Glycolysis• Summary
Glucose + 2 ADP + 2Pi + 2 NAD+
Yields
2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 H2O
Glycolysis• Fermentation in Yeast/Bacteria
Glucose
GA3P
NADH + H+
NAD+
1,3 BPG
Pyruvate (PYR)
O2 Helps to Make NAD+
In Absence of Oxygen
Product of Process
X
Glycolysis• Fermentation in Animals
Glucose
GA3P
NADH + H+
NAD+
1,3 BPG
Pyruvate (PYR)
Product of Process
XO2 Helps to Make NAD+
Glycolysis• Fates of Pyruvate
• Pyruvate Not an End Point • Important for Amino Acids,Energy, Fermentation
Glycolysis• Metabolism of Other Sugars - Galactose
Lactose
Lactase
Galactose Glucose
Reduced Quantities in Adults Leads to Lactose Intolerance
Glycolysis• Metabolism of Other Sugars - Fructose
Fructose Fructose-1-Phosphate (F1P)
Fructokinase
F1P DHAP + Glyceraldehyde
Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate
Fructoaldolase
To Glycolysis
Glycolysis• Metabolism of Other Sugars - Fructose
Fructose
F1P
DHAP + GA3P
Regulatory Enzyme Bypassed
Regulatory Enzyme Bypassed
Excess Pyruvate?
Gluconeogenesis• Synthesis of Glucose
• Important for Regulating Blood Glucose • Reactions in Cytoplasm, Mitochondrion, Endoplasmic Reticulum • In the Body - Liver and Kidney
Gluconeogenesis• Synthesis of Glucose
• Four Reactions in Gluconeogenesis Replace Three Reactions in Glycolysis
• All Other Reactions are Simply the Reverse of Glycolysis Reactions
• Two Pyruvates Needed for Each Glucose
Gluconeogenesis• Synthesis of Glucose (Hexokinase)
(PFK)
G6Pase
F1,6BPase
(Pyruvate Kinase)
PEPCK
Pyruvate Carboxylase
Gluconeogenesis• Reactions of Gluconeogenesis
Glucose
G6P
F6P
F1,6BP
DHAP + G3P
GA3P
1,3 BPG
3-PG
2-PG
PEP
Pyr
1. Hexokinase
2. Phosphoglucoisomerase
3. PFK1
4. Aldolase
5. Triose Phosphate Isomerase
6. GA3PDH
7. Phosphoglycerate Kinase
8. Phosphoglycerate Mutase
9. Enolase
10. Pyruvate Kinase
11. Glucose-6-Phosphatase
10. Phosphoglucoisomerase
9. F1,6 Bisphosphatase
8. Aldolase
7. Triose Phosphate Isomerase
6. GA3PDH
5. Phosphoglycerate Kinase
4. Phosphoglycerate Mutase
3. Enolase
2. PEPCK 1. Pyruvate Carboxylase
Run as Reverse of Glycolysis Reactions
Gluconeogenesis• Reactions of Gluconeogenesis
• Reaction #1 • Step 1 of Bypassing Pyruvate Kinase • Occurs in Mitochondrion
Gluconeogenesis• Reactions of Gluconeogenesis
Pyruvate (Pyr)
Oxaloacetate (OAA)
Pyruvate Carboxylase
• Reaction #1 • Step 1 of Bypassing Pyruvate Kinase • Occurs in Mitochondrion
Gluconeogenesis• Reactions of Gluconeogenesis
• Reaction #2 • Occurs in Mitochondrion • Second Triphosphate Necessary
Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (PEPCK)
Oxaloacetate (OAA)
Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)
Gluconeogenesis• Reactions of Gluconeogenesis
Fructose 1,6 Bisphosphatase (FBPase)
Fructose 1,6 Bisphosphate (F1,6BP)
Fructose 6 Phosphate (F6P)
Glycolysis Enzyme Required ATP
• Reaction # 9 of Gluconeogenesis • Not the Reversal of the PFK Reaction • Energy Realized by Not Regenerating ATP
Gluconeogenesis• Reactions of Gluconeogenesis
• Reaction # 11 of Gluconeogenesis • Not the Reversal of the Hexokinase Reaction • Energy Realized by Not Regenerating ATP • Occurs in Endoplasmic Reticulum
Glucose 6 Phosphate (G6P) Glucose
Glucose-6-Phosphatase (G6Pase)
Glycolysis Enzyme Required ATP
GluconeogenesisandGlycolysis• Regulation
GlycolysisGlucose + 2 ADP + 2Pi + 2 NAD+
Yields 2 Pyruvate + 2ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 H2O
Gluconeogenesis2 Pyruvate + 2 NADH + 4 ATP + 2 GTP
Yields Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 4 ADP + 2 GDP + 6 Pi
Gluconeogenesis Requires More Energy Than Glycolysis Generates Futile Cycle Results if Both Running Simultaneously
ATP/GTP Burned, Nothing but Heat Produced
GluconeogenesisandGlycolysis• Regulation
Glycolysis Hexokinase - G6P (-)
PFK - AMP (+), ATP (-), F2,6BP (++) Pyruvate Kinase - Alanine (-), ATP (-), F1,6BP (+)
Gluconeogenesis FBPase - Citrate (+), AMP (-), F2,6BP (- -)
PEPCK - ADP (-) Pyruvate Carboxylase - ADP (-), Acetyl-CoA (+)
Reciprocal Regulation
Low Energy High Energy
Other
F2,6BP is Made Upon Insulin Stimulation - Favors Glycolysis F2,6BP is Broken Down Upon Glucagon Stimulation - Favors Gluconeogenesis
MetabolicMelody
Gluconeogenesisto the tune of "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious"
Copyright © by Kevin Ahern
When cells have lots of ATP and NADH tooThey strive to store this energy as sugar yes they do
Inside of mitochondria they start with pyruvate(slow) Carboxylating it to make oxaloacetate
Oh gluconeogenesis is so exhilarating Memorizing it can really be exasperating
Liver cells require it so there’s no need for debatingGluconeogenesis is so exhilarating
Oh, glucose, glucose come to beGlucose, glucose come to be
Oxaloacetate has got to turn to PEPEmploying energy that comes from breaking GTP
From there it goes to make a couple phosphoglycerates(slow) Exploiting ee-nolase and mutase’ catalytic traits
Oh gluconeogenesis is liver’s specialtyProducing sugar for the body most admirablySix ATPs per glucose is the needed energy*
Gluconeogenesis is liver’s specialty
Oh glucose, glucose joy to meGlucose, glucose joy to me
Converting phosphoglycerate to 1,3BPGRequires a phosphate that includes A-T-P energyReduction with electrons gives us all an N-A-D(slow) And G3P’s isomerized to make D-H-A-P
Oh gluconeogenesis is anabolic blissReversing seven mechanisms of glycolysis
To do well on the final students have to learn all thisGluconeogenesis is anabolic bliss
Oh, glucose, glucose factoryGlucose, glucose factory
The aldolase reaction puts together pieces soA fructose molecule is made with two phosphates in tow
And one of these gets cleaved off by a fructose phosphatase(slow) Unless F2,6BP's acting blocking path-a-ways
Oh gluconeogenesis a pathway to revereThat makes a ton of glucose when it kicks into high gear
The cell's a masterminding metabolic engineerGluconeogenesis a pathway to revere
Oh glucose, glucose jubileeGlucose, glucose jubilee
From F6P to G6P, that is the final phaseThe enzyme catalyzing it is an isomerase
Then G6P drops phosphate and a glucose it becomes(slow) Inside the tiny endoplasmic-al reticulums
Oh gluconeogenesis is not so very hardI know that on the final we will not be caught off guard'Cause our professor lets us use a filled out index card
Gluconeogenesis is not so very hard
MetabolicMelody
BennyBeaverSong(tothetuneof“RedRiverValley”)
Copyright © Kevin Ahern
InCorvallisalovablemascotWonderswhyhe’sthewaythatheis
EveryonethathemeetshasoneanswerItrelatestothesequencingbiz
EngineerssaythatBenny’samazingBuildingdamsofincrediblestrength
AndhisfrontteethareworthyofpraisingGrowingtoanincrediblelength
Whyisourcollegemascotsodaunting?Whiletheotherslikeducksaresomeek?
DNAinthecellsofourBennyIswhatmakesallofhistraitsunique
SoourBeaverwillsoongethisanswersTothequestions,revealingunknownsTherewillbealltheinfohe’safterInthesequenceofhisfullgenome
MetabolicMelody
En-er-gy (To the tune of "Let It Be")
Copyright © Kevin Ahern
When I was walking through the forest
Grizzly bears came after me So I was badly needing
En-er-gyMy body dumped some epinephrine
Out into the blood for me 'Cause I was badly needing
En-er-gy
En-er-gy / En-er-gy En-er-gy / En-er-gy I was badly needing
En-er-gy
The epinephrine gave a kick to Enzymes deep inside of me To make a bunch of cyclic
AMPAnd when this hit my protein kinase
Catalytic ecstasy The C subunits started
Adding P's
Adding P's, adding P's Adding P's, adding P's Phosphorylation city
Adding P's
The protein kinase put a phosphate Onto PBK for meUsing energy from
ATP
And PBK in turn converted 'b's to 'a's and 'I's to 'D's *
So I released a ton of G1P
G1P / energy G1P / energy
California needs some G1P
And when the chaos had subsided I consumed some Frito Lays Which soon began reversing
These pathwaysThe glucose halted epinephrine
Insulin began the race to Turn on Phosphoprotein
Phosphatase
Phosphatase - cleaves the P's Phosphatase - cleaves the P's
The dephosphorylation Cleaves the P's
And so they were removed from action Cellular kinases
Thanks to Phosphoprotein Phosphatase
I'll end my story here before I Get depressed from one last fact
That dephosphorylation Favors fat
Favors fat, favors fatFavors fat, favors fatDephosphorylation
Favors fat
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