ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
The Skeletal System
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/techniques/phasegallery/images/humanpathology/humanbone.jpg
Microscopic Image of Bone Cells:
https://www.facebook.com/Share.It.Pics/photos/a.179135958884882.40880.179133545551790/733670583431414/?type=3&theater
The Skeletal System:
Contains bones, the organs of this system
The tissues of this system: bone tissue, cartilage, blood, connective tissue & nervous tissue
Bones, no matter their location or size, have similar functions and structure
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/images/ency/fullsize/9065.jpg
Functions of Bones:
1. Support: provide framework for the body and
surround organs
2. Protection: enclose soft organs
3. Movement: Along with skeletal muscles and
tendons, enable the body to move.
4. Storage: Within the bone marrow (middle of the
bone), Ca++ and P are stored. (and fat!)
5. Blood Cell Formation: Within the bone marrow,
blood cells are formed; a.k.a. hematopoiesis.
Classification of Bones:
There are 206 bones
in an adult body.
There are 2 types of
bone:
Compact Bone: dense
Spongy Bone, a.k.a.
Cancellous Bone: open
spaces within the
bone
There are 4 groups of
bones:
Long
Short
Flat
Irregular
Structure of the Bone:
The diaphysis is the
‘shaft’ of the bone
(bone length); mainly
compact bone.
The epiphysis are the
ends (of long bones);
mainly spongy bone.
The periosteum is the
bone covering, or
membrane.
http://www.google.com/imgres?
Structure of the Bone:
Red Marrow forms blood cells; this is found within the epiphysis of some long bones and in spongy bone of flat bones.
Yellow marrow (fat) is found within the medullary cavity.
http://www.google.com/imgres?
Microscopic Structure of the Bone:
Osteocytes are mature bone cells.
These are found w/in lacunae (cavities) which form
circles called lamellae.
Lamellae form around Haversian (or osteonic) canals.
Canaliculi allow a ‘transportation’ system for the bone
cells (to receive blood and nutrients).
Perforating (or Volkmann’s) canals allow communication
to occur.
http://www.google.com/imgres?
http://www.web-books.com/eLibrary/Medicine/Physiology/Skeletal/compact_spongy_bone.jpg
Bone Formation:
Osteo means bone.
Most bones form from hyaline cartilage.
This process is called ossification.
Bone forming cells are called osteoblasts.
http://www.johnwiley.net.au/highered/interactions/media
/Support/content/Support/skel2a/frameset.htm
Skeletal Organization:
Look up labeled diagram in text or online: KNOW THIS FIGURE!
2 major portions of the skeleton: axial skeleton (bones & cartilage of the head & trunk) and the appendicular skeleton (bones & cartilage of the limbs).
There are 206 bones in the (adult) body.
https://www.getbodysmart.com/ap/skeletalsystem/skeleton/introduction/tutorial.html
http://www.google.com/imgres?
Axial Skeleton: The Skull:
Cranium encloses the brain
Includes:
Frontal bone
Parietal Bones (2)
Temporal Bones (2)
Occipital Bone
Sphenoid Bone
Ethmoid Bone
http://www.google.com/imgres?
Axial Skeleton: The Skull:
Facial Bones, including:
Mandible
Nasal Bones
Maxillary Bones
Hyoid Bone: suspended
in the midneck above
the larynx.
http://www.google.com/imgres?
Axial Skeleton: The Vertebral Column (Spine):
Contains 33 vertebrae
9 of these are fused (form 2
bones):
Sacrum and Coccyx (tailbone)
Cervical vertebrae are in the
neck region (1st 7)
Thoracic vertebrae are in the
trunk (next 12)
Lumbar vertebrae are in the
lower back (the last 5) http://www.google.com/imgres?
Axial Skeleton: Thoracic Cage:
Protects the heart, lungs, and major BVs.
Includes:
1. Sternum (breastbone)
This is attached to the 1st 7 pairs of ribs.
The heart is posterior to the sternum.
Axial Skeleton: Thoracic Cage:
2. 12 pairs of Ribs:
True ribs are attached to the sternum (1st 7)
False ribs (next 5)
Last 2 pair are a.k.a. ‘floating ribs’ b/c they lack attachment to sternum.
ALL ribs are attached to vertebral column!
http://www.google.com/imgres?
Appendicular Skeleton: The Shoulder:
Shoulder, or pectoral,
girdle contains:
Clavicle (collarbone)
Scapula (shoulder
blade)
http://www.google.com/imgres?
Appendicular Skeleton: The Upper Limbs:
The bones of the upper limb
are:
Humerus (arm)
Radius (thumb to forearm)
Ulna (pinky finger to
forearm)
Hand: Carpals (wrist),
metacarpals (palm), and
phalanges (fingers)
http://www.google.com/imgres?
Appendicular Skeleton: The Pelvic Girdle:
Contains:
Coxal Bones (hip
bones) which are
composed of the
ilium, ischium, and
pubis
http://www.google.com/imgres?
Appendicular Skeleton: The Lower Limbs:
The thigh bone is a.k.a.
the femur.
The leg bones are the tibia
(shinbone; larger), fibula
(thinner), and patella
(kneecap).
The foot contains the tarsal
bones (ankle & heel),
metatarsals (sole) and
phalanges (toes) http://www.google.com/imgres?
Skeletal system websites
http://www.innerbody.com/image/skelfov.html
Joints:
These are a.k.a. articulations.
This is where 2 or more bones come together.
There are 3 types of joints:
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
Joints:
Between bones that are
close together, united
by fibrous tissue.
Have limited
movement, if any.
Sometimes called
immovable joints.
Ex. Sutures of the skull
Are shock absorbers
& equalize pressure;
united by
fibrocartilage.
Limited movement.
Ex. Vertebrate
Fibrous Joints: Cartilaginous Joints:
http://www.google.com/imgres?
Synovial Joints:
Must have:
Articulating cartilage
Articular capsule (there is a membrane)
Joint cavity (synovial fluid)
Ligaments (connect bone to bone)
Many have bursae (flattened sacs of fluid) and
tendon sheaths (elongated bursae)
Types of Synovial Joints:
1. Ball-and-socket joints allows the most
movement: rotational movement, side-to-side,
etc. Ex: shoulder or hip.
2. Condylar joints allow many motions but not
rotational. Ex: between phalanges &
metacarpels.
3. Plane joints/gliding joints allow sliding & twisting
movements. Ex: wrist or ankle.
Ball & Socket Joint:
http://www.eorthopod.com/images/ContentImages/hip/hip_arthroplasty/hip_arthroplasty_anat01.jpg
http://pioneer.netserv.chula.ac.th/~bkritcha/figure/images/condyloid.jpg
Condylar Joint:
http://www.shockfamily.net/skeleton/GLIDING.JPG
Plane Joint:
Types of Synovial Joints:
4. Hinge joints allows planar movement only. Ex:
elbow.
5. Pivot joints allow rotational movement around a
central axis only. Ex: between radius & ulna.
6. Saddle joints allow a variety of movements. Ex:
between carpal & metacarpal of the thumb.
Hinge Joint:
http://www.eorthopod.com/images/ContentImages/elbow/elbow_anatomy/elbow_anatomy02a.jpg
Pivot Joint:
http://www.dartmouth.edu/~anatomy/assets/bones/elbow/elbow-supination.jpg
Saddle Joint:
http://www.shockfamily.net/skeleton/SADDLE.JPG
BONE FRACTURES: http://www.slideshare.net/almasmkm/fracture-and-dislocation-ppt-almas-khan-khorfakkhan-hospital-dubai REPAIR: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uTkUJqed-DY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3RVjxl6wB0E https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VZF3xicLtTw
ahttps://www.google.com/search?q=scoliosis+kyphosis+lordosis+diagrams&biw=1280&bih=887&tbm=isch&imgil=gW3XPrDwtaJSAM%253A%253BNWur127Lw-oynM%253Bhttp%25253A%25252F%25252Fwww.musicianshealthcollective.com%25252Fblog%25252F2014%25252F10%25252F3%25252Fwhat-is-scoliosis&source=iu&pf=m&fir=gW3XPrDwtaJSAM%253A%252CNWur127Lw-oynM%252C_&usg=__DA6IFYFfNRfCmBgIlai0fKphpU4%3D&ved=0ahUKEwi4mtSbxNjRAhWB5SYKHcnzDkEQyjcIMg&ei=mhqGWLjlMoHLmwHJ57uIBA#imgrc=gW3XPrDwtaJSAM%3A
Look these up in text or online!
Know the following diseases/imbalances:
Rickets, fractures, herniated discs, scoliosis,
kyphosis & lordosis, bursitis, sprain, arthritis,
osteoarthritis, bone spurs, rheumatoid arthritis,
ankylosis, and gout, osteoporosis
This slide show was developed by Dana Halloran,
Cardinal Mooney High School, Sarasota, FL.
Used with her personal permission,
adapted and amended by Rosa Whiting,
Manatee School for the Arts, Palmetto, FL.
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