Memory Failure and

Settling Old Scores Group Champion

Yasin ERYILMAZHarun UYSALM.Tahir ÖKSÜZKaan GÜRBÜZ

MEMORY

What’s Memory? “Memory is the permanent effectiveness of

past.” “Memory is the ability to explain past

experiences orally or behaviorally and knowing that the event happened in the past.”

Steps of Memory

1- Sensory-Motor MemoryDoing automatically most of things.Ex: writing, riding, swimming.

2- Social MemoryMade up with people in the society.

3- Autistic MemoryComes out in dream times and mental diseases as hallucination.

Steps of Memory

Memory works by organization of these three steps in a hierarchical order.

SocialMemory

Autistic Memory

Sensory-Motor Memory

Phases of Memory

CODING

STORAGE

RETRIEVAL

Placing to memory

Keeping in memory

Calling from memory

Types of Memories

There are two types of memories:

– Short-Term Storage Memory– Long-Term Storage Memory

Short-Term Storage Memory

• It is a type of memory which keeps information in mind less than 30 seconds.

• During that time horizon, information which is kept by sense organs goes through memory process.

• A limited amount of information is kept in mind which is attained by cognition.

Short-Term Storage Memory

For keeping newly learnt words and names of already met people in short-term storage memory it is necessary to repeat them.

Example:

Napolyon couldn’t keep in mind newly met peoples’ names, forgot quickly, had difficulties in remembering them. For preventing that he repeated those names silently.

Long-Term Storage Memory

Information that is taken to long-term storage memory is kept in mind, not forgotten for a long time.

There is possibility to remember a person , object, event or word that is forgotten in the long-term storage memory. On the contrary it is impossible in short term storage memory.

Long-Term Storage Memory

The scope of LTS memory is effected by wide range of variables. Those are:– Keeping in mind learnt material– Learning of material effectively at first– Significance of material– There shouldn’t be any negative effects of other

learnt materials.

Long-Term Storage Memory

LTS memories can be classified in two ways:  – Nondeclarative(implicit) Memory – Declarative Memory

Long-Term Storage Memory

Nondeclarative(implicit) Memory

1- Procedural memory Performed without conscious thought or attention once the procedure has been learned. (e.g. riding a bicycle)

2- Motor skill memory Involves many of the things we do every day  (e.g. our morning grooming and breakfast rituals, driving to work.)

3- Emotional memory Emotionally laden events are easily retrieved.

Long-Term Storage Memory

Declarative memory

1-Episodic memory

Connected with events that occurred in our lives at a specific time and place.

2- Semantic memory

Deals with facts and information not directly linked to events in our lives.

Keeping in Mind & Forgetting

If some information is learnt well, it will be kept in mind for a long time and better.

Factors that make easier learning and keeping in mind are:– Attitude– Emotional Approach– Organization of Material

Keeping in Mind & Forgetting

Factors that Hinder Keeping in Mind

There are two types of factors that hinder keeping in mind or make easier forgetting.– Other occupations that interrupts learning process

and remembering.– Emotional states and attitudes.

Factors that Hinder Keeping in Mind

Other Occupations

After learning process, if other occupations aren’t striven, remembering the learnt things become more easier.

Sleeping is such an occupation.

The key terms are: Retroactive(Backward) Hindering Proactive(Forward) Hindering

Factors that Hinder Keeping in Mind

Emotional States and Attitudes

Emotional factors in forgetting and remembering are tried to explain by using concepts as:– Consciousness– Unconsciousness– Before consciousness– Pressure

Factors that Hinder Keeping in Mind

Factors that Hinder Keeping in Mind

Emotional States and Attitudes(cont’d)

According to general learning principles, by interference of newly and pastly learnt things, one exerts more pressure on another one and its effect will disappear.

Factors that Hinder Keeping in Mind

Emotional States and Attitudes(cont’d)

Emotional affects take important role in forgetting. If a newly met situation awakes memory of a past unpleasant event at person, that person will learn a new behavior that causes to forget the initial unpleasant event.

Memory Failure

Memory;

a)Increasing(hypermnesia)

b)Decreasing(hypomnesia, dysmnesia, amnesia)

c)Deterioration (Paramnisia)

Memory Failure(cont’d)

a)Increasing (hypermnesia):

Exceptionally exact or vivid memory, especially as associated with certain mental illnesses

Memory Failure(cont’d)

b)Decreasing (hypomnesia, dysmnesia, amnesia):

Memory’s encoding, storage and retriveal of information and past event strength has been weaken. It is discussed that there is partly or competely insufficiency to remembering of information and past events

Memory Failure(cont’d)

b)Decreasing (hypomnesia, dysmnesia, amnesia)(cont’d):

– hypomnesia: Abnormally poor memory of the past

– dysmnesia: A naturally poor or an impaired memory

Memory Failure(cont’d)

b)Decreasing (hypomnesia, dysmnesia, amnesia)(cont’d):

Anterograde amnesia:is a selective memory deficit, resulting from brain injury, in which the individual is severely impaired in learning new information.

Retrograde amnesia: is a form of amnesia resulting from brain injury in which the individual loses memories for the time period just prior to the injury.

Memory Failure(cont’d)

c) Deterioration (Paramnisia):

Defective and distorted remembering

Memory Failure(cont’d)

c)Deterioration (Paramnisia)(cont’d):

Deja vu: "already seen." Those who have experienced the feeling describe it as an overwhelming sense of familiarity with something that shouldn't be familiar at all. Say, for example, you are traveling to England for the first time. You are touring a cathedral, and suddenly it seems as if you have been in that very spot before

Memory Failure(cont’d)

c)Deterioration (Paramnisia)(cont’d):

Jamais vu: Its the opposite of deja vu. Instead of feeling extra familiar, thing seem totally unfamiliar. When a person is in this state, nothing they experience seems to have anything to do with the past. They might be talking to a person they know well and suddenly that person seems totally unfamiliar. A room in which they spend a lot of time suddenly becomes totally novel; everything seems new

Memory Failure(cont’d)

c)Deterioration (Paramnisia)(cont’d):

Deja Entendu: “already heard”.

Describing or involving an inexplicable sense of having heard a sound, phrase, or sentence prior to when it is actually being heard

Memory Failure(cont’d)

c)Deterioration (Paramnisia)(cont’d):

ecmnesia: Impairment of memory for recent events with normal memory for distant events

past events are be experienced like present time

Memory Failure(cont’d)

c)Deterioration (Paramnisia)(cont’d):

Confabulation:

Emptiness in the memory is filled unconsciously by imaginary stories that are unreal but patient believes in

WHY GOOD MEMORY?

One of the attributes of a successful negatiator is a good memory!

Because, Poor memory is a PAIN. And it HURTS.

Recall all the situations when YOU forgot something or someone in the past week.

– recall the frustration, – the wastage of time (yours and others),– the endless repetitions, – the disorganised state of affairs,– the feeling of loss of control

Negotiators often err by allowing dramatic past events embedded in their memory banks to influence predictions they make during a negotiation. Because a previous wage negotiation ended in a strike, their thinking is dominated by the probability that this may again happen. They could consequently tend to be overcautious and too accommodating.

WHY GOOD MEMORY?

WHY GOOD MEMORY?

Effective negotiators tend to have and to need good memories!

Meeting someone who apparently has a bad memory indicates that one possibly can gain an advantage because

If you are able to correct your counterpart or refresh his or her memory with facts and figures shared with you in an earlier session, you will earn a tremendous amount of credibility and power

Their command of the fact of the negotiations may be faulty The fact that they have a poor memory should place us in

advantagous position because they may be a less effective negotiator

Remembering

Remembering is concerning everybody. Remembering is more important than to remember a lyric or a phone number. If we remember our experience about life with its good side and bad side, than we expect our life will go on with less pain and mistake

Remembering(cont’d)

Example Lonnie:

Lonnie has a great remembering skill. If you watch her show you would think that she is great but on the other hand she even doesn’t know the difference between tall and short. She knows Lincoln’s all popular sayings but, she doesn’t know what they mean.

Remembering(cont’d)

Example Lonnie(cont’d): She has really strong “remembering” skill but

she would never be a office member or anything in the business. If I ask “Who wants to be a Lonnie?” than I think nobody answer this question “yes”. So, we should have different objectives about our life

Aims of Remembering

Our aim for remembering should have two targets:

to be efficient in our business life to help our memory activities

Memory Systems

These systems were just like Lonnie example. And haven’t any scientific meaning.

Herman Ebbinghaus

He is a German scientist Wrote a book about memory. It is the first

scientific research about remembering He suggested natural methods not artificial

ones.

General Rules for Efficient Remembering

To remember in time and true, make your brain ready and be desirous.

Give reaction to thing that you have to remember. And focus on them with all your senses. Look at it, speak with it and think of it.

Clean your brain and support your brain to work properly.

Concentrate your thoughts on information that you have collected before.

Exercises to remember better

Why Exercise? How to get easier an exercise? Exercising in the morning. Business applications.

Effect of physical situation to reactions

Illness, fatigue, sleeplessness and alcohol decrease the level of reaction

Drinks like coffee, coke and tea increases reaction in 1-4 hours. Pills like Amphetamine and Bonzedrine increases reaction too.

Seven ways for more reliable Memory

1. Memorize very well at the beginning: This is the best way against to wrong remembering.

2. Take care of remembering if they are true or not: we should check our knowledge if they are true or not. If they are not true, we then have to correct them.

3. Take notes that will help us: we should note important details. For example, an information that we have to remember 1 hour later.

Seven ways for more reliable Memory

4. Check your knowledge that will cause an important decision or discussion.

5. Determine your desires: Try to determine your desires and expectations truly as possible as you can.

6. Check your thoughts objectively, if you fell that you remember wrong.

7. Understand well subject from the beginning

What should be done when remembering becomes hard?

Method to foster situation, activity and spirit Set Up and Wait method:

a- For a little while, you think on the event and then “wheels start to turn”

b- Later, you wait for thoughts and perceptions foster again

SETTLING OLD SCORES

IS EQUAL TO AVENGE

The Fundamental of Revenge-AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR

Sources of aggressive emotions– Instinct– Disturbance– Frustration– Uncertain ensthusiasm

CONTROLLING AGGRESSION

Techniques for control– Learning– Stiffening– Imitating– Provokators for aggression

MINIMIZING AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIORS

Catharsis The Anxiety for Punishment and Retaliation Self-Restraint Alteration of Direction

SETTLING (Paying off) OLD SCORES

Settling Old Scores is similar to the concept of “Revenge”

Revenge consists of retaliation against a person or group in response to perceived wrongdoing.

Although many aspects of revenge resemble or echo the concept of making things equal, revenge usually has a more injurious than constructive goal. The vengeful wish to make the other side go through what they went through or make sure they'll never be able to do what they did again.

REASONS FOR SETTLING OLD SCORES

Moral insanity Lackness of moral maturity Lackness of personal maturity Lackness of sublime sentiments such as

love, forgiveness, mercy, clemency

WHAT WILL HAPPEN THEN?

The challenge will go on until one party cowers because of anxiety or pain

The possibility for an efficient negotiation for the parties will end and decline to zero

The challenge will set a barrier to common agreement

PLEASE…

THINK TWICE OR MORE WHEN AVENGING!

Be Constructive, Not Destructive!

KAAN GÜRBÜZ