun) = the quality of elegant behaviour appropriate at the
king‟s court.
Note: In the context of democracy, the President and the Prime Minister are
equivalent of the king and therefore, behaviour in their presence requires courtesy.
Also, because the King‟s Court two centuries ago was also a house of justice, which
in a democracy has separated in to an independent Judicial System throughout the
world Therefore in the Supreme Court of India and all other courts, courteous and
formal behaviour is essential. Otherwise, a person can be punished for „contempt of
court‟. Similarly in „Social and Political Life‟ notes I have mentioned that every
thing relating to the State of India and Government of India is „formal‟ and „rule-
based‟. There are rules of appropriate behaviour for every official occasion, such as
the Republic Day and every officer of the Government.
5. Courthouse (noun) = the building and places were judicial courts function
6. court-martial (noun) = a military court trial for an offence as per army rules
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7. courtship (noun) = a period of time ranging from a few days to a few years
during which a gentleman woos a lady in accept his proposal for marriage
8. Discourtesy (abstract noun) = the bad quality of rudeness in behaviour; lack of
proper behaviour for a given occasion.
9. Discourteously (adverb) = rudely
Root 45 Prefix „BE‟ = intensive
1. Bedeck (verb) = to dress up with too much finery befitting a special occasion.
2. Beguile (verb) = to intensively deceive by casting a spell; to create an illusion of
one‟s goodness even when one has ulterior motive of causing damage and loss
3. behaviour (noun) = one‟s basic conduct in society; one‟s natural conduct with
others
4. belabour ( verb) = to beat up someone intensively and soundly; to thwack
5. beleaguer (verb) = to surround and blockade intensively; as a fort used to be
beleaguered by an army
6. beloved (adjective) = loved with great intensity
7. bemused ( adjective) = dreaming so intensively that one is carried away by one‟s
dreams and starts believing them to be a reality.
8. bewail (verb) = to cry out loudly and intensively; express sorrow by crying out
loud. Example „a bewailing child‟
9. behoove (verb) = to be intensively necessary and proper. Example, Such a
speech does not behoove a Member of Parliament.
10. Bequest (noun) = a gift of a large fortune given to a relative or a friend; a legacy
11. Berate ( verb) = to scold loudly and harshly
12. bestow ( verb) = to give an intangible benefit such as bestow a blessing; to grant
a financial benefit
13. Besmirch (verb) = to make dirty as if with wet mud; to bespatter the good name
of someone with false charges and accusations; to befoul or make foul the good
name of someone
14. Bereave (verb) = to rob and deprive cruelly and unexpectedly. Normally, a
person is said to be bereaved by the sudden death of a family member. Therefore
the expression „ the cruel hand of fate‟
15. bestride ( verb) = to walk with long strides. A stride is the distance between the
left leg and the right leg during walking. So bestride is intensive walking which
is almost the maximum length to which one‟s legs can be distanced while
walking. This is to be distinguished from running. Running is speedier than
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bestriding. Bestriding is a form of „walking at highest speed possible‟ with long
strides. Running is generally in small strides and quicker.
16. Betoken (verb) = to give a warning signal; as in „the dark grey clouds betoken a
heavy rainfall.
17. betroth (verb) = to become engaged to someone for marriage. Affiance
Root 46 Suffix „IZE‟ = to make.
Through this Root all words are converted in to verbs
1. Acclimatize = to adapt to new conditions of the climate
2. Centralize = to bring a system under one control; or a single control of the centre
3. Decentralize = opposite of to centralize; to divide and take control and authority
away from the centre
4. emphasize = to make important by placing a stress or emphasis
5. familiarize = to make well known and familiar to everyone
6. idolize = to treat like an idol of god or a perfect superior creature above the normal;
to treat as a role model for one own life
7. fertilize = to treat soil with enriching chemicals; to make fruitful
8. memorize = to make firm in the mind or memory
9. mesmerize = to control the mind of another person through hypnosis
10. ostracize = to throw outside society; to shun and banish from society
11. pauperize = to make very poor; to make
12. penalize = to subject another person to a monetary fine or penalty as part of
punishment
13. publicize = to make the public aware of an event
14. scrutinize = subject a document to close reading or a thing to detailed examination
Root 47 Prefix „CON‟ = with or together.
In a few cases „n‟ in „con‟ converts to b, h, l, m, or o
1. Connect (verb) = to link together; to create a relationship
2. Connection (noun) = the state of being connected; a union
3. Congress (noun) = the act of coming together of several people for one meeting
4. Congregate (verb) = to come together in one place for a political rally or meeting
5. Congregation (noun) = an open gathering of many persons for a specific purpose.
6. Cohere (verb) = to be together; to support each other as a group
7. Coherence ( noun) = a coming together of parts; a togetherness of ideas
8. Cooperate ( verb) = to work together for a common cause
9. Cooperation (noun) = a joint effort by many persons for a common cause
10. Collect ( verb) = to gather in one place similar or dissimilar things or persons
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11. Collide (verb) = to clash headlong. Generally used for colliding of many interests in
politics and in industry or business
12. Collision (noun) = a clash; a violent clashing of two parties over a dispute; or a
headlong clashing of two armies or two vehicles
13. Combine (verb) = to mix together, as in to combine sugar with milk
14. Combat ( noun) = to fight a battle
15. Combatant (noun) = one who takes part in a combat
16. Commend (verb) = to mention with praise; to entrust or mention a person to another
person through praise of his merits
17. Commendation (noun) = an act of mentioning with praise
18. Compound ( noun) = a chemical made of two or more elements; something made
of several parts
19. Correct (verb) = to remove errors of faults in a calculation or a writing or speech
20. Correlate ( verb) = to establish a one to one relationship of various factors
influencing one or two situations
Root 48 Prefix „PRO‟ = forward, forth
1. Proceed (verb) = to go forward; to advance in space or work or towards a goal
2. Procedure (noun) = method for going forward towards a goal
3. Proclaim ( verb) = to bring before the public; to publicize
4. Proclamation ( noun) = a notice officially declared
5. Procure ( verb) = to get; to gain; to purchase to acquire and possess something
6. Produce ( verb) = to lead forward; to bring forth
7. Production (noun) = the act of bringing forth products, goods, or grains. Also
movies and plays in the present context
8. Profess (verb) = to take vows; to openly admit
9. Professor (noun) = one who professes; a teacher in an institution of higher education
10. Profession ( noun) = Art or skill which is the result of study and experience and
helps in getting a livelihood
11. Progress ( noun) = the act of going forward towards a goal
12. Progressive (adjective) = causing the going forward towards a goal
13. Progression ( noun) = the orderly going forward as in statistical analysis
14. Project ( verb) = to throw forward from one point; to create a plan for moving
forward
15. Proliferate (verb) = to bring forward in large numbers by rapid production
16. Prolific (adjective) = bringing forth fruits. Also used for „a prolific writer‟ for a
person who writes fluently and frequently
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17. Promote (verb) = to move forward in office; to advance to the next higher grade of
pay
18. Prolix (adjective) = to take forward to cause delay needlessly; drawn out; needlessly
prolonged
19. Proficient (adjective) = adept; very skill in study or work;
20. Profluent ( adjective) = flowing forward smoothly
Root 49 Root „ANNI‟ „ ENNU‟ „ENNI‟ = year
1. per annum (adverb) = for one year
2. annuity ( noun) = an amount of money paid annually
3. anniversary (noun) = an annual return of an event or day
4. biennial (noun) = an event that occurs once in two years
5. annual (noun) = relating to a year; very year
6. annually (adverb) = yearly; taxes or dues that are collected annually
Root 50 Prefix ANTE = before
1. antecede (verb) = to go before
2. antecedent ( noun) = the events that have already occurred till now; the word
that precedes a pronoun
3. anteroom ( noun) = a room before another room; a waiting room in an office or
house
4. antedate (verb) = to date a piece of art or painting prior to the date of its creation
so as to increase its value; to precede in time in placing something
5. ante-past ( noun) = a foretaste; an appetizer before the main meal such as jal
jeera or soup or salad; an appetizer is believed to increases one‟s capacity for
eating
6. anterior ( adjective ) = lying behind in time or location; such as an anterior room
that is behind the main hall
7. ante-meridian (A.M.) (adjective ) = the period of time during the day that comes
before noon. Meridian here refers to the 0 degree longitude that passes near
London and across the Pacific Ocean from North Pole to the South Pole. Please
note that London is the only significant city along this Latitude. After the
European countries had established colonies across the other Continents a need
to establish international Standard for time zones was felt. Because England at
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the time had the largest number of colonies and was most powerful amongst the
colonial powers the longitude passing near London was accepted as the noon
time basis for determining the world time zones. The modern world continues to
use this basis for international time as a common reference point even though
each country today has its own standard national time.
Root 51 Suffix AD = Action or Result of Action.
Coverts into ADE; ATA; ADA also
All words in this list are nouns
1. Blockade = the action of isolating the enemy from all communications during a
war
2. Brigade = a unit in the army comprising of two regiments and headquarters
3. Cavalcade = A parade of horsemen on the march
4. Decade = a period of ten years
5. Fusillade = a rapid discharge of many firearms at the same time
6. Lemonade = a cold drink made by mixing lime, sugar and water
7. Myriad = a collective number; ten thousand
8. Promenade = a public place or narrow path for leisurely walk in the evening, as
in a park
9. Seranade = is a love song sung in the evening to express the parting of lovers for
the night. Its basis are the birds singing in the evening.
(Is based on the French word „Le sera sera‟ meaning „what will be, will be‟)
Root 52 Root CLAIM; CLAM = to declare; to call out aloud; to cry out
1. acclaim (verb) = to praise; to applaud
2. claim (verb) = to call one‟s own; to ask for; to maintain
3. declaim (verb) = to make a formal speech
4. disclaim ( verb) = to disown; to cast off; to deny
5. reclaim ( verb) = to demand the return of; to make effort to gain back
something lost; to try to regain
6. exclaim ( verb) = to call out loud; (as if in pain)
7. exclamation ( noun) = an outcry; a loud cry of joy or excitement
8. claimant (noun) = a person who makes a claim
9. reclaimable (adjective) = that which can be claimed back and restored
10. irreclaimable (adjective) = that which cannot be salvaged or restored from
its broken state
11. irreclaimability ( abstract noun) = the quality of not being able to be restored
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12. unclaimed ( adjective) = not claimed by anyone as own. For example „Many
of the lost articles in the „Lost and Found Room‟ of Railways are
unclaimed‟.
13. proclaim (verb) = make known to the public
14. proclamation (noun) = A notice to the public about an event
15. proclamatory (adjective) = relating to the act of proclaiming
16. exclamatory (adjective) = relating to exclamation. Example an exclamatory
remark
Root 53 Prefix DE = away; from
1. Debunk ( verb) = to expose as false
2. Defend (verb) = to protect
3. Defend = ( noun) = one who protects
4. Defence-less (adjective) = without a protector
5. Decay (verb) = to fall in to ruin or spoil
6. Decadence ( noun) = the state of falling in to low conduct
7. Depend ( verb) = to rely upon; to place trust in
8. Dependent ( adjective) = relying upon
9. Depose ( verb) = to remove from position; example to depose a dictator
10. Delude ( verb) = to cheat by making false promises
11. Deprive (verb) = to take away something belonging to another
12. Deride (verb) = to make fun of; to laugh at; to mock at another person
Root 54 Root MEM = remember
1. Commemorate (verb) = to observe an event such as birthday on a
regular basis so as to remember it
2. Memory (noun) = the ability to recall and remember
3. Memorable ( adjective) = something worth remembering
4. Memorial (noun) = a reminder of a great event
5. Memorialize (verb) = to commemorate; to present as a memorial
6. Remember ( verb) = to bring to mind again; to recall
7. Remembrance ( noun) = the act of bringing to mind again
8. Unremembered (adjective) = not remembered
9. In Memoriam (preposition) = in memory of
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Root 55 Root „TEN‟ TENT‟ „TAIN‟ „TINU‟= to hold; to hold
together
1. Contents ( noun) = contained in; that what is held together
2. Contended ( adjective) = easy in mind; having peace of mind
3. Continue (verb) = to hold on; to carry on; to keep on
4. Continual (adjective) = something that is repeated for long; example
the continual ringing of the phone
5. Continually (adverb) = without stopping
6. Discontented (adjective) = not contented
7. Intent ( adjective) = engrossed with the work on hand; holding one‟s
mind on one thing and on the matter at hand; Example „He is intent on
this work‟
8. Intention (noun) = aim; resolve
9. Maintain ( verb) = to up hold firmly; to keep up
10. Maintenance (noun) = support for holding together;
11. Retain (verb) = to hold securely; to keep; to retain control
12. Retentive (adjective) = tending to hold on; example a retentive
memory
13. Tenable ( adjective) = able to be held on to; that which can be
defended; as in a tenable argument
14. Untenable (adjective) = that which cannot be held together; not tenable
15. Tenacity (noun) = the quality of holding together; as in the tenacity of
purpose
16. Tenacious ( adjective) = tending to hold together firmly; as in the
tenacious grip of the eagle.
Root 56 Root CLUD CLUS = shut
1. Conclude (verb) = to close a matter or a writing composition, or an
argument
2. Conclusion (noun) = the end; the completion of
3. Conclusive (adjective) = final; as in the conclusive evidence in the
case
4. exclude (verb) = to shut out of;
5. exclusion (noun) = the act of shutting out
6. exclusive (adjective) = tending to keep others out
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7. include ( verb) = to take in to the group
8. inclusion (noun) = the act of taking in
9. occlude (verb) = to shut the passage or the way
10. occlusion (noun) = the shutting up of an opening in the wall or any
other path
11. preclude ( verb) = to close beforehand; to shut down before time
12. preclusion (noun) = state of preventing or shutting out; state of
hindering
13. recluse (noun)= one who shuts himself away from everyone like a
hermit
14. seclude (verb) = to shut away; to confine;
15. seclusion ( noun) = the act of shutting oneself away from society
Root 57 Prefix CIRC CIRCUM = around
1. Circuit (noun) = the distance around an area or space
2. Circuitous (adjective) = having roundabout manner of conduct; sly
behaviour like that of a fox; attempting to cause damage through
longer circular means by pretending something else
3. circumvent ( verb) = to encircle in order to prevent
4. circumspect ( adjective) = looking around carefully; watchful
5. circumference ( noun) = a line around a plane surface; the
circumference of a circle;
6. circumfluous ( adjective) = flowing around. Example the
circumfluous Pacific Ocean
7. circumstance ( noun) = a condition of a fact; a situation
8. circumscribe ( verb) = to draw a line around something; to encircle
Root 58 Suffix TUDE = state of ; condition of
1. Aptitude (noun) = state of being capable of; having ability for
2. Attitude ( noun) = manner of; feeling towards
3. Beatitude ( noun) = state of heavenly bliss; state of great happiness
4. Fortitude ( noun) = state of bravery and strength; endurance
5. Gratitude (noun) = state of being thankful and grateful
6. Lassitude (noun) = state of tiredness, weariness
7. Latitude (noun) = the degree of distance from side to side, width
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8. Multitude (noun) = state of having great numbers; such as a
multitude of people came to hear the election speech
9. Plentitude ( noun) = the state of fullness; state of abundance
10. Solitude (noun) = the state of being alone; loneliness
11. Solicitude (another noun) = state of great concern for another
person. The word „solicitor‟ is related to this word. „Solicitor‟ is a
lawyer who seeks justice or solicits before a judge on behalf of
another
12. Servitude (noun) = the state of being in service of another; the
state of being a servant
13. Turpitude (noun) = state of depravity; state of baseness; as in
moral turpitude
14. Vicissitude (noun) = the state of ups and downs of fortune and
fate; the state of sudden changes
Root 59 Prefix BI, BIS, BIN = two; twice
1. Biceps (noun) = muscles that are fastened at two ends, as the
biceps of the upper arm
2. bicuspid (noun) = a double pointed tooth, or a valve with two
points
3. Bicycle (noun) = a two wheeled vehicle that is propelled by foot
power and is used for travel
4. Biennial ( adjective) = once in two years
5. Bimonthly ( adjective) = an event that occurs once in every two
months
6. Biweekly ( adjective) = occurring every two weeks
7. Bifocal ( adjective) = having two lens
8. Bimanual (adjective) = a work that is done by both the hands. This
is shortened in to „manual‟ work
9. Bisect ( verb) = cut in to two parts
10. Binomial (noun) = an expression in mathematics that has two
terms connected with a plus sign or a minus sign. Example a+b
11. Bilingual ( adjective) = Using two languages
12. Binocular ( noun) = an instrument for the two eyes with which
distant things are seen as clearly as being nearby.
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Root 60 Root VINC VICT = conquer
1. Convict ( verb) = to prove guilty
2. Conviction ( noun) = the act of proving someone guilty in a court of law
3. Convince (verb) = to win over through an argument
4. Invincible (adjective) = that which cannot be defeated or conquered
5. Invincibility ( adverb) = in the manner of one who cannot be defeated
6. Victor ( noun) = one who conquers; one who wins
7. Victory ( noun) = the conquest; the winning; the triumph
8. Victorious (adjective) = full of victory; triumphant
9. Victoriously ( adverb) = triumphantly
10. Vanquish (verb) = to conquer; to overcome
11. Unvanquished ( adjective) = unconquered; not able to be overcome
Root 61 Prefix INTER = among; between
1. Interaction ( noun) = action for mutual advantage between two or more
persons
2. Intercede ( verb)= to act between two parties or persons in order to
restore friendship or remove misunderstanding
3. Interdependent (adjective) = two persons or two parties dependence
upon each other
4. Interdict ( verb) = to forbid; to stop from interacting with or undertaking
an action
5. Interciliary (adjective) = between the eyebrows
6. Inter-costal (adjective) = between the ribs
7. Interfaith (noun) = Involving persons of various religions
8. Interfere (verb) = to meddle; to enter in to the concerns or work of others
9. Interject (verb) = to place in between two sentences or two words.
Example to interject a joke or humorous remark between a lecture or a
speech
10. Interlude (noun) = a small time period between two parts of an activity;
as between two Acts of a Drama or Play. Today it is called intermission
or interval between two parts of a Movie or between two parts of a day at
school
11. Interpose ( verb) = to position between two things; to intrude
12. Interstate ( adjective) = between two States; interstate trade or bus
13. Intervene ( verb) = come between two persons; to interfere
14. Intervention (noun) = the act of coming between; interference
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Root 62 Prefix „AN‟ = not; absence of
( Refer to an earlier Root of suffix „AN‟ = native of)
1. Anecdote (noun) = a story or a personal aspect not generally known
to others
2. Ancedotal ( adjective) = interesting and lively conversation full of
anecdotes
3. Anemia ( noun) = a condition of health where there are not enough
red blood cell
4. Anemic (adjective) = deficient in red blood cells
5. Anesthesia (noun) = absence of sensory feelings; numbness
6. Anesthetize (verb) = to induce anesthesia
7. Anesthetist (noun) = the physician who administers anesthesia
8. Anomaly ( noun) = a variation from a rule; an irregularity; an
exception to the rule
9. Anomalous (adjective) = irregular; uncomfortable on being an
exception
10. Anonym (noun) = a writer who adopts a pen name to keep his real
name unknown
11. Anonymous (adjective) = without a name. example an anonymous
donation
12. Anonymity (noun) = the state of being nameless; adopting a different
name to hide real identity
13. Anomy (noun) = state of absence of law and order; state of anarchy
and chaos.
14. Anopia ( noun) = a defect in vision or absence of the eye.
15. Anorganism (noun) = an inorganic structure such as a crystal
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Root 63 Root MAN, MANU = by hand
1. Manual ( adjective) = relating to hands; work done by hands
2. manicure ( noun) = the care of the hands and nails
3. manufacture (noun) = the act of making goods by hand or machines
4. manifest ( adjective) = something that is seen at hand; an obvious
thing; a thing that is apparent
5. maneuver (verb) = to bring about by skill of hands; to manipulate
6. manuscript (noun) = a book written by hand before it is printed
7. manipulate ( verb) = to work out by hand; to manage
8. manipulation (noun) = skillful handling of work by hands; example
manipulation of puppets during a show
9. emancipate ( verb) = set free; to release; to liberate
10. emancipation (noun) = the act of liberation
Root 64 Root CRED = believe
1. accredit ( verb) = to recognize as acceptable for approval
2. accreditation ( noun) = A certificate of recognition or acceptance
3. creed ( noun) = a set of principles; a formula of faith
4. credence (noun) = belief in; trust in; faith in
5. credible (adverb) = believably; plausibly
6. incredibly (adverb) = unbelievably
7. credit ( noun) = value or worth as believed by others
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8. discredit ( noun) = not worthy of believing
9. creditor ( noun) = one who loans money on credit to another
10. credulity ( noun) = a willingness to believe easily
11. credulous (adjective)= inclined to believe readily
12. credulously (adverb) = trustingly
13. incredulity ( noun) = a lack of willingness to believe easily
14. incredulous ( adjective) = not inclined to believe
15. incredulously ( adverb) = distrusting; in the manner of not believing
Root 65 Prefix ANTI; ANT = against
1. antacid (noun) = a remedy for acidity of stomach
2. antagonism ( noun) = a strong feeling against a person
3. Antarctic (noun) = opposite of Arctic or North Pole, namely the
South Pole
4. Antibody ( noun) = a chemical substance in the body that opposes
foreign substances
5. Antidote ( noun) = a remedy against a poison
6. Anticlimax ( noun) = a movement in opposite direction from a
great event to a total let down or a lesser event; opposite of
climax or the high point of a great event
7. Antipathy (noun) = a strong feeling of dislike; opposite of
sympathy
8. Antipodes (noun) = two places or parts of the world that are
opposite to one another
9. Antithesis ( noun) = A contrast of ideas
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Root 66 Root UNI = one
1. Unicorn ( noun) = a legendary horse like creature with one horn on
its nose
2. Uniface ( noun) = a design that is printed only on one side of a
surface)
3. Unify ( verb) = to make in to one; to join
4. Unification (noun) = the act of making in to one
5. Unilateral (adjective) = one sided;
6. Unique ( adjective) = one of a kind; having no equal;
7. Uniqueness ( noun) = the quality of being unique
8. Unity ( noun) = oneness; togetherness; harmony
9. Unanimous ( adjective) = only one opinion held by all
10. Universe ( noun) = All parts of the world seen as one; the Cosmos
11. Universal ( adjective) = relating to everyone; relating to the whole
world
12. Universality ( noun) = the quality of appealing to everyone; or to the
world
13. University ( noun) = an institution of higher learning where all the
branches of knowledge are taught
14. Unanimity (noun) = the quality of oneness in agreement
15. Re-unification (noun) = the state of being one again
Root 67 Root FEDER; FIDE; FID; FEAL = trust; faith; unity of trust
1. bona fide ( adjective) = in good faith; genuine
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2. Federal ( adjective) = united; in the nature of a trusting alliance
3. Federation ( noun) = a union of like-minded organizations
4. Federalism ( noun) = the principle of national organization
5. Federalist (noun) = a person who believes in federalism
6. Confederacy ( noun) = a union created for mutual support and common action for a
cause
7. confederate ( noun) = a member of a group that is united for a purpose
8. confide ( verb) = to have trust in someone
9. confident ( adjective) = self reliant
10. Confidence ( abstract noun) = the quality of self reliance; the nature of depending of
own self instead of on others
11. Confidential ( adjective) = in the nature of a secret that is entrusted to another;
example a confidential file or a confidential letter that is to be seen only by those
authorized for seeing it
12. fidelity (noun) = faithfulness to duty; loyalty; fealty
13. infidel ( noun) = a person who has no faith in a religion
14. infidelity (noun) = disloyalty; unfaithfulness
15. perfidy ( noun) = disloyalty; deceit; treachery
16. perfidious (adjective) = treacherous; deceitful
Root 68 Root OPUS; OPER = work
1. Opera ( noun) = a drama that is set to music and is sung in place of spoken
2. Operate ( verb) = function; to perform surgery
3. Operation ( noun) = a action done as a part of practical work
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4. operational ( adjective) = relating to work performed
5. operative ( adjective) = having the power to act
6. operator ( noun) = one who works on a device or a machine
7. cooperate ( verb) = to work together for a common cause
8. cooperation ( noun) = the act of working together for mutual benefit
Root 69 Suffix IVE = causing; making
1 Abusive ( adjective) = tending to mistreat and cause insult through word
2 Accumulative ( adjective) = causing to pile and cumulate
3 Additive ( adjective) = tending to add or be added
4 Affirmative ( adjective) = tending to agree and confirm
5 Aggressive ( adjective) = tending to push oneself forward
6 Appreciative (adjective) = tending to understand and to value a thing
7 Assertive ( adjective) = tending to claim one‟s rights and views
8 Authoritative (adjective) = causing and demanding obedience with out
question,
9 Cohesive (adjective) = making things stick together
10 Conjunctive ( adjective) = causing a union of words like a conjunction that
joins words and sentences
11 Cooperative (adjective ) = Tending to work together
12 Commemorative (adjective) = causing to be remembered; example a
commemorative stamp issued in memory of a leader
13 Declarative ( adjective) = Tending to make a statement
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14 Deliberative ( adjective) = tending to careful and intentional; as a
deliberative manner of speaking or walking
15 Derogative (adjective) = tending to lessen the value and respect of another
through words
16 Digestive ( adjective ) causing digestion
17 Evocative ( adjective) = tending to evoke a mental picture; to call forth an
image through descriptive
18 Exhaustive ( adjective) = making every kind of test to examine something
19 Subtractive ( adjective) = tending to take away and lessen
Root 70 Suffix CULE = very small
1. crepuscule ( noun) = dim light; half light; twilight
2. minuscule ( noun) = very small; insignificant; tiny
3. reticule ( noun) = a small net handbag
4. ridicule ( noun) = a small mocking laughter
Root 71 Suffix LING; ICLE = very small
(second and third Roots for tiny)
1. Duckling (noun) = a little duck
2. Fledgling (noun) = all baby birds as they hatch out of eggs; just born; an
inexperienced person
3. hireling (noun) = someone hired to do petty or small jobs for small
amounts of payment
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4. nestling ( noun) = a baby bird still in the nest and unable to fly
5. sapling ( noun) = a very small plant that has sprouted from the seed
recently
6. underling (noun) = a person of a very low status in society; poorest of the
poor in society
7. Article (noun) = a small composition of writing on one topic only
8. Funicle (noun) = a small bundle of threads or cords
Root 72 Suffix URE = state of, act, process of, rank.
1. Censure (verb) = the act of finding fault in another
2. Culture (noun) = result of or state of development of sense of art and
mode of life through education; the act of having correct taste in art
music and acceptable mode of manners in one‟s social behaviour
3. Exposure = state of being laid open to full view of others
4. Future ( noun) = the state of things or time that is yet to come
5. immature (adjective) = unripe; not yet fully grown
6. picture ( noun) = a representation through painting, drawing or
photograph
7. posture (noun) = state of one‟s bearing or carrying one‟s body; one‟s
carriage of oneself through walking, standing, sitting.
8. pressure (noun) = force; painful force that causes distress
9. procedure (noun)= manner or method of a course of action
10. rupture (noun) = a state of a break in the smooth flow of things, such as
a rupture in the muscle, or a vein.
11. signature (noun) = the seal of approval or a right to approve a given
document
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12. tenure ( noun) = the act or right of holding a post or land or a property
for a specified period of time
13. temperature (noun) = the state or degree of heat or cold in an object
Root 73 Root FIX = fix.
It is generally used alone without prefix or suffix
1. Affix ( verb) = to fix or fasten in any way; to seal
2. Fix ( noun) = a difficult position; a dilemma; a choice between two
situations that is equally harmful or difficult
3. Fixate (verb) = to become fixed
4. Fixation ( noun) = a mental state of being fixed or attached to one
viewpoint
5. Fixative (adjective) = something that causes to be fixed
6. Fixture (noun) = a furnishing fixed firmly to the wall or one point
such as shelves or a counter
7. Transfix (verb) = to hold motionless as in to be transfixed with fear
Root 74 Suffix ISH = in the nature of , resembling
1. Bookish (adjective) = more inclined to reading books
2. Brutish (adjective) = cruel like a brute (a jungle man)
3. Childish (adjective) = like a child
4. Foolish (adjective) = like a fool somewhat ridiculous
5. womanish ( adjective) = feminine like a woman
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Root 75 Root RECT, RECTI = straight, right
1. direct ( verb) = to show the right way;
2. director ( noun) = one who shows the right way
3. direction ( verb) = the act of directing
4. directive (noun) = an order; instruction for a procedure to be
followed
5. indirect ( adjective) = not in a straight line or course
6. reckon ( verb) = to count; to calculate
7. reckoning ( noun) = a sum total; an account
8. Rectangle (noun) = a right-angled parallelogram
9. Rectangled (adjective) = separated in to rectangles
10. rectitude (noun) = righteousness; uprightness
11. Rectify ( verb) = to make right; to correct an error
Root 76 Root „BIO‟ = life
1. Autobiography (noun) = one‟s own life story written by oneself
2. Biography ( noun) = the written story of the life of one person
3. Biographer (noun) = a person who writes a biography
4. Biogenetic (adjective) = pertaining to the development of life from life that exists
5. Biology ( noun) = the study of living organisms
6. Biopsy ( noun) = examination and analysis of a diseased tissue removed for the
purpose from the body
7. Biota ( noun) = the flora and fauna in an area; plant and animal life in a region
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Root 77 Root PULS / PEL = drive, push, throw
1. Pulse (noun) = heartbeat; core beat
2. Pulsation (noun) = the throbbing of the heart; the regular heartbeat
3. compel (verb) = to urge; force
4. compulsion (noun) = the state of being forced; driven
5. compulsive (adjective) = being forced
6. compulsory (adjective) = acting under compulsion
7. Dispel (verb) = to scatter; to drive away
8. Expulsion (noun) = state of being thrown out; being expelled
9. Impel (verb) = to force; to urge;
10. Impulsive (adjective) = driven to act quickly;
11. Propel (verb) = to push forward; as in the use of steam to propel ships
12. Propulsion ( noun) = state of being pushed forward
13. Repel ( verb) = to drive back; as in repel the enemy
14. Repulsive (adjective) = disgusting; language or behaviour that pushes one back to
recoil or repel
15. Repellent (adjective) = driving back; as mosquito repellent; water repellent paint
Root 78 Root SPONS / SPOND = pledge, answer
1. correspond ( verb) = to answer and communicate by letter
2. correspondence (noun) = state of answering with letters; method of learning
through submitted lessons and answers through postal service
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3. correspondent ( noun) = one who communicates with another through exchange
of messages by post or radio on a regular basis. As in a newspaper correspondent
4. Irresponsible (adjective) = not reliable; one who not answerable
5. Respond ( verb) = to answer
6. Responsive ( adjective) = Causing to answer
7. Respondent ( noun) = one who responds
8. Responder ( noun) = one who answers a communication
9. Responsible (adjective) = trustworthy to carry out obligations; answerable
10. Responsibility (noun) = the quality of reliability for the work undertaken
Root 79. Root CEDE / CESS = go, yield, surrender
1. Accede ( verb) = to agree to; to go along with; as in „to accede to a request‟
2. Accession ( noun) = the going to; as in accession to the throne
3. Concede ( verb) = yield to; agree to
4. Decease(verb) = to go away from the world; to depart from life; to die
5. Exceed ( verb) = to go beyond the ordinary and the average
6. Process (noun) = the going forward; the movement forward
7. Procession ( noun) = the act of going forward
8. Recede ( verb) = to go back
9. Recession (noun) = the act of going back
10. Succeed (noun) = to reach the goal; to achieve
11. Success (noun)= the reaching of a goal; achievement
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Root 80 Root POLY = many
1. Polyclinic ( noun) = A hospital where a variety of diseases are treated
2. polynomial (noun) = a sum of two or more numbers
3. polychromatic (adjective) = having many colours
4. polyglot ( noun) = one who knows many languages
5. Polygon ( noun) = a closed geometrical figure with many angles
Root 81 Prefix APO = away from
1. Apocentre (noun) = the point in the orbit of a planet that is at the greatest distance
from the centre
2. Apogee (noun) = the point in the orbit of any heavenly body that is farthest from the
Earth
3. Apology (noun) = an attempt away from a wrong act of behaviour; an attempt to
make an excuse for an act that is not considered appropriate in society
4. Apologetic ( adjective) = In the nature of an apology; as „an apologetic note‟
5. Apoplexy ( noun) = away from full senses; a sudden loss of consciousness; a
fainting stroke partly due to blood pressure
6. Apoplectic (adjective) = in the nature of an emotional stroke; a highly excited
mental condition in which a person may not be in control of his words or behaviour;
hysterical
7. apostasy (noun) = away from the religious faith one is born in to,
8. apostate (noun) = one who abandons his / her faith
9. apostle ( noun) = an upholder of faith; one who is sent on a mission ; a missionary
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10. apostrophe (noun) = a comma sign on top of a word to indicate a missing letter; as
in don‟t = do not; can‟t = cannot; shan‟t = shall not; won‟t = will not. The comma
sign that is away from its usual place in the lower part of the word.
Root 82 Prefix PER = through
1. per annum (adverb) = for one year; throughout a year
2. per capita ( adverb) = for each head of population in a country; through the
entire population
3. perforated ( adjective) = bored through with holes; as a perforated paper
sheet for computer printing that has a line of holes on both sides
4. perennial ( adjective) = year after year; through a long period of time
5. perceive ( verb) = to see through; to understand; to take cognizance of; to
recognize
6. perception (noun) = the act of seeing through; the act of perceiving; insight;
awareness; the act of understanding
7. perceptive ( adjective) = one who has a keen perception;
8. percent ( noun) = a part of a hundred
9. percentage( noun) = rate of interest; so many per hundred
10. percolate (verb) = to drip through; to filter; as in a coffee percolator
11. per current (adjective) = running through a structure; as the midrib of a leaf
12. percussion ( noun) = the striking of sound; as in percussion musical
instruments such as drums, piano
13. percussive (adjective) = operated through percussion; as a drum beat has a
percussive force;
14. peremptory ( adjective) = final; with authority; through to the end
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15. perfection (noun) = state of complete development; thoroughly made;
something so complete that it cannot be improved upon.
Root 83 Root CAUSE / CUS / CUSE = cause or motive or purpose
1. cause (verb ) = to make happen
2. cause (noun) = reason; motive
3. causation (noun) = the act of causing; motivation
4. causeless ( adjective) = without reason
5. causable ( adjective) = can be caused
6. causal (adjective) = relating to reason or motive
7. causality ( noun) = connection between cause and effect; agency through
which an action is caused
8. because ( conjunction) = for that reason
9. accuse (verb) = to charge another person with wrong doing; to blame
10. accuser ( noun) = one who accuses or charges another with wrong doing
11. accusatory ( adjective) = in the nature of an accusation
12. accusation ( noun) = a charge of wrong doing
13. excuse (verb) = to attempt to remove the blame; to exonerate; to free of
charge of wrong doing
14. excuse (noun) = the reason for an action
15. excusive ( adjective) = inclined to excuse; inclined to exonerate
16. excusable ( adjective) = that which can be excused
17. inexcusable ( adjective) = that which cannot be excused
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Root 84 Root HUM / HUMAN = Earth, Man, ground
1. Human ( adjective) = relating to man
2. humane ( adjective) = having qualities of man such as sympathy and
compassion for other living beings
3. humanity (noun) = the quality of being human
4. humanities (noun) = higher studies and subjects relating to various
aspects of life of humans; history; sociology; political science, social
sciences are Humanities offered as Graduate and Post-graduate courses
in various Universities
5. Inhuman ( adjective) = lacking in the qualities of man
6. Humus ( noun) = Earth; ground
7. humic ( adjective) = derived from soil; example humic acid and humate
which is a salt of humic acid
8. Exhume ( verb) = to take out from the ground; to unearth; to dig out; to
excavate
9. exhumate ( verb) = to exhume
10. exhumation ( noun) = the act of taking out of the ground
11. humble (adjective) = an unpretentious person; a person who is not
arrogant
12. humbly (adverb) = meekly; unpretentiously;
13. humility (noun) = the quality of being humble; the quality being
unpretending; the quality of not being arrogant
14. humiliate (verb) = the act of putting another person to shame; the act of
abasing someone; the act of degrading another person.
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15. humiliation ( noun) = feeling of shame and degradation; the feeling of
being thrown to the ground before all others;
Root 85 Root MOB / MOT / MOV = move
1. mobile ( adjective) = capable of moving
2. immobile ( adjective) = not moving; motionless
3. mobility ( noun) = the quality of being able to move
4. mobilize (verb ) = to assemble for movement; as in to mobilize the
armed forces during a war
5. mobilization ( noun) = the act of assembling for action
6. demobilization ( noun) = the act of disbanding the armed forces after
war
7. automobile ( noun) = a self moving motor vehicle
8. motor ( noun) = that which imparts movement; the source of
mechanical power
9. motorcade (noun) = a group of motors or vehicles going together in a
procession as part of security of a political leader or a very important
person
10. motion ( noun) = movement; action
11. motionless (adjective) = without motion
12. motive (noun) = cause; inducement to move; stimulus to act
13. motivate ( verb) = move to action;
14. motivation (noun) = the reason for an action; cause; inducement
15. mover (noun) =one who moves
16. automotive (adjective) = self moving; self propelling
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17. demote ( verb ) = to move away from; to move down in rank of a
hierarchy; to place in a lower grade or post
18. demotion (noun) = the act of being placed in a lower post
19. promotion ( noun) = the act of being placed in a higher post in the
hierarchy in office
20. emotional (adjective) = moved strongly by feelings.
Root 86 Prefix PRE = before
1. Preamble (noun) = an introduction; the Preamble to the Constitution of
India
2. Precede ( verb) = to go before
3. precedent ( noun) = something similar that had happened before
4. predict (verb) = tell about the happening of an event before hand;
foretell; as „ to predict the weather‟ „to predict the future‟
5. presage (verb) = to know before time; to predict
6. preside (verb) = to occupy the leading place; as in „to preside in a
meeting as a Chairperson‟
7. prelude ( noun) = a musical or a dramatic introduction;
8. preeminent (adjective) = Supreme; above all others; as a preeminent
speaker
9. preserve ( verb) = to keep secure from injury; to protect before any
damage can occur
10. presume ( verb) = to take for oneself a right before it has been granted
11. pretender ( noun) = one who falsely makes a claim to an inheritance; as
a pretender to a throne; a pretender to a property
12. prevention (noun) = the act of intervening before trouble
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13. precocious ( adjective) = having matured very early;
14. preoccupied ( adjective) = already occupied; very busy
15. precaution (noun) = care taken before hand
Root 87 Root MIS/ MISO = wrong, bad, hateful
1. misadventure (noun) = a bad undertaking; a wrong turning down
an unknown path; a misfortune
2. misalliance (noun) = a wrong partnership; an improper marriage
alliance
3. misappropriate (verb) = to misuse public or firm‟s money for
oneself; wrong use of funds with which on is entrusted.
4. misbehaviour ( noun) = wrong behaviour or conduct; conduct that
is viewed as bad in right society
5. miscalculate ( verb) = to make an error in calculation; wrong
arithmetic; wrong counting
6. miscarriage ( noun) = wrong handling of something, as in
miscarriage of justice
7. miscast ( verb) = give an actor a wrong role; casting an actor in a
role that is not suited for him / her
8. mischief ( noun) = an act that results in a wrong or injury to
another; a willful wrong act done for fun that causes injury or loss
to another
9. misconception ( noun) = a wrong thought; a wrong idea; a bad
interpretation of a situation; a situation wrongly understood
10. miscreant (noun) = a wrong doer; a person who willfully and
knowingly causes harm or injury to another; a vicious person who
injures others for no reason
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11. misgiving (noun) = a doubt about the result of some act; a bad
feeling foreboding a wrong result
12. misguide (verb) = to lead someone in a wrong direction; to
willfully give wrong directions or information to another so as to
cause him / her inconvenience in some form or the other
13. misinterpretation (noun) = to understand wrongly; to
misunderstand
14. misrepresent (verb) = to willfully give a wrong report or
impression about something
Root 88 Root LIC / LICIT = permit.
This root is tricky as its meaning ranges from permission under the law and
authority to chaos and disorder. So understand the words clearly
1. license(noun) = a legal document that permits an activity or action. Example a
driving license.
2. licensed (adjective) = permitted; authorized to do an activity
3. licensee (noun) = the person to who the license is given or granted
4. licensor (noun) = a legal authority who is authorized to grant licenses
5. licentious ( adjective) = behaviour in which moral rules are disregarded or
overlooked; taking liberties in one‟s actions; disregarding rules; immoral conduct
not accepted in good society
6. licentiously (adverb) = immorally
7. licentiousness ( noun) = the state of immorality; the state of wrong social behaviour
8. licit (adjective) = permitted; lawfully conceded; lawfully allowed
9. illicit ( adjective) = not permitted by law; illegal; unlawful; such as illicit trade in
drugs
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10. illicitly (adverb) = unlawfully; illegally
11. license plate ( noun) = a plate or tag showing that a license has been granted
12. unlicensed ( adjective) = an activity not permitted under law; unlawful
Root 89 Root CAPIT / CAPT = head, chief, leader.
1. Capital (noun) = amount of accumulated goods including immovable property;
the city in which the government of a country is located.
2. Capitalize (verb) = to convert in to capital goods; to make a profit.
3. Capitate (adjective) = forming a head; suddenly enlarging in to becoming a head
like formation
4. Decapitate (verb) = to cut off a living being‟s head
5. Capitular ( adjective) = relating to a heading, a chapter, or a leading section of a
book
6. Capitulate (verb) = to surrender; to bow one‟s head before the enemy or
opposition; to give up one‟s stand or ground
7. Capitulation ( noun) = the surrender
8. Captain ( noun) = the head, or leader or chief; as in captain of a team.
9. Caption (noun) = the heading of a chapter or a section of a book written boldly
to make it distinct or stand out
10. Recapitulate (verb) = to repeat the main points again very briefly as part of a
conclusion
11. Recapitulation ( noun) = the act of repeating briefly the main points
12. Per capita (adverb) = by each head; equally to each and every person in the
country; as in per capita income of India.
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Root 90 Root STA / STIT / SIST / STET = stand
1. Assist (verb) = to stand by with help for an activity or job.
2. Circumstances ( noun) = a situation that stands at a given point of time; a
happening; the surrounding for an event
3. Consist (verb) = to have the quality of; to be made up of.
4. Constant (adjective) = fixed; steady; standing in one place for a long time
5. Desist (verb) = to cease or stop an activity; to discontinue; to quit
6. Distant ( adjective) = standing far off; as the distant mountains
7. Ecstasy (noun) = the mental state of being very happy; full of joy; standing
or becoming out of oneself (beyond control ) due to rapture of joy; the
highest state of happiness.
8. Obstacle ( noun) = that which stands in the way as an obstruction or
hindrance;
9. Obstinate (adjective) = standing against a view point; being stubborn;
refusing to change one‟s views or stand.
10. Persist (verb) = stand firmly for an activity or a view point; unyielding; to
continue
11. Resist ( verb) = to with stand; as is resist all obstacles in the path of progress
towards one‟s goal in life.
12. stamina (noun) = the physical strength to with stand the strain of an activity;
the capacity to endure
13. Standard (noun) = a degree or level of quality that must be maintained
14. stage ( noun) = a platform for actors to stand on
15. substance (noun) = the real nature of a thing that keeps it as what it is.
16. Subsist (verb) = to endure adversity; as to subsist on charity
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17. substitute (verb) = to stand in place of another; to take the place of another as
in a substitute player in the hoc Root team
Root 91 Root DUC / DUCE/ DUCT = lead
1. Abduct ( verb) = to take away by force; to lead someone away by force
2. Conducive ( adjective) = tending to promote or lead towards; as in
„conducive to good health‟
3. Deduct (verb) = to take away from; as in deduct ten percent of the price
4. Deductible ( adjective) = that which can be taken away ; as in tax
deductible at source
5. Educate ( verb) = to lead out from ignorance towards knowledge
6. Induce (verb) = to lead into a situation; to persuade and convince another
in to one‟s own view point
7. Induction (noun) = the act of leading in to a profession or official post; as
in „an induction training‟
8. Introduction (noun) = the act of bringing together
9. Produce (verb) = to lead forward; to bring forth
10. Product ( noun) = anything produced by growth or labour or thoughts
11. Productive (adverb) = causing to bring forth; being creative
12. Production (noun) = the act of bringing forth; the act of creation
13. Reduce (verb) = to lead to a lower position
14. Reduction ( noun) = a lowering
15. Seduce ( verb) = to lead on to a wrong act; to lead astray from the right
path of behaviour; to corrupt a person‟s thoughts
16. Traduce ( verb) = to disgrace someone falsely and unjustly; to slander
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Root 92 Root OMNI = all
1. omnibus (noun) = a conveyance for all, a transport for many
2. omni competent (adjective) = legally competent for all matters
3. omni farious (adjective) = of all sorts; of many varieties
4. omnify (verb) = to enlarge; to make universal
5. omnigenous (adjective) = of all types; of all kinds ( opposite is homogenous
= of one kind only)
6. omnipotent (adjective) = having all powers and capacities; Only God or
Creator is described as being Omnipotent (capable of doing everything)
Omnipresent (present everywhere at the same time) and Omniscient
(knowing everything; all knowing; having complete knowledge about
everything in this Universe). Please also observe the further word root of
„OM‟ from Indian religious philosophy, which is the ultimate religious
symbol for the Creator of this Universe.
7. omnipresent ( adjective) = present everywhere; ubiquitous
8. Omnist (noun) = a believer in all religions
9. omnivorous (adjective ) = eating everything; taking in everything
Root 93 Root FORC; FORT = strong
1. Force (noun) = power, strength, pressure
2. Fort (noun) = a stronghold for protection of a settlement in medieval
times
3. Forte (noun) = a strong point in one‟s character or nature
4. fortification ( noun) = a strong hold; an outer strong wall protecting the
space with in
5. fortitude ( noun) = strength of character and mind to endure suffering
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6. Effort ( noun) = putting forth of one‟s strength in a work
7. Effortless ( adjective) = with out force or pressure
8. Comfortable (adjective) = giving strength and ease
9. Enforce (verb) = to put force into; to put pressure; as in to enforce a law
Root 94 Root Fortuna = chance ; fortune
1. Fortuna (noun) = the Roman Goddess of fortune
2. Fortunate (adjective) = having good luck
3. Unfortunate ( adjective) = having bad luck; unlucky
4. Misfortune ( noun) = disaster; bad luck
Root 95 Root Chron = time
1. Chronic ( adjective) = continuing for a long time
2. chronical (noun) = a record of events over a period of time
3. chronology ( noun) = the science of recording historical events by
date and time period
4. chronologer ( noun ) = a person who specializes in chronology
5. synchronous (adjective) = happening at the same time. Example
synchronous swimming competition in the Olympics where a group
of male or female swimmers dance in water with second to second
simultaneous movements
Root 96 Root flex ; flect = bend
1. deflect ( verb) = to bend away from target; as to deflect a missile
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2. flex (verb) = to bend
3. flexible ( adjective) = able to bend
4. flexibility ( noun) = the quality of being able to bend with out
breaking
5. flection (noun) = the act of bending
6. inflection ( noun) = the rise and fall of one‟s voice which speaking;
the tenor of one‟s voice
7. reflect ( verb) = turn back and forth in the mind; as in to reflect on
an idea
8. reflector ( noun) = that which reflects or turns back light
9. reflection ( noun) = an image bent back or thrown back by the
mirror
10. reflexive ( adjective) = bent back on itself; as a reflexive pronoun
11. reflective (adjective) = thoughtful; bending one‟s thoughts again
and again to be totally absorbed in thoughts. As in a reflective
mind; a reflective mood; a reflective nature
12. flexuous (adjective) = having many bends and turns. As in the
flexuous road in a mountainous terrain
Root 97 Root meter = to measure
1. mete (verb) = to measure; to assign a measure
2. meter ( noun) = an official measure of certain commodities
3. barometer ( noun) = an instrument to measure atmospheric
pressure
4. metrical (adjective) = relating to measuring
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5. chronometer ( noun) = an instrument for measuring time; as a
watch
6. gravimeter ( noun) = an instrument for measuring gravity
(weight) and density
7. gyrometer (noun) = a rotary speed indicator
8. megameter ( noun) = an instrument for measuring longitude by
observation of stars
9. micrometer ( noun) = an instrument for measuring size and
distances of objects
10. perimeter ( noun) = distance around a closed plane surface
11. thermometer (noun) = an instrument for measuring heat
Root 98 Root PERI = around
1. Peri centric( adjective) = deposited around a centre
2. peril (noun) = surround by danger from all around; a situation of high
risk and danger; as in „The life of a policeman is in peril at all times‟
3. perigee (noun) = nearest to the earth; the point in the orbit of a planet
or a satellite when it is around (nearest) to the Earth. Opposite is
„apogee‟ when it is farthest from the Earth.
4. perihelion ( noun) = a point in the orbit of a planet when it is nearest to
the Sun. The perihelion of Earth is for ten days before and after 9th
of
January each year when the Earth is nearest to the Sun
5. perigon ( noun) = an angle that is round, meaning 360 degrees or a
circle
6. perimeter ( noun) = the distance around a closed plane figure
7. period ( noun) = the time taken by the earth to go around the sun; one
year; a measure for passage of time in years
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8. periodic ( adjective) = occurring at regular interval at pre-stated time
9. periodical ( noun) = a publication that is published at a fixed time of a
week ( weekly periodical) fortnight (fortnightly periodical) one month
(monthly periodical) or three months (quarterly periodical) or six
months (six monthly periodical) or a year ( an annual periodical) As a
exercise in general awareness you could list out the periodicals in the
library as per their time period for your information
10. periodicity ( abstract noun) = the quality of occurring regularly at
fixed periods of time
11. periodontal ( adverb) = around the tooth
12. Periphery ( noun) = A line that goes around a plane surface, as the
circumference of a circle or the boundary wall of a house or school
or any place
13. peripheral (adjective) = matters relating to the outer boundary;
matters relating to the distant places from the centre; secondary
matters that are less important than those relating to the core or the
centre. Therefore peripheral activities are small and insignificant
activities. They relate to the outer boundaries and not to the main
issues at hand.
Root 99 Prefix SUPER / SUPR = over ; above ; beyond;
higher or greater in quality
1. Supreme ( adjective) = superior; of the highest quality
2. supremely ( adverb) = in the highest degree. As in „
supremely happy‟
3. Supremacy ( abstract noun) = the state of being supreme
4. superable (adjective ) = that which can be overcome.
Opposite is „insuperable‟ = that which cannot be overcome
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5. superabundant (adjective) = that is over and above the
amount needed; excessive
6. supercilious ( adjective) = having more pride than needed;
over-bearing; haughty. This is a negative quality that one
must avoid. The word is used to describe individuals who
like to show off or make a grand display of something that
is not worth the trouble.
7. superfine (adjective) = of exceptional quality
8. super fluent ( adjective) = flowing freely; richly, as in a
super fluent orator; one who speaks from the heart (an
extempore public speaker who delivers speeches without
the help of any written material)
9. Superhuman ( adjective) = having powers beyond mankind
10. superman ( noun) = a man with extraordinary powers
11. superiority ( abstract noun) = the quality of excellence;
pre-eminence
12. supernatural ( adjective) = above and beyond all nature on
earth
13. Superimpose ( verb) = to place one thing or object over the
other
14. supervise (verb) = to oversee the work of others; to
superintend
15. supervisor (noun) = a person who supervises others.
Example „a supervisor during a board examination‟. The
class teacher is the supervisor during a class test or exam.
16. superlative ( adjective ) = in the highest degree; the best in
its range or kind
17. super lateral ( adjective) = placed high up on the side
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Root 100 Prefix PARA = beside; alongside; position
1. parallel ( adjective) = lying evenly side by side as the
parallel lines of a railway track
2. parabola ( noun) = a geometrical figure or a place
curve shaped like a bowl
3. paracentral ( adjective) = lying near the centre
4. paradigm ( noun) = a figure based model of an abstract
idea or thought; a framework to illustrate a thought; an
example to explain a concept
5. parable ( noun) = a short story that emphasizes a
lesson or a moral; a fable.
6. paradox (noun) = a situation or a statement that seems
or is contradictory to the circumstances
7. parody ( noun) = an imitation of a poem or a song that
makes fun of or distorts the original
8. paragraph ( noun) = a section of a longer composition
that discusses one point or thought
9. paragon ( noun) = a model of perfection
10. paraphrase ( noun) = a re-writing of a text in a shorter
and different form; re-writing the meaning in one‟s
own words; stating the meaning of a text as understood
by oneself
11. para dental (adjective) = near a tooth
Root 101 Suffix DOM = quality; state of; realm of
1. wisdom ( abstract noun) = the state of good knowledge
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2. random ( adjective) = the state of aimlessness; as in a
random choice
3. freedom ( noun) = the state of being free
4. boredom ( noun) = the state of being bored or not
knowing what to do
5. stardom ( noun) = the state of being an important
person in the theatre or the movie world
Root 102 Suffix CIAN = a person having a certain skill or art
1. Beautician ( noun) = an expert in beauty care
2. dietician (noun) = an expert in food and nutrition
3. electrician (noun) = one who can repair electrical faults and
understands electricity
4. logician (noun) = an expert in the science of logic
5. magician (noun) = a person skilled in the art of magic
6. mathematician (noun) = one who has expert knowledge of
mathematics
7. musician (noun) = one skilled in music
8. optician (noun) = one who specializes in making eyeglasses and other
optical instruments
9. physician ( noun) = one with skill in medicine
10. politician (noun) = an expert in the profession of politics and
government
Root103 Root Number = number
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1. numeral ( adjective) = relating to a number
2. numeral (noun) = a figure expressing a number
3. numeration ( verb) = the act of counting
4. enumerate ( verb) = the act of counting over or again
5. numerous ( adjective) = plentiful; in great number
6. numerical ( adjective) = expressed by number
7. numberless ( adjective) = without number; infinite, as the stars
8. innumerable ( adjective) = not able to be counted; too many as the stars
9. numerator ( noun) = the upper number in a fraction
10. denominator (noun) = the lower number in a fraction
11. supernumerary ( adjective) = exceeding the number needed; more than the
needed number.
Root 104 Root TRACT ; TRAH = draw; pull
1. attract ( verb) = to draw towards oneself; as a magnet attracts iron filings
2. attractive (adjective) = having the power to allure; to pull towards oneself
3. abstract ( verb) = to draw away. Example to abstract the wallet from the
purse
4. contract (noun) = a legal agreement that pulls to parties together or binds two
persons
5. contractual (adjective) = relating to a contract or a signed agreement
6. detract ( verb ) = to draw away from; as in to detract from a person‟s good
name
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7. distract ( verb) = to draw away attention or mind; a mental drawing away of
thoughts
8. extract (verb) = to draw out; as in to extract oil
9. retract ( verb) = to draw back. As in to retract an accusation falsely made
10. subtract (verb) = to take away a smaller number from a bigger number
11. protract ( verb) = to draw further in time; to drag out; to delay and take
longer time than necessary; as in a protracted legal case
Root 105 Suffix ILE = relating to; suited for; capable of
1. agile ( adjective) = suited to quick motion; graceful in movement
2. docile (adjective) = easy to teach; amenable;
3. domicile ( noun) = a place for home and family; one‟s native place
4. ductile ( adjective) = that which can be drawn in to wires; one who can be
led; tractable
5. fertile ( adjective) = capable of bearing crop or fruits; as in fertile plains
6. fragile ( adjective) = something that can break easily; frail; such as articles
made of glass
7. infantile ( adjective) = relating to infants ( babies less than one year old);
relating to infancy.
8. puerile ( adjective) = suited to a child; childish
9. juvenile ( adjective) = relating to youth; relating to children;
10. senile ( adjective) = relating to old age;
11. mercantile ( adjective) = relating to business and commerce; commercial
12. mobile ( adjective) = capable of being moved
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13. volatile ( adjective) = capable of flying off ; capable of bursting forth
14. versatile ( adjective) = capable of varying talents; multi-talented
Root 106 Root POS / POUND = place; set forth
1. posit ( verb) = set firmly in place; to assert; to declare
2. position (noun) = the manner in which a thing or a person is placed
3. positive ( adjective) = definite; firmly laid down; something about which
there is no doubt
4. composition (noun) = combination of parts to form a whole
5. post ( noun) = a place; a position
6. posture ( noun) = manner of placement of one‟s body
7. expose ( verb) = set forth; show for all to see; as in to expose a fraud
8. exposure ( noun) = The act of laying bare; the act of exposing
9. propound ( verb) = to propose; to offer; as in to propound a question
10. depose (verb) = to remove from official post
11. proposition ( noun) = a statement offered for consideration
12. proposal ( noun) = an offer
Root 107 Root MIT / MISS = send
1. Mission ( noun ) = a duty one is sent to perform; Note: a mission is
the highest commitment to duty. When one is on a mission one has to
ensure that the job is done. One is not expected to return from a
mission without completing the job undertaken. Therefore, generally
the term is used in the armed forces. However, today it has acquired
wider usage also. So as a student also one can have a self made
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mission of getting a particular percentage of marks; or qualifying a
particular examination; or achieving a particular target. In civil life,
missions can last for several years at a time. It can also be lifelong.
Mahatma Gandhi‟s lifelong mission was to free India from British
control
2. admission ( noun) = permission to send to school or a particular place
3. commit ( verb) = to send; to entrust – commit oneself to a cause
4. dismissed (adjective) = formally sent away; permitted to go;
5. emit (verb) = to send out the thermal plant emits a lot of smoke
6. Intermission ( noun) = a break of a few minutes between two
continuous parts of a dramatic or a musical performance
7. Intermittent ( adjective) = coming and going; irregular
8. Remiss ( adjective) = careless
9. remit ( verb) = pay back
10. remittance ( noun) = payment
11. submit (verb) = to give up; to surrender; to send; to put up a file
12. submission ( noun) = the act of surrender
13. transmit ( verb ) = to send across
14. transmission ( noun) = the act of sending across
15. transmitter ( noun) = one who / that which transmits
16. permit ( verb) = to allow; to give permission
17. permit (noun) = an official document allowing a particular activity
Root 108 Root POP = population
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1. populace ( noun) = the common people
2. populous ( adjective) = full of people
3. popularity ( noun) = the quality of being liked by many people
4. popularize ( verb) = to make popular among a large section of people
5. Unpopular ( adjective) = not liked by many people
Root 109 Root LEG = law
1. Legal ( adjective ) = lawful; according to the law of the land
2. Legality ( noun) = the quality of being strictly legal
3. legalize ( verb ) = to make lawful
4. Legacy ( noun) = a gift of property left by a legal Will
5. legate (verb) = to bequeath a property to another through the
process of law
6. legislate (verb) = to enact laws; to cause to become law
7. legislature ( noun) = an elected body of persons who can make laws
8. legislator ( noun) = a member of a legislature
9. legislation (noun) = the enactment of law by the legislature
10. legitimate ( adjective ) = legal; in accordance with the law
11. legitimize (verb) = to make legal
12. illegal ( adjective) = unlawful; illegitimate
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Root 110 Root RIDI, RISI, RI = laughter which mocks and hurts
another
1. ridicule ( noun) = making fun of another without understanding; a tendency
generally seen in teenagers and immature minds
2. ridiculous (adjective) = laughable; - a ridiculous dress
3. riant ( adjective) = smiling
4. risible ( adjective) = inclined to laugh
5. derision ( noun) = mocking laughter to embarrass another
6. deride ( verb) = to mock; to jeer
7. derisive ( adjective) = causing mocking laughter
8. derisively ( adverb) = mockingly
Root 111 VOC VOK = voice; to call out
1. Vocal ( adjective ) = relating to voice; oral
2. vocable (noun) = a human sound; a word
3. vocabulary ( noun) = a collection of words and phrases
4. vocalize (verb) = to sing
5. vocational ( adjective) = relating to a vocation
6. avocation ( noun) = an interest other than the vocation; a hobby
7. convocation ( noun) = a formal calling together of an assembly in a
University for the purpose of bestowing degree on those who have
qualified
8. invocation (verb) = solemn prayers seeking divine blessings
9. invoke ( verb) = to plead; to supplicate; to beg for mercy
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10. evoke (verb) = to recall from the past; recall from memory
11. evocation ( adjective) = causing to recall the past
12. provoke ( verb) = to call forth anger of another person
Root 112 GRAPH = To write
1. Graph ( noun) = something written as a diagram or a chart
2. Graphite (noun) = a soft black carbon used for making pencils
3. Calligraphy ( noun) = elegant handwriting as written in official
documents by professional writers before the invention of the printing
press.
4. Holograph ( noun) = a document written wholly by the person who
signs it
5. Lexicographer (noun) = a professional person who compiles
dictionaries. Generally, he / she is a qualified linguist, meaning he / she
has studied Linguistics ( study of a language) till Post Graduate or Phd
level
6. Lithography ( noun ) = the process of reproducing writing from a stone
or a design
7. Phonograph ( noun) = an instrument for reproducing recorded music
8. Photograph ( noun) = a picture taken (written) by the process of
photography
9. Radiograph ( noun) = an image reproduced by action of X-rays
10. monograph ( noun) = a long well researched article written on a single
subject
11. Geography ( noun) = a study of Earth and its people
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12. Telegraphy ( noun) = Communication sent by electrical signals from
afar. The signals are in codes of dots and dashes. Each alphabet has a
specific combination of dots and dashes. These have to be re-written in
English or any other language.
Root 113 CISE = to cut
1. Circumcise ( verb) = to cut around as in the shape of a circle
2. Concise = (adjective) = to cut off all unnecessary details and make a
short form of a written material
3. Decide ( verb) = to cut off uncertainty by reaching a decision
4. Decisive ( adjective) = causing one to reach a decision
5. Excision ( noun) = the cutting out; removing of – as excision of a rotten
part of a vegetable or a fruit
6. Precise ( adjective) = to cut exactly right; to cut with precision
Root 114 ClDE = to kill
1. homicide (noun) = the killing of a human being
2. suicide ( noun) = the killing of oneself
Root 115 TEST = to bear witness.
1. Observation: When you take a class test or an examination you are
witness to your own level of knowledge and understanding of that
subject.
2. Attest (verb) = Certify; affirm; bear witness to a document.
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3. Testate ( adjective) = leaving a valid Will which has been signed by
witnesses
4. Testament ( noun) = A Will; An agreement of faith
5. Testation ( noun) = the act of making a Will
6. Testimony ( noun) = a solemn declaration as a witness, generally
given in a court of law while under oath
7. Testify ( verb) = to bear witness
8. Testimonials (noun) = a documentary evidence that is witness to some
claim. All the qualification certificates issued by a recognized
Secondary Board, Senior Secondary Board, or a University or a
Professional Association, are testimonials to one‟s qualifications under
the formal system of education.
9. Detest (verb) = to hate to the highest degree; to loathe; to abhor
10. Protest ( verb) = to bear witness against
11. Contestable ( adjective) = can be argued against; as a contestable Will
12. Contest ( verb) = argue against; as to contest a Will through a court
case
Root 116 Prefix SUB = under ; beneath
1. subdue ( verb) = to put under control; to suppress; to overcome
2. subconscious ( adjective) = under the conscious level of the mind
3. sub fluvial ( adjective) = placed under the river; as a tunnel or a
canal
4. subject ( verb) = to place under the control of another
5. subject (noun) = a topic to write a composition on; a specific area of
study; people under the control of a king (king‟s subjects)
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6. submerge ( verb) = to plunge under water or the waves in the sea
7. submersion ( noun) = the act of placing something completely under
water
8. submission ( noun) = the act of putting oneself under the control of
another
9. subscribe ( verb) = to underwrite; to sign one‟s name under an
agreement or a contract – as in to subscribe to a journal or a
magazine on one year or any fixed period by agreeing to make
payment in advance.
10. subsidize (verb) = to make part payment from the public fund; to
pay below the actual price;
11. Substitute ( noun) = one who takes the place of another for a short
period
12. subterraneous ( adjective) = underground
13. subversive ( adjective) = tending to undermine the government.
Root 117 SCRIB / SCRIP = write
1. Scribble (noun) = a short causal writing on a small piece of paper to
help recall an important job or points
2. subscription ( noun) = a purchase order; to sign one‟s name for
acceptance
3. ascribe ( verb) = to refer to
4. description ( noun) = a representation in words of something seen or
witnessed
5. inscription ( noun) = words engraved in stone or on a monument
6. superscription ( noun) = something written above an inscription
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7. prescription ( noun) = written directions given by a doctor for giving
of medicines or for preparation of medicines by a chemist
8. script ( noun) = a short form for manuscript
9. Scripture ( noun) = any sacred writing; generally refers to the Bible
10. Transcript ( noun) = A copy of something in writing, or typing or
printing
11. Scribe (noun) = a person who writes general legal documents for the
public . As in 2016, scribes are found outside a Notary‟s Office or in
lower courts, where they prepare legal documents for people for a
fee.
Root 118 Prefix POST = after, behind, following
1. postern (adjective) = situated at the back; in the rear; as a postern
gate of a house or building
2. posterity (noun) = those who come after the person‟s death;
descendents; a person‟s family generation in future
3. Post-graduate ( adjective) = relating to studies after Graduation
4. posthumous ( adjective) = after death; generally used for writings
of an author published after his / her death
5. posterior ( adjective) = later in time; coming after
6. postlude ( noun) = the closing piece of a musical concert or a dance
recital
7. post marital (adjective) = relating to events after marriage
8. Post Meridian (P.M.) (adjective) = after the Sun has crossed the
meridian at 0o on the globe that passes through a suburb of London
called Greenwich. So A.M. and P.M.
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9. postmortem (adjective) = a medical examination of a dead body to
determine the cause of death
10. postpone (verb) = delay; to set the date back again
11. postponement ( noun) = a delay; holding back until a later date
12. postscript (noun) = a short note written after the conclusion of a
letter after it has been signed. It is generally indicated as P.S.
Root119 Prefix MON / MONO = one
1. monarch ( noun) = a single ruler of a large kingdom normally called
an empire. A king rules over a kingdom. A monarch rules over an
empire.
2. monarchy ( noun) = a form of government that has only one ruler
3. monochord ( noun) = a traditional musical instrument that has only
one string. In Hindi it is called „ektara‟
4. monocle ( noun) = a lens for one eye only. Was used in the 18th
century when spectacles had to be hand made and were therefore
very expensive. As such people with defective vision in one eye only
would were a monocle in place of the spectacle used in modern
times.
5. monocycle ( noun) = a cycle with one large wheel; a unicycle that
was developed before the development of a bicycle
6. monochrome (noun) = a painting in different shades of a single
colour
7. monotone (noun) = a voice or a musical tone that does not vary and
has a single tone only
8. monotony (noun) = a single work routine like a single tone;.
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9. monotonous (adjective) = boredom caused by doing a single work
again and again, day after day as a labourer does in a factory or
construction project.
Root 120 GRAV / GRAVI = heavy, weighty
1. Grave ( adjective) = a serious person or matter
2. gravely ( adverb) = seriously; heavily
3. grave (common noun) = a place for burial of a dead body as per
practice in Islam or Christianity
4. gravity ( abstract noun) = the internal power of a planet to attract
things towards itself. Gravity is measured in „weight‟ of a thing
5. gravitation ( noun) = tendency of an object to be drawn to something
at a lower level
Root 121 Suffix OID = similar to; look alike, resembling something else
1. Anthropoid (adjective) = resembling the structure of man
2. Cycloid ( adjective) = arranged in circles
3. Dentoid ( adjective) = alike a tooth
4. Fibroid ( adjective) = composed of fibrous tissues
5. Geoid (noun) = similar to the shape of the Earth
6. geoidal (adjective) = resembling the quality of the shape of the Earth
7. lipoid (adjective) = alike fattening substances; resembling the structure and
quality of fat
8. neuroid ( adjective) = resembling a nerve
9. osteoid (adjective) = resembling a bone
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10. spheroid (adjective) = alike a sphere
11. thyroid (noun) = a large gland shaped like a shield that covers the voice
box or pharynx in the human throat
12. typhoid (noun) = a disease with symptoms similar to typhus
13. tabloid ( noun) = a newspaper smaller in size than the daily newspaper. It
mostly contains gossips and scandal based information, in addition to time
and addresses of public functions, night out places and movies. It is
cheaper than the morning papers. The strategy of its content and price is
adopted to increase sales. In England and the USA tabloids are very
popular and have a large business as they publish gossips on the British
royalty, scandals about politicians and Hollywood stars.
There are variations of the tabloid version also. In the 1960s and
1970s „The Blitz‟ was a very popular tabloid in India but it was published
weekly on every Saturday, and it focused on political gossip only. It
published articles that were highly critical of the Central Government.
Many of the main newspapers today have adopted the tabloid strategy of
content.
In smaller towns till the 1980s tabloids in vernacular languages were
published in the morning as regular newspapers and contained political
news that is generally one or two days old. Today with several news-
channels available from 1990s, they may be giving the latest news.
What is being conveyed above is that there is nothing demeaning about
tabloids as there is a section of readership that is serviced by the tabloids.
Root 122 Root CREA = to create
1. Create (verb) = to bring in to existence; to produce something
2. creation (abstract noun) = the act of creating
3. Creator ( noun) = (capital „C‟) One who has created this Universe
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4. creator ( noun) (small „c‟) = one who creates; can be a human or a bird or
any living being
5. creature (noun) = anything created; a creation
6. creative( adjective) = having the powers to produce or create – having
creative ability
7. re-create ( verb ) = to bring in to existence once again; to revive; to refresh,
therefore, take a holiday to recreate oneself; or to rest and sleep to refresh
8. recreational ( adjective) = having the power to refresh; so recreational
activities such as games and playing for children
9. uncreative ( adjective) = opposite of creative; lacking in the ability to
create
Root 123 Root PHIL / PHILO / PHILA / PHILE = love
1. Philosophy ( noun) = love of wisdom; pursuit of wisdom
2. philatelist ( noun) = a postal stamp collector; a lover of stamps
Root 124 Root SOPH = wisdom
1. sophic ( adjective) = full of wisdom; an intellectual
2. sophical ( adjective) = relating to wisdom
3. sophiology ( noun) = the science of human ideas
4. sophism ( noun) = a Greek school of rhetoric that uses argument in a
manner that a false thing appears to be reasonable; something that is
earlier not acceptable is made acceptable through sophism. Mostly
politicians having been using this technique to win elections. It is
studied under „Rhetoric‟ as a subject in Universities.
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5. sophistry ( noun) = deceptive reasoning
6. sophistical ( adjective) = In the nature of sophistry; deceptive
7. sophisticate (verb) = to falsify; to make worldly wise because people
do not want to hear the truth. So diplomats mostly are trained in the
art of being sophisticated, as they have to handle many complex
situations and matters without making any commitment on behalf of
their governments.
Dressing up in the best of clothes and living in a luxurious
environment, are part of being sophisticated. People are impressed
from the external appearance and tend to trust such persons, more
than they should be trusted. Such sophistication contributes in
falsifying reality.
8. unsophisticated ( noun) = a simple person; one who is not
sophisticated, and therefore speaks his mind directly and truthfully
Root125 Prefix HYPO = under / sub / less
1. Hypothesis (noun) = something assumed for the sake of argument. This
generally used in research. To prove a new theory first a hypothesis is
created and then proof is given. Also used for solving puzzles and
mysteries or anything unknown.
2. Hypothetical (adjective) = assumed for the sake of argument, as in a
hypothetical question.
3. hypodermic (common noun) = an injection given below the skin
4. hypocrisy ( abstract noun) = outward show of sincerity in one‟s behaviour
to deceive others.; deceit
5. hypocrite ( noun) = a person who puts up an outward show like an actor to
win favour or deceive another. A dissembler
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Root 126 Prefix: SY = with / along with / together with
1. syllable ( noun) = one or more letters which together form one sound
for a word
2. monosyllable ( noun) = a word with one syllable as “no”
3. system ( noun ) = a planned arrangement of procedure; a method
4. systematic ( adjective) = arranged methodically according to a system
5. symbol ( noun) = something that stands as a visible sign of something
else; as a lion is a symbol for a king / and for courage.
6. symbolize (verb) = to represent as a symbol
7. symmetry ( noun) = a balanced arrangement of size and form
8. sympathy ( abstract noun) = going along with others in feeling
9. sympathetic ( adjective) = having sympathy for others
10. symphony ( noun) = a harmony of sound created by musicians
11. synchronize ( verb ) = to make happen at the same time; as the
synchronized swimming event in the Olympics; synchronized running
between the wickets in cricket.
12. syndrome (noun) = signs and symptoms coming together at the same
time
13. synonym ( noun) = two words that practically have the same meaning.
Example „system and method‟
14. synthesis ( noun) = a combination of parts to form a whole.
Root 127 THEO / THE = god
1. Theocracy (noun) = Government run by priests in the name of God
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2. theocentric ( adjective) = assuming God to be at the centre of all
things
3. theocrat ( noun) = one who favours a theocracy
4. theocratic ( adjective) = relating to a theocracy
5. theocratically ( adverb) = in the manner of a theocracy
6. Theology ( noun) = the study of elements of religion
7. theologist or theologian ( noun) = a scholar of religions and
religious studies
8. atheist ( noun) = a person who does not believe in the existence of
God
Root 128 Prefix ANA = up / back again/ excessive / too much
1. anabasis ( noun) = a journey in the upward direction
2. anachronism (noun) = a thing that is out of place or is an exception to the
circumstances
3. analogy ( noun) = a similarity between two things
4 analogue ( noun) = a situation that corresponds to another
5. analogous (adjective ) = corresponding to;
6. anagram ( noun) = a word formed from the scrambled letters of another word
7. Analyze ( verb) = examine all elements
8. analysis ( noun) = separation of each element from a compound; separation of
elements
9.analytic ( adjective) = treating of analysis
10 analytically (adverb) = in the manner of analysis
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Root 129 Suffix ISM = system / doctrine/ condition / manner /
characteristic
1. heroism ( noun) = a courageous manner of acting
2. colloquialism ( noun) = an informal style of speech as used by the
illiterate
3. despotism ( noun) = a system of government in which there is only one
ruler and whose voice is supreme. He rules not as per laws of the land but
as per his personal wishes.
4. jingoism ( noun) = An aggressive policy that displays a readiness for war
5. Nazism ( noun) = a doctrine adopted by the Nazi Party under Hitler in
Germany; also called fascism
6. nihilism ( noun) = a doctrine that denies the spiritual and moral
objectives of mankind
7. charisma (noun) = a divine gift in a personality that attracts and
impresses others
8. plagiarism ( noun) = the act of stealing others‟ ideas and presenting them
as one‟s own in writing. Theft of ideas in published form
9. realism ( noun) = a doctrine that allows only facts and reality
10. romanticism ( noun) = a tendency towards imagination and emotions /
sentiment
11. terrorism ( noun) = a system of controlling a group of people through the
use of terror
12. totalitarianism ( noun) = a system of government based on authoritarian
control. It is similar to despotism.
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Root 130 VERS / VERT = turn
1. averse ( adjective) = turned against
2. advertise ( verb) = to turn attention towards
3. controversial (adjective) = open to dispute and turning
4. conversant ( adjective) = acquainted with; familiar with; well known to
5. divert (verb) = turn attention away from
6. invert ( verb) = turn up side down; to divide by a fraction, invert and
multiply
7. obverse ( adjective) = facing the opponent
8. pervert ( verb) = to turn in to an improper use; immoral
9. reverse ( verb) = to turn back
10. reversible ( adjective) = can be reversed
11. subversive (adjective) = causing to undermine; as in subversive
activities of terrorism against a country
12. versatile ( adjective) = having an aptitude for many skills
13. versatility ( noun) = the quality of skills along many lines
14. versation ( noun ) = a turning; twisting
15. versative ( adjective) = adaptable; versatile
16. version ( noun) = a changed form; an adaption
17. versus ( preposition) = against. Used mainly in legal records for cases
between two parties. A versus B.
18. vortex ( noun) = a double motion of water down a drain in a whirling
and twisting manner; a whirlpool.
19. vertigo ( noun) = a dizzy spell when everything seems to be turning
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Root 131 PED /POD = foot
1. pedestrian ( noun) = one who travels on foot
2. pedestal (noun) = the base of a statue
3. pedagogue ( noun) = one who leads a child; a teacher who shows off
his / her learning as if before a child (who knows very little)
4. pedantry ( noun) = false display of learning
5. pedal ( adjective) = relating to a foot
6. podium (noun) = a platform to stand and address a gathering; dais
Root 132 TACT / TAG / TANG / TING = touch
1. Tact ( noun) = a touch or feeling of what is appropriate
2. tactful ( adjective) = having the quality of tact
3. tactics (noun) = clever maneuvering; strategy in managing a business
or trade or a war / battle
4. tactician ( noun) = an expert in tactics
5. tactile ( adjective) = pertaining to the sense of touch
6. tactility ( noun) = perceptibility by touch
7. tangent ( noun) = a straight line that touches a circle at a single point
8. tangible ( adjective) = capable of being touched; perceptible
9. tangled ( adjective) = intertwined; snarled; as in tangled hair; tangled
wires; tangles ropes
10. contiguous (adjective) = touching
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11. contingent ( adjective) = possible but not certain
12. contingency ( noun) = uncertainty; possibility
13. contact ( noun) = a touching
14. contagion ( noun) = transmission of a disease
15. contagious ( adjective) = catching
16. intangible ( adjective) = cannot be touched;
17. intangibility ( noun) = the quality of not being touchable.
Root 133 JUS / JUR = law
1. juror ( noun) = one who serves by law on a jury
2. jury ( noun) = a group of twelve persons who are legally sworn to
hear a legal case and give a just verdict
3. justice ( noun) = a just judgment
4. justification ( noun) = a just cause for action
5. adjustment ( noun) = settlement
6. adjure ( verb) = to bind as if by a solemn oath
7. abjure ( verb) = to swear away under oath; to reject
8. conjure ( verb) = to swear together; to entreat; as in to conjure the
king to be merciful
9. conjurer ( noun) = a magician; a trickster
10. abjuration ( noun) = to renunciation by solemn oath
11. abjuratory ( adjective) = containing a disavowed
12. adjuration ( noun) = a solemn appeal
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13. adjuratory ( adjective) = tending to solemn appeal; begging
14. jurisdiction ( noun) = a legal right and power to determine
15. jurist ( noun) = one who is well versed in law
16. jurisprudence (noun) = law or that which is recognized as law
17. juristic ( adjective) = relating to jurisprudence.
Root 134 TEMPO / TEMPOR = time
1. tempo ( noun) = rate of speed. Plural is „tempi‟
2. temporal ( adjective ) = limited by time
3. temporality ( noun) = the quality of being limited by time
4. temporary ( noun) = for the time being
5. pro tem ( adverb) = for the time being
6. temporize ( verb) = to comply with time or circumstances
7. temporariness ( noun) = impermanence
8. temporarily( adverb) = for the present
9. contemporary ( noun) = those who live at the same time
10. contemporaneous ( adjective) = happening at the same time
11. contemporaneously ( adverb) = at the same time
12. extempore ( adverb) = on the spur of the moment; impromptu;
unprepared
13. extemporaneous ( adjective) = improvised; made up on the spur of
the moment
14. extemporaneously ( adverb) = impromptu; unprepared
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Root 135 TRIB = pay; bestow
1. tribute ( noun) = a sum of money paid as a fine to a conqueror
2. tributary ( noun) = a stream of water that flows in to a larger river
3. attribute ( verb) = to regard as a cause
4. attribute ( noun) = a high quality
5. attributive ( adjective) = ascribing a quality or a characteristic
6. contribute ( verb) = to give money to a cause
7. contributory ( adjective) = giving for a cause or endeavor
8. contribution ( noun) = an offering
9. distribute (verb) = to divide among many
10. distribution ( noun) = a sharing
11. distributive ( adjective) = tending to give a share to each one
12. distributor ( noun ) = one who distributes
13. retribution ( noun) = the act of paying back
Root 136 ALTER / ALLO / ALI = other
1. alias ( noun) = the other name; an assumed name
2. alibi (noun) = a proof of being at another place at the time
3. alien ( noun) = coming from another country ; not a native
4. alienable ( adjective) = can be transferred to another
5. inalienable ( adjective ) = cannot be transferred to another
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6. alienate ( verb) = to estrange; to transfer one‟s attention or
affection to another
7. alienation ( noun) = the act of alienating
8. alter ( verb ) = to change
9. alteration ( noun) = a change
10. alter ego ( noun) = a friend so close that he could be that person
himself
11. altercate ( verb) = to dispute; to wrangle
12. alternate ( adjective ) = by turns, now one then the other.
13. alternative ( noun) = the other option; the other way out
Root 137 Prefix EPI = upon / beside / among
1. epi carp ( noun) = the outer layer of a fruit
2. epidermis ( noun) = the outer layer of human skin
3. epiglottis ( noun) = a thin cartilage below the tongue
4. epigram ( noun) = a clever, pithy saying
5. epithet ( noun) = an expression that gives a good description
6. epigraph ( noun) = a quotation placed at the beginning of a
narrative that suggests the theme
7. episode ( noun) = one part among many; a separate incident in a
long narrative; as an episode of a serial
8. epitome ( noun) = an abridged summary of a topic
9. epitomize ( verb) = to abridge
10. epilogue ( noun) = the concluding part among the whole work
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Root 138 MAR / MARI = sea
1. marine ( adjective) = relating to the sea
2. mariner ( noun) = a sailor
3. maritime ( adjective ) = relating to commerce and navigation
4. marina ( noun) = a dock for re-fitting of boats and ships
5. marigenous ( adjective) = produced in or by the sea
6. marinorama ( noun) = a panoramic view of the sea
7. marsh ( noun) = a wet swampy land near the coast where the
sea tide has stopped reaching; therefore it gets half watery and
half sandy; morass land that is too watery to be cultivated
8. marshy ( adjective) = swampy
Root 139 SIMIL / SIMUL = like / resembling/ similar to
1. similar ( adjective) = resembling in many respects
2. similarity ( noun) = resemblance
3. simile ( noun ) = a figure of speech that compares two unlike
things to indicate something that is common. “ I wandered
lonely as a cloud‟ ( Wordsworth)
4. similize (verb) = to compare; to copy
5. similor ( noun) = an alloy resembling gold in colour
6. simultaneous ( adjective ) = two or more events happening at
the same time
7. simultaneously ( adverb) = happening concurrently
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8. simulate ( verb) = to pretend; put on an act to make a certain
impression
9. simulator ( noun ) = one who simulates; as a simulator to train
motor drivers in a machine that is a replica of a motor car;
simulator for pilots is a replica of an airplane and so on
10. simulation ( noun) = pretence; counterfeit display through
acting
11. dissimilar ( adjective ) = not showing any resemblance
12. assimilate ( verb) = to make similar
Root 140 Prefix SE = apart; aside; with out
1. seclude ( verb ) = to set apart ; aside
2. seclusion ( noun) = the state of being shut alone
3. secure ( verb) = set aside carefully to protect
4. security ( noun) = condition of being protected
5. secret ( noun ) = a thing hidden or set apart
6. secretary ( noun) = a personal assistant who is trusted with
secrets
7. secede ( verb) = withdraw; to separate oneself from a party
or a group or government
8. secession ( noun) = state of withdrawal from government
9. sedition ( noun) = conduct that is tending towards treason
10. seduce ( verb) = to lead astray by fraud
11. select ( verb) = to choose one from many and set it apart
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12. segregate ( verb) = to seclude; to cut off from general mass
or group
13. separate ( verb) = to disunite; to disconnect; to severe from
others
Root 141 Prefix CATA = down
1. cataclysm ( noun) = a downward sweep of water as in the mountains or
during floods. A disaster
2. cataract ( noun) = a large water fall
3. cataclysmic ( adjective) = in the nature of a cataclysm
4. catalyst ( noun) = a chemical combination that starts a reaction
5. catalogue ( noun) = a list of names set down in a register
6. catapult ( noun) = an ancient apparatus for hurling stones at the enemy
from a distance
7. catastrophe ( noun) = a moment of tragedy or personal calamity
8. catastrophic ( adjective) = In the nature of a great disaster or a calamity
Root 142 STRU / STRUCT = build
1. structure ( noun) = a building; an arrangement
2. structural ( adjective) = relating to an arrangement
3. construction ( noun) = the act of bringing together all the elements of a
building
4. construe ( verb) = to explain; to arrange words in a manner that makes
sense
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5. destructive ( adjective) = tending to hinder or destroy
6. industry ( noun ) = building one‟s own job through diligence; productive
business
7. industrious ( adjective) = energy and zeal to work
8. instructor (noun) = one who builds knowledge and information through
teaching or instructing
9. instruction ( noun) = information; education
10. instructive ( adjective) = tending to teach
11. instrument ( noun) = a tool to build with
12. instrumental ( adjective) = relating to an instrument helpful in building
13. instrumentalist ( noun) =one who plays a musical instrument
14. obstruct ( verb) = to build against; to prevent building
15. obstruction ( noun) = that which blocks , clogs, hinders, or prevents
building of something
16. obstructive ( adjective) = hindering, preventing
17. reconstruct ( verb ) = build again
18. reconstruction ( noun) = rebuilding ; remaking
Root 143 ACID / ACRI / ACER = bitter / sour / sharp
1. acerate ( adjective ) = sharp like a needle
2. acerbic ( adjective) = bitter, harsh, irritating
3. acerbity ( noun) = bitterness, sharpness of speech or tongue
4. acid ( noun ) = a sour substance
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5. acidity ( noun ) = the quality of sourness
6. acidic ( adjective) = acid forming
7. acrid ( adjective) = sharpness, irritation or harshness as of smoke in the
eyes
8. acrimony ( noun) = bitterness in feelings
Root 144 HYDRO / HYDRA / HYDR = water
1. hydrant ( noun) = a pipe with a spout from which water may be drawn
2. hydraulic ( adjective) = acting or moving by water power
3. hydraulics ( noun) = use of water for generating power and moving
machinery
4. hydroscope ( noun) = a device that enable one to see through water
even at great depths in the oceans and the seas
5. hydrosphere ( noun) = the water vapour in the atmosphere
6. dehydrate ( verb) = shortfall of water in the body; removing of water
from vegetables to preserve them
Root 145 GEN = race; kind of; variety of
1. gender ( noun) = one of a kind; masculine gender, feminine gender;
neutral gender
2. gene ( noun) = one of the elements in hereditary development
3. general ( adjective) = relating to all kinds
4. generic ( adjective) = belonging to a particular race or kind or
variety
5. generation ( noun) = the process of producing offspring
6. genesis ( noun) = the beginning; the development
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7. genetics ( noun ) = the study of heredity
8. genre ( noun) = a species; a kind; a type of living organism
9. genuine ( adjective) = pure; unalloyed; without any mixture
10. genial ( adjective) = favourable to growth; kindly
11. congenial ( adjective) = relating to growing together; kind by nature
12. indigenous ( adjective) = inborn; innate
Root 146 SPEC / SPECT/ SPECTRO = see / observe / watch
1. spectacle ( noun) = a grand show or display
2. spectacular ( adjective) = appealing to sight; thrilling show
3. spectator ( noun) = one who looks on to a show; one who observes
4. spectrum ( noun) = wavelengths of colour created by passing of a
ray of white light through a prism
5. spectrometry (noun) = the measuring of wavelengths of rays of light
6. spectrology ( noun) = the science of spectrums
7. special ( adjective) = relating to some particular quality
8. specialist ( noun) = one who is an expert in a special activity
9. specimen ( noun) = a sample of a certain kind or variety
10. specious ( adjective) = pleasing to look at but is deceptive
Root 147 STEREO = solid
1. stereo( noun) = an abbreviation for referring to stereo system
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2. stereotype( verb) = to fix in a lasting form
3. stereogram ( noun) = a picture of objects in relief
4. stereometry ( noun) = the art of finding the volume of solid figures
or objects
5. stereotomy ( noun) = the art of cutting solids
6. stereoscope ( noun) = an instrument which gives to pictures an
impression of solidity
7. stereoscopy ( noun) = the science that deals with stereoscopic
effects and methods
8. stereoplasm ( noun) = the solid part of protoplasm of a cell
9. stereome ( noun) = the strengthening tissue in plants
Root 147 Prefix HEMI / DEMI / SEMI = half
1. hemialgia ( noun) = pain in one half of the head
2. hemisphere ( noun) = half of the globe
3. demitasse ( noun ) = a very small cup, half the size of the normal
cup, used for having coffee after dinner
4. semicircle ( noun) = half the circle
Root 148 DIC / DICT = to say / to declare
1. dictate ( verb) = to command or proclaim with authority
2. dictator (noun) = one who rules with absolute state powers with
himself
3. diction ( noun) = language or choice of words
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4. dictionary ( noun) = a reference book of words
5. dictum ( noun) = the statement of a dictator that has to be obeyed
6. dictatorship ( noun) = rule of a dictator
7. dictatorial ( adjective ) = in the nature of a dictator
8. contradict ( verb) = to speak against someone or something; to
declare something to be wrong
9. indicate ( verb) = to point out
10. indication ( noun) = a sign of
11. indicator ( noun) = that which points to something
12. indict ( verb ) = to charge with some offence
13. indictment ( noun) = an official or legal charge
14. indicative ( adjective ) = pointing out; bringing something to
notice or attention of others
15. prediction ( noun) = telling about a future event; a prophecy
16. malediction ( noun) = words of ill-will; a curse
Root 149 Prefix AGI / AGO / AG = move / go / does
1. agent ( noun) = one who does business for another person
2. agency ( noun) = office or function of an agent
3. agenda ( noun) = a list of work to be done in a meeting or a day
4. agile ( adjective) = one who moves quickly; quick to move; active
5. agility ( noun) = the quality of quickness in movement
6. agitate ( noun) = keep moving when tense or excited
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7. agitation ( noun) = excitement; disturbance; civil commotion
8. agitant ( noun) = one who is active in course of an action
9. agitator (noun) = a male who agitates
10. agitatrix ( noun) = a female who agitates
11. antagonist ( noun) = an opponent; one who plays the part of opposing
the hero in a drama; the villain
12. antagonize ( verb) = to annoy; to alienate someone through one‟s
behaviour
13. agog ( adjective) = full of ; eager; astir
14. pedagogy ( noun) = the study of teaching methods
15. demagogy ( noun) = one who stirs up a crowd for political gains or
personal gains through his speech
Root 150 JUNCT / JOIN = join
1. junction ( noun) = a place of meeting
2. juncture ( noun) = a joining; a concurrence of circumstances
3. conjunction( noun) = a word that joins two parts of a sentence
4. conjunctive ( adjective) = tending to join
5. conjuncture ( noun) = a coming together of events
6. adjunct ( noun) = something added
7. adjunctive ( adjective) = tending to join together
8. disjoin ( verb ) = to separate
9. enjoin ( verb) = to lay an order upon not joining; to forbid
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10. injuncture ( noun) = the act of enjoining; a restraining order
given by court of law
11. inter-junction (noun) = a mutual joining
Root 151 LIBER / LIVER = free
1. liberal ( adjective) = relating to freedom and liberty
2. liberalize ( verb) = to make free
3. liberalization ( noun) = the act of liberalizing
4. liberalism ( noun) = a doctrine of generous freedom to all in all matters
5. liberalist ( noun) = one who believes in liberalism
6. liberality ( noun ) = the quality of being broadminded; generousity
7. liberate ( verb) = to set free
8. liberator ( noun) = one who sets others free
9. deliverance ( noun) = the state of being released; of becoming free
Root 152 HAB / HABIT = live; have
1. habit ( noun) = a behaviour patter; a usage; a custom
2. habile (adjective) = able; skilful
3. habitat ( noun) = a natural abode of plants and animals
4. habitation ( noun) = a dwelling place
5. inhabit (verb) = to live in; to establish as a residence
6. inhabitant ( noun) = one who lives permanently in a place
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7. rehabilitate ( verb) = to make able again; to settle again
8. rehabilitation ( noun) = the act of making able again.
Root 153 FIN / FINIS = end; finish
1. final ( adjective) = relating to the end
2. finale ( noun) = the last section of a classical musical composition
3. finis ( noun) = the end; conclusion
4. finish ( verb) = to reach the end; to complete
5. finite ( adjective) = limited by a definition or definite number
6. finity ( noun) = the quality of being finite
7. infinite ( adjective) = without any end or limit
8. infinity ( noun) = eternity; endlessness;
9. infinitesimal ( adjective) = so tiny that it cannot be measured
10. affinity ( noun) = a resemblance; a relationship; an attraction
11. finial ( noun) = the very topmost end; the crowning detail
12. define ( verb) = to mark the limit;
13. definitive ( adjective) = conclusive
Root 154 JUD / JUDI / JUDIC = judge; lawyer,
1. judgment ( noun) = a legal decision or opinion
2. judge ( noun) = a legal officer who has the authority to give judgments; a
judicator
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3. adjudicate ( verb) = to settle a matter between two parties through a judicial
decree
4. judicative ( adjective) = judicial
5. judicatory ( adjective) = exercising judicial functions
6. judicial ( adjective ) = relating to administration of justice
7. judicious ( adjective) = possessing sound judgment
8. judiciously ( adverb) = wisely; soundly
9. injudicious ( adjective) = not having sound judgment
10. injudiciously ( adverb) = unsoundly; unwisely; unreasonably
11. prejudice ( noun) = discrimination; bias against a person without basis
12. prejudicial ( adjective ) = biased; damaging without proof
Root 155 PRIM / PRIME = first
1. primacy ( noun) = the state of being first in rank
2. primal ( adjective) = original; first at the beginning
3. primary ( adjective) = first in order of time
4. primarily ( adverb) = the first place; originally
5. primate ( noun) = first in rank, quality, authority
6. prime ( adjective) = the best; the foremost
7. primer ( noun) = an introductory book to teach reading
8. primitive ( adjective) = from the earliest times
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Root 156 Prefix SUR = over ; above; in addition to; more than
1. surcharge ( noun) = an additional charge over and above the price
2. surface ( noun) = the top layer
3. surfeit ( verb) = eating too much to the extent of feeling ill; excessive eating
4. surmise( verb) = to have a superficial opinion based on little evidence; to guess
5. surpass ( verb) = to go ahead of; to transcend
6. surplus ( noun) = over plus; abundance; excess
7. surround ( verb) = to go around on all sides; to encircle
8. surveillance ( noun) = supervision; the watch over all
9. survey ( verb) = look over with an appraising eye; to oversee
10. surveyor ( noun) = one who oversees
11. survive ( verb )= remain alive longer than others
12. survival ( noun) = continuing to live
13. survivor ( noun) = one who remained alive
Root 156 VIV, VIVI, VITA = alive; life
1. vital ( adjective) = relating to life; most critical factor
2. vitals ( noun) = the body parts that are essential for life
3. vitality ( noun) = the state and quality of being alive
4. vitamin ( noun) = one of the essential constituents of food
5. vitaminize ( verb) = enrich foods by adding vitamins
6. vivace ( adjective) = in a brisk, lively and spirited manner
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7. vivacious ( adjective) = full of life
8. vivacity ( noun) = the quality of being full of life; animated
9. revive ( verb) = bring back to life
10. survive ( verb) = live through and beyond an ordeal
Root 158 CYCL / CYCLO = wheel, circle, circular
1. cycle ( noun) = a complete course of operation returning to the original point of
starting
2. cyclic ( adjective ) = moving in circles or cycles; cyclical
3. cyclone ( noun) = a very strong wind blowing in a circular motion ; a tornado
4. cyclopedia ( adjective) = the range of human knowledge
5. cycloscope ( noun) = a machine that measures velocity of rotation
6. cyclonology ( noun) = study of cyclones
Root 159 Prefix INTRO = in to / inward
1. introduce ( verb) = lead in to ; to present
2. introduction (noun) = the act of presenting
3. introspect ( verb) = to look with in one‟s own mind; inward
4. introspective ( adjective) = seeing inwardly
5. introvert ( noun) = one who prefers to look inwards and be alone
6. introvert ( verb) = to draw in; to turn in
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7. introversion ( noun) = the act of turning one‟s thoughts inwards
Root 160 SIGN / SIGNI = sign / mark / seal
1. sign ( verb) = to affix one‟s name, a mark or a seal on a document
2. insignia (noun) = a distinguishing mark meant to identify something
3. signatory ( noun) = one who signs with another in a joint statement
4. signature ( noun) = the name of a person written in his / her own handwriting
5. signal ( noun) = a gesture to call attention
6. signify ( verb ) = to show; to make evident
7. significance ( noun) = value; importance
8. significantly ( adverb) = importantly
9. insignificant ( adjective) = having no importance
10. design ( noun) = an intention; a plan of action
11. designated ( adjective) = selected
12. designation ( noun) = a selection or appointment; an aim or target to be reached
Root 161 INTELLECT / INTELLIG = power to know and think
1. intellect ( noun) = the human faculty to know and understand
2. intellectual ( adjective) = relating to the power of know and understand
3. intellectual ( noun) = one who is guided by the power of knowledge
4. intelligent ( adjective) = having the power to think
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5. intelligently ( adverb) = in the manner of an intelligent person
6. intelligence ( noun) = the capacity to understand
7. intelligible ( adjective) = that which can be understood
8. intelligibility ( noun) = the quality of being understandable
9. intelligentsia ( noun) = the intellectual and artistic class of people in a society
10. unintelligent (adjective) = not using the power to think and understand
11. unintelligently ( adverb) = in an unthinking manner
12. unintelligible ( adjective) = not clear; not understood
Root162 LUC / LUM / LUN / LUS = light
1. lucent ( adjective) = giving light; shining
2. lucid ( adjective ) = clear, bright, filled with light
3. luminary ( noun) = someone who is well known in his / her profession;
own who shines and leads with professional competence; an famous
intellectual
4. luminous ( adjective) = full of light; brilliant; lustrous
5. luminosity (noun) = the quality the light
6. luster ( noun) = sparkle; gloss; glaze
7. elucidate ( verb) = to make clear; to explain; to bring in the light of
understanding
8. illuminate ( verb) = to make bright; to light up
9. translucent ( adjective ) = materials that allow light to pass through them
10. lunatic = struck by moon light; gone insane in love
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Root 163 Suffix FY = make
1. vitrify ( verb) = to make into glass
2. zincify ( verb) = to coat with zinc; to galvanize
3. calcify ( verb) = to harden; to make stony
4. diversify (verb) = to make in various forms and colours
5. fortify ( verb) = to strengthen
6. fructify (verb) = to make fruitful
7. ratify (verb) = to approve legally; as in to ratify a treaty
8. testify (verb) = to bear witness
9. terrify (verb) = to frighten
10. verify ( verb) = to affirm the truth
11. unify (verb) = to make as one; to bring together
12. amplify ( verb) = to enlarge; to expand
Root 164 VOLCAN / VULCAN = fire
1. Vulcan ( noun) = Roman God of fire
2. vulcanist ( noun) = a metal worker
3. vulcanian ( adjective) = relating to work done with iron and other
metals. This is because all metals need high degrees of temperature
to change their shape
4. volcano ( noun) = a mountain erupting fire and lava
5. volcanic ( adjective) = like a volcano
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6. volcanology ( noun) = the study of volcanoes. Is a specialized area
study under Geology
7. volcanologist ( noun) = a person who studies and specializes in
volcanic activities and can predict when a dormant volcano is likely
to become active again
8. vulcanite ( noun) = a rare rock from a specific volcano. This is
because normally all rocks convert from their solid state in to the
semi liquid state called lava due to volcanic heat. If a rock survives
the volcanic heat to retain its solid form it means that it has a special
structure and composition that needs temperatures of higher degrees
to convert its form. That is why they are very rare.
9. vulcanize ( verb ) = to undergo volcanic heat
Root 165 SUME / SUMP = take, use, waste
1. assume ( verb) = to take for granted without verifying; to suppose
something to be true and correct without any proof
2. assumption ( abstract noun) = the act of taking for granted
3. assuming ( adjective) = taking for granted; arrogant ( because a
very proud person believes that whatever he / she has thought of is
correct)
4. assumed ( adjective) = taken. Example „ He was masquerading as a
teacher under an assumed name‟
5. assumptive ( adjective) = assuming; supposing
6. consume ( verb) = to use up; to waste away.
7. consumer ( common noun) = one who consumes goods of some
kind
8. consumption ( abstract noun) = the act of using up; the act of
wasting away.
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9. consumptive ( adjective) = affected by the wasting away of the
breathing capacity of the body. Also called tuberculosis or
consumption as the strength of the body is wasted away to cause
premature death.
10. consumable( adjective) = goods that can be used up
11. consumedly ( adverb) = excessively
12. presume ( verb) = to take upon oneself more than the situation
justifies; assuming with out permission
13. presumably ( adverb) = supposedly
14. presumption ( abstract noun) = the quality of presuming too much;
arrogance ; audacity ( a feeling of bravery that is foolish and false
because the situation demands caution)
15. presumptuously ( adverb) = arrogantly; audaciously
16. Resume ( verb) = to take up again after a break
17. sumptuous (adjective) = excessive and full. Example, a sumptuous
meal.
18. sumptuousity ( abstract noun) = a tendency to display wealth
lavishly and unnecessarily. Lavish means „more than required or
more than necessary‟
19. sumptuously ( adverb) = lavishly; expensively
Root 166 Prefix EU = pleasant, good, well
1. Eulogy ( noun) = words of praise especially for someone who
has died recently.
2. euphony ( noun) = a pleasant sound
3. euphonious ( adjective) = full of pleasant sound; harmonious
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4. euphemism ( noun) = the use of pleasant words to convey
something unpleasant. Avoiding the use of harsh and unpleasant
words. Example: Saying that a person has „passed on‟ instead of
saying that he has „died‟.
5. euphoria ( abstract noun) = a false feeling of well being or great
happiness.
6. Eurasia (abstract noun) = a state of physical well being; a state
of full physical fitness.
7. eurhythmic ( noun) = the art of gracious movements as in
dancing
8. eureka ( noun) = an expression of triumph meaning „ I have
found it‟ make famous by Archimedes after he found the
scientific principle behind „floating of objects‟ on water and
other liquids
Root 167 HEMA / HEMO = blood
1. hemoglobin ( noun) = an element in red blood corpuscles
2. hemachrome (noun) = the red colouring matter in the blood
3. hematic ( adjective ) = containing blood
4. hematose ( adjective ) = full of blood.
5. hemal ( adjective) = pertaining to blood vessels or blood
6. hemoid ( adjective) = like blood
7. hemophilia ( noun) = a deficiency in blood that prevents it
from clotting, and therefore bleeding cannot be controlled
even from a small wound
8. hemitropic ( adjective ) = affecting the blood
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Root 168 SCOPE = to see; to watch
1. bioscope ( noun) = an instrument that projects moving
pictures
2. helioscope ( noun) = an instrument to view the Sun
without injury to the eyes
3. periscope ( noun ) = an instrument for viewing on all sides
4. telescope ( noun) = an instrument for viewing distant
objects as if they are near
5. kaleidoscope ( noun) = an instrument showing various
scenes
6. stethoscope ( noun ) = an instrument for hearing sounds
produced by the heartbeats and the lungs
7. thermo scope ( noun) = an instrument for measuring
(viewing) changes in temperature
8. microscope ( noun) = an instrument for viewing organisms
or material too tiny to be viewed by the human eye
9. fluoroscope ( noun) = an instrument for viewing the inside
of solid objects
Root 169 DEM / DEMO = people
1. demos ( noun) = the people or the members of a community
2. democracy ( noun) = a form of government in which the
people periodically elect their representatives to govern the
country on behalf of the people
3. democrat ( noun) = one who believes in democracy
4. democratic ( adjective) = a believer in the system of
democracy
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5. democratically (adverb) = in the manner of democracy
6. democratize ( verb ) = to shape in to a democracy
7. anti-democratic ( adjective) = against or opposed to the
principles of democracy
Root 170 PORTION = a part or a share
1. portion ( verb) = to divide in to parts
2. portion ( noun) = a part from a whole
3. apportion ( verb) = to give out a portion to each
4. portionable ( adjective) = anything that can be divided in to
parts or shares
5. portioner ( noun) = one who divides
6. portionless ( adjective) = without a portion. Also said for
someone without a dowry ( a share of wealth received
during one‟s wedding)
7. proportion ( noun) = the relation of one share to the other
8. proportionate ( adjective) = being in proportion
9. proportionately ( adverb) = being in proper share or measure
10. proportional ( adjective ) = divided in to right portions or
shares
11. proportionality (abstract noun) = the quality or being
proportionate
12. proportioned ( adjective) = divided equally and fairly
13. disproportion ( adjective ) = not in proportion; not suitable
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14. disproportionate ( adjective ) = not fairly apportioned;
unfairly divided
15. disproportionately ( adverb) = not fairly divided or
apportioned
Root 171 VEN / VENI / VENT = come
1. venture (verb) = taking up a new path not taken by others
before. Therefore it is unknown and full of risks
2. venture (noun) = putting money in a business project that is
unknown and filled with risks
3. adventure ( noun) = a new and remarkable experience
4. adventurer ( noun) = one who undertakes new and risky
experiences
5. adventurous ( adjective) = venturesome
6. event ( noun) = a happening; a result
7. eventful ( adjective) = full of excitement and importance.
Example „Olympic games are always eventful‟
8. eventually ( adverb) = finally
9. convene ( verb) = come together
10. convention ( noun) = a coming together of a large number
of persons for a formal discussion; a congress
11. convenient ( adjective) = accommodating; suitable;
agreeable
12. convenience ( abstract noun) = personal comfort
13. conventional ( adjective) = the usual thing
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14. intervention ( abstract noun) = the act of coming between
15. prevention (abstract noun) = coming before to stop
something
16. preventive (adjective) = tending to stop the coming –
example „a preventive dose of polio drops given to
children‟. or „a preventive measure‟
Root 172 LOC / LOCO = place
1. locality ( noun) = the place where one‟s residence is located
2. locomotion ( noun) = the act of moving from place to place
3. locomotive ( noun) = a self propelled vehicle
4. locus ( noun) = a place; a locality
5. locate ( verb) = to assign a place to; to find a place for
6. locator ( noun) = one who locates
7. dislocate ( verb) = to move away from its place
8. dislocator ( noun) = one who or that which dislocates
9. dislocation ( abstract noun) = the state of being dislocated
10. dislocated ( adjective) = removed from their places
11. relocate ( verb) = to put back in place
12. relocated ( adjective) = put in to place again after dislocation
13. relocation ( abstract noun) = the act of replacing something or
some one
14. allocate ( verb) = to assign; to allot; to apportion
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Root 173 VER / VERI = true; genuine
1. veracity ( noun) = truth; accuracy
2. verify ( verb ) = to cross check and confirm the truth
3. verification ( abstract noun) = a confirmation
4. verifiable ( adjective) = that which can be verified
5. verisimilar ( adjective) = having the appearance of truth
6. verisimilitude ( abstract noun) = the likeness of truth
7. veridical ( adjective) = truthful
8. verily ( adverb) = it is truly the truth
9. very ( adjective ) = exact and absolute
10. veritable ( adjective) = true
11. veritability ( abstract noun) = the quality of truthfulness
Root 174 LOC / LOQUI = speak
1. loquacious ( adjective) = talkative; garrulous
2. loquacity ( noun) = the quality of being garrulous; garrulity; talkativeness
3. circumlocution ( noun) = a roundabout way of saying something
4. elocute ( verb) = to speak out in public; to declaim
5. elocution ( noun) = public speaking; oratory; declamation
6. elocutionist ( noun) = a professional speaker
7. eloquence (noun) = Speech marked with fluent diction and imaginative
fervour
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8. eloquent ( adjective) = expressing oneself with fluency and force
9. obloquy ( noun) = blame or abuse
10. obloquious ( adjective) = characterized by obloquy
11. loquent ( adjective) = inclined to speak
12. soliloquy ( noun) = a long speech to oneself; a monologue
13. soliloquize ( verb) = to talk to oneself earnestly
14. soliloquacious ( adjective) = having a tendency to soliloquize
15. interlocution ( abstract noun) = a conversation; interchange of speech
16. interlocutor (common noun) = one who takes part in an interlocution
17. interlocutory ( adjective) = relating to an interlocution
Root 175 NUNCI / NOUNC = declare ; warn
1. announce ( verb) = to make known to the public; to inform everybody
2. announcer ( noun) = one who makes announcements on a public occasion
3. announcement ( noun) = information given to the public
4. enunciate ( verb ) = to pronounce carefully
5. enunciation ( noun) = pronunciation; articulation
6. pronounce ( verb) = to declare; to articulate
7. pronouncement ( noun) = a formal announcement; a formal declaration
8. pronunciation ( noun) = articulation; utterance; the manner of speaking
9. renounce ( verb) = retract; revoke; abdicate; give up
10. renunciation ( noun) = the act of giving up ; abdication
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11. denounce ( verb) = to inform against someone or something; to accuse
12. denunciation ( noun) = the act of informing against
13. denunciable ( adjective) = something that should be informed against
14. denunciatory ( adjective) = characterized by denunciation
Root 176 Root PLU / PLUR / PLUS = more
1. plural ( adjective) = more than one
2. plurality ( noun) = the state of being numerous; majority.
3. pluralism ( noun) = the state of one person holding more than one job
4. pluralize ( verb) = to convert singular nouns in to plural forms
5. plurative ( adjective) = more than half but less than all
6. plurennial ( noun) = a plant living for many years
7. plurilingual ( adjective) = speaking more than one language
8. plus ( adjective) = indicating that something is to be added
9. plurivorous ( adjective) = fungi; lower form of plant organisms that live on
more than one host organism
Root 177 PUT = think
1. putation ( abstract noun) = the act of thinking
2. compute ( verb ) = to calculate
3. computable ( adjective) = can be thought out
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4. computation (noun) = calculation
5. computer ( noun) = a computing machine
6. depute ( verb) = to appoint as agent; to delegate
7. deputation ( noun) = delegation
8. deputy ( noun) = one appointed to substitute for another
9. dispute ( verb) = to disagree about a matter; to argue; to quarrel
10. disputation ( noun) = a formal debate on a matter that brings out the
various aspects for or against it
11. disputatious ( adjective) = argumentative; quarrelsome
12. disputable ( adjective) = debatable
13. impute ( verb) = charge with; accuse; ascribe to
14. imputation ( noun) = accusation; insinuation
15. repute ( noun) = esteem; good name
16. reputation ( noun) = good or bad public opinion about a person
17. reputable ( adjective) = esteemable; honourable
Root 178 JAC / JEC / JECT = throw; lie
1. adject ( verb) = to add to
2. adjective ( noun) = a word that adds to the meaning of a noun; not
standing alone.
3. adjectival ( adjective) = using many adjectives
4. conject ( verb) = to plan; to surmise
5. conjecture ( verb) = to surmise; to form an opinion
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6. dejected ( adjective) = low in spirit; cast down with sorrow or lack of
success
7. dejection ( noun) = the condition of despair; depression
8. eject ( verb) = to throw out
9. ejaculate (verb) = to cry out loudly like a baby
10. ejection ( noun) = the act of throwing out
11. inject ( verb) = to insert; the opposite of eject
12. injection ( noun) = the act of putting fluid based medicine in to the body
through a syringe and needle
13. introjection ( noun) = the act of throwing oneself in to a cause
14. objection ( noun) = disapproval; refusal to accept; throwing out the
argument
15. projection ( noun) = to throw forward
16. rejection ( noun) = a refusal; a denial
17. abject ( adjective) = lying very low in morality level; degrading oneself;
abasing; debased
18. abjection ( noun) = abasement; degradation
Root 178 PATER / PATR = father
1. patriarch ( noun) = the head of a family or tribe
2. patrimony ( noun) = the system of handing down the immovable property
from father to son, without any share for the daughter.
3. patronymic ( noun) = the father‟s name added to the name of the child
4. paternal ( adjective) = relating to the father
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5. paternity ( noun) = the responsibility of fatherhood
6. patron ( noun) = a wealthy person who supports a cause or an artist (
usually a musician, a painter, a sculptor, writer) for his livelihood
7. patronize ( verb) = to act like a patron; to protect; support; to treat someone
as dependent or lower than oneself
8. patriot (common noun) = one who loves and serves his country as if he is
serving his father
9. patriotism ( abstract noun) = love for one‟s country
10. patriotic ( adjective) = like a patriot
11. unpatriotic ( adjective) = not loving one‟s country; opposite of patriotic
12. expatriate ( noun) = one who leaves his country to live in another country
Root 179 Root CUB / CUMB = lean back; lie down
1. accubation ( noun) = the posture of leaning or lying down
2. incumbent ( noun) = one who holds an official post
3. incumbency ( noun) = sphere of action of holder of a post
4. encumber ( verb) = to place a burden upon
5. encumbrance ( noun) = a burden
6. incubate ( verb) = to help grow by keeping warm
7. incubus ( noun) = a frightful dream; a nightmare
8. recumbent ( adjective ) = leaning back; lying down
9. recumbence ( noun) = the state of lying down
10. succumb ( verb ) = to sink under a burden or pressure
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Root 180 VIC / VICIS = change; substitute; deputy
1. vicissitude ( noun) = change in fortune
2. vicissitous ( adjective) = experiencing frequent changes in fortune
3. vicissitudinous ( adjective ) = filled with changes of fortune and difficulties
4. vicissitudinary ( adjective) = characterized by changes of fortune
Root 181 BENE / BON = well; good
1. benefit ( noun) = an advantage
2. beneficial ( adjective) = wholesome, good
3. benefactor ( noun) = one who benefits others
4. benediction ( noun ) = a blessing
5. benevolent (adjective) = being good hearted
6. bonny ( adjective) = sweet and attractive
7. bonus ( noun) = an extra benefit
8. bonanza (noun) = an unusually rich vein of gold or silver in a mine
9. bounty ( noun) = a reward; a gift; generosity
10. bountiful ( adjective) = generous; munificent
11. bountifully ( adverb) = generously
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Root 182 Suffix EE =one who receives the action
(All are nouns in this list)
1. alienee = one who receives property through a transfer
2. donee = one who receives a donation or a gift
3. assessee = one whose property is assessed
4. assignee = one to whom a duty is assigned
5. devotee = one who is devoted
6. deportee = one who is deported or legally sent out of a country
7. employee = one who is employed
8. fiancée = one who is engaged
9. legatee = one who has a legacy bequeathed to him / her
10. mortgagee = a person to whom a property is mortgaged
11. nominee = one who is nominated
12. refugee = one who flees from a place for personal safety
13. referee = one who calls and controls a game
14. trustee = one who holds a position of trustee
15. expellee = one who is expelled (thrown out) from an organization or country
Root 183 Prefix OB ,OP,OF = against; facing
1. object ( verb) = to oppose or refuse
2. oppressive ( adjective) = harsh pressures
3. offend ( verb) = to cause pain; to displease
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4. oblige ( noun) = one who must carry out the duty
5. obligate ( verb) = to bind by duty
6. obligatory ( adjective) = a binding requirement
7. oblige ( verb) = to bind by favour, or service or force
8. obliterate ( verb) = to erase; to blot out
9. oblivious ( adjective) = unaware; forgetful
10. obscene ( adjective) = against decency
11. oppose ( verb) = to place oneself against
12. occult ( adjective) = to keep hidden
Root 184 GRAT = pleasing
1. grateful ( adjective) = thankful; appreciative
2. gratify ( verb) = to please; to satisfy
3. gratification ( noun) = state of being satisfied
4. gratuity ( noun) = extra money not earned
5. gratuitous ( adjective) = not called for; not required
6. gratuitant ( noun) = one who receives a favour
7. gratulatory ( adjective) = having the quality of pleasing
8. gratitude ( noun) = thankfulness; appreciation
9. gratulate (verb) = congratulate; express joy at an event
10. congratulate ( verb) = rejoice together
11. ingrate ( noun) = one who is ungrateful
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12. ingratitude ( noun) = opposite of gratitude; thanklessness
13. ingratiate ( verb) = to worm oneself in to favour of powerful people through
sycophancy; be a sycophant
Root 185 Prefix INTRA = between
( All words are adjectives)
1. intra school = within the school
2. intra group = within the group
3. intra coastal = within the coastal waters
4. intra continental = within the continent
5. intra marginal = with the margins
6. intravenous = within the veins
Root 186 Prefix INTER = between
1. Inter school = between schools
2. Inter college = between colleges
3. international = between nations
4. inter-continental = between continents
Root 187 Suffix INE = nature of
1. divine ( adjective) = of the nature of god; Godly
2. feminine ( adjective) = of the nature of women
3. masculine ( adjective) = of the nature of men
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4. genuine ( adjective) = natural; free of artificiality
5. medicine ( noun) = the science and art of dealing with cures of physical
ailments
6. pristine ( adjective) = of the nature of primary; the first; the new
7. calcine ( verb) = reduce to a powder
8. routine ( adjective) = according to the regular schedule of work
9. saline ( adjective) = of the nature of salt; consisting of salt
10. turbine ( noun) = a powerful rotary engine
Root 188 MULTI / MULTUS = many / much
1. multifold ( adjective) = folded many times
2. multifarious ( adjective ) = varied; diversified
3. multilateral (adjective) = many sided
4. multilingual ( adjective ) = relating to many languages
5. multi-linguist ( noun) = one who speaks many languages
6. multiple ( adjective) = consisting of more than one
7. multiplication ( noun) = an arithmetic process of increasing a
number quickly
8. multiply (verb) = to increase a number quickly by multiplication
9. multiplicity ( noun) = the quality of being multiple
10. multitude ( noun) = in great number; cannot be counted
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Root 189 MEDI = half; half-way; middle; between
1. medial ( adjective) = relating to the middle
2. median ( adjective) = intermediate
3. mediate ( verb) = to come between
4. mediator ( noun) one who comes between
5. mediacy ( noun) = the state of coming between
6. medieval ( noun) = the historical period coming between ancient and
modern periods
7. mediocre ( adjective) = of middle quality; average
8. mediocrity ( noun) = average capacity; middle quality
9. immediacy ( noun) = the need for immediate attention; urgency
10. medium (noun) = a person have the capacity to make contact with the
supernatural
11. mediterranean ( adjective) = lying between lands; having land on all
sides
Root 190 PUNCT = point; dot
1. punctuality ( noun) = the quality of being punctual
2. punctual ( adjective) = being exactly on time
3. punctal (adjective) = relating to a point
4. punctilio ( noun) = exactness; precision in form
5. punctuate ( adjective) = ending in a point. Therefore, Punctuation.
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Root 191 POTEN / POTES / POSSE = power
1. potent ( adjective) = powerful; capable
2. potency ( noun) = degree of power
3. potential ( adjective) = having the possibility of development
4. potentiality ( noun) = the ability to develop
5. omnipotent ( adjective) = all powerful
6. possessor ( noun) = one who possesses property
7. possible ( adjective) = able to be
8. possibility ( noun) = the state of being possible
9. impotent ( adjective) = opposite of potent; lacking power; without
power
Root 192 DORM = sleep
1. dormant ( adjective) = in a state of sleep
2. dormitive ( adjective) = causing sleep; putting to sleep
3. dormition ( noun) = the state of falling asleep
4. dormient ( adjective) = sleeping
Root 193 NOV = new
1. nova ( noun) = a star that suddenly increases in light
2. renovation ( noun) = the state of being renewed; made new again
3. novel ( adjective) = new; not familiar; strange
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4. novel ( noun) = A long story in the form of a book
5. novelty ( noun) = something new and unusual
6. novice (noun) = one who is new in a profession
Root 194 PLAC / PLAIS = please
1. placet ( noun) = an expression of accent
2. placid ( adjective) = calm; unruffled
3. placidity ( noun) = the state of being calm
4. placable ( adjective) = able to be smoothened; able to be
appeased
5. implacable ( adjective) = cannot be appeased
6. complacent (adjective) = self satisfied
7. complacency ( noun) = self satisfaction
8. complacently ( adverb) = in a satisfied manner
Root 195 FLUC / FLUX / FLUV = flowing
1. Fluctuant ( adjective) = moving like a wave
2. fluctuate ( verb) = move in an unsteady motion
3. flush ( verb) = to flow and spread suddenly
4. fluid ( noun) = a flowing substance
5. fluent ( adjective) = flowing easily
6. fluency ( noun) = the quality of being fluent
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7. fluidity ( noun) = the quality of a fluid
8. fluminose ( adjective) = relating to rivers
9. fluviose ( adjective) = flowing freely
10. affluent ( adjective ) = flowing freely; prosperous
11. effluent ( adjective ) = flowing out
12. influence ( verb ) = to flow in
Root 196 VALE / VALI / VALU = strength; worth; valour
1. valetude ( noun) = health; strength
2. valedictory ( noun) = a farewell address
3. valediction ( noun) = a farewell
4. valiant ( noun) = a brave person
5. equivalent ( adjective) = of equal value
6. valiancy ( noun) = the quality of bravery
7. valid ( adjective) = strong; legally correct
8. validity ( noun) = truth; legal strength
9. validate ( verb ) = make valid
10. validation ( noun) = the act of making valid
11. validatory ( adjective) = relating to validation
12. valour ( noun) = value; worth
13. valorous ( adjective) = having the quality of bravery
14. value ( noun) = the purchasing price
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15. evaluate ( verb) = to find out the value; to appraise actual
worth
Root 197 CORPOR / CORP = body
1. corporal ( adjective) = relating to the body
2. corporality ( noun) = the state of being a body
3. corporate ( adjective) = combined into a body
4. corporately ( adverb) = in the manner of being a
corporation
5. incorporate ( verb) = to make in to an association of
persons by a legal enactment
6. corporation ( noun) = a body of persons who have been
incorporated
7. corpulence ( noun) = excessive fatness of the body; obesity
8. corpulent ( adjective ) = being excessively fat; obese
9. corps ( noun) = a group organized for a common cause
10. corpse ( noun) = a dead body
Root 198 SAT / SATIS = enough
1. sate ( verb) = to satisfy with food
2. satiate ( verb) = satisfied fully
3. satiable (adjective) = can be fully satisfied
4. insatiable ( adjective) = cannot be satisfied
5. satiability ( noun) = the state of being satisfied
6. satisfy ( verb) = to give as much as is needed
7. satisfactory ( adjective) = giving what is needed
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8. satisfaction ( noun) = the state of being satisfied; gratification
9. unsatisfactory ( adjective) = not giving what is wanted
10. unsatisfactorily ( adverb) = in a manner that does not satisfy
11. dissatisfaction ( noun) = the state of not being please
12. insatiably ( adverb) = never able to be satisfied
13. saturate ( verb) = soak thoroughly; fill completely
14. saturation ( noun) = the state of being filled completely
15. unsaturated ( adjective) = not completely filled
Root 199 VAC = empty
1. vacate ( verb) = to leave; to make empty
2. vacant ( adjective) = empty; not occupied
3. vacancy ( noun) = the state of being empty
4. vacation ( noun) = a period of rest from work for a few days
5. vocational ( adjective) = relating to a vacation
6. vacuum ( noun) = a space entirely devoid of air or any other
matter
7. vacual ( adjective) = relating to a vacuum
8. vacuous ( adjective) = empty of thought or activity; inane
9. evacuee ( noun) = one who is being taken out of a danger zone
10. evacuate ( verb) = to make empty by removing people
11. evacuation ( noun) = the act of evacuating
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12. vacantly ( adverb) = idly; emptily; inanely
Root 200 MACRO / MEGA / MEGNA / MAGNI = large; great
1. macrometre ( noun) = an instrument for measuring size and
distance of objects
2. macrocosom ( noun) = the universe
3. macrocosmic ( adjective ) = relating to the Universe
4. macrograph ( noun) = a magnified photograph of an object
5. magnify ( verb) = to make larger; to intensify
6. magnanimity ( noun) = quality of generosity and kindness
7. magnanimous ( adjective) = a generous person
8. magnanimously ( adverb) = large heartedness; generosity
9. magnification ( enlargement) = an enlargement seen through a
magnifying glass
10. magnificent ( noun) = on a large scale; made great
11. magnitude ( noun) = physical greatness; bigness; quality
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