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1
54
1 . . 2547 4 . . 2552
4.6 5.1
. . 2552 9 22 7
8
. . 2552
* 22% 9%
70%
LPG 8%( )
LPG 9%( )
82%
861,876 326,000
* 80,000
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1
55
4 . . 2552
2.2
. . 2552
221,479
85,116 (38%)
33,304 (15%)
7,868 (4%)
5,389 (2%)
23,129 (10%)
580 (0.3%)
4,189 (2%)
1,812 (1%)
20,541 (9%)
39,551 (18%)
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1
56
10,000 360,000
(dynamic)
1 ( . . 2523-2532) 3 ( . . 2547- ) 30
( .)
( ) 1 (NPC I)
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1
57
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58
. . . . .
. 5
RIL
(condensatesplitter) (feedstock) (integration)
IRPC (TPI ) . .
.
.
.
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59
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60
(industrial capacity)
. . 2514
. . 2540
. . 2554 29 12 7 10
(economies of scale)
1 (
)
3 1
40 . . 2545 55 . . 2554
. . 2554
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
02514 2523 2525 2537 2538 2539 2540 2541 2542 2543 2544 2545 2546 2547 2548 2549 2550 2551 2552 2553 2554
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61
.
( )
. . IRPC ( TPI ) . .2553 .
80
/
35
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
PTTGroup
Others
SCGGroup
Others
SCGPTT
2546 2551 2553
35
3025
20
15
10
5
0
5
37
7
42
13
255425492545
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1
62
. PTT Group
(ole ns) (aromatics)
. . 2553 . 14
. ( )
. ( ) 2 IRPC
( )
. ( )
PTT Group
PP
Petrochemical
Olens andderivatives
Aromatics andderivatives
OleochemicalPetroleum
Petroleum
exploration
Natural gasseparation
Lube baseplant
Gasolinestation chain
Renery
Methyl ester
Fatty alcohols
Ethylene
EG
Ethanolamine
Ethoxylate
LDPE
LLDPE
HDPE
VCM
PVC
Propylene
Phenol/Acetone
ACN
MMA
Polyol/PU
Butadiene
Benzene
Cyclohexane
SM
PS
EPS
ABS/SAN
Toluene
P-Xylene
O-Xylene
Mixed-Xylene
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63
. . 2456
. . 2532 (HDPE)
SCG-Dow Group
. . 2553
RIL 2
SCG
Petrochemicals
Olensand derivatives
Aromaticsand derivatives
C1 chemistryand derivatives
MF resinsEthylene
LDPE
LLDPE
HDPE
VCM
PVC
Propylene
PO
BR
SBR
SBL
Butadiene
MTBE
Butene-1
MMA BMA
Benzene
SM
PS
Toluene
PTA
PET
PP
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65
Website
Asia Petrochemical Industry Conference (APIC) www.apic-online.org
Arab Fertilizer Association (AFA) www.afa.com.egEuropean Chemical Industry Council (CEFIC) www.ce c.org
The European Petrochemical Association (EPCA) www.epca.be
The Association of Petrochemicals Producers in Europe(APPE)
www.petrochemistry.net
The Latin American Petrochemical Association (APLA) www.apla.com.ar
The Methanol Institute www.methanol.org
National Petrochemicals and Re ners Association (NPRA) www.npra.org
The Canadian Chemical Producers Association (CCPA) w
The Japan Petrochemical Industry Association (JPCA) www.jpca.or.jp
The Korean Petrochemical Industry Association (KPIA) www.kpia.or.kr
The Petrochemical Industry Association of Taiwan (PIAT) www.piat.org.twThe Chemicals and Petrochemicals Manufacturers
Association (CPMA) www.cpmai.com
The Malaysian Petrochemicals Association (MPA) www.mpa.org.my
The Singapore Chemical Industry Council (SCIC) www.scic.sg
The Petrochemial Industry Club under the Federation ofThai Industries( )
www.ftipc.or.th
The Petroleum Institute of Thailand( ) www.ptit.org
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/ Website
www.che.eng.ku.ac.thhttp://mat.eng.ku.ac.th/ index.htm
http://chem.sci.ku.ac.thhttp://physics.sci.ku.ac.th/
http://chemsci.kku.ac.thwww.chem.eng.chula.ac.th
www.ppc.chula.ac.thwww.chemtech.sc.chula.
ac.th/ www.chemistry.sc.chula.ac.th/home.htm
http://gensci.sc.chula.ac.th/ www.sc.chula.ac.th/matsci/
www.sc.chula.ac.th/ petrochem/home.htmlwww.science.cmu.ac.th/ department/ic/
www.cmuchem.com/ www.che.eng.kmutt.ac.th
http://science.kmutt.ac.th/ WebChem/index.html
www.jgsee.kmutt.ac.th
www.ic.kmutnb.ac.th/
www.en.rmutt.ac.th/ www.sut.ac.th/engineering/ polymerhttp://science.sut.ac.th/ chemistry/
www.che.engr.tu.ac.thwww.siit.tu.ac.th
http://chemistry.buu.ac
www.eng.mut.ac.th/Chemical
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/ Website
http://chemw.sc.mahidol.ac.th/ www.eg.mahidol.ac.th/dept/ egche/
http://eng.swu.ac.th/ department/che dept.htmlwww.eng.su.ac.th
www.sc.psu.ac.thwww.kmitl.ac.th/che/people/ index.html
www.kmitl.ac.th/chhttp://chem.sci.ubu.
- - www.mtec.or.th/index.php - - www.nanotec.or.th/ nanotec th/
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-methylstyrene (AMS) ()
( -ole n) ( styrene) (methylgroup, -CH3)
1 (alpha, ) C9H10
( cumene) ( benzene)
( propylene) ( dehydrogenation)
(intermediate) (plasticizer) (resin)
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2
-2- -2-
-lactam
(heteroatom) 3 1
1-butene 1- ( alkene) 4
C4H8 1 (isomer) 1- 2- ( 2-butene) ( iso-butene)
1-
4 ( mixed C4) (by product) (cracking) ( ole n) ( ) ( naphtha)
(extractive distillation)
(molecular sieve adsorption) (intermediate) (comonomer) (ethylene)
( high density polyethylene) ( linear low density polyethylene)
2-butene 2- ( alkene) 4
C4H8 2 (isomer) 1- ( 1-butene) 2- ( iso-butene)
2 -2- (cis-2-butene) 70 -2- (trans-2-butene) 30
4 4 ( mixed C4)
(by product) (cracking) (
) ( naphtha) ( butadiene) (butanone)
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2
4
absorption
(Nernstpartition law) (partition coe cient, KN)
KN = [x]1 /[x]2 [x]1 (solute) 1 [x]2 2 KN
(amine treating) (monoethanolamine (MEA)) (diethanolamine (DEA))
(methyldiethanolamine (MDEA)) (absorber)
(sweet gas)
(rich amine) (regenerator) (desorp) (lean amine)
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2
(aldehyde) (formyl group, -CHO) (methyl group, -CH
3) CH
3CHO
(Wackerprocess) (oxidation)
(II) (paladium (II) chloride, PdCl2) (II) (copper (II) chloride, CuCl2) (hydrochloricacid, HCl)
carbonylation)
(iodine-promoted rhodium)
( aceticacid)
acetic acid ,
acetaldehyde
(carboxylic acid) (carboxyl group,-COOH) (methyl group, -CH3)
CH3COOH
2 10
(methanol
(vinyl acetate)
( acetic anhydride) (ester)
acetic anhydride
(anhydride acid) (acyl group, RCO-) 2 R1CO- R2CO-
R1 R2 (methyl group, -CH3) C4H6O3
( acetic acid) (acetyl iodide) - (methyl acetate)
- (cellulose acetate)
(acetylsalicylic acid) ( )
( )
CH3CI + CH3COOCH3 CH3I + (CH3CO)2O
O OOH3C CH3
PdCI2, CuCI2, HCI, H2O120 C, 3 bar
CH3CHO
-
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2
acetone
(ketone) (carbonyl group, -CO-)
(alkyl group, R) 2 (methyl group, -CH3) C3H6O
(cumene process)
OC
H3C CH3
(methylmethacrylate) (polymethyl metacrylate (PMMA))
acetonitrile
(nitrile) (nitrile group, -CN) (alkylgroup, R) (methyl group, -CH3)
CH3CN
CH
C NH
H
( acrylonitrile) ( butadiene)
C6H5OH + CH3COCH3
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2
acetoxylation (carboxylic
group, RCOO-) 1,4- (1,4-butenediol)
1,3- (1,3-butadiene) 1,4- -2-
(1,4-diacetoxy-2-butene) 2
acetylene
(alkyne) 2 C2H2
(partialoxidation) ( methane) 1,500 2-3
(quench)
(cracking) ( vinyl chloride)
(vinyl cyanide)
acetylenic
( acetylene)
acid gas
(amine t (Ben eld process)
acrolein (aldehyde)
(formyl group, -CHO) (vinyl group, CH2=CH-)
C3H4O
(oxidation)
(bismuth molybdate (BiMo)) (glycerol)
280 (polyester resin) ( polyure-
thane) ( propylene glycol) (acrylic acid) ( acrylonitrile)
acrylamide
(amide group, -CONH2) (vinyl group, CH2=CH-)
C3H5NO
1,3- 1,4- -2-
1,4-
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2
(polymerization) ( acrylonitrile)
( hydrolysis)
( poly(acrylamide))
(water-soluble thickener)
acrylic-styrene-acrylonitrile (ASA) - - ( )
( copolymer) ( monomer) 3
(acrylic acid) ( styrene) ( acrylonitrile) (high gloss) (chemical resistance) (heat resistance)
CH2=CH-CN + H2SO4 + H2O
(NH4)2SO4 + CH2=CHCONH2
(high impact strength) (saturated hydrocarbon)
(low-aromatic gasoline) (lubricating oil) (vegetable andanimal oil)
inorganic acids and base)
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2
( monomer) -
- ( acrylonitile-butadiene-styrene) -
( styrene-acrylonitrile)
acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (ABR), nitrile rubber(NBR) - ( ), ( )
acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) - - ()
( copolymer) 3 ( acrylonitrile)
( butadiene) ( styrene) 50
acrylonitrile ( copolymer) ( acrylonitrile) (butadiene)
18-51
(non-polarsolvent) (heat resistance)
(abrasion resistance) -40 125
( exibility)
(hydraulic hose) (conveyorbelting) (graphic arts)
2CH3CH=CH2 + 2NH3 + 3O2
2CH2=CHCN + 6H2O
(nitrile) (nitrile group, -CN) (vinylgroup, CH2=CH-) C3H3N ( ) 53.06
0.81 -84 77
( propylene) (catalytic ammoxidation)
(bismuth molybdenum (BiMo))
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2 1,3-
- - ( )
(rigidity)
(processability)
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2
adipic acid (carboxylic)
(carboxyl group, -COOH) 2 4 (dicarboxylic acid)
C6H10O4 2
( cyclohexanol) ( cyclohexanone) -
(ketone-alcohol oil, KA oil) (nitric acid)
(glutaric acid) (succinic acid)
2 ( nylon) ( polyurethane)
(plasticizer)
( butadiene) ( carbonylation) -
(dicobalt octacarbonyl) (quinone)
HO
OOH
O
C6H11OH + HNO3 C6H10O4+ HNO2+ H2O
CH2=CHCH=CH2 + CO + CH3OH
CH3CH=CHCH2COOCH3 3-
CH3CH=CHCH2COOCH3 + CO + CH3OH
CH3OOC(CH2)4COOCH3 3-
CH3OOC(CH2)4COOCH3 + 2H2O
HOOC(CH2)4COOCH3 + 2CH3OH
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2
adiponitrile (nitrile)
(nitrile group, -CN) 2 4 C6H8N2
( butadiene) (hydrocyanation) (sodium cyanide,NaCN) (nickeltriaryl phosphite, Ni[P(OAr)3]4)
adsorbent 2
( zeolite) (porousalumina) (silica gel)
(activated carbon)
N
N
CH2=CHCH=CH2 + HCN CH3CH=CHCH2CN
NCCH2CH2CH2CH2CNHCN
1,6- (1,6-diaminohexane)
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2
adsorption
(interface) 2
(colloid) (adsorbate)
( adsorbent) (adhesion) (cohesion)
(layer) 2
(weak force) (van der Waals forces)
(London forces) (strong force) (ionic force)
(metallic force)
ageing, aging
(aging test) (oven)
(test tube)
K.O.pot
Regen gas
Valve
InsulationO-ring sealing
Gas phase
Liquid phase
Heat elementTest specimen
Internal diameter
Internal height
Safety valve
Manometer
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2
alcoholysis , (nucleophile)
(alcohol, ROH) (transesteri cation) (biodiesel) (-OR)
( hydrolysis) (ammonolysis)
aldol condensation (alpha)
(beta) (carbonyl group, -CO-) (hydroxylgroup, -OH)
* +
R
R
R
O OO O
OH
OH
HO
H3CO
O
R33
O
O
H3C-OH Catalyst+ +
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2
aldolization ( )
(enol) ( alkene) (hydroxyl, -OH)
(enolate ion)
(beta) (C=O)
(-hydroxy aldehyde)
(-hydroxyketone)
alicyclics, alicyclic hydrocarbon ,
( cyclohexane)
( cyclohexene)
( cyclohexanol) ( cyclohexanone)
aliphatics, aliphatic hydrocarbon
() (
3 ( alkane) ( alkene) ( alkyne)
( ethane) ( propane) ( ethylene) ( propylene) ( butadiene)
( acetylene)
alkane
- (para nic hydrocarbon) ( para n) CnH2n+2 n = 1,2, 3,
n = 1 ( methane) CH4 n = 2 ( ethane) C2H6 n = 3 ( propane) C3H8
1 2 ( alkane)
( ethylene) ( propylene)
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2
alkene
1 ( ole n) CnH2n n 2
n = 2 ( ethylene) C2H4n = 3 ( propylene) C
3H
6
( butadiene) ( polyethylene) ( ethylene oxide) ( ethylene glycol)
( ethyl benzene) (polypropylene)
( acrylonitrile) ( cumene) ( butadiene rubber)
- -
alkyl benzenesulfonate (alkyl group, R)
10-14 (sulfonigroup, -SO3H) ( benzene)
- ( Friedel-Craftsreaction)
(surfactant)alkylation
(alkylate) ( alkane)
( alkene) (alkyl group, R) (sulfuric acid)
2,2,3
2,2
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2
alkylbenzene (alkyl group, R) ( benzene)
(methyl group, -CH3) ( ethyl
benzene) (ethyl group, -C2H5)
alkylphenol (alkyl group, R)
( phenol) - (propyl phenol) (butyl phenol)
(octyl phenol) (nonyl phenol) 3
(long chain alkylphenols (LCAPs))
alkyne
1
CnH2n- 2 n 2
n = 2 (ethyne) C2H2
n = 3 (propyne) C3H4
( acetylene)
( vinyl chloride) ( butadiene)
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2
allylic polymerization (allyl)
(CH2=CH-CH2-Y) Y (-OH) (initiator) (free radical)
(free radical polymerization)
alpha ole n ( alkene)
(alpha)
2 (linear) (branch)
2) (reductive amination) (reductive alkylation)
(aldehyde) (ketone) ( amine)
3) (Mannich reaction) (aminoketone)
(aminoaldehyde) (carbonyl group, C=O)
N
R1
R2R3 R
4+
amination ( amine)
( ammonia) 1) ( alkylation) (alkyl group, R)
(quaternary ammonium
salt)
1- (1-hexene)
[CH3(CH2)nN(CH3)2CH2C6H5]+Cl-
CH3(CH2)nN(CH3)2 + ClCH2C6H5
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2
amine (functional group)
(lone-pair electron) 1 (-NH2) (alkyl group) (aryl group) (ammonia
derivatives) 1
(primary amine) 2 (secondary amine) 3
(tertiary amine) (amino acid)
(methylamine) ( aniline)
ammonia (inorganic compound)
3 NH3
3H2 + N2 2NH3
85
(ammonium nitrate) (urea)
(nitric acid) ( caprolactam)
(refrigerant)
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2
ammonium sulfate (inorganic salt)
(NH4)2SO4
ammonia)
(sulfuric acid)
2NH3 + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4
( caprolactam) ( acrylamide)
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2
ammonolysis , (nucleophile)
( ammon
(amide) (carboxylicacid) (ester)
(methylamide) ( acetic acid)
(benzene) 2
( hydrolysis) ( alcoholysis)
ammoxidation ,
( ammonia) ( alkene) (sohio process)
( acrylonitrile) ( propylene)
aniline, phenylamine, aminobenzene , , (aromatic amine)
(amine, -NH2) ( benzene) C6H7N
CH3COOH + NH3 CH3CONH2 + H2O
32
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2
aniline-formaldehyde resin -
( formaldehyde) ( aniline)
anionic polymerization
( addition polymerization) (active site) (anion)
(CH2=CH-X) (X) (initiator) (termination)
(active site) (living polymer) (blockcopolymer) - (styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR))
(methyl diphenyl diisocyanate (M ( polyurethane)
+ 3H2 + 2H2ONO2 NH2
cal
Init Init
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2
- (Friedel-Craft condensation)
( phthalic anhydride) 25-60
(aluminium chloride, AlCl3)
(alizarin)
anthraquinone (quinone) ( benzene)
2 (carbonyl group, -CO-) 2 2
(diketone)
90
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2
aromatic polyamide, aromatic nylon, aramid , ,
(aromatic ring) (stiffness)
(high strength ber) (bulletproof vest) (composite structures)
aromatics 6
(benzene, C6H6) (alkyl group) (functionalgroup)
4 ( benzene) (toluene) ( ethyl benzene) ( para-xylene) aroma
CH3CH2
H3C CH
3
CH3
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2
aromatization
(non-aromatic hydrocarbon) (benzene) ( toluene) ( xylene)
1) (direct dehydro-genation)
( naphthene,cycloalkane)
( cyclohexane)
2) (dehydroisomerization)
(methylcyclopentane)
atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) ()
( free radical polymerization
(I) (CuX)
) (R-X) R X R
( monomer)
3) (dehydro-cyclization)
(aliphatic hydrocarbon)
(n-heptane) 7 (toluene)
4) (high temperaturecondensation)
600-800
( propane) 3 ( methane)
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2
L
Ka Kd R-X ( )R M
( poly(acrylamide)) ( polystyrene)
methacrylate))
autoacceleration, gel effect, Tromsdorff effect, Tromsdorff-Norreffect , , , -
polymerization) ( bulk polymerization)
(molecular distribution)
azeotrope , 2
(simple distillation) (composition)
95.5
4.5 (nitric acid)
(perchloric acid) (hydro uoric acid) (sulfuric acid) ( acetone)
( methanol) (chloroform) (halothane) ( benzene)
(hexa uorobenzene)
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2
Condensate
Steam
Column
Pot/Reboiler
Reux
Receivers
Overhead
Distillate
Vapor Condenser
Reux drum
azeotropic distillation ,
( azeotrope) (entrainer)
(ethanol)
78.3 100
95.5 4.5 78.15
(ketone) 99.5
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2
azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) ( )
(benzoyl peroxide)
Beckmann rearrangement (oxime, R=N-OH)
(amide) (Ernst Otto Beckmann) . . 2429
(Beckmann solut ( acetic acid) (hydrochloric acid) ( acetic
anhydride) (sulfuric acid) ( cyclohexanone) ( caprolactam) (hydroxylamine, NH2OH)
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2
benzaldehyde (aromatic aldehyde)
(formyl group, -CHO) ( benzene) C7H6O
( toluene) ( chlorination) (benzal chloride) ( hydrolysis)
(hydrochloric acid)
(mandelic acid) (malachite green)
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2
benzene ( aromatics)
6 C6H6
( catalytic reforming)
(methyl group, CH3) (toluenedehydroalkylation) (toluene disproportionation)
( steam cracking) ( aliphatic hydrocarbon) (octane number)
(gasoline) (intermediate)
( styrene) ( phenol) ( cyclohexane)
Benzene
Ethylbenzene
Cumene
Cyclohexane
Aniline
Chlorobenzene
Acetone
Phenol
Styrene
Nylon 6
Polystyrene
Polycarbonate
Epoxy resin
Bisphenol-A
Adipic acid
Caprolactam
Phenolic resin
Nylon 6-6
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2
benzene-toluene-xylene (BTX) -- ( )
( benzene) ( toluene)
( xylene) (catalytic reforming)
( aliphatichydrocarbon) (octanenumber) (gasoline)
( toluene) (partial oxidation) 165
10.13 (cobalt acetate)
- (benzoyl chloride) (benzoate plasticizers) ( phenol)
benzoic acid
(aromatic carboxylic acid) (carboxyl group, -COOH)
( benzene) C7H6O2
biaxial orientation, biaxial stretch ,
2
(weak acid)
122.12 1.32 122.4 249.2
O OH
H3C CH3
CH3
12
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2
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2
( epoxy resin) ( polycarbonate)
( polyether ketone) ( polysulfone)
block copolymer ( copolymer)
(simple polymer) (diblock copolymer) (triblock copolymer)
- - ( acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)) (impact resistance) (toughness)
(strength) (rigidity)
(a)
(b)
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2
blow moulding, blow moulding process (thermoplastic)
(hollow object) (parison) (preform)
(mould) 2 (extrusion blow moulding)
(injection blow moulding)
Station 2
Blowmould
Stripperejection
Preformmould
Station 1
Station 3
Molded part
Mold Air hose
Die head
Moltenplastic
Blow pinExtruder
Molded partMold half
ParisonMold cavity
Coolinglines
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103
2
bromination (bromine, Br2)
( alkane) ( alkene) ( aromatics) 1,2- (1,2-dibromoethane)
(p-bromophenol) bromine number
100
bulk polymerization, mass polymerization ,
(monomer)
(initiator) (medium) (solvent)
(step polymerization) (condensationpolymerization) ( polyester) ( polyamide)
( chain polymerization) (conversion)
50
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2
4 4 ( mixed C4) ( (steam cracking)
( aliphatics) ( ole n) (polybutadiene) - (styrene-butadiene
rubber (SBR))
1,3-1,2-
-
butadiene ( alkene)
4 2 (diene) C4H6 2 (isomer) 1,2- (1,2-butadiene) 1
2 1,3- (1,3-butadiene) 1 3 1,2-
1,3-
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2
butadiene rubber (BR), buna rubber ( ),
butane ( alkane)
4 C4H10 2 (isomer)
(n-butane) ( iso-butane)
(propane) 30:70 40:60
(lique ed petroleumgas (LPG))
( acetic acid) (n-butene) (maleate anhydride)
( solution polymerization) 1,4 1,4
vinyl-1,2 (initiator) (elasticity)
(resilience) (abrasion resistance)
-
trans 1,4 - structure
cis 1,4 - structure
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2
butene, butylene , ( alkene)
4 1 C4H8 4
(isomer) 1- ( 1-butene) 1 -2- (cis-2-butene)
2 (methyl group, -CH3) -2-(trans-2-butene) 2
1-
2-
2-
4
(catalytic cracking) (gas oil)
(steam cracking) ( naphtha)
butyl rubber (
isobutylene) ( isobuty-lene) ( butadiene)
( 2)
/
(adhesion properties)
( bromiation) ( chlorination)
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2
butylene glycol (BG), butanediol ( ),
(diol) (glycol) (hydroxyl group,-OH) 2 4 C4H10O2 4 (isomer)
1,2- (1,2-butylene glycol) 1,2- (1,2-butanediol) 1,3-(1,3-butylene glycol) 1,3- (1,3-butanediol)1,4- (1,4-butylene glycol) 1,4- (1,4-butanediol) 2,3-(2,3-butylene glycol) 2,3- (2,3-butanediol)
1,4- 1,4-
1,4- 1,4-
(tetrahydrofuran) (-butyrolactone)
(pyrrolidone) (n-vinylpyrrolidone)
butylene oxide
(epoxide) (ethyl group, -CH2CH3) 2
(ethylene oxide) C4H8O
( butylene
glycol) (stabilizer)
(chlorinated solvent) (surfactant)
calendering process (plastic
sheet) ( lm) ( additive)
(hot mixer)
(calender rolls)
3 2 (PVC sheet)
(rigid PVC)
(soft PVC)
2,3-
1,2- 1,3-
1,4-
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2
caprolactam (cyclic amide) ( lactam)
(amide, -CONH-) C6H11NO
caprolactone (cyclic ester) (lactone)
(carboxylate group, -COO-) C6H10O2
6
6
6 (ring openingpolymerization)
HN
NHO
HNO O
n
O
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2Carothers equation
(Wallace Carothers) . . 2478
( ) (p)
(caprolactam) (ammonia)
(polycaprolactone) (ring opening polymerization)
- (Baeyer-Villiger oxidation) (Adolf von Baeyer)
(Victor Villiger) . . 2442
114.14 1.03 -1
253 ( cyclohexanone)
- (Baeyer-Villiger oxidation) (peracetic acid, CH3COOOH)
(agrochemica (toluene)
N 0 /N
carbonylation
(carbonylgroup, -CO- (aldehyde)
(ketone) (carboxylic acid) (ester) (amide)
(hydroformylation) (Reppe chemistry)
(p-tolualdehyde) (intermediate)
N 0 t
A B1. A B
r A B r 1
2.
A B
av
(1+r) 1+r-2rp
p (N 0 -N)/N 0
xn = 2/(2 - pf
av )
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2
casting
(continuous casting process)
(batch casting process) (cell casting process)
(Cover belt)
(Carrier belt)
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2
catalyst
(activation energy)
(heat of reaction)
(selective)
Energy = Ea = X, Y = , Z = G = (Gibbs free energy)
Reaction progress =
X, Y
Z
Ea (no calalyst)
Ea (with calalyst)
G
Reaction progress
E n e r g y
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2
(transition metal) (hydrogenation) (dehydrogenation)
(hydrogenolysis)
(iron) (nickel) (palladium)
(platinum) (gold)
(semiconductor) (transitionmetal oxide)
(oxidation) (dehydrogenation)
(desulfurization)
(nickel oxide) (zinc oxide)
(manganese oxide) (chromium oxide)
(bismuth oxide)/ (molybdenum oxide)
(tin oxide) (iron oxide)
(insulator oxide) (dehydration) (aluminium oxide)
(silicon oxide) (magnesium oxide)
(acid)
(acidic mixed oxide)
(polymerization) (isomerization)
(cracking)
(alkylation) (esteri cation)
(phosphoric acid) (sulfuric acid)
(boron uoride) (zeolite)
(polymerization) /(sodium/ammonia)
(transition metal complex)
(hydroformylation) (polymerization) (oxidation)
(metathesis)
/(titanium chloride/triethylaluminium)
/ (copper chloride/platinum chloride)
(dual function catalyst)
(isomerization) (hydrogenation) (dehydrogenation)
/ (platinium/silica
oxide-aluminium oxide)
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2
(benzene, toluene, xylene)(catalytic reforming) (naphtha)
-(platinum-supported silica-alumina
(ethylene oxide) (oxidation)
(ethylene) (oxygen)
(silver-supported silica)
(directchlorination) (ethylene) (chlorine)
(III) (iron (III) chloride) (II)
(copper (II) chloride)
(dehydrochlorination)
(ethylene dichloride)
(pumice) (charcoal)
(dehydrogenation) (ethyl benzene) (III) (iron (III) oxide)
(alkylation) (benzene)
(propylene) (sulfuric acid)
(Beckmann rearrangement)
(cyclohexanoxime)
(sulfuric acid)
(cobalt acetate) (sodium bromide)
(hydrobromicacid) (promoter)
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2
catalytic conversion
( catalytic reforming) (catalytic cracking) ( hydrocracking)
( hydrodealkylation) ( isomerization) ( alkylation) (polymerization)
catalytic reforming, catforming , (aliphatics)
( naphtha) ( aromatics) ( benzene) ( toluene)
( xylene) ( styrene) ( phenol) ( terephthalic acid)
(branched para n) ( cyclization) (isomerization) - (platinum-silica-alumina)
cationic polymerization (addition polymerization)
(active site) (anion) (vinyl monomer) 1-
(cation)
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2
cellulose (C6H10O5)
(C6H10O5)n 300,000-500,000 (dried wood) (jute)
( ax) (hemp)
cellulose acetate (CA) () ( cellulose)
( acetic acid) ( acetic anhydride) (sulfuric acid)
(toughness) (gloss) (transparent) (sheet)
(blister packaging) (cigarette lter)
CH2
OCOCH3
CH
CH
CH O
OCH
CH
H3
COCO OCOCH3
n
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2
cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) - ()
(environmental stress cracking resistance)
(impact strength) (dimensional stability) (toughness)
(moisture resistance)
(safety goggles)
n
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2
cellulose acetate propionate (CAP) ()
2-7 40 ( cellulose acetate)
(good surface quality) (impact strength) (weather
(dimensional stability)
cellulose triacetate (CT) ()
( acetic anhydride) (clarity) (tensile strength)
(heat resistance) (dimensionalstability) (book jacket) (magnetic recording tape)
OCOC2
H5
CH
CH
CH O
OCH
CH
H5
C2
OCO OCOC2
H5
n
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2
chain initiation, initiation ( chain polymerization)
(initiator) (heat) (radiation)
chain polymerization, addition polymerization ,
(CH2=CHX) (CH2=CX-CH=CH2) X
(saturated cyclic monomer)
1.
2.
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2
chain termination, termination ( chain polym
2 2 (combination coupling)
(disproportionation)
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2
chain transfer ( )
(monomer) (initiator) (solvent) (radical polymerization)
(2-mercaptoethanol) ( poly(acrylonitrile)) (benzyl peroxide)
chain-transfer agent (CTA) ( ) (polymerization)
(impurities)
(thiol)
(carbon tetrachloride)
charge-transfer polymerization ( chain polymerization) (monomer)
donor) (e 2
(repeating unit) 1:1 (
(MX
n) AlEtCl
2 ZnCl
2
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2
chlorinated polyether
121
chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) ()
( high densitypolyethylene (HDPE)) ( low density polyethylene (LDPE))
(free radicalmechanism) (ultraviolet light) (initiator) ( polyethylene) ( polyvinyl chloride)
(oxygen and ozone resistance)
(tear strength) (heat aging characteristic) (oil
and chemical resistance) (cableinsulation)
chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) ( ) 66-67
( ) ( )
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2
( acetylene) 2 (acetylene process)
HCC-CH=CH2 + HCl H2C=C=CH-CH2Cl 4- -1,2-
H2C=C=CH-CH2Cl H2C=CCl-CH=CH2 4- -1,2-
chlorination (chlorine)
( alkene)
( aromatics) (chlorine)
(ethylene) ( ethylenedichloride) (intermediate)
( vinyl chloride) ( benzene)
( chlorobenzene)
chlorobenzene ( benzene) ( chlorine) C6H5Cl
( chlorination) (ferric chloride)
chlorohydrin process (chlorohydrin)
( chlorine) (alcohol)
chlorohydrin) chlorohydrin)
( ethyleneoxide) ( propyle
CH2=CH2 + HOCl HOCH2CH2Cl
CH3CH=CH2 + HOCl CH3CHOHCH2Cl
chloroprene, 2-chlorobuta-1,3-butadiene ,2- -1,3-
( alkene) ( chlorine)
2 1,3- (1,3-butadiene) C4H5Cl
- -
-
( phenol) ( bisphenol-A)
(monomer) ( polycarbonate) (sodium hydroxide)
( nitrobenzene) ( aniline)
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2
chloroprene rubber (CR), neoprene rubber ( ),
2- -1,3-(2-chloro-1,3-butadiene)
(tensile
strength) (tear resistance) (abrasion resistance)
(polarity) (oil resistance)
( ame retardant)
chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSPE) () (Cl2)
(SO2) (polarity) (sulfonyl
chloride) (elastomeric) (ozone)
(cable jacketing)
( chloroprene rubber) ( neoprene rubber)
n
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2
compression moulding
(simple shape) 2 (platens)
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2
condensation polymer (condensation polymerization) 2
( polyamide) ( polyacetal) ( polyester)
coordination polymerization (transition metal)
(alkyl metal) ( )
(ethylene monomer) ( polyethylene) - (Ziegler-Natta catalyst)
CH3CH3 CH3CH2 CH2
CH2
CH2CH3CH2 CH2 CH3H2C
CH3CH3
CH3CH2
H2CH3C CH3
CH3H2C=CH2
H3C CH3CH3
H2C=CH2
CH3H3C
TiCl4 CH3
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2
copolyester ( thermoplastic elastomers)
(segment block copolymer) (polyester hard crystalline segment)
( exible soft amorphous segment) (short chain ester blocks)
(tetramethylene terephthalate) (aliphatic polyester) (aliphatic polyester glycol)
(derivatives) (polyether ester glycol) (automotive exterior trim)
(fascia component) (spoiler) (window tract tape) (boots) (bellow) (underhood wire covering)
(connector) (hose and belt) (applianceseal) (power tool component) (ski boots)
(camping component)
Soft segmentamorphous
Hard segmentcrystalline
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2
copolymer 1
(random copolymer) (block
copolymer) (alternating copolymer) (graft copolymer)
- - butadiene-styrene copolymer)
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2
copolymerization ( copolymer)
(monomer) (repeating unit) 1
(random copolymer)
(block copolymer) (alternatingcopolymer) (graft copolymer)
( chain polymerization) (addition polymerization)
cracking
4 ( steam cracking)
( thermal cracking) (catalytic cracking)
( hydrocracking)
cresol, tricresol, methyl phenol , ,
( alkylphenol)
(methyl group, -CH3) ( phenol) C7H8O 3 (isomer)
1) (ortho-cresol, o-cresol) 2-
(2-methyl cresol)
2) (meta-cresol, m-cresol) 3-(3-methyl cresol)
3) (para-cresol, p-cresol) 4-
(4-methyl cresol)
(coal tar) ( toluene)
(sulfonation) (oxidation) (nitrous oxide)
(tricresyl phosphate) (plasticizer) (salicyl aldehyde)
(chelating agent)
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2
crosslinked polyethylene (PEX, XLPE) ( ,)
(crosslinking) (thermoplastic) (thermoset)
(chemical means and ionizingradiation)
(ionizing radiation)
(dimensional stability) (impact and tensilestrength) (brittle fracture resistance)
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2
CondenserCold crude
helium
Separating
Crude subcoolerMain heat exchanger
Monoethanolamine
Scrubber
Molecularsieve
Activatedcarbon
adsorper
Heavy hydrocarbonWater
High-pressurefractionating
column
Expansionvalve
Crudenatural
gas
Monoethanolamineplus carbon dioxide
Upgraded natural gas
Nitrogen
Reux
subcooler
Low-pressurefractionating
column
Pretreating
cryogenic process -150
(liquefaction)
( methane) -162
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2
crystallization process
(solution) (melted solid) - (solute)
2 (nucleation) (crystal growth)
(cluster)
(critical cluster size) (crystal structure)
(participant)
/ (Badger/Niro para-xylene crystallization process) (UOP-Universal Oil Products)
/
Badger/Nirocrystallization
PX-Plus Process with Badger/Niro crystallization
Toluene
Mixed xylenes
Benzene
PX-Plus Fractionation
IsomarTM
Parex
para -Xylene
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2
cumene, isopropyl benzene , (alkyl benzene)
(isopropyl, -CH(CH3)2) ( benzene) C9H12
( alkylation)
( propylene)
( phenol) ( acetone) 2 ( bisphenol-A)
(polycarbonate) ( -methylstyrene)
Cyclar process (UOP) ( aromatics)
( benzene) ( toluene) ( xylene) (dehydrocyclodimerization) 425
Paraffins Olens Oligomers Naphthenes Aromatics
HydrogenBy products
H3PO4+
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2
Stackedreactor
Fresh LPG feedfrom driers
Hydrogenproduct
Fuelgas
Light endsdrag tofuel gas
Combined feedexchanger
Separator
Stripper
CCRregenerator
Regeneratedcatalyst
Spentcatalyst
Fired heaters
Gas recoverysection
Aromaticproduct
cyclization
(n-hexane) ( benzene) (octane number
(catalytic reforming)
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
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2
(peroxide) (benzene) (partial hydrogenation) ( cyclohexanol) ( adipic acid)
(dicyclohexyladipate) (cyclohexeneoxide) cyclopara n, cycloalkane ,
( alkane)
CnH2n n 3 (cyclopropane) (cyclobutane) ( cyclopentane) ( cyclohexane) (methylcyclopentane) cyclopentane
C5H10
( hydrogenation) (cyclopentene) (c
(blowing agent) ( polyurethane)
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2
dealkylation (alkyl group)
(demethylation)
( aromatics) (methyl group, -CH
3)
(toluene) (benzene)
dehydrocyclization
( aromatics)
4 (heptane) ( toluene)
degree of polymerization (DP) ( )
( monomer)
6,000 6,000
dehydration
( alkene) (glycerol) ( acrolein)
(potassium bisulfate, KHSO4) (potassium sulfate, K
2SO4)
dehydrochlorination , -
(hydrogen chloride)
(ethylene dichloride) (vinyl chloride)
dehydrogenation
( ethylene) ( ethane) ( propylene)
( propane)
CH3CH
2CH
3 CH
3CH=CH
2 + H
2
denier (linear
mass density) 9,000
( ) (tex) 10,000
CICH2CH
2CI CH
2=CHCI + HCI
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2
depolymerization, depropagation ,
(
(ceiling temperature) )
100
P o l y m e r i z a t i o n
Catastrophe
RescueGTP-tubulinGDP-tubulin
GDP
GTP
D e p ol y m er i z at i on
C
H
H
HO
O O
O O
O O O
HO
O O
OOO
O
O
OO
CO
O O O
OC
O
O
O
O
OO O
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OHOH
HO
OH
H O
OH
HO
HO
OH
HO
OH
HO
HO
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH 2
HO
HO
HO
HO
HO
H2
HO
HO
CH2
HO
H2
H2
OH
CH2
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2
desorbent (adsorbent)
(parex) (UOP) ( p-xylene)
(molecular sieve)
(p-diethylbenzene)
Diels-Alder reaction -
( cyclohexene) (conjugated diene) 1,3-(1,3-butadiene) 2- -1,3- (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) 1,3- (1,3-cyclohexadiene)
( alkene) (dienophile) ( acrylonitrile) (dimethylfumarate)
(dimethylmaleate) 2,5- - -1,4- (2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione)
Gas phase Adsorption(Exothermal)Desorption
(Endothermal)
Adsorbate
AdsorbansSoild phases
Boundary surface
Active sitesHomogenous Heterogenous
-
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2
- (cyclohexene) ( ethylene)
(nanometer level)
( 10:1)
(polymethyl methacrylate)
diisobutene, 2,2,4-trimethylpentene 2,2,4-
( alkene) 5
(methyl group, -CH3)
2 4 2 1 1 1
2 2 (isomer) 2,2,4- -1- (2,2,4-trimethyl-1-pentene) 2, -2- (2,2,4-trimethyl-2-pentene)
75 25 C8H16
1,3-
diethylene glycol (DEG) () ( diol)
( glycol)
2 (hydroxyl group, -OH)
C4H10O3
( ethylene oxide)
(morpholine) 1,4- (1,4-dioxane) (nitrocellulose)
(refrigerant)
2
2 (isobutene) 2
(dimerization) (oligomerization) (phosphoric acid) (sulfuric acid)
(hydro uoric acid) (octylphenol) (phenol)
(ethoxylatednonionic surfactant)
2,2,4- -1- 2,2,4- -2-
HO OHO
differential microemulsion polymerization
(surfactant) (initiator)
2,2,4- -1- 2,2,4- -2-
CH2
CH3
CH3
CH3
H3C
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
H3C
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2
diisocyanate (isocyanate,
-N=C=O) 2 ( aliphatics)
( alicyclics) ( aromatics) (hexamethylene
diisocyanate) 6 (isoprone diisocyanate)
6 ( toluene diisocyanate)
( toluene)
( cu( propylene) 50-150
(aluminium chloride) 2
( disproportionation) ( ze
(diisopropyl benzeneperoxide)
H3C CH3
CH3
CH3
H3C CH
3
CH3
H3C
diisopropylbenzene ( aromatics)
(isopropyl, -CH(CH3)
2) 2
( benzene) 2 (isomer)
(m-diisopropy (p-diisopro
60 40
2 C12H18
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2
dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) () (ester) (methoxy group,
-OCH3) 2 (hydroxyl group, -OH) ( terephthalic
acid) C10H10O4
(oxidation) ( p-xylene) 200 15.2 - (cobalt acetate-sodium bromide) (cobalt acetate-hydrobromic acid)
CH3
CH3
+ 3O2+ 2CH3OH
COOCH3
COOCH3
+ 4H2O
( polyesterpolyethylene terephthalate)
OCH3
OH3C
O
O
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2
dimethylacetamide (secondary
amide) (methyl group) 2 (acetamide) C4H9NO
2,4-
(nitric acid) (sulfuric)
80 2 2,4- 2,6-
(dimethylamine) ( acetic acid)
( acetic anhydride) (acetyl chloride) (polar solvent)
(reaction medium) (plasticizer)
dinitrotoluene (DNT) ( )
( aromatics) (nitro group, -NO2)
2 (toluene) 6 (isomer) 2,4- (2,4-dinitrotoluene) 2,6-
(2,6-dinitrotoluene) 3,4-(3,4-dinitrotoluene) 2,3- (2,3-dinitrotoluene)2,5- (2,5-dinitrotoluene) 3,5-
(3,5-dinitrotoluene) 2,4- 74-76
2,6- 19-21 3,4- 2.4-2.6
1.7 2,4-
2 4 (ortho) (para)
C7H6N2O4
2,4-
2,4- 2,6-
2,4-( toluene diisocyanate)
( exible polyurethane foam) ( trinitrotoluene (TNT))
O CH3
CH3
CH3
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2
dipropylene glycol ( diol)
( glycol)
3 (hydroxyl group, -OH) 2 2 (isomer) 4- -2,6-
(4-oxa-2,6-heptandiol) 4- -1,7-(4-oxa-1,7-heptandiol) 2 C6H14O3
4- -2,6-
4- -1,7-
( propylene glycol)
( propylene oxide) (plasticizer) (initiator)
OH OH
H3C O CH
3
HO OHO
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2
dispersion polymerization
( suspension polymerization) (stabilizer)
(monomer) (organic solvent) (initiator)
(organic solvent)
1-10
( polystyrene)
dispersion polyvinyl chloride
( emulsion polymerization)
0.1-1
disproportionation 2
2 ( ethylene)
( butene) ( propylene) 2
2CH3CH=CH2 CH2=CH2+ CH3CH=CHCH3
( benzene) ( xylene) ( toluene) 2
distillation
(vapor
Pre-polymer Dispersionwater
Chainextender
Dehydrationdrying
Powder Powder
Mixing Dispersion
Reaction
CH3
CH3
CH3
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2
1) (fractionation distillation)
1- ( 1-butene) 2- ( 2-butene)
2) (extractive distillation) ( butadiene) 4 ( mixed C4) ( acetonitrile) 3) (azeotropic distillation) (ethanol)
(azeotrope)
Associatedpetroleum gas
Oil
Long distillateof hydrocarbons
Virgin gasoline
Isoprene
Butadiene
Ethyleneoxide Glycols
Syntheticrubbers
Tyres andmechanic
rubber
Plasticgoods
Syntheticbers
Carbon black
Polyethylene
Polypropylene
PolystyreneStyrene
Caprolactam
Oxidationprocesses
Phenol andacetone
Ethylbenzene
Inputsfor carbon
black
Ethylene
Propylene
Benzene
Dimethylterephthalate
Phthaticanhydride
Paints andvarnishes
Xylols Toluene
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2
elasticity
(plasticity)
( )
146
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2
elastomer (
200-1000)
( thermoset)
(thermoplastic) ( thermoplastic elastomer)
( butyl rubber) (neoprene rubber) (nitrile rubber))
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2
electrochemical polymerization, electro-initiated polymerization, electrolyticpolymerization, electropolymerization ,
( chain polymerization)
(monomer) (electrolyte solution) (radical) (cation)
(initiator)
(polyaniline)
emulsion polymerization (monomer)
( butadiene) ( styrene) ( vinyl chloride) (surfactant)
(hydrophobic) (micelle)
K2S
2O
8
1/10
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2
engineering thermoplastic elastomer, engineeringTPEs, (ETES)
( ) ( thermoplastic
elastomer) (rigid engineering plastic)
(rubber) (high performance) (dielectric strength)
600 (hot oil)
- - ( )acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) (polyether sulfone)
(polyacetal) (polyphenylene oxide) (polyacrylic) (polysulfone)
( uoropolymer) (polyimide) (nylon) (polyphenylene sul de)
(polybutylene) (polybutylene terephthalate)
(polyaryl ether) (polycarbonate)
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2
epichlorohydrin (organochloride)
(chloromethyl, -CH2Cl) ( epoxide)
C3H5ClO
(allyl chloride) 2 ( epoxy resin)
(ring-opening polymerization) ( bisphenol-A) (sodium hydroxide)
epoxidation (ether) (three-
membered ether) ( ole n) (oxirane)
n
nHOCH3
CH3C OH + nCICH2 CH CH2
O OOCH2 CHCH2
CH3
CH3OCH2CHCH2
OHOROROH
R =CH3
CH3
C
C
R = CH2 CH CH2 O
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2
epoxide (ether)
2 1 (strain) C
2R
1R
2R
3R
4O R (alkyl group) (aryl group)
( ethylene oxide) ( oxirane)
(chloromethyl) (chloromethyl oxirane)
( benzene) (styrene oxide)
( ethyleneglycol) (ethanolamine) ( propyleneoxide) (polyether polyol)
( polyurethane)
O
O
CI
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2
epoxy, epoxy resin (EP) , ( ) ( oxirane)
(epichlorohydrin) ( bisphenol-A) (diglycidyl ethers of bisphenol-A (DGEBA))
175
( )
epoxy plastic ( thermoset plastic)
( epoxide) (resin) (poly (hardener)
(adhesive)
( ber-reinfoplastic)
n
OCH
3
CH3
C O CH2 CH CH
2
OOCH2 CH CH2 O C
CH3
CH3
O CH2 CH CH2OH
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2
ethane (alkane)
2 C
2H6
H3C CH3
( methane) ( ethylene)
ethanol dehydration ( ethylene)
(dehydration) (ethanol) 170 (sulfuric
acid) (phosphoric acid)
(proton) (lone pair electron)
(carbocation)
ethyl acetate (EA) ( ) (ester)
C4H8O2
( acetic acid) (esteri cation) (ethanol)
(circuit board)
CH3CH
2OH + CH
3COOH CH
3COOCH
2CH
3 + H
2O
CH3CH
2OH CH
2=CH
2 + H
2O
H H
H HC CH
HO
H+
H H
H HC CH
HO+ H
H HH HC C+ + H
2OH C CHH
HH+ H+
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2
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2
ethylene chlorohydrin ( alkane)
(hydroxyl group, -OH) (chlorine, Cl) 1 2
( ethylene) C2H5ClO
(ether)
(hydrochlorination) (hypochlorous acid)
( ethylene oxide) ( )
( cellulose acetate) cellulose)
ClOH
1
2
-
-
ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer (EAA) - ( )
(random copolymer) - (acrylic acid)
(carboxylic group)
(multilayer packaging lm)
(compatibiliser) (polymer blend)
(composite material)
OHCI+ HOCIH2C CH2
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2
ethylene-chlorotri uoroethylene copolymer (CETPE)- ( )
( ethylene) -
(cable jacket) (tank lining)
(corrosion-resistant coatings)
ethylene dichloride (EDC) ( ) ( alkane)
1 2 ( ethylene) C
2H4Cl2
-
(chlor
(direct chlorination 40-50
4.05 (III) (iron (lll)chloride) (II) (copper (ll) chloride)
CH
2=CH
2 + CI
2 CICH
2CH
2CI
( oxychlorination) (hydrochloric acid) 225
2-4.05 (II)
80 (intermediate) (vinyl chloride) ( polyvinyl chloride (PVC))
CI HH
HHC C
CI
12
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2
ethylene-ethyl acrylate copolymer (EEA) - ( )
(random copolymer) (ethyl acrylate)
15-30 ( exible)
(environmental stress cracking resistance) (resistance to exural fatigue)
(mould rubber-like part)
ethylene glycol (EG), monoethylene glycol (MEG) (), ()
( diol) ( glycol) (hydroxyl group, -OH)
1 2 ( ethylene) C
2H6O2
-
-
(hydration) ( ethylene oxide)
( diethylene glycol) ( triethylene glycol) ( polyethylene glycol)
91 : 8.6 : 0.4 50-100 (diluted sulfuric acid)
( )
O
HOCH2CH
2OH
HOC2H4OC2H4OH
HOC2H
4OC
2H
4OC
2H
4OH
68 - ( polyethylene terephthalate)
(antifreeze)
CH2-CH
2-CH-CH
2-CH
2
CO OCH
2CH
3 m
O
O
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2
ethylene-n-butyl acrylate copolymer (EBA) - ( )
ethylene oxide (EO), oxirane ( ), (ether)
2 1 C
2H4O
( ethylene) (direct oxidation)
220-280 10-30
(activity)
( ethylene glycol) ( polyethylene terephthalate)
(ethanolamine) ( polyethylene
glycol)
CH2CH
2 + CH
2 CH CH
2CH
2CHCH
2
O2
n
12
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2
ethylene-tetra uoroethylene copolymer (ETPE- ( )
( eth
(imstrength)
(cable insulation)
ethylene propylene diene terpolymer, EPDM rubber,
(metallocene catalyzedpolymerization)
1,4- (1,4-hexadiene) - (Ziegler-Natta
catalyst) (radiation) (weather resistance)
(resilience) (salt solution) (oxygenated solvent)
(synthetic hydraulic uid) (automotive body seal)
(waterproof roo ng membrane) (hose) (tubing) (duct)
(encapsulating electricalcomponent)
Propylene units
Ethylene units Active position for crosslinking
ENB unit
EP(D)M
Saturated backbone
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2
ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) ( )
(random copolymer) ( vinly acetate)
10-15 (laminate)
(crystallinity) (clarity)
(disposable syringe)
(construction lm) (in atable toy) (shoe sole)
(small appliance bumper) (canister gasket)
expandable polystyrene (EPS, XPS), styrene foam ( , ),
( polystyrene) (pentane) (blowing agent)
( )
extract
4 ( mixed C4)
( acetonitrile)
extraction
( butadiene) 4 ( mixed C4) ( acetonitrile)
Feed solutionExtract
Extractioncolumn
Ra nate
Solvent
CH2 2 CH2 CH CHOC
O
x y
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2
fatigue
(yield point)
(dynamic fatigue)
(static fatigue)
(time-dependent behavior)
( )
164
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2
( acetic) (Chiyoda Corp) (UOP)
( carbonylation) (methanol)
(carbon monoxide) (rhodium) (bubble column reactor)
+
ash separation
( ash)
Highpressure
feed mixture
Vaporphase
Liquid phase
PressureP
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2
uid catalytic cracking (FCC) ( )
( zeolite)
3-5 (C3-C5hydrocarbon)
(alkylate) (gasoline) (octane number)
( aromatics) (branched para n) ( ole n)
( uidized bed reactor) (riser)
(reactor separation vessel) (fractionator)
(coke) (activity)
(regenerator)
Flue gas to particulates
RO ROTCAER
LESSEV NOITARAPES
ROTANOITCARF
Removal and energy recovery
Combustion air
Raw oil charge
Riser
Steam
Gasoline
Gas (C4 lighter)
Light gas oil
Heavy gas oil
Claried slurry
Catalyst stripper
Crudeoil
R e g e n e r a t e d c a t a l y s t
S p e n t
c a t a l y
s t
R E G E N E R A T O R
S L U R R Y
S E T T L E R
+
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2
raw oil charge = reactor or separation vessel fractionator =
riser = regenerator = gas (C4 lighter) =
steam = ue gas to particulates removal and
energy recovery =
gasoline =
catalyst stripper = clari ed slurry = light gas oil/heavy gas oil =/spent catalyst =
slurry settler =
uorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), per uoroethylenepropylene plastic ( ),
- 290
200
(solar collector glazing)
(methanol) (oxidation reaction)
400-425 1 -
(iron-molybdenum oxide)
2CH3OH + O
2 2CH
2O + 2H
2O
formaldehyde (aldehyde)
CH2O
n m
OC HH
(formic acid) (urea formaldehyde) (melamine formald
(phenol-formaldehyde) 1,4-- (1,4-butanediol) (methylene diphenyl diisocyanate)
CF3
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2
free radical initiator, radical initiator (free radical)
(UV light)
1) (halogen molecule) (chlorine)
(CI.) 2 2) (azo compounds, R-N=N-R ) 2 (R. R.)
/3) (organic peroxides)
(-O-O-) (oxylradical, O.) 2
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2 (Charles Friedel) (JamesCrafts) . . 2420 ( benzene)
(electrophile group) (alkyl group, -R) (acyl group, RCO-) (acid halide)
(acid anhydride) (Lewis acid) (ferric chloride) (aluminium chloride) 1)
( toluene) (benzene) (chloromethane)
Friedel-Crafts reaction -
furan resin, furan plastic , (furfuryl alcohol) (2-furaldehyde)
(furfuryl-ketone)
(heavy syrup) (moulding material)
2) (methyl phenyl ketone) (acetyl chloride)
+ CH3CI
CH3
+ HCI
H3C
+ HCICI
H3C O
AICI3
AICI3
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2
furfural (heterocyclic) (aldehyde)
2 (carbonyl group, -CO-)
C5H4O2
(pentose)
(dehydration)
(hydrochloric acid) (sulfuric acid)
1,3- (1,3-butadiene) 4 ( mixed C4) (extractive distillation)
(pfurfuraldehyde) (furfural alcohol)
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2
+
OSi(CH3)3
OSi(CH3)3
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2
halogenation
( uorine) (chlorine) (bromine) (iodine)
( uorination) ( chlorination)
( bromination) (iodination) (hydroxyl group, -OH) (methanol)
(chloromethane) (hydrochloric acid)
2,6-
heterocyclics, heterocyclic compound ,
(heteroatom)
(pyridine) (thiazolidine)
(ethylene oxide)
(p-cresol) 2,6- (2,6-dibromo-p-cresol)
CH3
OH
Br2
C2H
4CI
2, 20 C, 8hrs.
CH3
OH
Br Br
1
25
4 3
S
NHN
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2
high impact polystyrene (HIPS), impact polystyrene ( )
( polystyrene) ( butadiene)
(gloss) (toughness) (impact resistance)
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2
( heterogeneous catalyst)
hydrochlorination
( ole n) ( acetylene)
2- (2-chloropentane) ( propylene) (dichloromethane)
(rhodium) 100
hydrocracking
hydrodealkylation (alkyl group)
(alkyl aromatic) ( toluene) (methyl group, -CH
3)
1,2,4- (1,2,4benzene) ( xylene)
(chromium) (molybdenum)
hydroformylation, oxo synthesis ,
(formyl group, -CHO) ( alkene (al
(carbon monoxide) 40-200
10-100 (rhodium) (n-butyraldehyde)
(isobutyraldehyde) ( propylene)
homogeneous catalyst (phase) (reactant) (product)
(acidcatalyst) (base catalyst)
(sulfuric acid) (sodiumhydroxide)
( cumene) ( benzene) ( propylene)
(proton, H+)
(propyl cation)
2-
1,2,4-
H+
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2
hydrogenation ,
(platinum)
(palladium) (rhodium) ( alkene) ( alkane)
( benzene) ( cyclohexane) 230
1.5-2.5
(heteroatom)
2 ( hydrogenolysis)
hydrogenolysis ,
(heteroatom) 2
(hydrodesulfurization)
(hydrogen sul de)
(ethyl mercaptan)
C2H5SH + H2 C2H6 + H2S
hydrohalogenation (hydrohalic acid)
(halogen) (hydrochloricacid) (hydrobromic acid)
( alkene) (haloalkane)
2-
HHH
HHHC
CC
HBrBr
HHHHHH
HC
C C
2
(carbocation)
(Markovnikovs rul (Vladimir Markovnikov . . 2412
(2-bromopropane) ( propylene)
3
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2
hydroisomerization ,
(n-hexane) 2- (2-methylpentane)3- (3-methylpentane) 2,2-(2,2-dimethylbutane) 2,3-(2,3-dimethylbutane) - (platinum-alumina)
2-
3-
2,2-
2,3-
hydrolysis , 2
(hydrogen ion, H+) (hydroxide ion, OH-)
AB + HOH AH + BOH
AB AH BOH
(ester) (carboxylic acid) (alcohol) (amide)
( amine)
hydroquinone ( diol)
(hydroxyl group, -OH) 2 ( benzene) (paraposition) C6H6O2
( propylene) (isopropyl benzene)
- -2( ) -2
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2
(antioxidant) (antiozonan (polymerization inhibitor)
( monomer) (acrylonitrile) ( vinyl acetate) (acrylic ester) (methacrylic ester)
injection moulding
( thermoset)
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2
interfacial polymerization (step polymerization)
(condensation polymerization) ( monomer) 2
(immiscible solution) (organicsolvent) 6 (polyamide 6)
(diacid chloride) (continuous strand) 6
interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) ( )
( ) ( polystyrene)
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2
inverse emulsion polymerization
( emulsion polymerization)
(water-soluble monomer) ( acrylamide) (acrylic acid)
(hexane) (surfactant) (initiator)
(monomer)
(nonionic surfactants)
( poly(acrylamide))
inverse suspension polymerization
( suspension polymerization)
(water-soluble
monomers) ( acrylamide)
( poly(acrylamide))
OilWater
iso-butane ( alkane)
4 (isomer) C4H10
ionomer
(transparency)
(tenacity) (resilience)
(low-temperatureexibility) (resilience)
(elongation) (impactstrength) (melt strength)
(abrasion resistance) (stiffness)
(susceptibility to creep) (heat distortion temperature)
(ultraviolet resistance) (golf ball cover) (bowling pin coating)
(packaging application)
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2
(n-butane) (isomerization)
(chlorided alumina catalyst)
(refrigerant) -600 (R-600a)
( propane) 80:20
-600
CH3CH
2CH
2CH
3CH
3CH(CH
3)
2
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2
iso-butene, iso-butylene , ( alkene)
4 1
( butene) C4H8
( dehydrogenation)
( iso-butane)
( methyl tertiary butyl ether) (octane booster)
( butylrubber)
iso-butylene glycol ( diol)
( glycol) (hydroxyl group, -OH) 2 1 2
C4H10O2
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2
(a -hydroxyisobutyric acid)
( methacrylic acid) (PMMA)
( polycarbonate)
(hydration) ( iso-butylene oxide)
(direct oxidation)
(III) (titanium (III) chloride) (II) (copper (II) chloride)
iso-butylene oxide (
(methylgroup, -CH
3) 2 C4H8O
( iso-
butene) (chlorohydrination) (hypochlorous acid)
(CH3)
2CH=CH
2 + HOCl (CH
3)
2CHOHCH
2Cl
2(CH3)
2CHOHCH
2Cl + Ca(OH)
2 (CH
3)
2COCH
2
+ CaCl2 + 2H
2O
(direct oxidation) (thallium acetate) ( acetic acid)
( isobutylene
glycol)
(CH3)2C=CH2 + O2
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2
iso-butyric acid (carboxylic acid)
(carboxyl group, -COOH) 3 (isomer) (n-butyric acid)
C4H8O2
(isobutanol)
(oxidation) (potassium dichromate)
(sulfuric acid) ( propylene) (carbon monoxide) (hydro uoric acid)
( methacrylic acid) ( dehydrogenation)
isocyanate (N=C=O)
2
3 ( polyisocyanurate, diisocyanate)
isomerization , (chemical conversion)
( n-butane) ( iso-butene)
H2OHFCH2=CH-CH3 + CO
CH3-CH-COOHCH3
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2
iso-para n (branched alkane)
4
(iso-butane) 2- (2-methylpropane)
(refrigerant)
(isohexane) 2- (2-methylpentane)
(isoheptane) 2- (2-methyl
hexane)
3-(3-methyl hexane)
(isooctane) 2,2,4-
(2,2,4-trimethyl pentane)
(anti-knock)
100
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2
linear alkyl benzene (LAB) ( )
( aromatics) (alkyl group) (monoole n) 12-14
( benzene) C6H5CHR1R 2 R1 = CnH2n+1 R2 = CmH2m+1
m n 0(m 0) 1 (n 1)
/(HF/n-paraffin)
( ole n) ( dehydro-genation)
( para n) (hydro uoricacid) 40-70
H3C(CH
2)x
(CH2)yCH3
(de
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2
(linear alkyl benzene) - (sulfur trioxide)
(fuming sulfuric acid) (sodium hydroxide)
linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) ( )
( polyethylene) ( low density polyethylene
(LDPE)) (tensile strength)
living polymerization (living polymer)
( anionic polymerization)
- ( Ziegler-Natta polymerization)
(styrene-butadiene copolymer)
- -
-
linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LAS) ( )
( aromatics) (sulfonate group, -SO
3-)
10-14 ( benzene)
CH2=CH CH=CH2CH
n
nCH2 CH=CH CH2 CH CH=CH
n
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2
low density polyethylene (LDPE) ( ) ( polyethylene) 0.915-0.925
(alkyl group) 2-8
4 (impact strength) (toughness) (ductile)
Lycra ( polyurethane)
( polyether) ( 1,4- -
)
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2
maleic acid (dicarboxylic acid)
1 (carboxyl group, -COOH) 2 C4H4O4
( hydrolysis) ( maleic anhydride) (glyoxylic acid) 4- (4-hydroxymandelic
acid) (amoxicillin) (succinic acid) (lacquer)
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2
-
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
H H
H
H
H H
C C
C
C
C
C C
C
CN N N
N N
N
N N N
N N
N
N H
HH H
H
N
NN
N
N
N
( CH 2) 2 ( CH 2) 2
+ 4.5O2 + 2CO2+ 2H2O
maleic anhydride (MA) ( ) (cyclic
anhydride) 1 (carbonyl group,-CO-)
2 C4H2O3
medium density polyethylene (MLDPE) ( )
0.941
( low density polyethylene (LDPE)
melamine formaldehyde resin (MF) - ( )
( thermosetting polymer) ( formaldehyde)
( n-butane) (oxidation) 490
(ceriumchloride) - (cobalt-molybdenum oxide)
2CH3CH2CH2CH3+ 7O2 2C2H2(CO)2O + 8H2O
( benzene)
400 (vanadium pentaoxide)
(unsaturatedpolyester)
(fumaric acid) (alkyd resin) (pesticide)
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2
metathesis 2
(ole n metathesis)
(nickel) (tungsten)
( styrene) ( ethylene) 1,2- (1,2-diphenylethylene) -20 (tungstenhexachloride) aluminium dichloride) (ethanol)
1,2-
meta-xylene, m-xylene
( aromatics) (isomer) ( xylene) 3 (o-xylene) (m-xylene) (p-xylene)
( benzene) (methyl group, -CH3) 2
(meta position) C8H10
(mixed xylene) (catalytic reforming)
( naphtha) -
(molecular sieve)
membranes , (selectivebarrier) 2 (driving force)
(homogeneous) (heterogeneous)
(pore diameter) (microporous) 2
(mesoporous) 2-50 (macroporous)
50
( ole n) ( para n) (silver nitrate)
(hollowmicroporous membrane ber)
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2
C
H
H H
H
OH
O
(adsorbent) ( crystallization process)
(isophthalic acid) ( copolymer) (
polyethylene terephthalate) (isomerization)
methacrylic acid (MAA) ( ) (vinyl)
(methyl group, -CH3) (carboxylicgroup, -COOH) 1
C4H6O2
( iso-butene) 2
16.04 0.717 -182.5 -161.6
(tetrahedral) (lone pairelectron)
(compressed natural gas (CNG))
(natural gas for vehicles (NGV))
(synthesis gas)
(methan( acetic acid) anhydride)
( methyl
methacrylate) ( methanol)
methane ( alkane)
1 CH4
CH3CH2=C COOH
CH3
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2
methanol, methyl alcohol , (alcohol)
(hydroxyl group, -OH)
( methane) CH3OH
(synthesis gas) 1:2 250 50-100
- (copper-zinc oxide) (alumina)
methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) ( ) (keton
4 C4H8O
( n-butene)
(oxidation) 130 3 (II) (palladium(II) chloride) (II) (copper (II)chloride)
(acrylic) (methyl ethyl ketone peroxide)
(methyl pentynol) ( polyamide)
(corrosion inhibitor)
(fuel cell) 50
( formaldehyde) (methyl ester) (methyl acrylate)
( methyl methacrylate) (methyl acetate) (methylterephthalate) -
( methyl tertiary butyl ether) (octane booster)
(biodiesel)
CO + 2H2 CH3OH
CH3CCH2CH3O
II
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2methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) ( )
(ketone) 6 C
6H
12O
( acetone) ( aldol condensation)
(sodium hydroxide)
(nitrocellulose)
(lacquer) ( resin)
methyl methacrylate (MMA) ( ) (methyl group, -CH3)
(methylacetate, -COOCH3) C5H8O2
(hydrocyanation) (cyanohydrin)
(sulfuric acid) ( methanol) (ammonium sulfate)
CH 3
CO
OH
NaOH H2O(CH 3)2CCH 2COCH 3 (CH3)2C=CHCOCH 3
CH 3
(CH 3)2CHCH 2 COCH 3 (CH 3 )2CHCH 2CHCH 3OH
H 2Cu/Ni cat.
80 ( poly(methyl methacrylate))
H3
C
CCN
O H
H3
C
H2
SO4
C H3
O H++
H2
C C
COOC H3
C H3
NH4
H SO4
+
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2
O
CH 3 OH + =C O CCH 2 CH 3CH 3
CH 3 CH 3
CH 3
CH 3
methyl methacrylate acrylonitrile butadiene styrene(MABS) ( )
(comonomer) 4 ( methyl methacrylate) ( acrylonitrile) ( butadiene)
( styrene) 4 (a two-phase grafttetrapolymer) (ABS) -
(degradation)
methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) ( ) (ether)
5 C5H12O
( iso-butene)
( methanol) 50
(additive) (octane number) (gasoline)
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2
OC
N
OC
N
Addisooctane + monomer
Filled surfactantMicelle
Polymernanocapsule
SurfactantMicelle in water
Core-shellmorphology
Polymerization
Remove surfactant
Dry
Phase-separation
methylene diphenylene diisocyanate (MDI) ( )
( isocyanate) polyurethane)
microemulsion polymerization
polymerization) 100
100
(drug delivery)
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2
FeCI 2 + FeCI 3Coprecipitation
in alkaline medium
Phase transfer withPAM200 /Styrene
Styrene
EmulsicationMiniemulsion
polymerization
PAM200 =
CH3
CC O O OP
O
CH2CH 2 CH
CH 3 CH
CHn=6
Water
-Fe 2O3
-Fe 2O3
miniemulsion polymerization
( emulsion polymerization) ( micro-emulsion polymerization) 50-500
( 100 )
50-500
(drug delivery)
mixed C4 4
4 ( isobutene) ( butadiene) 1- ( 1-butene) ( ole n) ( naphtha) 4
(octanenumber) (gasoline)
( butadieine rubber) - - ( acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) 1-
(comonomer) ( ethylene)
( high density polyethylene) (LLDPE)
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2
modacrylic fber
acrylonitrile) 35-85 20
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2
molecular sieve ,
(polarity) ( lter)
( dehydration)
(carrier gas)
(alumino silicate mineral) (clay) (porous glass)
(microporous charcoal) ( zeolite) (activated carbon)
1) 3 (angstrom) 3A (ammonia)
2) 4 4A
(sulfur dioxide) (hydrogensul de) (ethylene) (ethane) (propylene) (ethyl alcohol)3) 5 5A
(mercaptan) 4 4) 8 10X
5) 10 13X (dibutylamine)
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2
monomer
(polymer) ( chain polymerization)
( ethylene) ( vinylchloride)
(step growth polymerization) (functional group) 2
(diacid) (diamine) (amino acid)
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2 n-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) ( ) ( lactam) 5
(amide group, CONH2) (methyl group, -CH3) C5H9NO
(ethyl acetate) (chloroform)
( benzene) ( dehydrogenation) (butylene glycol) (-butyrolactone)
(methylamine) (dehydration)
1,3- (1,3-butadiene) 4 ( mixed
C4) (plasticizer)
HOCH2CH2CH2CH2OH-2H2 CH3NH2
-H2O
H2CH2C
H2 OCC
O H2CH2C
H2 OCC
NCH3
n-butene ( alkene) 4
1 C4H8 2 (isomer) 1- ( 1-butene)
1 2- ( 2-butene) 2 ( iso-butene) 1
1- 2-
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2
naphtha
( aliphatics) (cycloaliphatic) 5-12 3 1) (full range naphtha) 5-12 30-200 2) (light naphtha) 5-6 30-90 3) (heavy naphtha) 6-12
160-220
(kerosene)
( aromatics)
naphthalene
( benzene) 2
C10H8
1,4-
(coa
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