Neutrino Masses, Leptogenesis and Beyond

The Incredible Foresight of ETTORE MAJORANA

Haim HarariErice, September 1, 2006

The Foresight

Can you tell a neutrino from an

anti-neutrino?

MAJORANA

may be its own antiparticle !

Is Massless or Very Light ?

“Direct” experiments m (e) < few eV

TheoryNo good reason for massless Simple argument for very light . is the only “chargeless” particle.

All quarks and leptons “Dirac Mass” also “Majorana Mass”

Is Massless or Very Light ?

m

“See-Saw”

M1 ~ O()M2 ~ O(m2/

0 mm

Majorana Mass

Gell-Mann, Ramond, Slansky, Yanagida

400 ton C2Cl4

Cle + A37

Homestake

Solar Neutrinos

The sun emits 1038 per second.

1029 go to direction earth.

Per 100 ton detector - 40 hits per month

Mikheyev-Smirnov-Wolfenstein

Kamiokande Super - Kamiokande

+ n e + pKamiokande

ton/clean water

GALLEXGae + Ge71

30 ton

GALLEXGae + Ge71

30 ton

SNO1000 ton D2O (+2 ton Salt) 10,000 phototubes

e + d e + p + p (charged Current)

x + dx + p + n (Neutral Current)

x + e x + e (Elastic Scattering)Count total – flux and e - flux

Solar Model is Right!

Neutrinos Oscillate

Neutrinos have Mass

m() ~ 8 meV

12 Large

L ~ 180 km

E ~ O (MeV)

Probe: ∆m2<<eV2

Kamland – Japan

KAM

RR

RR

= 2

Cosmic Radiation

Pions created in atmosphere

In -decay: N()N(e)

Energetic protons arrive

= 1.2 !!!

KAMIOKANDE:N()N(e)

m () ~ 50 meV

atmosphere

earth

e

e

p

70% Dark Energy

25% Dark Matter

4% H, He

0.5% Heavy Nuclei

0.5% Neutrinos

The Universe

m() ~ 50 meVm() ~ 8 meVm(e) ~ smallerLarge angles!

Also K2K, MINOS, others

-6 -5 -4 -2-3 -1 -0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12eV meV eV MeVkeV GeV TeV

ud

ee

( )

( )

e? 0

-1e

2/3

-1/3du

1stGeneration Q

sc

2nd

cs

( )

( )“The Standard Model”

tb

( )

( )

bt

3rd

Quarks

Leptons? ?

-6 -5 -4 -2-3 -1 -0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12eV meV eV MeVkeV GeV TeV

ud

ee

( )

( )

e? 0

-1e

2/3

-1/3du

1stGeneration Q

sc

2nd

cs

( )

( )“The Standard Model”

tb

( )

( )

bt

3rd

Quarks

Leptons

Why are we here?

Sakharov-1967 B-Violation (also L-Violation)CP-ViolationNon-equilibrium (also no “wash-out”)

B-Violation (and L-Violation)p-decayGUT scale or higherNot seen (but SN87A!)-oscillations and mass

CP-Violation

KM phase for quarks (requires 3 generations)CP-violation in leptons (requires 2 generations)

WHEN AND HOW DID IT HAPPEN?

Why are we here?

IT IS NOT ENOUGH TO TRADE B for L WE MUST ALSO CREATE B-L

At Big Bang: B=0 , L=0 (also B-L=0) We need to create a nonzero B (also B-L?)

If we could create a nonzero Land then trade B for L,

we could create a positive B.

“Leptogenesis” (other theories: GUT, electroweak) :

B and L violation in the standard model (but no B-L)

(qiqjqk) (qiqjqk) (qiqjqk) (ℓiℓjℓk)i,j,k = generations

“SPHALERON”: Connecting degenerate ground states

L and B can change (together) each by 3 UNITS (for Ng = 3)

B – L is conserved (and must be nonzero)

B + L is violated e.g. (B + L) = 6 is allowed

THE STANDARD MODEL CREATES (together) B AND L

“instanton” terms:

QUARKS and LEPTONSNote: ↔

is possibleud

du

e-

e+

The universe is made of

Neutrino oscillations m() ≠ 0, very small m() ~ m2

MSeesaw mechanism: 0 mm M

L=0 AT BIG BANG BUT L ≠ 0 PROCESSES ARE ABUNDANT !

<> ≠ 0, - mixing, heavy neutrino with mass MHence: is a Majorana neutrino

LEPTOGENESIS

The particle, which is its own antiparticle, is responsible for having

more particles than antiparticles in the universe

ERGO SUMNEUTRINO

At Big Bang: B = L = 0.

COGITO

Majorana: L≠0 and (B-L)≠0 are allowed.Hence, the universe has L≠0 and B-L≠ 0 .LEADING TO B≠0 !!!(Elaborate quantitative estimates).

e.g. Buchmueller-Peccei-Yanagida

No evidence for subquarks and subleptons.

No reasonable dynamical theory

Perhaps it all happens

at the subparticle level !?

Warning

.

And in 2056 – for Majorana’s 150th birthday

Why Qi = 0 for q’s and ℓ’s in one generation?

[ Qi = (-1) + (0) + 3(+2/3) +3(-1/3) = 0 ]

Why q and ℓ have simple charge ratios?(0, -1)( +2/3, -1/3 )

Why three colors and three generations?

PREONS? TOY MODELS?

Why p and e+ have same charge?

The Quark - Lepton Connection

Rishons HH+Seiberg

TV

1 0 10 1 -1

00

-1-1-1 1

TV 0 3 3

3 3- 1/3

+ 1/33 3

0 3 3

Buchmann+Schmid

Anomaly cancellation: NH = NC = NG = 3

SU(3)H Singlets

Q SU(3) SU(3)H C

N N 3(B-L)T V

“Matter”

e+

ud

TTTTTVTVVVVV

(+1)(+2/3)

(+1/3)(0)

1331

color

“Antimatter”

VVVVVTVTTTTT

due-

(0)(- 1/3)

(- 2/3)(-1)

1331

color

e- TTT p TTT(TT)(VV)(VV)

e+ TTT

p TTT(TT)(VV)(VV)

RishonsHH+Seiberg

TV

1 0 10 1 -1

00

-1-1-1 1

TV 0 3 3

3 3- 1/3

+ 1/33 3

0 3 3

SU(3)H Singlets

Q SU(3) SU(3)H C

N N 3(B-L)T V

“Matter”

e+

ud

TTTTTVTVVVVV

(+1)(+2/3)

(+1/3)(0)

1331

color

“Antimatter”

VVVVVTVTTTTT

due-

(0)(- 1/3)

(- 2/3)(-1)

1331

color

TO BREAK B-L WE NEED TO BREAK NSimplest J=0, Q=0, SU(3)H – singlet, SU(3)C – singlet

IS <VVVVVV> : BREAKS L, HENCE CREATES B

<VVVVVV>≠0 ERGO SUM

V

Measuring Masses and Angles

Clues for Theory “Beyond the Standard Model”

Neutrino Astronomy

UHE Cosmic Neutrinos

Dark Matter

Z in Nucleosynthesis

- Less Double -Decay

- Decays

- Magnetic Moments

Heavy Sterile

Neutrino Masses, Leptogenesis and Beyond

ETTORE MAJORANAWAS NO FOOL

WAS BRILLIANT !!!