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Sust ainable Coal for our
Grandchi ldren?
Aust ra l ian Ins t i tu t e o f Energy
Dr J ohn Topper
Managing Di rec tor o f IEA Clean Coal Centre andOperat ing Agent for t he IEA Greenhouse Gas R& D Program m e
Melbourne, 30 Apr i l 2010
IEA Clean Coal Centre www.iea-coal.org.uk
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IEA Clean Coal Centre www.iea-coal.org.uk
IEA CCCMEMBERS
Italy Japan
Rep. ofKorea
UK
Spain
BHEL
Anglo Coal
USA
ESKOM
Netherlands Group
Austria
Canada
GermanyCEC
Beijing ResearchInst Coal Chemistry
Australia
Coal Assoc NZ
EletrobrasDanish Power Group
SuekSwedish Ind Group
SchlumbergerBanpu
Poland
GCCSI
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Poland_(normative).svghttp://www.theodora.com/maps/france_map.htmlhttp://www.theodora.com/wfb/russia/russia_maps.htmlhttp://www.theodora.com/wfb/south_africa/south_africa_maps.htmlhttp://www.theodora.com/wfb/south_africa/south_africa_maps.html8/2/2019 MEL300410 John Topper
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IEA GHG MEMBERSHIP
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IEA Clean Coal Centre www.iea-coal.org.uk
Contents
Coal Dem and t o 2030
The roadmap for susta inable use of coal and other
foss i l fue ls
St ate o f t he Ar t in coa l f i red pow er p lan t
Up grading and replac ing o ld coal f i red pow er p lant
Routes fo r c arbon c apture
Current s t a tus o f carbon c apture
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0
2 000
4 000
6 000
8 000
10 000
12 000
14 000
16 000
18 000
1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
Mtoe
Other renewables
Hydro
Nuclear
Biomass
Gas
Coal
Oil
World energy demand expands by 45% between now and 2030 an average rate of increase
of 1.6% per year with coal accounting for more than a third of the overall rise
World pr imary energy dem and in t he ReferenceScenar io : t h is is unsusta inable!
IEA WEO 200 8
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The cont inu ing impor tanc e o f coa l in w or ldpr imary energy demand
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Non-OECD OECD
All other fuels
Coal
Shares of incremental energy demandReference Scenario, 2006 - 2030Increase in primary demand, 2000 - 2007
Demand for coal has been growing faster than any other energy source & is projected to
account for more than a third of incremental global energy demand to 2030
Mtoe
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1 000
Coal Oil Gas Renewables Nuclear
4.8%
1.6%2.6%
2.2%
0.8%
% = average annual rate of growth
IEA WEO 200 8
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Global e lec t r ic i t y genera t ion(450 ppm Scenar io )
Renewables and nuclear power will increase. The share of renewables would achieve 40%.
The share of coal halves to 21%, coal will remain one of the largest electricity sources.
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
2006 2030
Wind
Hydrogen
Other Renewables
Biomass & Waste
Hydro
Nuclear
Gas
Oil
Coal
41%
18%
2%
6%
22%
20%
5%
9%
(1%)
21%
16%
1%1%
4%18%
40%15%
18%
World Energy Outlook2008, IEA
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Peop le w i thou t acc ess t o e lec t r i c i t y inIEA WEO Referenc e Sc enari o (m i l l ions )
$35 billion per year more investment than in the Reference Scenario would be needed to 2030
equivalent to just 5% of global power-sector investment to ensure universal access
World population without
access to electricity2008: 1.5 billion people
2030: 1.3 billion people
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TOP DOWN CCS ROADMAP
IEA Clean Coal Centre www.iea-coal.org.uk
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The ETP BLUE Map Sc enari o
OECD/IEA 2009
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CCS deploym ent in t he BLUE MapScenar io
Num
berof
Projects
MtCO2/year
Captured
There is an ambi t ious grow th pat h for CCS f rom 2010
t o 2050
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A Globa l Chal l enge
CCS w i l l be required in a l l re gionsof t he w or ld in pow er, indus t r y andupst ream
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An amb i t ious g row t h pa thw ay
MtCO2/year
Captured
OECD reg ions m ust lead in dem onst rat ing CCS,bu t t he techno logy mus t qu ick ly sp read to t herest o f t he wo r ld
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CCS is not jus t a c lean coa l Coal pow er on lym akes up around
40% of s to redemiss ions in 2050
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Dem onst ra t ion to Comm erc ia l
Expandedc o l labora t ion onCCS R& D andtechno logy
t r ansfer w i l l bec r i t i ca l
N
ewb
uild
projects
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Coal Fi red Pow er Plant St a t e o ft he Ar t
IEA Clean Coal Centre www.iea-coal.org.uk
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IEA Clean Coal Centre www.iea-coal.org.uk
Rec ent Plant St at e-of -t he-Ar t Condi t ions
G8 Case study plantsStudstrup (DK) 540/540
Maatsura 1 (J) 538/566
Esbjerg (DK) 560/560
Schwarze Pumpe (D) 547/565
Maatsura 2 (J) 593/593
Haramachi 2 (J) 600/600
Nordjylland (DK) 580/580/580Boxberg (D) 545/581
Tachibanawan 1 (J) 600/610
Avedore (DK) 580/600
Niederaussem (D) 580/600
Hekinan (J) 568/593
Isogo (J) 600/610
Torrevaldaliga (I) 600/610Hitachinaka (J) 600/600
Huyan (China)
Genesee 3 580/570
Yunghung 566/576
530
540
550
560
570
580
590
600
610
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Year
MaxSHSteamTem
perature,C
Ultrasupercritical
Supercritical
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IEA Clean Coal Centre www.iea-coal.org.uk
Nord jy l land 3 , Denm ark
Most e f f ic ien t coa l -f i red p lant
Operat ing net ef f ic ienc y 47% LHV, pow er only mode/44.9%HHV (not an nual)
H igh s team c ond it ions 29 MPa/582C/580C/580C at boi ler byear ly use o f new m ater ia ls (P91)
Large number o f feedw ater heat ing s tages
Double reheat has prevent ed LP b lade eros ion Very low emiss ions and fu ll w as te u t i l i sa t ion
NOx abat em ent Com bust ion m easures and SCR
Part ic u lat es rem oval ESP
Desulphur isat ion Wet FGD
USC, tow er bo i le r, tangent ia l cor ner f i r ing ,in t . b itum inous coa ls , co ld sea w ate r
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IEA Clean Coal Centre www.iea-coal.org.uk
Niederaussem K , Germany
Most e f f ic ien t l ign i te -f i red p lant
Operat ing net ef f ic ienc y 43.2% LHV/37% HHV
H igh s team cond i t ions 27 .5 MPa/580C/600C at t u rb ine; in i t ia l
d i f f i cu l t ies so lved us ing 27% Cr mat er ia ls in c r i t i c a l a reas
Un ique heat recovery a r rangements w i th hea t ex t rac t ion to lowtemperatu res comp lex f eedw a te r c i r cu i t
Low back pressure: 200 m c oo l ing tow er , 14.7C c ondenser in let
L ign i te dry ing demonst ra t ion p lant be ing ins ta l led to process
25% of fue l feed to enab le even h igher e f f ic iency NOx abat em ent Com bust ion m easures
Par t ic u lat es rem oval ESP
Desulphur isat ion Wet FGD
USC, t ow er bo i le r, tangent ia l w a l l f i r ing ,l ign i t e o f 50-60% moist ure , in land
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IEA Clean Coal Centre www.iea-coal.org.uk
E On 50% ef f ic ient p lant
50 plus by using new nickel alloy superheater tubing at 700C
Location
Efficiency
CapacityInvestment
Start of operation
Wilhelmshaven
50 %
500 MWe1 billion ++
2014?
Size of plantSearch for location
2007
Material developmentRequest for proposal
2010?
ConstructionStart of operation
2014?
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adapted from VGB 2007; efficiency HHV,net
Average worldwide
30.0%
1116 gCO2/kWh
38%
881 gCO2/kWh
EU average
45%
743 gCO2/kWh
State-of-the art
PC/IGCC
CCS
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Pot ent i a l fo r CO2 em iss ions reduc t ions byadopt ing sta t e o f t he ar t
Coal-f i red pow er and CHP plants w or ldw ide acc ount for~25% of t o t a l CO2 product ion
Replac ement pot ent ia l - ~300 GW
Upgrade poten t i al - up t o 200 GW
Replac ement or upgrade o f some un i t s under progress ora l ready p lanned
Global ly 1 .35 - 1.7 b i l l ion ton/annum of CO2 reduc t ionposs ible by moving to c u r ren t s ta te o f t he ar t pc -p lan ts
about 5% of g loba l an thropogen ic emiss ions
OECD/IEA 2008
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Upgrad ing o f low va lue coa ls
IEA Clean Coal Centre www.iea-coal.org.uk
Why upgrade low va lue coa ls? to improve coa l qua l i ty : e .g . reduced mois ture c ontent ,ash content and inc reased heat ing va lue
to suppress low -tem peratur e ox idat ion/sel f -heat ingdur ing t ranspor t and s torage
to improve the cons is tency o f coa l p roper t ies
How t o upgrade? w ashing
dry ing dry separat ion u l t ra -c lean co al processes br iquet t ing and pel let is ing
L igni te d ry ing N iederaussem K
Ul t ra c lean coa l UCG Ltd Aust ra l ia
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IEA Clean Coal Centre www.iea-coal.org.uk
Carbon capt ure and s torage
Capture Transport
Storage
Three Options; Post-combustion
Pre-combustion
Oxyfuel Two Options;
Pipelines
Ships
Three Options; Coal seams, 40 Gt CO2
Oil and gas fields, 1,000Gt CO2
Deep saline aquifers upto 10,000 Gt CO2
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IEA Clean Coal Centre www.iea-coal.org.uk
Post Com bust ion Capture by So lventscour tesy Vat t en fal l
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IEA Clean Coal Centre www.iea-coal.org.uk
Chin as 1 st Post Com bust ion CO2Capt ure Pi lo t Plant
The des ign paramet ersare:
Flue gas f low to un i t
2000-3000 Nm 3/h
Steam consumpt ion
3GJ /t onn e CO2
Solvent consum pt ion 100MW)
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Pow er Generat ion CCS pro ject s w or ldw ideEm erging CCS w or ld
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CCS act iv i t ies us ing low rank c oa ls- Pro jec ts and proposa ls
IEA Clean Coal Centre www.iea-coal.org.uk
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IEA Clean Coal Centre www.iea-coal.org.uk
OECD roadm apping PCCFrom IEA Clean Coal Centre Report c c c 152
2015-2017: 500 MWe 700C PCC demo in Europe shou ld be supp lement ed w i th o ther dem os. S idestream CO2 capt ure needed
2017-2020: 700C p lants shou ld be o f fered com merc ia l ly , suppor ted by cont inu ing mat er ia ls dev/ test ing
Ful l - f low CO2 scrubb ing demo should be designed on a 700C p lant fo r t h is per iod and oxy-coa l mat er ia l test s shou ld beconduc ted a t these s team t empera tu res
Demonstra t ion o f 700C technology w i th ox y-f i r ing w ould fo l low in 2020-2025, commerc ia l isa t ion la t er
Current position (2009) 2009-2015 2015-2017 2017-2020 2020-2025 2025-2030 Post-2030
COMMERCIAL USC TO
25-30 MPa/600C/620C
46% NET, LHV, BITUM
COALS, INLAND, EU,
EVAP TOWER COOLING,
(44%, HHV).
ON HIGH MOISTURE
LIGNITE 43% NET, LHV,
SIMILAR CONDITIONS
(37%, HHV)
COMMERCIAL USC TO
25-30 MPa/600C/620C
COMMERCIAL USC TO
25-30 MPa/600C/620C
R&D, PILOT TESTS
Materials, cycles
CO2 capture
700C DEMOS
R&D materials
Side-stream CCS
FULL FLOW CCS
DEMOS ON USC
600C PLANTS
COMMERCIAL USC TO
35 MPa/700C/720C
ADVANCED FULL
FLOW CCS DEMOS
(scrubbing only for
700C technology)
R&D
Materials
Novel post-comb
Ox -coal materials 700C
COMMERCIAL CCS USC
TO 35 MPa/700C/720C
(scrubbing only for 700C
technology)
COMMERCIAL OXY-
COAL USC TO
30 MPa/600C/620C
OXY-COAL CCS
DEMO 700C
TECHNOLOGY
COMMERCIAL CCS USC
TO 35 MPa/700C/720C
RANGE OF CAPTURE
SYSTEMS
COMMERCIAL CCS USC
ROUTINELY BEYOND
35MPa/700C/720C
ALL CAPTURE SYSTEMS
ALL COALS, ALL FIRING
CONFIGURATIONS
45%+ NET, LHV, INC CO2
CAPTURE, ALL COALS>700C/720C
DEMOS, ALL WITH
CCS, VARIOUS
TYPES
R&D materials
R&D
Oxy-coal materials
700C
Emissions on bitum coals:
Particulates 5-10 mg/m3
SO2
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IEA Clean Coal Centre www.iea-coal.org.uk
OECD roadm apping IGCC
Current position (2009) 2009-2015 2015-2017 2017-2020 2020-2025 2025-2030 Post-2030
5 DEMOS/EX- DEMOS
OPERATE, 250-300MWe
VARIOUS ENTRAINED
GASIFIERS ON VARIOUS
COALS
600 MWe COMMERCIAL
PLANTS UNDER
CONSTRUCTION.
HIGHER CAP. COST
THAN PCC BUT COST W.
CAPTURE
COMPETITIVE.
40-43% NET, LHV, 46%
NEW PLANTS (LATEST
F-TURBINES) ONBITUMINOUS COALS
CONSTRUCT , OPERATE
COMMERCIAL PLANTS
WITH LATEST F AND W
TURBINES
85% AVAILABILITY
COMMERCIAL PLANTS
WITH LATEST F- AND
W-CLASS GTs. SOME
WITH PARTIAL
CAPTURE
COMMERCIAL OP OF
NEW WATER QUENCH
GASIFIERS
R&D AND PILOT
REDUCE CAP COST
INCREASE
AVAILABILITY
EXTEND RANGE
OF COALS
GAS TURBINE
DEVELOPMENTS
OPTIMISE IGCC
BLOCKS
DEVELOPMENT OF
DRY SYNGAS
CLEANING
NON-CRYOGENIC
AIR SEPARATION,
e.g. ITM
FULL FLOW PRE-
COMB CCS DEMOS
USING
SHIFT+SCRUBBING
COMMERCIAL PLANTS
OPERATING WITH H-
OR J-GTs ABLE TO
BURN HIGH HYDROGEN
FULL CO2 CAPTURE
AVAILABLE
CAPITAL COST
COMPARABLE WITH
PCC FOR NON-CAPTURE
SYSTEMS
EFFICIENCY 50%+ LHV
BASIS ON ALL COALS
(NO CO2 CAPTURE)
CO2 CAPTURE AS
STANDARD USING GAS
SEPARATION
MEMBRANES
CAPITAL COST LOWER
THAN PCC WITH CCS
45%+, LHV, INC CO2
CAPTURE, ALL COALS
ITM OXYGEN AS
STANDARD WITH ITM-
OPTIMISED H2 GT
DRY GAS CU INCLMERCURY
FUEL CELLS IN SOME
PLANTS
EVENTUALLY OTHER
SYSTEMS WITH CO2 GTs
CO2/H2O GTs
COMMERCIAL
SCALE DEMO OF
DRY GAS CLEANUP
DEMONSTRATE ITM
O2 IN IGCC WITH
ITM-OPTIMISED GT
PROVE ABOVE
OPERATE ON HIGH
HYDROGEN FUELSWITH
SATISFACTORY
NOx EMISSIONS SO
CAPTURE
COMPATIBLE
DEMONSTRATE
ITM OXYGEN
SUPPLY IN IGCCDEVELOP CO2 GTs
DEMONSTRATE
LARGE FUEL
CELLS ON SYNGAS
DEMONSTRATE
ULTRA-DEEP
SYNGAS
CLEANING FOR
FUEL CELLS
90% AVAILABILITY
COMMERCIAL IGCC
WITH H- OR J-CLASS
GTSs WITH ULTRA-LOW
NOx ON HYDROGEN
FUEL
REDUCE COST
EXTEND RANGE OF
COALS
ITM DEMO IGCC
PARTIAL FLOW
DEMOS OF HGCU
SIDESTREAM GASCU+FUEL CELL
ADVANCED CCS
DEMOS
HGH AVAILABILITY
COMMERCIAL PLANTS
OPERATING WITH
LATEST F- AND W-
CLASS GTs
VARIOUS GASIFIER
TYPES
DEMONSTRATE
NON-CRYOGENIC
AIR SEPARATION
DEVELOP H-CLASS
IGCC GT
DEVELOP GT FOR
ITM CYCLES
DEVELOP NOVEL
GASIFIER DESIGNSNEW POWER
CYCLES
PILOT GAS
CLEANING+ FUEL
CELLS TESTS
SLIPSTREAM TEST
OF FUEL CELL ON
ULTRA-CLEAN
SYNGAS
Emissions:
Particulates
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CCS Barr iers and Hurdles
Barr iers and Hurd les are pr im ar i ly non-t ec hnica l
Real Po l i t i c a l w i l l g loba l agreement lac k ing
Regulat ion
Finance
Soc ia l ac cept ab i l it y o f Transpor t Routes andStorage
WHAT IS PLAN B ?
IEA Clean Coal Centre www.iea-coal.org.uk
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CONCLUSIONS
Even i f am bi t ious t argets fo r ac h iev ing 450ppmCO2
are ach ieved, the w or ld w i l l s t i l l be us ing verysubs tan t ia l amounts o f coa l
Coal use w i l l be increas ing ly in deve lop ing count r iesw here p ressures to m a in ta in economic g rowt h and
increase l iv ing s tandards cou ld take prec edence.
Decarbon is ing pow er and indus t r ia l use requ i resthousands o f projec t s , w i l l cos t around $3.5 t r i l l ionand w i l l encom pass, coa l and gas f i red pow er , la rgeindust r ia l use of foss i l fue ls and af t er 2030 be very
dependent on ac t ions in non-OECD count r ies
Imm edia te ac t ion is requ i red for sus ta inab i l i t y andm uch o f i t to address non-tec hn ica l issues
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THE END
Thank you for L is ten ing
J ohn .topp er@iea -c oal .org
+44 20 8780 2111
www. iea-coal .org.uk
IEA Clean Coal Centre www.iea-coal.org.uk
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Geologica l St orage Opt ions
Deep Saline Aquifers
400-10 000 Gt CO2Able to store 20 - 530 Years of 2030
Emissions
Depleted Oil & Gas Fields
930 Gt CO2Able to Store 50 Years of 2030
Emissions
Unminable Coal Seams
30 Gt CO2Able to store
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Largest CO2 Storage Projects
Sleipner
capturing and
injecting 1Mt/y
CO2 since 1996
Weyburn capturing
and injecting 1.6
Mt/y CO2 since 2000
In-Salah capturing and injecting 0.8
Mt/y CO2 since 2004
Snohvit capturing and
injecting 0.7Mt/y CO2
since 2008
Rangeleyinjecting
0.8 Mt/y CO2
since 1980s
Tot a l Ant hropogenic CO2 capt uredand in jec t ed cur ren t l y 5 Mt /y
Sleipner CO2 injection1994Time-lapse seismic data
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Utsira Fm.
Sleipner CO2 injection
2001
2008
2008-1994
CO2 plume in map view
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How Does the CO2 St ay Underground?
St ruc t ura l Trapp ing CO2 moves upwards and is
physically trapped under theseals
Residual s t orage CO2 becomes stuck between
the pore spaces of the rock as itmoves through the reservoir
Dissolut ion CO2 dissolves in the formation
water
Minera l isat ion The CO2 can react with
minerals in the rock formingnew minerals
Residual trapping of CO2
Dissolution of CO2
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