ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

The Skeletal System

http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/techniques/phasegallery/images/humanpathology/humanbone.jpg

Microscopic Image of Bone Cells:

https://www.facebook.com/Share.It.Pics/photos/a.179135958884882.40880.179133545551790/733670583431414/?type=3&theater

The Skeletal System:

Contains bones, the organs of this system

The tissues of this system: bone tissue, cartilage, blood, connective tissue & nervous tissue

Bones, no matter their location or size, have similar functions and structure

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/images/ency/fullsize/9065.jpg

Functions of Bones:

1. Support: provide framework for the body and

surround organs

2. Protection: enclose soft organs

3. Movement: Along with skeletal muscles and

tendons, enable the body to move.

4. Storage: Within the bone marrow (middle of the

bone), Ca++ and P are stored. (and fat!)

5. Blood Cell Formation: Within the bone marrow,

blood cells are formed; a.k.a. hematopoiesis.

Classification of Bones:

There are 206 bones

in an adult body.

There are 2 types of

bone:

Compact Bone: dense

Spongy Bone, a.k.a.

Cancellous Bone: open

spaces within the

bone

There are 4 groups of

bones:

Long

Short

Flat

Irregular

Types of Bones:

http://www.google.com/imgres?

Structure of the Bone:

The diaphysis is the

‘shaft’ of the bone

(bone length); mainly

compact bone.

The epiphysis are the

ends (of long bones);

mainly spongy bone.

The periosteum is the

bone covering, or

membrane.

http://www.google.com/imgres?

Structure of the Bone:

Red Marrow forms blood cells; this is found within the epiphysis of some long bones and in spongy bone of flat bones.

Yellow marrow (fat) is found within the medullary cavity.

http://www.google.com/imgres?

Microscopic Structure of the Bone:

Osteocytes are mature bone cells.

These are found w/in lacunae (cavities) which form

circles called lamellae.

Lamellae form around Haversian (or osteonic) canals.

Canaliculi allow a ‘transportation’ system for the bone

cells (to receive blood and nutrients).

Perforating (or Volkmann’s) canals allow communication

to occur.

http://www.google.com/imgres?

http://www.web-books.com/eLibrary/Medicine/Physiology/Skeletal/compact_spongy_bone.jpg

Bone Formation:

Osteo means bone.

Most bones form from hyaline cartilage.

This process is called ossification.

Bone forming cells are called osteoblasts.

http://www.johnwiley.net.au/highered/interactions/media

/Support/content/Support/skel2a/frameset.htm

Skeletal Organization:

Look up labeled diagram in text or online: KNOW THIS FIGURE!

2 major portions of the skeleton: axial skeleton (bones & cartilage of the head & trunk) and the appendicular skeleton (bones & cartilage of the limbs).

There are 206 bones in the (adult) body.

https://www.getbodysmart.com/ap/skeletalsystem/skeleton/introduction/tutorial.html

http://www.google.com/imgres?

Axial Skeleton: The Skull:

Cranium encloses the brain

Includes:

Frontal bone

Parietal Bones (2)

Temporal Bones (2)

Occipital Bone

Sphenoid Bone

Ethmoid Bone

http://www.google.com/imgres?

Axial Skeleton: The Skull:

Facial Bones, including:

Mandible

Nasal Bones

Maxillary Bones

Hyoid Bone: suspended

in the midneck above

the larynx.

http://www.google.com/imgres?

Axial Skeleton: The Vertebral Column (Spine):

Contains 33 vertebrae

9 of these are fused (form 2

bones):

Sacrum and Coccyx (tailbone)

Cervical vertebrae are in the

neck region (1st 7)

Thoracic vertebrae are in the

trunk (next 12)

Lumbar vertebrae are in the

lower back (the last 5) http://www.google.com/imgres?

Axial Skeleton: Thoracic Cage:

Protects the heart, lungs, and major BVs.

Includes:

1. Sternum (breastbone)

This is attached to the 1st 7 pairs of ribs.

The heart is posterior to the sternum.

Axial Skeleton: Thoracic Cage:

2. 12 pairs of Ribs:

True ribs are attached to the sternum (1st 7)

False ribs (next 5)

Last 2 pair are a.k.a. ‘floating ribs’ b/c they lack attachment to sternum.

ALL ribs are attached to vertebral column!

http://www.google.com/imgres?

Appendicular Skeleton: The Shoulder:

Shoulder, or pectoral,

girdle contains:

Clavicle (collarbone)

Scapula (shoulder

blade)

http://www.google.com/imgres?

Appendicular Skeleton: The Upper Limbs:

The bones of the upper limb

are:

Humerus (arm)

Radius (thumb to forearm)

Ulna (pinky finger to

forearm)

Hand: Carpals (wrist),

metacarpals (palm), and

phalanges (fingers)

http://www.google.com/imgres?

Appendicular Skeleton: The Pelvic Girdle:

Contains:

Coxal Bones (hip

bones) which are

composed of the

ilium, ischium, and

pubis

http://www.google.com/imgres?

Appendicular Skeleton: The Lower Limbs:

The thigh bone is a.k.a.

the femur.

The leg bones are the tibia

(shinbone; larger), fibula

(thinner), and patella

(kneecap).

The foot contains the tarsal

bones (ankle & heel),

metatarsals (sole) and

phalanges (toes) http://www.google.com/imgres?

Skeletal system websites

http://www.innerbody.com/image/skelfov.html

Joints:

These are a.k.a. articulations.

This is where 2 or more bones come together.

There are 3 types of joints:

Fibrous

Cartilaginous

Synovial

Joints:

Between bones that are

close together, united

by fibrous tissue.

Have limited

movement, if any.

Sometimes called

immovable joints.

Ex. Sutures of the skull

Are shock absorbers

& equalize pressure;

united by

fibrocartilage.

Limited movement.

Ex. Vertebrate

Fibrous Joints: Cartilaginous Joints:

http://www.google.com/imgres?

Synovial Joints:

Must have:

Articulating cartilage

Articular capsule (there is a membrane)

Joint cavity (synovial fluid)

Ligaments (connect bone to bone)

Many have bursae (flattened sacs of fluid) and

tendon sheaths (elongated bursae)

Types of Synovial Joints:

1. Ball-and-socket joints allows the most

movement: rotational movement, side-to-side,

etc. Ex: shoulder or hip.

2. Condylar joints allow many motions but not

rotational. Ex: between phalanges &

metacarpels.

3. Plane joints/gliding joints allow sliding & twisting

movements. Ex: wrist or ankle.

Ball & Socket Joint:

http://www.eorthopod.com/images/ContentImages/hip/hip_arthroplasty/hip_arthroplasty_anat01.jpg

http://pioneer.netserv.chula.ac.th/~bkritcha/figure/images/condyloid.jpg

Condylar Joint:

http://www.shockfamily.net/skeleton/GLIDING.JPG

Plane Joint:

Types of Synovial Joints:

4. Hinge joints allows planar movement only. Ex:

elbow.

5. Pivot joints allow rotational movement around a

central axis only. Ex: between radius & ulna.

6. Saddle joints allow a variety of movements. Ex:

between carpal & metacarpal of the thumb.

Hinge Joint:

http://www.eorthopod.com/images/ContentImages/elbow/elbow_anatomy/elbow_anatomy02a.jpg

Pivot Joint:

http://www.dartmouth.edu/~anatomy/assets/bones/elbow/elbow-supination.jpg

Saddle Joint:

http://www.shockfamily.net/skeleton/SADDLE.JPG

BONE FRACTURES: http://www.slideshare.net/almasmkm/fracture-and-dislocation-ppt-almas-khan-khorfakkhan-hospital-dubai REPAIR: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uTkUJqed-DY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3RVjxl6wB0E https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VZF3xicLtTw

ahttps://www.google.com/search?q=scoliosis+kyphosis+lordosis+diagrams&biw=1280&bih=887&tbm=isch&imgil=gW3XPrDwtaJSAM%253A%253BNWur127Lw-oynM%253Bhttp%25253A%25252F%25252Fwww.musicianshealthcollective.com%25252Fblog%25252F2014%25252F10%25252F3%25252Fwhat-is-scoliosis&source=iu&pf=m&fir=gW3XPrDwtaJSAM%253A%252CNWur127Lw-oynM%252C_&usg=__DA6IFYFfNRfCmBgIlai0fKphpU4%3D&ved=0ahUKEwi4mtSbxNjRAhWB5SYKHcnzDkEQyjcIMg&ei=mhqGWLjlMoHLmwHJ57uIBA#imgrc=gW3XPrDwtaJSAM%3A

Look these up in text or online!

Know the following diseases/imbalances:

Rickets, fractures, herniated discs, scoliosis,

kyphosis & lordosis, bursitis, sprain, arthritis,

osteoarthritis, bone spurs, rheumatoid arthritis,

ankylosis, and gout, osteoporosis

This slide show was developed by Dana Halloran,

Cardinal Mooney High School, Sarasota, FL.

Used with her personal permission,

adapted and amended by Rosa Whiting,

Manatee School for the Arts, Palmetto, FL.