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Dr Jega
03-7967 7691
Organic Chemi!ry""#"$1136
%ee& 227!h 'e( 2014
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Cla O)er)ie*
+nder!and !he rela!i,nhi (e!*een !ruc!ureand r,er!ie in ,rganic c,m,und
e*i ar,ach !, m,lecular !ruc!ure (,nding
/ec,gnie !a(le !ruc!ural a!!ern
(le !, c,mmunica!e !he !ruc!uralin,rma!i,n-jarg,n
id-(ae chemi!ry r,m a !ruc!uralerec!i)e
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!ruc!ure De!ermine r,er!y
r,er!ie
!,mc,n!ained
in i!
5he *ay!hey are
c,nnec!ed
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Atomic Structure
The atomic theory states that elements are made of tiny particles
called atoms.
The name of an atom is represented by its atomic symbol.
Hydrogen = H Sodium = Na Chlorine = Cl
Atoms are composed of three smaller particles.
Protons, which hae a positie charge and great mass. Thenumber of protons determines what element it is.
Neutrons, which hae no electrical charge but great mass.
An atom!s protons and neutrons will be found in its nucleus.
"lectrons, which hae a negatie charge and e#tremely small
massThe mass of an atom $atomic mass% is calculated by adding the
number of protons and neutrons. The mass of electrons is so small
that they aren!t included.
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!,mic um(er#ach elemen! i charac!eried (y a uniue
a!,mic num(er 8 *hich i eual !, !henum(er , r,!,n in i! nucleu
neu!ral a!,m ha eual num(er ,
r,!,n and elec!r,n
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+e , /adi,ac!i)e ,!,e
/adi,ac!i)e i,!,e can (e ued a!racer !, ,ll,* !he m,)emen! ,!ha! elemen!.
/adi,ac!i)e i,!,e can (e ued !,!erilie medical and den!al
in!rumen!.
/adi,ac!i)e i,!,e can al, (eued !, &ill cancer cell.
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#lec!r,n
& Ae!*een 1=97 !, 1924$ elec!r,n *ere(elie)ed !, (e ar!icle
& ',und !, ha)e *a)e li&e energy
& %a)e unc!i,n :B.; i
"lectrons encircle the nucleus of an atom at specific energy leels called
electron shells.
The innermost shell can hold a ma#imum of ' electrons, the ne#t seeral
shells are considered stable when they hae ( electrons.
)n atoms with two or more shells, the outer shell follows the octet rule $(
electrons%
The number of electrons in the outer shell $alence shell% determine the
chemical reactiity of atoms.
Atoms are only *happy* if they hae a full outer electron shell and they will try
to gain or lose electrons in order to hae a full outer shell.
rrangemen! , elec!r,n inan a!,m
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Or(i!al
%a)e unc!i,n ,r(i!al%e can! !ell *here exac!ly an elec!r,n i
(u! *e can !ell *here i! i m,! li&ely !, (e
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Decri(ed (y ie hae and direc!i,nalr,er!ie
herically ymme!rical i s ,r(i!al
rincial uan!um num(er n recede !he,r(i!al EeciFe !he hell and i rela!ed !,!he energy , !he ,r(i!al
n elec!r,n in 1 ,r(i!al i li&ely !, (e ,und
cl,er !, nucleu l,*er in energy and im,re !r,ngly held !han an elec!r,n in a 2,r(i!al.
Only !*, elec!r,n can ,ccuy ,ne ,r(i!al
5ha! !,, ,nly *hen !hey ha)e ,,i!e
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1 2 2x 2y 2 3 3x 3y 3
5he p-,r(i!al are called dum((ell-hae#ach ,r(i!al c,ni! , 2 l,(e
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Ialence elec!r,n E ,u!erm,! elec!r,nm,! li&ely !, (e in),l)ed in chemical(,nding and reac!i,n
',ur ,r(i!al ,r r,* 2 ,n*ard gi)ing a
max , = elec!r,n ,n )alence hell
5hee ,rm !he eri,d in !he eri,dic !a(le
igh! exercie
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What is electricity?
Electricity is a form of energy that startswith atoms. You can't see atoms becausethey're too small, but they make upeverything around us. There are three
parts to an atom: protons, neutrons andelectrons. Electricity is created whenelectrons move from atom to atom. Thereare a number of ways to make electrons
move, but most electricity is produced atpower plants.
,urce$ h!!$***.yu&,nenergy.cain-y,ur-c,mmuni!yeduca!i,nh,*-elec!rici! -i- r,duced
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How fast isan electron&
electricity
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