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AnalgesicsDrugs for relief of pain, acting on the central nervoussystem and reduce without loss of consciousnessTwo types: *Narcotic Analgesics *Non-narcoticAnalgesics.Non- narcotic Analgesics: Dont produce significant depression of the central nervous system. e.g.salicylates and related compoundsNarcotic Analgesics: Produce depression of the central

nervous system.Classified into:*Natural Analgesics e.g.morphine, codeine*Synthetic Analgesics e.g. pethidine, methadoneNARCOTIC ANALGESICSNaturally Occurring:Morphine opium alkaloid obtained from papaver somniferummorphine is generally used as sulphate andhydrochloridestructure of morphine-isoquinoline alkaloidsolutions of morphine are sterilized at 98-100 for 30min with bactericide.

The Para-aminophenol derivatives -Analgesic and antipyretic effects.-Not useful anti-inflammatory drugs.-Commonly used drugs are Phenacetin and para-acetamol.Anticonvulsant Anticonvulsant medications- are primarily used forthe treatment of epilepsy, but may also have a place inthe treatment of neuropathic pain, bipolar affectivedisorder and migraine prophylaxis.usually initiated after a history of two seizures, whenfurther seizures are likely and when the benefit of treatment is anticipated to outweigh the adverseeffects of medicationis generally guided by the type of epileptic seizure, therisk of adverse effects and the presence of co-morbidities.

Epilepsy any of a group of syndromes characterized byparoxysmal transient disturbances of brain functionmay be manifested as episodic impairment or loss of consciousness, abnormal motor phenomena, psychicor sensory disturbances, or perturbation of theautonomic nervous system; symptoms are due todisturbance of the electrical activity of the brain.symptoms are due to disturbance of the electricalactivity of the brainTYPES OF EPILEPSYabsence epilepsy that characterized by absenceseizures, usually having its onset in childhood oradolescence.focal epilepsy that consisting of focal seizures.generalized epilepsy epilepsy in which the seizuresare generalized; they may have a focal onset or begeneralized from the beginning.grand mal epilepsy a symptomatic form of epilepsy,often preceded by an aura, characterized by suddenloss of consciousness with tonic-clonic seizures.

jacksonian epilepsy epilepsy marked by focal motorseizures with unilateral clonic movements that start inone muscle group and spread systematically toadjacent groups, reflecting the march of epilepticactivity through the motor cortex.juvenile myoclonic epilepsy a syndrome of suddenmyoclonic jerks, occurring particularly in the morningor under periods of stress or fatigue, primarily inchildren and adolescents.

Lafora's myoclonic epilepsy a form characterized byattacks of intermittent or continuous clonus of musclegroups, resulting in difficulties in voluntarymovement, mental deterioration, and Lafora bodies invarious cells.MUSCLE RELAXANTMuscle relaxants are not really a class of drugs, but rather a group of different drugs that each has anoverall sedative effect on the body. These drugs do not act directly on the muscles; rather they act centrally(in the brain) and are more of a total body relaxant.Typically, muscle relaxants are prescribed early in acourse of back pain, on a short-term basis, to relieve

low back pain associated with muscle spasms. Thereare several types of muscle relaxant medications that are commonly used to treat low back pain.NEURO MUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENTS-NMBAs -are commonly found in critical care unit stock forindications requiring respiratory and skeletal muscleparalysisin circumstances such as to manage increasedintracranialpressure,-Neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs)- areconsideredhigh- alert drugs: drugs that bear a heightened risk of causing significant patient harm when they are used inerror..Drugs acting on the Cardiovascular SystemAnti-Hypertensive DrugsDiuretics- help the kidneys eliminate excess salt andwater from the body's tissues and blood.Calcium channel blockersCalcium channel blockers -block the entry of calciuminto muscle cells in artery walls.VasodilatorsVasodilators -act directly on the smooth muscle of arteries to relax their walls so blood can move moreeasily through them; they are only usedin hypertensive emergencies or when other drugshave failed, and even so are rarely given alone.Alpha-2 agonists -Central alpha agonists lower bloodpressure by stimulating alpha-receptors in the brainwhich open peripheral arteries easing blood flow.Antiarrhythmic agent - Antiarrhythmic agents are agroup of pharmaceuticals that are used to suppressabnormal rhythms of the heart (cardiac arrhythmias ),such as atrial fibrillation , atrial flutter , ventriculartachycardia , and ventricular fibrillation .

http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/epilepsyhttp://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/epilepsyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_channel_blockerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_channel_blockerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasodilatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasodilatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertensive_emergencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertensive_emergencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertensive_emergencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceuticalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceuticalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceuticalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_arrhythmiashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_arrhythmiashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_arrhythmiashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrial_fibrillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrial_fibrillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrial_fibrillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrial_flutterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrial_flutterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrial_flutterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_tachycardiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_tachycardiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_tachycardiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_tachycardiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_fibrillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_fibrillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_fibrillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_fibrillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_tachycardiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_tachycardiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrial_flutterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrial_fibrillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_arrhythmiashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceuticalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertensive_emergencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasodilatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_channel_blockerhttp://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/epilepsy

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Antianginal agents A drug may be classified by the chemical type of theactive ingredient or by the way it is used to treat aparticular condition. Each drug can be classified intoone or more drug classes.DRUGS ACTING ON THE IMMUNE SYSTEMAnti-Inflammatory Agents-Also called NSAIDs

-Reduces pain and swelling-Reduces fever-Block the effects of special enzymes in makingprostaglandins

Vaccines and SeraVaccines

Derived from Edward Jenners use of termCow Pox

Preparation intended to produce immunity Stimulates production antibodies Contains agent that resembles disease causing

microorganismsImmune Modulators

Protects the body against disease on a cellularlevel

Stops growth of infectious agents Modifies the action in the immune system Acts as immunostimulants

Sera contains antibodies also called immune serum Provides passive immunity to a specific

antigen

Sedatives and hypnotics are controlled substances used to promote

sedation in smaller doses and promote sleepin larger doses

Sedative and hypnotics are classified into two: 1. Barbiturates

have been implicated in manysuicides and fatalities due toaccidental overdoses, especiallycombined with any anti depressantsor alcohol

they are particularly dangerousbecause they are metabolized andexcreted slowly; that is they have anextended half-life, remaining in thesystem longer.

therefore the use of barbiturates forsedation is restricted to specific,limited circumstances in which thepatient is closely monitored.

nonbarbiturates Have supplanted barbiturates as sedative

hypnotics and have less potential for abuse. withdrawal effects are observed after long

term use and respiratory depression (whentaken in alcohol ) can be potentially fatal.

Anti Parkinsonian agents Antiparkinsonian drugs

Usually given for Parkinsons disease.

depression Frequently described as chemical imbalance In many depressed patient, certain chemicals

in the brain may be short in supply.NEUROTRANSMITTER Chemicals in the brain like dopamine,

serotonin and norepinephrine ANTIDEPRESSANT

medications, sometimes called moodelevators, are used primarily to treat patients withvarious types of depression.

Four Types of antidepressant 1. Tricyclics

the mechanism of antidepressant action of thetricyclics involvespotentiation of norepinreprine andserotonin activity byblocking their reuptakepresynaptically.

their pharmacology alsoincludes stronganticholinergic activityresponsible for many of theside effects seen.

Have delayed action,elevating the mood andincreasesing alertness aftertwo to four weeks.

2. Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) were discovered as

part of researc withisoniazid (INH), ananti tubercular drug.

the mechanism of antidepressant action of MAOIs involve increasing concentrations of serotoin, norepinephrine and dopamine in theneuronal synapse by inhibiting the MAOenzyme.

3. Selective Serotonin ReuptakeInhibitors(SSRIs)

Considered to be the first- linemedications for treatment of depression.

They are preferred because of fewerside effects, greater safety in cases of overdose, and increase patient compliance

selectively block the reabsorption of the neurotrasmitter serotonin, thushelping to restore the brainschemical balance.

4. Heterocyclic Antidepressant

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Also called fever blisters, you don't get coldsores from fevers or colds but they can betriggered by them. The virus that causes coldsores is usually passed via a kiss, sharedutensils, or other close contact. OTC creamsand ointments may help discomfort and speedhealing. Frequent sores may require aprescription. Cold sores are a top mouthproblem. Other problems include canker

sores, TMJ, bad breath, and mouth cancer.Thrush Caused by candida yeast, thrush is most

common in older adults or babies. But aweakened immune system, antibiotics,diabetes or certain medications such asinhaled corticosteroids can give candida achance to grow wild. Wiping away the patcheswill cause soreness. Black Hairy Tongue

This painless condition occurs when the littlebumps on your tongue grow long and trapbacteria that live in your mouth -- makingyour tongue look black and hairy. Causes caninclude antibiotic use, poor oral hygiene,smoking, drinking a lot of tea or coffee, andnot producing enough saliva.

Brushing your tongue and using a tonguescraper is usually all you need to treat it,though sometimes medication is necessary.

Canker Sores No one knows what causes these small,

painful blisters inside your mouth. Triggersinclude hypersensitivity, infection, hormones,stress, and not getting enough of somevitamins.

Also called aphthous ulcers, canker sores canshow up on your tongue, cheek, even yourgums. They usually last a week or two.

Persistent, severe canker sores can be treatedwith numbing creams, prescription medicines,or dental lasers.

Leukoplakia Leukoplakia is a reaction to an irritant, like

rough teeth, badly fitting dentures, smoking,and smokeless tobacco. It can show up aswhite patches or plaques in the mouth, isusually painless, and can't be scraped off.

Leukoplakia can also be a precancerouscondition.

Persistent patches or other changes in yourmouth need a dentist's evaluation.

Lichen Planus A rare rash that shows up as lacy, white

patches or red shiny bumps on the inside of the cheeks or tongue could be lichen planus.No one knows what causes it.

Geographic Tongue When parts of your tongue are missing some

of their small bumps, you end up with raised

and lowered spots, giving your tongue a map-like appearance.

Oral Cancer A mouth sore that doesn't go away.

Unexplained numbness in the face, mouth, orneck. Problems chewing, speaking orswallowing.

These are a few symptoms of oral cancer.Causes can include smoking cigarettes and

using smokeless tobacco, drinking heavily,overexposure to the sun, and a family historyof cancer.

Chipped Teeth Munching on ice or hard candies, grinding or

clenching teeth, even exposing teeth to heat and cold can lead to chips, cracks, and breaksin your teeth.

Gum Disease When periodontal (gum) disease develops,

bacteria in plaque accumulate along the gumline. Gingivitis is the first stage of gum disease.

Periodontitis The next stage of gum disease is periodontitis,

or gum infection. Increased inflammationcauses the gums to recede, forming pocketsbetween the teeth and gums. These pocketstrap tartar, plaque, and food debris that eventually lead to infection and abscesses.

"Lie" Bumps According to an old wives' tale, telling a lie

causes a bump on your tongue. So-called "liebumps" or transient lingual papillitis arecommon even if you tell only the truth.

MOUTHWASH Mouthwash or mouth rinse is a

chemotherapeutic agent used as an effectivehome care system by the patient to enhanceoral hygiene.

GASTRIC ACID INHIBITORS Gastric acid inhibitors are medications that

reduce the production of stomach acid. Theyare different from antacids, which act onstomach acid after it has been produced andreleased into the stomach.

ANTISPASMODIC Which are anticholinergic in action ( blocking

parasymphatetic nerves impulses) used to reduce strength and frequency of

contraction of the urinary bladder. Antacids An antacid is a substance which neutralizes

stomach acidity. Antacids either directly neutralize acidity,

increasing the pH, or reversibly reduce orblock the secretion of acid by gastric cells toreduce acidity in the stomach.