Neutrino Masses, Leptogenesis and Beyond
The Incredible Foresight of ETTORE MAJORANA
Haim HarariErice, September 1, 2006
The Foresight
Can you tell a neutrino from an
anti-neutrino?
MAJORANA
may be its own antiparticle !
Is Massless or Very Light ?
“Direct” experiments m (e) < few eV
TheoryNo good reason for massless Simple argument for very light . is the only “chargeless” particle.
All quarks and leptons “Dirac Mass” also “Majorana Mass”
Is Massless or Very Light ?
m
“See-Saw”
M1 ~ O()M2 ~ O(m2/
0 mm
Majorana Mass
Gell-Mann, Ramond, Slansky, Yanagida
400 ton C2Cl4
Cle + A37
Homestake
Solar Neutrinos
The sun emits 1038 per second.
1029 go to direction earth.
Per 100 ton detector - 40 hits per month
Mikheyev-Smirnov-Wolfenstein
Kamiokande Super - Kamiokande
+ n e + pKamiokande
ton/clean water
GALLEXGae + Ge71
30 ton
GALLEXGae + Ge71
30 ton
SNO1000 ton D2O (+2 ton Salt) 10,000 phototubes
e + d e + p + p (charged Current)
x + dx + p + n (Neutral Current)
x + e x + e (Elastic Scattering)Count total – flux and e - flux
Solar Model is Right!
Neutrinos Oscillate
Neutrinos have Mass
m() ~ 8 meV
12 Large
L ~ 180 km
E ~ O (MeV)
Probe: ∆m2<<eV2
Kamland – Japan
KAM
RR
RR
= 2
Cosmic Radiation
Pions created in atmosphere
In -decay: N()N(e)
Energetic protons arrive
= 1.2 !!!
KAMIOKANDE:N()N(e)
m () ~ 50 meV
atmosphere
earth
e
e
p
70% Dark Energy
25% Dark Matter
4% H, He
0.5% Heavy Nuclei
0.5% Neutrinos
The Universe
m() ~ 50 meVm() ~ 8 meVm(e) ~ smallerLarge angles!
Also K2K, MINOS, others
-6 -5 -4 -2-3 -1 -0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12eV meV eV MeVkeV GeV TeV
ud
ee
( )
( )
e? 0
-1e
2/3
-1/3du
1stGeneration Q
sc
2nd
cs
( )
( )“The Standard Model”
tb
( )
( )
bt
3rd
Quarks
Leptons? ?
-6 -5 -4 -2-3 -1 -0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12eV meV eV MeVkeV GeV TeV
ud
ee
( )
( )
e? 0
-1e
2/3
-1/3du
1stGeneration Q
sc
2nd
cs
( )
( )“The Standard Model”
tb
( )
( )
bt
3rd
Quarks
Leptons
Why are we here?
Sakharov-1967 B-Violation (also L-Violation)CP-ViolationNon-equilibrium (also no “wash-out”)
B-Violation (and L-Violation)p-decayGUT scale or higherNot seen (but SN87A!)-oscillations and mass
CP-Violation
KM phase for quarks (requires 3 generations)CP-violation in leptons (requires 2 generations)
WHEN AND HOW DID IT HAPPEN?
Why are we here?
IT IS NOT ENOUGH TO TRADE B for L WE MUST ALSO CREATE B-L
At Big Bang: B=0 , L=0 (also B-L=0) We need to create a nonzero B (also B-L?)
If we could create a nonzero Land then trade B for L,
we could create a positive B.
“Leptogenesis” (other theories: GUT, electroweak) :
B and L violation in the standard model (but no B-L)
(qiqjqk) (qiqjqk) (qiqjqk) (ℓiℓjℓk)i,j,k = generations
“SPHALERON”: Connecting degenerate ground states
L and B can change (together) each by 3 UNITS (for Ng = 3)
B – L is conserved (and must be nonzero)
B + L is violated e.g. (B + L) = 6 is allowed
THE STANDARD MODEL CREATES (together) B AND L
“instanton” terms:
QUARKS and LEPTONSNote: ↔
is possibleud
du
e-
e+
The universe is made of
Neutrino oscillations m() ≠ 0, very small m() ~ m2
MSeesaw mechanism: 0 mm M
L=0 AT BIG BANG BUT L ≠ 0 PROCESSES ARE ABUNDANT !
<> ≠ 0, - mixing, heavy neutrino with mass MHence: is a Majorana neutrino
LEPTOGENESIS
The particle, which is its own antiparticle, is responsible for having
more particles than antiparticles in the universe
ERGO SUMNEUTRINO
At Big Bang: B = L = 0.
COGITO
Majorana: L≠0 and (B-L)≠0 are allowed.Hence, the universe has L≠0 and B-L≠ 0 .LEADING TO B≠0 !!!(Elaborate quantitative estimates).
e.g. Buchmueller-Peccei-Yanagida
No evidence for subquarks and subleptons.
No reasonable dynamical theory
Perhaps it all happens
at the subparticle level !?
Warning
.
And in 2056 – for Majorana’s 150th birthday
Why Qi = 0 for q’s and ℓ’s in one generation?
[ Qi = (-1) + (0) + 3(+2/3) +3(-1/3) = 0 ]
Why q and ℓ have simple charge ratios?(0, -1)( +2/3, -1/3 )
Why three colors and three generations?
PREONS? TOY MODELS?
Why p and e+ have same charge?
The Quark - Lepton Connection
Rishons HH+Seiberg
TV
1 0 10 1 -1
00
-1-1-1 1
TV 0 3 3
3 3- 1/3
+ 1/33 3
0 3 3
Buchmann+Schmid
Anomaly cancellation: NH = NC = NG = 3
SU(3)H Singlets
Q SU(3) SU(3)H C
N N 3(B-L)T V
“Matter”
e+
ud
TTTTTVTVVVVV
(+1)(+2/3)
(+1/3)(0)
1331
color
“Antimatter”
VVVVVTVTTTTT
due-
(0)(- 1/3)
(- 2/3)(-1)
1331
color
e- TTT p TTT(TT)(VV)(VV)
e+ TTT
p TTT(TT)(VV)(VV)
RishonsHH+Seiberg
TV
1 0 10 1 -1
00
-1-1-1 1
TV 0 3 3
3 3- 1/3
+ 1/33 3
0 3 3
SU(3)H Singlets
Q SU(3) SU(3)H C
N N 3(B-L)T V
“Matter”
e+
ud
TTTTTVTVVVVV
(+1)(+2/3)
(+1/3)(0)
1331
color
“Antimatter”
VVVVVTVTTTTT
due-
(0)(- 1/3)
(- 2/3)(-1)
1331
color
TO BREAK B-L WE NEED TO BREAK NSimplest J=0, Q=0, SU(3)H – singlet, SU(3)C – singlet
IS <VVVVVV> : BREAKS L, HENCE CREATES B
<VVVVVV>≠0 ERGO SUM
V
Measuring Masses and Angles
Clues for Theory “Beyond the Standard Model”
Neutrino Astronomy
UHE Cosmic Neutrinos
Dark Matter
Z in Nucleosynthesis
- Less Double -Decay
- Decays
- Magnetic Moments
Heavy Sterile
Neutrino Masses, Leptogenesis and Beyond
ETTORE MAJORANAWAS NO FOOL
WAS BRILLIANT !!!
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