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UNDERSTANDING DENGUEVECTOR AND ITS MANAGEMENT
Prof. Dr. Waseem Akram, Head Research andDevelopment Program on Dengue Punjab,
Chief Ministers Secretariat
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Synopsis of Module 1
Insects of Public Health Concern
in Institutions
Vector borne disease
Understanding the Dengue
mosquito and generalmosquitoes
Mosquito breeding places
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INSECTS OF PUBLIC HEALTH
CONCERN IN INSTITUTIONS FLIES MOSQUITOES
BED BUGS
COCKROACHES
FLEAS
DERMESTID BEETLES
LOUSE
SANDFLIES
ROVE BEETLES
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VECTOR BORNE DISEASE YELLOW FEVER
MALARIA
FILARIASIS
JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS
DENGUE
ASTHAMA
LESHMINIASIS
SKIN ALLERGIES
THYPHOID
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INSECTS OF PUBLIC HEALTH
CONCERN IN INSTITUTIONS
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MOSQUITOES AND THEIR ROLE
Mosquito-borne diseasescause significant humanhealth problems, largely in thesubtropics and tropics
WHO reports three mosquito-borne diseases around theworld:
500 million cases ofmalaria with2.7 million deaths, mainly inchildren.
Lymphatic filariasis with 120million people effected everyyear.
Dengue fever virus, particularlyits hemorrhagic form, is a threat
to >2.5 billion people.
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SOME OF THE VECTOR BORNE
INFECTIONS
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Since the 1960's, dengue has re-emerged throughout the world. Some notable outbreaks in the last two decades:
- 1977, Cuba: mild epidemic of dengue-1.
- 1977, Seychelles (Africa) - first major epidemic
- 1979, Laredo, Texas: two residents developed hemorrhagic fever.
- 1981, Havana, Cuba: A new strain of dengue-2 from Southeast Asia causes its first major epidemic: 350,000
infected; 115,000 hospitalizations; 156 dead.
- 1982, New Delhi, India: 20% of the 5.6 million residents fall ill to dengue-2
- 1982, Keyna - first major epidemic of dengue-2
- 1982-1984, Somalia - dengue-2
- 1985 - Mozambique, first major epidemic (dengue-3)
- 1985-1986, Nicaragua: indigenous population of Managuans
- 1985, Hainan Island, China - first major epidemic of dengue-2
- 1988, U.S.: 124 suspected cases of imported dengue, of which 27 (in 7 states) were definite, and 25 were
uncertain.
- 1990, Venezuela
- 1991, Brazil: epidemic, indigenous population.- 1991-1992, Djibouti (Africa) - first major epidemic
- 1993, Somalia: U.S. troops.
- 1994, Pakistan, first epidemic
- 1994, Nicaragua: dengue-3 reappears (a new strain genetically distinct from previous dengue-3 strains in the
Americas) and causes an epidemic of dengue hemorrhagic fever.
- 1994, Saudi Arabia, first major epidemic of dengue-2
DENGUE SITUATION AT AN ALARMING TONE
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History of Dengue in Pakistan First reported in 1980 and then showed regular turn
outs from 1994 to 1998
Pakistan faced the worst ever reported dengue
epidemic in the world
0.6million suspected cases,
22000 confirmed
375 deaths in a span of 73 days during the year 2011.
10
Year 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Cases in
Punjab
S C D S C D S C D S C D S C D
756 448 0 320 288 0 1248 1148 5 170 115 2 7835 6195 4
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Known Vectors
DF and DHF are caused
Aedes aegyptiandAedes
albopictus
These have extended their ranges fromAsian region to other continents
through trade and transportation.
Both the species have the
capacity to vector
Four serotypes (DEN1, DEN2, DEN3 andDEN4)
Transfer the virus to the people after
extrinsic incubation period of 4-6 days
11
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How has the disease spread
Climatic changes
Unplanned urbanization
Growing environmental
concerns Have led to the expansion
of vectors ranges andfinally the prevalence of thedisease.
Places which have shownsever epidemics haveopened doors to othervector borne issues.
12
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Ecological Determinants affecting
dengue incidence
13
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Factors Contributing to the Emergence
of Dengue Fever No effective mosquito control efforts are underway in most countries
with Dengue.
Public health systems to detect and control epidemics are deteriorating
around the world.
Rapid growth of cities has led to overcrowding, urban decay, andsubstandard sanitation, allowing more mosquitoes to live closer to morepeople.
The increase in non-biodegradable plastic packaging and discarded tiresis creating new breeding sites for mosquitoes.
Increased jet air travel is helping people infected with Dengue viruses tomove easily from city to city.
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Aedes
Lands with the head and tip of abdomen
pointing towards the surface
Culex
Anopheles
MalariaLands vertically on the surface
Lands with the head and tip of
abdomen pointing towards the
surface
Dengue Mosquito
and UsualMosquitoes
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Anopheles
Eggs laid singly on the surfaceof water
Eggs laid on raft which has many
eggs that floats on the surface ofwater
Eggs like rice grains very small in size
Laid singly on dry/wet/ or moist
vegetation/ sides of containers or on
the surface of water
Aedes
Culex
Eggs of different Mosquitoes
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Larval Stage of Anopheles
Mosquito
Anopheles spp.
Larva without siphon tube
Rests horizontal with the surface ofwater
Siphon tube ABSENT
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Larva of Culex Mosquito
Larva with long thinsiphon tube used forrespiration
Position of larvadependent upon thedepth of water it mayswim vertically
upward or slightlytilted
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Larva of Aedes mosquito
Larva withshort andthick siphon(Respiratorytube)
Moves inwater eithervertically orslightly tilteddepending
upon thedepth ofwater
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Larval Stages of Different Genera of Mosquito
Siphon and its size
Siphon and its size
Siphon absent
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PUPAE OF DIFFERENT GENERA OF MOSQUITOES
Culexspp.
Anopheles spp.
Aedes
Head capsule large
Rest of the body firmly
attached with head capsule Head capsule slightly
smaller than anopheles
Rest of the body partly
away from head capsule
Head small
Rest of the bodydistinctly away from
head capsule
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MORPHOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
SEXES
Female Pilose antennaMale Plumose antenna
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Morphological Appearances
Aedes albopictus Aedes aegypti
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TWO WITH A SINGLE MISSION
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Adults ofalbopictus and aegypti
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Adults ofalbopictus and aegypti
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Larvae ofalbopictus and aegypti
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Pupae ofalbopictus and aegypti
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Mosquito breeding places
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This is what we Generally Understand
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What and where do mosquitoes feed
upon
What do they feed
upon
Where do they feed
upon
Mosquitoes
feed upon blood
Anthropophagic
EndophagicExophagic
Endophilic
Exophilic
DIURNAL NOCTURAL
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IS IT CLEAR WATER?
Are tree wholes active
breeding places?
Is small quanity water
enough?
Is blood the only food?
female
Is blood the only food?
male
MOSQUITO BREEDING PLACES
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Behavior Pattern of various Mosquito types
Culexswarms
mostly large and
commonly found
Anopheles swarms large
and commonly found near
water collecting places and
the near sewerage pipes
Aedes swarms very
few and mostly inthe concealed
environment
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Disease Transmission Cycle
Environment
PathogenVector
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Transmission of Dengue Virus
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Replication and Transmission of DengueVirus (Part1)
1. Virus transmitted to
human in mosquito saliva
2. Virus replicates in
target organs3. Virus infects white
blood cells and lymphatictissues
4. Virus released and
circulates in blood
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Replication and Transmission of DengueVirus (Part2)
5.Second mosquito
ingests virus with
blood6.Virus replicates in
mosquito midgut andother organs,infects
salivary glands7.Virus replicates in
salivary glands
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Dengue Infected Patient
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Thanks
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