Memory Failure and
Settling Old Scores Group Champion
Yasin ERYILMAZHarun UYSALM.Tahir ÖKSÜZKaan GÜRBÜZ
MEMORY
What’s Memory? “Memory is the permanent effectiveness of
past.” “Memory is the ability to explain past
experiences orally or behaviorally and knowing that the event happened in the past.”
Steps of Memory
1- Sensory-Motor MemoryDoing automatically most of things.Ex: writing, riding, swimming.
2- Social MemoryMade up with people in the society.
3- Autistic MemoryComes out in dream times and mental diseases as hallucination.
Steps of Memory
Memory works by organization of these three steps in a hierarchical order.
SocialMemory
Autistic Memory
Sensory-Motor Memory
Phases of Memory
CODING
STORAGE
RETRIEVAL
Placing to memory
Keeping in memory
Calling from memory
Types of Memories
There are two types of memories:
– Short-Term Storage Memory– Long-Term Storage Memory
Short-Term Storage Memory
• It is a type of memory which keeps information in mind less than 30 seconds.
• During that time horizon, information which is kept by sense organs goes through memory process.
• A limited amount of information is kept in mind which is attained by cognition.
Short-Term Storage Memory
For keeping newly learnt words and names of already met people in short-term storage memory it is necessary to repeat them.
Example:
Napolyon couldn’t keep in mind newly met peoples’ names, forgot quickly, had difficulties in remembering them. For preventing that he repeated those names silently.
Long-Term Storage Memory
Information that is taken to long-term storage memory is kept in mind, not forgotten for a long time.
There is possibility to remember a person , object, event or word that is forgotten in the long-term storage memory. On the contrary it is impossible in short term storage memory.
Long-Term Storage Memory
The scope of LTS memory is effected by wide range of variables. Those are:– Keeping in mind learnt material– Learning of material effectively at first– Significance of material– There shouldn’t be any negative effects of other
learnt materials.
Long-Term Storage Memory
LTS memories can be classified in two ways: – Nondeclarative(implicit) Memory – Declarative Memory
Long-Term Storage Memory
Nondeclarative(implicit) Memory
1- Procedural memory Performed without conscious thought or attention once the procedure has been learned. (e.g. riding a bicycle)
2- Motor skill memory Involves many of the things we do every day (e.g. our morning grooming and breakfast rituals, driving to work.)
3- Emotional memory Emotionally laden events are easily retrieved.
Long-Term Storage Memory
Declarative memory
1-Episodic memory
Connected with events that occurred in our lives at a specific time and place.
2- Semantic memory
Deals with facts and information not directly linked to events in our lives.
Keeping in Mind & Forgetting
If some information is learnt well, it will be kept in mind for a long time and better.
Factors that make easier learning and keeping in mind are:– Attitude– Emotional Approach– Organization of Material
Keeping in Mind & Forgetting
Factors that Hinder Keeping in Mind
There are two types of factors that hinder keeping in mind or make easier forgetting.– Other occupations that interrupts learning process
and remembering.– Emotional states and attitudes.
Factors that Hinder Keeping in Mind
Other Occupations
After learning process, if other occupations aren’t striven, remembering the learnt things become more easier.
Sleeping is such an occupation.
The key terms are: Retroactive(Backward) Hindering Proactive(Forward) Hindering
Factors that Hinder Keeping in Mind
Emotional States and Attitudes
Emotional factors in forgetting and remembering are tried to explain by using concepts as:– Consciousness– Unconsciousness– Before consciousness– Pressure
Factors that Hinder Keeping in Mind
Factors that Hinder Keeping in Mind
Emotional States and Attitudes(cont’d)
According to general learning principles, by interference of newly and pastly learnt things, one exerts more pressure on another one and its effect will disappear.
Factors that Hinder Keeping in Mind
Emotional States and Attitudes(cont’d)
Emotional affects take important role in forgetting. If a newly met situation awakes memory of a past unpleasant event at person, that person will learn a new behavior that causes to forget the initial unpleasant event.
Memory Failure
Memory;
a)Increasing(hypermnesia)
b)Decreasing(hypomnesia, dysmnesia, amnesia)
c)Deterioration (Paramnisia)
Memory Failure(cont’d)
a)Increasing (hypermnesia):
Exceptionally exact or vivid memory, especially as associated with certain mental illnesses
Memory Failure(cont’d)
b)Decreasing (hypomnesia, dysmnesia, amnesia):
Memory’s encoding, storage and retriveal of information and past event strength has been weaken. It is discussed that there is partly or competely insufficiency to remembering of information and past events
Memory Failure(cont’d)
b)Decreasing (hypomnesia, dysmnesia, amnesia)(cont’d):
– hypomnesia: Abnormally poor memory of the past
– dysmnesia: A naturally poor or an impaired memory
Memory Failure(cont’d)
b)Decreasing (hypomnesia, dysmnesia, amnesia)(cont’d):
Anterograde amnesia:is a selective memory deficit, resulting from brain injury, in which the individual is severely impaired in learning new information.
Retrograde amnesia: is a form of amnesia resulting from brain injury in which the individual loses memories for the time period just prior to the injury.
Memory Failure(cont’d)
c) Deterioration (Paramnisia):
Defective and distorted remembering
Memory Failure(cont’d)
c)Deterioration (Paramnisia)(cont’d):
Deja vu: "already seen." Those who have experienced the feeling describe it as an overwhelming sense of familiarity with something that shouldn't be familiar at all. Say, for example, you are traveling to England for the first time. You are touring a cathedral, and suddenly it seems as if you have been in that very spot before
Memory Failure(cont’d)
c)Deterioration (Paramnisia)(cont’d):
Jamais vu: Its the opposite of deja vu. Instead of feeling extra familiar, thing seem totally unfamiliar. When a person is in this state, nothing they experience seems to have anything to do with the past. They might be talking to a person they know well and suddenly that person seems totally unfamiliar. A room in which they spend a lot of time suddenly becomes totally novel; everything seems new
Memory Failure(cont’d)
c)Deterioration (Paramnisia)(cont’d):
Deja Entendu: “already heard”.
Describing or involving an inexplicable sense of having heard a sound, phrase, or sentence prior to when it is actually being heard
Memory Failure(cont’d)
c)Deterioration (Paramnisia)(cont’d):
ecmnesia: Impairment of memory for recent events with normal memory for distant events
past events are be experienced like present time
Memory Failure(cont’d)
c)Deterioration (Paramnisia)(cont’d):
Confabulation:
Emptiness in the memory is filled unconsciously by imaginary stories that are unreal but patient believes in
WHY GOOD MEMORY?
One of the attributes of a successful negatiator is a good memory!
Because, Poor memory is a PAIN. And it HURTS.
Recall all the situations when YOU forgot something or someone in the past week.
– recall the frustration, – the wastage of time (yours and others),– the endless repetitions, – the disorganised state of affairs,– the feeling of loss of control
Negotiators often err by allowing dramatic past events embedded in their memory banks to influence predictions they make during a negotiation. Because a previous wage negotiation ended in a strike, their thinking is dominated by the probability that this may again happen. They could consequently tend to be overcautious and too accommodating.
WHY GOOD MEMORY?
WHY GOOD MEMORY?
Effective negotiators tend to have and to need good memories!
Meeting someone who apparently has a bad memory indicates that one possibly can gain an advantage because
If you are able to correct your counterpart or refresh his or her memory with facts and figures shared with you in an earlier session, you will earn a tremendous amount of credibility and power
Their command of the fact of the negotiations may be faulty The fact that they have a poor memory should place us in
advantagous position because they may be a less effective negotiator
Remembering
Remembering is concerning everybody. Remembering is more important than to remember a lyric or a phone number. If we remember our experience about life with its good side and bad side, than we expect our life will go on with less pain and mistake
Remembering(cont’d)
Example Lonnie:
Lonnie has a great remembering skill. If you watch her show you would think that she is great but on the other hand she even doesn’t know the difference between tall and short. She knows Lincoln’s all popular sayings but, she doesn’t know what they mean.
Remembering(cont’d)
Example Lonnie(cont’d): She has really strong “remembering” skill but
she would never be a office member or anything in the business. If I ask “Who wants to be a Lonnie?” than I think nobody answer this question “yes”. So, we should have different objectives about our life
Aims of Remembering
Our aim for remembering should have two targets:
to be efficient in our business life to help our memory activities
Memory Systems
These systems were just like Lonnie example. And haven’t any scientific meaning.
Herman Ebbinghaus
He is a German scientist Wrote a book about memory. It is the first
scientific research about remembering He suggested natural methods not artificial
ones.
General Rules for Efficient Remembering
To remember in time and true, make your brain ready and be desirous.
Give reaction to thing that you have to remember. And focus on them with all your senses. Look at it, speak with it and think of it.
Clean your brain and support your brain to work properly.
Concentrate your thoughts on information that you have collected before.
Exercises to remember better
Why Exercise? How to get easier an exercise? Exercising in the morning. Business applications.
Effect of physical situation to reactions
Illness, fatigue, sleeplessness and alcohol decrease the level of reaction
Drinks like coffee, coke and tea increases reaction in 1-4 hours. Pills like Amphetamine and Bonzedrine increases reaction too.
Seven ways for more reliable Memory
1. Memorize very well at the beginning: This is the best way against to wrong remembering.
2. Take care of remembering if they are true or not: we should check our knowledge if they are true or not. If they are not true, we then have to correct them.
3. Take notes that will help us: we should note important details. For example, an information that we have to remember 1 hour later.
Seven ways for more reliable Memory
4. Check your knowledge that will cause an important decision or discussion.
5. Determine your desires: Try to determine your desires and expectations truly as possible as you can.
6. Check your thoughts objectively, if you fell that you remember wrong.
7. Understand well subject from the beginning
What should be done when remembering becomes hard?
Method to foster situation, activity and spirit Set Up and Wait method:
a- For a little while, you think on the event and then “wheels start to turn”
b- Later, you wait for thoughts and perceptions foster again
SETTLING OLD SCORES
IS EQUAL TO AVENGE
The Fundamental of Revenge-AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR
Sources of aggressive emotions– Instinct– Disturbance– Frustration– Uncertain ensthusiasm
CONTROLLING AGGRESSION
Techniques for control– Learning– Stiffening– Imitating– Provokators for aggression
MINIMIZING AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIORS
Catharsis The Anxiety for Punishment and Retaliation Self-Restraint Alteration of Direction
SETTLING (Paying off) OLD SCORES
Settling Old Scores is similar to the concept of “Revenge”
Revenge consists of retaliation against a person or group in response to perceived wrongdoing.
Although many aspects of revenge resemble or echo the concept of making things equal, revenge usually has a more injurious than constructive goal. The vengeful wish to make the other side go through what they went through or make sure they'll never be able to do what they did again.
REASONS FOR SETTLING OLD SCORES
Moral insanity Lackness of moral maturity Lackness of personal maturity Lackness of sublime sentiments such as
love, forgiveness, mercy, clemency
WHAT WILL HAPPEN THEN?
The challenge will go on until one party cowers because of anxiety or pain
The possibility for an efficient negotiation for the parties will end and decline to zero
The challenge will set a barrier to common agreement
PLEASE…
THINK TWICE OR MORE WHEN AVENGING!
Be Constructive, Not Destructive!
KAAN GÜRBÜZ
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