Summary from Organic Chemistry Packet:

Introduction to organic chemistry

1. Nomenclature based on alkanes

• Know alkanes for C1-C10

• Recognize the formula/name of – Alkenes (double bond)– Alkynes (triple bond)– Cycloalkanes (ring structure)

Ex: Write the chemical formula and structural formula for:Octane 2- Butyne1, 3- Heptadiene

• Compounds of C and H and often a third or more additional elements

• Subgroups: – Alkanes: Containing only C-C single bonds– Alkenes: C=C double bonds as well as single bonds– Alkynes: carbon-carbon triple bonds as well as single

bonds.– Aromatic: hydrocarbons containing benzene rings.

Hydrocarbons

2. Branched alkanes and isomers• Understand the basic rules for writing &

naming branched alkanes.• Recognize and name structural isomers

Ex: Name the following molecules:

C5H12 has 3 structural isomers.C6H14 has 5C7H14 has 9And so on

Isomers of C5H12

Hydrocarbons & Structural Isomerism

How many isomers can you draw for heptane?

• Result of loss of free rotation about the C=C brings about “Geometric Isomers”

• Increase in reactivity over alkanes• X-Y addition reactions are possible• X2, H2, HX and H2O can add across the double

bond.

Alkenes: Compounds with C=C Double Bonds

Geometric (stereo) Isomers:

• Recognize the terms cis-, trans- isomers– Unsaturated molecules– Orientation around the double bond

Naming Alkenes: cis & trans

• Alkynes have carbon-carbon triple bonds. • C2H2: common name = acetylene

systematic name = ethyne

Preparation:

CaC2(s) + 2H2O(l)

C2H2 (g) + Ca(OH)2(s)

Alkynes

• Benzene, C6H6, is a key molecule in chemistry.

• It is the simplest aromatic compound, a class of compounds so named because they have significant, and usually not unpleasant, odors.

Aromatic compounds

Functional Groups:• Recognize functional groups • Name compounds based on functional groups

Organic chemistry & reactions

• Be familiar with some basic properties of an organic reaction:– Combustion (know this for sure!)– Condensation (H2O removed)– Addition ( of a halogen to an unsaturated alkane)– Substitution (of a halide)