Section 1

0s coxae

(Pelvic bone)

(Hip bone)

Bones of pelvic limb :- pelvic limb 4 regions

1 -Pelvic girdle ( Os coxae)

2 -Thigh (Femur , Patella)

3 -Leg(Crus)

(Tibia , Fibula)

4 -Pes (Hind paw)

(Tarsus, Metatarsus , Digit)

Pelvic limb )hind limb( Joints

1 -Hip joint

2 -Stifle joint

3 -Tarsal joint (Hock joint)

4 -Fetlock joint5 -Pastern joint

6 -Coffin joint

Os coxaeThe os coxae or hip bone is the largest of the flat bones. It consists of 3 parts, the ilium, ischium and pubis, which meet to form the

acetabulum.

a( The ilium1 -The ilium is the largest & most cranial of the 3 bones. It is irregularly

triangular and presents 2 surfaces, 2 borders and 3 angles.2 -It consists of wing & body ) shaft ( .

3 -The gluteal surface faces dorsolaterally and caudally. It is wide and concave & The wide part is crossed by the curved gluteal line, which extends from the middle of the medial border toward the tuber coxae .

4 -The sacropelvic surface is convex and consists of two parts. The medial triangular part is roughened for ligamentous attachment, and bears an irregular facet, the auricular surface for articulation with the sacrum. The lateral quadrilateral part is smooth. It is crossed by the iliopectineal line, which begins ventral to the auricular surface and is continued on the shaft of the bone to join the cranial border of the pubis, the line is interrupted by furrows for blood vessels, and ventral to these it bears the psoas tubercle which gives attachment

to the psoas minor muscle.

5 -The cranial border ) Iliac crest ( is concave, thick, and rough .6 -The medial border is deeply concave. Its middle part forms the greater

ischiatic notch and it is continuous behind with the ischiatic spine. 7 -The lateral border is concave and carry nutrient foramen.

8 -The medial angle ,tuber sacrale ) sacral tuber (, It is thick and rough. It curves dorsally and a little caudally opposite to the 1st sacral spine .

9 -The lateral angle, tuber coxae ) Coxal tuber (, forms the bases of the point of the hip. It is a large quadrangular mass, narrow in its middle and enlarged

at either end, where it bears a pair of tuberosities .10-The acetabular angle meets the other 2 bones at the acetabulum ,

Two depressions for recuts femoris muscle origin above and in front of the acetabulum .

11-The shaft )body( is connected the wing with the acetabular angle the that is 3 sided, prismatic form. Its lateral surface is convex and rough and gives attachment to the deep gluteus muscle. Its pelvic surface is smooth and is grooved for the obturator vessels and nerve; its ventral surface is crossed by vascular grooves, ventral to which there is a rough area, which is bounded medially by the psoas tubercle.

b( The ischium 1 -It forms the caudal part of the floor of the bony pelvis. It is horizontal in the

longitudinal direction .2 -The body or shaft of the ischium is irregularly quadrilateral. It has 2

surfaces, 4 borders, and 4 angles .3 -The pelvic surface is smooth and slightly concave from side to side .

4 -The ventral surface is nearly flat and rough .5 -The cranial border forms the caudal margin of the obturator foramen .

6 -The caudal border is thick and rough. It slopes and meets the border of the other side, forming with it the ischial arch .

7 -The medial border meets the opposite bone at the symphysis ischii .8 -The lateral border is thick and rounded, it forms the lesser ischiatic

notch. 9 -The craniomedial angle or symphyseal branch meets the pubis with

which it forms the medial boundary of the obturator foramen .10 -The craniolateral angle or acetabular branch joins the other 2 bones

at the acetabulum, of which it forms more than half. Dorsally it bears part of the ischiatic spine, and medially it is grooved for the obturator vessels .

11 -The caudomedial angle joins its fellow at the symphysis .12 -The caudolateral angle )the tuber ischii( is a thick, 3-sided mass.

c( The pubis 1 -The pubis is the smallest of the 3 parts of the os coxae.

It forms the cranial part of the pelvic floor, and having 2 surfaces, 3 borders and 3 angles .

2 -The pelvic surface is convex in the stallion, concave and smooth in the mare .

3 -The ventral surface is convex and in great part rough for muscular attachment. Near the cranial border, it is erased by the subpubic groove, the medial part of which is occupied by the accessory ligament .

4 -The cranial border ) pecten pubis (is thin in its medial part Laterally, it bears the rough iliopectineal eminence, Medially Near the symphysis there is a pubic tubercle.

5 -The medial border joins the opposite bone at the symphysis pubis .6 -The caudal border forms the cranial margin of the obturator foramen, and is

marked laterally by the obturator groove .7 -The medial angle meets its fellow at the cranial end of the symphysis .

8 -The acetabular angle joins the ilium and ischium at the acetabulum .9 -The caudal angle joins the ischium, with which it forms the inner boundary

of the obturator foramen .

d( The acetabulumIt is a cotyloid cavity, which lodges the head of the femur. It faces ventrolaterally, and consists of an

articular and non-articular part. The articular part (Lunate surface ) is crescentic, and is cut into internally

by a rough non-articular depression, the acetabular fossa. The medial part of the rim is cut into by the acetabular notch, which is converted into a foramen by the transverse ligament in the fresh state, and transmits the accessory and round ligament to the

head of the femur .e( The obturator foramen

It is situated between the pubis and ischium. It is oval in out line. Its margin is grooved craniolaterally for the

obturator nerve and vessels .

Bony pelvis1- Os coxae2- Sacrum3- First 3 coccygeal vertebrae

Horse Os coxae

Horse os coxae

Ox hip bone

Acetabulum of ruminants

Ruminants

Dog

Dog, pelvic girdle. Lateral view.

Dog, pelvic girdle. dorsal view.

Conjugated diameter ) sacro pubic diameter ( :- it is the diameter between promentory of sacrum & pecten pubis.Transverse diameter :- it is the diameter between 2 psoas tubercles.Inclination or obliquity of the pelvis :- it is vertical line extends from the cranial border of pubic symphysis to one of the sacral vertebrae.

Sexual differences of the bony pelvis of horse-:

Mare Stallion

Conjugated diameterAbout 24 cmAbout 19 cm

Transverse diameterAbout 24 cm i.e pelvic inlet is nearly circular

About 20 cm

Inclination of pelvisGreat Small

Pelvic outlet Large Small

Ischiatic archWider by 1/3Narrower

Pelvic cavityMore roomy than that of stallion Smaller than that of mare

Transverse diameter between middle of dorsal ischiatic spine

About 20 cmAbout 15 cm

Pubic part of pelvic floorConcave Convex

ischiatic part of pelvic floorWide & nearly flat Narrow & concave

Obturator foramen largerSmaller

Ilium ) shaft (Longer Shorter

Greater ischiatic notchShallow & wideDeeper & narrower

Comparative Os coxae-:

Horse Ox , SheepDog Iliac crestConcave & thickConcave & thickConvex & thick

Gluteal lineExtend from middle of medial border to coxal tuber.

Extends parallel to the lateral border.

Gluteal surface is concave )spoon like( flat pelvic surface.

Sacral auricular facets

Ear shapeTriangular in shapeIrregularly quadrilateral

Coxal tuberCarry 4 tuberosities Carry 3 tuberosities Represented by cranial & caudal ventral iliac spines

Sacral tuberRough Truncated in ox & pointed in sheep

Represented by cranial & caudal dorsral iliac spines

AcetabulumDeep &hemispherical with medial acetabular notch

Craniomedial notch & caudomedial notch & has 2 lunate surfaces

Bounded medially by flat plate of bone what bottom semitransparent

Obturator foramenOval Elliptical Triangular with rounded angles

Ischial tuber thick, has dorsal & ventral ischiatic spine.

large and 3-sided bearing dorsal ventral and lateral tuberosities in Sheep it bears a long lateral process, and a very short and blunt

dorsal prominence

flattened and everted

No lesser ischiatic notch

No subpubic groove