Oriëntatie op CIWhoorcollege 6:
Computercommunicatie
Gisela Redeker
voor deze presentatie heb ik dankbaar gebruik gemaakt van materiaal van prof.dr. John Bateman (Universität Bremen)
Person
Computer
PersonPerson Computer
Human-computer interaction(b.v. tekstverwerking, database)
Computer als gereedschap
Wat is computercommunicatie?
Computer-mediated communication(b.v. e-mail, websites)
Computer als medium
Wat maakt computercommunicatie speciaal?
• onafhankelijk van tijd en plaats
• aanpasbaar aan verschillende behoeftes
• aanpasbaar voor diverse doelgroepen
• te hergebruiken voor andere doelen
E- versus face-to-face discussie
In your reply to David’s message at 21-Jan-2000 09:21:12 you said “that sucks”, but this is not what you said at 21-Jan-2000 09:20:30 to Pete.
“Hey, you just told Pete it was OK.”
Wat maakt computercommunicatie speciaal?
• onafhankelijk van tijd en plaats
• aanpasbaar aan verschillende behoeftes
• aanpasbaar voor diverse doelgroepen
• te hergebruiken voor andere doelen
Wat maakt computercommunicatie speciaal?
• onafhankelijk van tijd en plaats
• aanpasbaar aan verschillende behoeftes
• aanpasbaar voor diverse doelgroepen
• te hergebruiken voor andere doelen
Wat maakt computercommunicatie speciaal?
• onafhankelijk van tijd en plaats
• aanpasbaar aan verschillende behoeftes
• aanpasbaar voor diverse doelgroepen
• te hergebruiken voor andere doelen
Information systems
Data DataComputer
Person
Person
Person
Pers
on
Example: the Dartbio information system:Artist Biographical Data
Authors
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
Automatic and Semi-automatic
information extraction
Data
StructuredKnowledge
Base
User
User InterfaceInformation
Retrieval
Visualisationand Natural Language Generation
Example: the ILEX system:Interactive Web-based Museum Explorer
(University of Edinburgh)
MuseumCurators
Form-basedinformation
inputinterface
Data
StructuredKnowledge
Base
Visualisationand Natural Language Generation
User
Web -br ow
s er
InformationRequestHandler
University of EdinburghILEX System startup page
Automatic webpage generation from an annotated data base
Development of information presentation
From text to multimedia...
gannets
Plumage white,save the wing quills,which are dark brown, not black as usually stated.The fledgling blackish-slate, spotted white.Immature till the third or fourth year,and recognized by the dark brown,chiefly on the back, wings, and tail,which colour diminishes season by seasontill at maturity reduced to the brown of the wing quills.
ADULT: White, black wing-tips,yellow nape.
JUVENILE: Grey,gradually becoming white over 5 years.
The plumage is white with a tinge of buff on the head and neckand dark brown, almost black, wing-tips.Immatures are first dusky all over,later piebald or white sprinkled with dark spots.
1924
1972
1996
Redistribution ofInformation acrossmodalities andacross time
Integrating Words and PicturesStudies show that designers must help readers:• search for the information they want in prose
and graphics,• make sense of it once they find it,• construct a coherent interpretation of the
prose and of the graphics,• generate connections between the words and
the pictures
‘Rhetoric’ for organising information
• something that is perceived as necessary for good document design: and particularly web design and online interaction...
• but how to systematise and teach it?
The GEM project:‘Genre and Multimodality’
(http://www.gem.stir.ac.uk)
Stages in Analysis• Content analysis: what ‘facts’ are being
communicated?• Layout analysis:
– what layout elements are there`?– what is their hierarchical structure?
• Rhetorical analysis: what is the RST structure?
• Does the layout support the rhetoric?
Relation between content, rhetorical organisation and layout
• examine the page layout
• examine the rhetorical structure of the information as presented
• look for interrelationships
Tekststructuur
The artic explorerwears lots of warmclothes to protecthim from the cold
elaboration
windproof top
balaclava
woolen underclothing
trousers
bootsmittens
‘material’
joint
Lay-out
Lay-out en tekststructuur
G
pagina
A B C D E F
Content Analysis
quality of vision how the eye workswhere it is quality of hearingfunction of ear spots appearance of ear spotsappearance of coat function of appearance of coatfunction of canine teeth function of molarsfunction of claws behaviour of claws when walking
RST analysis
Tiger: pic body parts
Tiger: mouth(pic)
canines molars
elaboration
elaboration
back of ears(pic)
white spotsfunction
backgroundhearingcoat
purpose
functionof stripes eyes
means
coating
claws(pic)
claws retract why
purpose
attributes
weightheight
dietlength
maturityseason
lifespanyoung
gestationbodytail
relationships comparisons
elaboration
background background
joint
joint
joint
joint
Lay-out
Layout tekststructuur
A
A1 A2 A3 A6 A7 A8A4 A5 A9
a a a a a ab b b b b b
DrawingIntermediateCaptionTextblock
eyes ears coat mouth teeth claws
Types of element:
Symbolic Authoringe.g., Drafter project http://www.itri.brighton.ac.uk/projects/drafter
Agile project http://www.itri.brighton/projects/agile
• Symbolic authoring allows a ‘writer’ to produce texts via a specification of the texts’ intended meaning rather than directly as text
• A text generation component then converts these specifications into natural texts
• Advantages: – the text generation component can produce a
variety of texts from the same information– e.g., variations in style and selected language– non-variation can be enforced, e.g., terminology
New Technologies and CMC
• New technologies (such as Natural Language Processing) are changing the role that the computer can take on when mediating information
• There are already significant applications where information presentation is largely taken over...
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