Monitoring trans-boundary maritime space with autonomous systems:
drifters, floats and gliders
P.-M. PoulainIstituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale (OGS)
Trieste, Italy
Talk Outline
Mobile Autonomous Oceanographic Instruments: Drifters, Floats and Gliders
Selected Mediterranean Applications
Contribution to CALYPSO
CALYPSO Seminar, 28 May 2012, La Valletta, MaltaCALYPSO Seminar, 28 May 2012, La Valletta, MaltaCALYPSO Seminar, 28 May 2012, La Valletta, MaltaCALYPSO Seminar, 28 May 2012, La Valletta, Malta
Mobile Autonomous Oceanographic Instruments: Drifters
CODE-type Designs
CALYPSO Seminar, 28 May 2012, La Valletta, Malta
SVP-type Designs
CALYPSO Seminar, 28 May 2012, La Valletta, Malta
Mobile Autonomous Oceanographic Instruments: Drifters
Oil-spill Designs
CALYPSO Seminar, 28 May 2012, La Valletta, Malta
Mobile Autonomous Oceanographic Instruments: Drifters
Low-cost (1-5 K€) & generally expendable
Tracking and data telemetry (Argos, GPS, Iridium, GSM)
Data:
• Near surface currents (0, 15, 50 m) from successive positions• SST, T(z), SSS• Optical parameters (Lu, Ed)• Air temperature & atmospheric pressure• Wind speed & direction
NRT processing and dissemination (sampling period of 0.5-2 h)
Characteristics
Mobile Autonomous Oceanographic Instruments: Drifters
CALYPSO Seminar, 28 May 2012, La Valletta, Malta
Deployments
Mobile Autonomous Oceanographic Instruments: Drifters
From Research Vessels
From Volunteer Observing Ships (VOS)
CALYPSO Seminar, 28 May 2012, La Valletta, Malta
Composite Track Diagram (1985-2011)
CALYPSO Seminar, 28 May 2012, La Valletta, Malta
Mobile Autonomous Oceanographic Instruments: Drifters
~1300 drifters258 drifter-years in 25 years = 10 drifter-years per year
Profiling instruments
Provor Apex
Sea-Bird CTD5,10,…,100,110,…,
700,750,…,2000 dbar
Satellite Argos Antenna
Bladder
Mobile Autonomous Oceanographic Instruments: Floats
CALYPSO Seminar, 28 May 2012, La Valletta, Malta
Sampling Characteristics
NRT data (every 5 or 10 days):
Pressure, temperature, conductivity (salinity)Oxygen, chlorophyll, turbidity, etc.
Medium cost (15-20 K€) Long-lived (> 3 years)Generally expandable
Argos or Iridium data telemetry
CALYPSO Seminar, 28 May 2012, La Valletta, Malta
Mobile Autonomous Oceanographic Instruments: Floats
Deployments
R/V and SOP
CALYPSO Seminar, 28 May 2012, La Valletta, Malta
Mobile Autonomous Oceanographic Instruments: Floats
CTD Profiles (2001-2011)
122 floats
Mobile Autonomous Oceanographic Instruments: Floats
CALYPSO Seminar, 28 May 2012, La Valletta, Malta
Autonomous Gliding vehicles
Spray
Scripps
Institution of
Oceanography
Seaglider
APL-University of
Washington
Slocum
Webb Research
Corp.
CALYPSO Seminar, 28 May 2012, La Valletta, Malta
Mobile Autonomous Oceanographic Instruments: Gliders
1) Gliders are driven by
positive and negative
buoyancy created by
a change in volume.
No propeller is
required.
2) Wings convert
vertical velocity into
forward velocity.
3) To change the
direction of the glider
a rudder is used or
internal mass is
rotated.
4) Glider move
downward and
upward in a
sawtooth pattern
Sampling Characteristics
U ~ 20-40 cm/s
W ~ 10-20cm/s
1 km or 200 m
~2-5 km between surfacings
CALYPSO Seminar, 28 May 2012, La Valletta, Malta
Mobile Autonomous Oceanographic Instruments: Gliders
Communication & SensorsArgos, Iridium, VHF link
Sea-Bird CTD
PingerOptics
O2
NRT data (every surfacing):
Pressure, temperature, conductivity (salinity)Oxygen, chlorophyll,
turbidity, etc.
High cost (100-150 K€)
Not expendable!
CALYPSO Seminar, 28 May 2012, La Valletta, Malta
Mobile Autonomous Oceanographic Instruments: Gliders
Selected Mediterranean Applications:Circulation in the Strait of Sicily (1990-1999)
Poulain and Zambianchi (CSR, 2007)
CALYPSO Seminar, 28 May 2012, La Valletta, Malta
Monitoring surface circulation with drifters
Mean Circulation Variability
CALYPSO Seminar, 28 May 2012, La Valletta, Malta
Selected Mediterranean Applications:Circulation in the Strait of Sicily (1990-1999)
Poulain and Zambianchi (CSR, 2007)
Monitoring surface circulation with drifters
Anti-MistralMistral
Wind-induced Variations of Mean Circulation
Selected Mediterranean Applications:Circulation in the Strait of Sicily (1990-1999)
Poulain and Zambianchi (CSR, 2007)
CALYPSO Seminar, 28 May 2012, La Valletta, Malta
Selected Mediterranean Applications: Gulf of La Spezia (POET)
Surface circulation & dispersion from drifters and HF radars
Experiment Deployment Recovery No of drifters
1 18 June 07 / 14:10 19 June 07 / 10:50 5
2 20 June 07 / 08:40 21 June 07 / 10:33 6
3 22 June 07 / 10:23 25 June 07 / 03:58 3
4 22 June 07 / 12:47 23 June 07 / 04:16 4
5 25 June 07 / 17:54 26 June 07 / 10:33 3
CALYPSO Seminar, 28 May 2012, La Valletta, Malta
Molcard et al. (JMS, 2009)
Selected Mediterranean Applications: Gulf of La Spezia (POET)
Surface circulation & dispersion from drifters and HF radars
CALYPSO Seminar, 28 May 2012, La Valletta, Malta
RMS difference ~ 5 cm/s
An Arvor-C float was deployed on 10 October 2011 and provided temperature and salinity profiles every 3 h until 24 October 2011.
In total, the float executed 136 CTD profiles between the surface (0 m) and a maximal depth of about 400 m.
T/S profiles (10-24 Oct 2011)
Selected Mediterranean Applications: Tuscan Archipelago (MILONGA)
CALYPSO Seminar, 28 May 2012, La Valletta, Malta
T/S profiles (10-24 Oct 2011)
Selected Mediterranean Applications: Tuscan Archipelago (MILONGA)
CALYPSO Seminar, 28 May 2012, La Valletta, Malta
Selected Mediterranean Applications: South of Cyprus (Eye of the Levantine, Dec 2009)
CALYPSO Seminar, 28 May 2012, La Valletta, Malta
Selected Mediterranean Applications: South of Cyprus (Eye of the Levantine, Dec 2009)
CALYPSO Seminar, 28 May 2012, La Valletta, Malta
Satellite-derived dynamic topography and drifters (Nov 2009)
Selected Mediterranean Applications: South of Cyprus (Eye of the Levantine, Dec 2009)
CALYPSO Seminar, 28 May 2012, La Valletta, Malta
Glider tracks and near-surface currents
Selected Mediterranean Applications: South of Cyprus (Eye of the Levantine, Dec 2009)
CALYPSO Seminar, 28 May 2012, La Valletta, Malta
Contribution to CALYPSO:
Deployments of surface drifters in HF radar domain to complement/validate current measurements : four seasonal deployment of 5 drifters
CALYPSO Seminar, 28 May 2012, La Valletta, Malta
Drifters and floats to monitor surface currents and profiles of temperature and salinity in the Malta Channel
Deployment of an Argo float (Arvor with Iridium telemetry) to measure profiles of temperature and salinity at daily intervals (also useful to validate, or to be assimilated in, regional numerical models)
Thank you for your attention, any questions?
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