MEL300410 John Topper

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    Sust ainable Coal for our

    Grandchi ldren?

    Aust ra l ian Ins t i tu t e o f Energy

    Dr J ohn Topper

    Managing Di rec tor o f IEA Clean Coal Centre andOperat ing Agent for t he IEA Greenhouse Gas R& D Program m e

    Melbourne, 30 Apr i l 2010

    IEA Clean Coal Centre www.iea-coal.org.uk

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    IEA Clean Coal Centre www.iea-coal.org.uk

    IEA CCCMEMBERS

    Italy Japan

    Rep. ofKorea

    UK

    Spain

    BHEL

    Anglo Coal

    USA

    ESKOM

    Netherlands Group

    Austria

    Canada

    GermanyCEC

    Beijing ResearchInst Coal Chemistry

    Australia

    Coal Assoc NZ

    EletrobrasDanish Power Group

    SuekSwedish Ind Group

    SchlumbergerBanpu

    Poland

    GCCSI

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Poland_(normative).svghttp://www.theodora.com/maps/france_map.htmlhttp://www.theodora.com/wfb/russia/russia_maps.htmlhttp://www.theodora.com/wfb/south_africa/south_africa_maps.htmlhttp://www.theodora.com/wfb/south_africa/south_africa_maps.html
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    IEA GHG MEMBERSHIP

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    IEA Clean Coal Centre www.iea-coal.org.uk

    Contents

    Coal Dem and t o 2030

    The roadmap for susta inable use of coal and other

    foss i l fue ls

    St ate o f t he Ar t in coa l f i red pow er p lan t

    Up grading and replac ing o ld coal f i red pow er p lant

    Routes fo r c arbon c apture

    Current s t a tus o f carbon c apture

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    0

    2 000

    4 000

    6 000

    8 000

    10 000

    12 000

    14 000

    16 000

    18 000

    1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030

    Mtoe

    Other renewables

    Hydro

    Nuclear

    Biomass

    Gas

    Coal

    Oil

    World energy demand expands by 45% between now and 2030 an average rate of increase

    of 1.6% per year with coal accounting for more than a third of the overall rise

    World pr imary energy dem and in t he ReferenceScenar io : t h is is unsusta inable!

    IEA WEO 200 8

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    The cont inu ing impor tanc e o f coa l in w or ldpr imary energy demand

    0%

    20%

    40%

    60%

    80%

    100%

    Non-OECD OECD

    All other fuels

    Coal

    Shares of incremental energy demandReference Scenario, 2006 - 2030Increase in primary demand, 2000 - 2007

    Demand for coal has been growing faster than any other energy source & is projected to

    account for more than a third of incremental global energy demand to 2030

    Mtoe

    0

    100

    200

    300

    400

    500

    600

    700

    800

    900

    1 000

    Coal Oil Gas Renewables Nuclear

    4.8%

    1.6%2.6%

    2.2%

    0.8%

    % = average annual rate of growth

    IEA WEO 200 8

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    Global e lec t r ic i t y genera t ion(450 ppm Scenar io )

    Renewables and nuclear power will increase. The share of renewables would achieve 40%.

    The share of coal halves to 21%, coal will remain one of the largest electricity sources.

    0%

    25%

    50%

    75%

    100%

    2006 2030

    Wind

    Hydrogen

    Other Renewables

    Biomass & Waste

    Hydro

    Nuclear

    Gas

    Oil

    Coal

    41%

    18%

    2%

    6%

    22%

    20%

    5%

    9%

    (1%)

    21%

    16%

    1%1%

    4%18%

    40%15%

    18%

    World Energy Outlook2008, IEA

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    Peop le w i thou t acc ess t o e lec t r i c i t y inIEA WEO Referenc e Sc enari o (m i l l ions )

    $35 billion per year more investment than in the Reference Scenario would be needed to 2030

    equivalent to just 5% of global power-sector investment to ensure universal access

    World population without

    access to electricity2008: 1.5 billion people

    2030: 1.3 billion people

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    TOP DOWN CCS ROADMAP

    IEA Clean Coal Centre www.iea-coal.org.uk

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    The ETP BLUE Map Sc enari o

    OECD/IEA 2009

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    CCS deploym ent in t he BLUE MapScenar io

    Num

    berof

    Projects

    MtCO2/year

    Captured

    There is an ambi t ious grow th pat h for CCS f rom 2010

    t o 2050

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    A Globa l Chal l enge

    CCS w i l l be required in a l l re gionsof t he w or ld in pow er, indus t r y andupst ream

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    An amb i t ious g row t h pa thw ay

    MtCO2/year

    Captured

    OECD reg ions m ust lead in dem onst rat ing CCS,bu t t he techno logy mus t qu ick ly sp read to t herest o f t he wo r ld

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    CCS is not jus t a c lean coa l Coal pow er on lym akes up around

    40% of s to redemiss ions in 2050

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    Dem onst ra t ion to Comm erc ia l

    Expandedc o l labora t ion onCCS R& D andtechno logy

    t r ansfer w i l l bec r i t i ca l

    N

    ewb

    uild

    projects

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    Coal Fi red Pow er Plant St a t e o ft he Ar t

    IEA Clean Coal Centre www.iea-coal.org.uk

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    IEA Clean Coal Centre www.iea-coal.org.uk

    Rec ent Plant St at e-of -t he-Ar t Condi t ions

    G8 Case study plantsStudstrup (DK) 540/540

    Maatsura 1 (J) 538/566

    Esbjerg (DK) 560/560

    Schwarze Pumpe (D) 547/565

    Maatsura 2 (J) 593/593

    Haramachi 2 (J) 600/600

    Nordjylland (DK) 580/580/580Boxberg (D) 545/581

    Tachibanawan 1 (J) 600/610

    Avedore (DK) 580/600

    Niederaussem (D) 580/600

    Hekinan (J) 568/593

    Isogo (J) 600/610

    Torrevaldaliga (I) 600/610Hitachinaka (J) 600/600

    Huyan (China)

    Genesee 3 580/570

    Yunghung 566/576

    530

    540

    550

    560

    570

    580

    590

    600

    610

    1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

    Year

    MaxSHSteamTem

    perature,C

    Ultrasupercritical

    Supercritical

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    IEA Clean Coal Centre www.iea-coal.org.uk

    Nord jy l land 3 , Denm ark

    Most e f f ic ien t coa l -f i red p lant

    Operat ing net ef f ic ienc y 47% LHV, pow er only mode/44.9%HHV (not an nual)

    H igh s team c ond it ions 29 MPa/582C/580C/580C at boi ler byear ly use o f new m ater ia ls (P91)

    Large number o f feedw ater heat ing s tages

    Double reheat has prevent ed LP b lade eros ion Very low emiss ions and fu ll w as te u t i l i sa t ion

    NOx abat em ent Com bust ion m easures and SCR

    Part ic u lat es rem oval ESP

    Desulphur isat ion Wet FGD

    USC, tow er bo i le r, tangent ia l cor ner f i r ing ,in t . b itum inous coa ls , co ld sea w ate r

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    IEA Clean Coal Centre www.iea-coal.org.uk

    Niederaussem K , Germany

    Most e f f ic ien t l ign i te -f i red p lant

    Operat ing net ef f ic ienc y 43.2% LHV/37% HHV

    H igh s team cond i t ions 27 .5 MPa/580C/600C at t u rb ine; in i t ia l

    d i f f i cu l t ies so lved us ing 27% Cr mat er ia ls in c r i t i c a l a reas

    Un ique heat recovery a r rangements w i th hea t ex t rac t ion to lowtemperatu res comp lex f eedw a te r c i r cu i t

    Low back pressure: 200 m c oo l ing tow er , 14.7C c ondenser in let

    L ign i te dry ing demonst ra t ion p lant be ing ins ta l led to process

    25% of fue l feed to enab le even h igher e f f ic iency NOx abat em ent Com bust ion m easures

    Par t ic u lat es rem oval ESP

    Desulphur isat ion Wet FGD

    USC, t ow er bo i le r, tangent ia l w a l l f i r ing ,l ign i t e o f 50-60% moist ure , in land

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    IEA Clean Coal Centre www.iea-coal.org.uk

    E On 50% ef f ic ient p lant

    50 plus by using new nickel alloy superheater tubing at 700C

    Location

    Efficiency

    CapacityInvestment

    Start of operation

    Wilhelmshaven

    50 %

    500 MWe1 billion ++

    2014?

    Size of plantSearch for location

    2007

    Material developmentRequest for proposal

    2010?

    ConstructionStart of operation

    2014?

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    adapted from VGB 2007; efficiency HHV,net

    Average worldwide

    30.0%

    1116 gCO2/kWh

    38%

    881 gCO2/kWh

    EU average

    45%

    743 gCO2/kWh

    State-of-the art

    PC/IGCC

    CCS

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    Pot ent i a l fo r CO2 em iss ions reduc t ions byadopt ing sta t e o f t he ar t

    Coal-f i red pow er and CHP plants w or ldw ide acc ount for~25% of t o t a l CO2 product ion

    Replac ement pot ent ia l - ~300 GW

    Upgrade poten t i al - up t o 200 GW

    Replac ement or upgrade o f some un i t s under progress ora l ready p lanned

    Global ly 1 .35 - 1.7 b i l l ion ton/annum of CO2 reduc t ionposs ible by moving to c u r ren t s ta te o f t he ar t pc -p lan ts

    about 5% of g loba l an thropogen ic emiss ions

    OECD/IEA 2008

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    Upgrad ing o f low va lue coa ls

    IEA Clean Coal Centre www.iea-coal.org.uk

    Why upgrade low va lue coa ls? to improve coa l qua l i ty : e .g . reduced mois ture c ontent ,ash content and inc reased heat ing va lue

    to suppress low -tem peratur e ox idat ion/sel f -heat ingdur ing t ranspor t and s torage

    to improve the cons is tency o f coa l p roper t ies

    How t o upgrade? w ashing

    dry ing dry separat ion u l t ra -c lean co al processes br iquet t ing and pel let is ing

    L igni te d ry ing N iederaussem K

    Ul t ra c lean coa l UCG Ltd Aust ra l ia

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    IEA Clean Coal Centre www.iea-coal.org.uk

    Carbon capt ure and s torage

    Capture Transport

    Storage

    Three Options; Post-combustion

    Pre-combustion

    Oxyfuel Two Options;

    Pipelines

    Ships

    Three Options; Coal seams, 40 Gt CO2

    Oil and gas fields, 1,000Gt CO2

    Deep saline aquifers upto 10,000 Gt CO2

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    IEA Clean Coal Centre www.iea-coal.org.uk

    Post Com bust ion Capture by So lventscour tesy Vat t en fal l

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    IEA Clean Coal Centre www.iea-coal.org.uk

    Chin as 1 st Post Com bust ion CO2Capt ure Pi lo t Plant

    The des ign paramet ersare:

    Flue gas f low to un i t

    2000-3000 Nm 3/h

    Steam consumpt ion

    3GJ /t onn e CO2

    Solvent consum pt ion 100MW)

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    Pow er Generat ion CCS pro ject s w or ldw ideEm erging CCS w or ld

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    CCS act iv i t ies us ing low rank c oa ls- Pro jec ts and proposa ls

    IEA Clean Coal Centre www.iea-coal.org.uk

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    IEA Clean Coal Centre www.iea-coal.org.uk

    OECD roadm apping PCCFrom IEA Clean Coal Centre Report c c c 152

    2015-2017: 500 MWe 700C PCC demo in Europe shou ld be supp lement ed w i th o ther dem os. S idestream CO2 capt ure needed

    2017-2020: 700C p lants shou ld be o f fered com merc ia l ly , suppor ted by cont inu ing mat er ia ls dev/ test ing

    Ful l - f low CO2 scrubb ing demo should be designed on a 700C p lant fo r t h is per iod and oxy-coa l mat er ia l test s shou ld beconduc ted a t these s team t empera tu res

    Demonstra t ion o f 700C technology w i th ox y-f i r ing w ould fo l low in 2020-2025, commerc ia l isa t ion la t er

    Current position (2009) 2009-2015 2015-2017 2017-2020 2020-2025 2025-2030 Post-2030

    COMMERCIAL USC TO

    25-30 MPa/600C/620C

    46% NET, LHV, BITUM

    COALS, INLAND, EU,

    EVAP TOWER COOLING,

    (44%, HHV).

    ON HIGH MOISTURE

    LIGNITE 43% NET, LHV,

    SIMILAR CONDITIONS

    (37%, HHV)

    COMMERCIAL USC TO

    25-30 MPa/600C/620C

    COMMERCIAL USC TO

    25-30 MPa/600C/620C

    R&D, PILOT TESTS

    Materials, cycles

    CO2 capture

    700C DEMOS

    R&D materials

    Side-stream CCS

    FULL FLOW CCS

    DEMOS ON USC

    600C PLANTS

    COMMERCIAL USC TO

    35 MPa/700C/720C

    ADVANCED FULL

    FLOW CCS DEMOS

    (scrubbing only for

    700C technology)

    R&D

    Materials

    Novel post-comb

    Ox -coal materials 700C

    COMMERCIAL CCS USC

    TO 35 MPa/700C/720C

    (scrubbing only for 700C

    technology)

    COMMERCIAL OXY-

    COAL USC TO

    30 MPa/600C/620C

    OXY-COAL CCS

    DEMO 700C

    TECHNOLOGY

    COMMERCIAL CCS USC

    TO 35 MPa/700C/720C

    RANGE OF CAPTURE

    SYSTEMS

    COMMERCIAL CCS USC

    ROUTINELY BEYOND

    35MPa/700C/720C

    ALL CAPTURE SYSTEMS

    ALL COALS, ALL FIRING

    CONFIGURATIONS

    45%+ NET, LHV, INC CO2

    CAPTURE, ALL COALS>700C/720C

    DEMOS, ALL WITH

    CCS, VARIOUS

    TYPES

    R&D materials

    R&D

    Oxy-coal materials

    700C

    Emissions on bitum coals:

    Particulates 5-10 mg/m3

    SO2

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    IEA Clean Coal Centre www.iea-coal.org.uk

    OECD roadm apping IGCC

    Current position (2009) 2009-2015 2015-2017 2017-2020 2020-2025 2025-2030 Post-2030

    5 DEMOS/EX- DEMOS

    OPERATE, 250-300MWe

    VARIOUS ENTRAINED

    GASIFIERS ON VARIOUS

    COALS

    600 MWe COMMERCIAL

    PLANTS UNDER

    CONSTRUCTION.

    HIGHER CAP. COST

    THAN PCC BUT COST W.

    CAPTURE

    COMPETITIVE.

    40-43% NET, LHV, 46%

    NEW PLANTS (LATEST

    F-TURBINES) ONBITUMINOUS COALS

    CONSTRUCT , OPERATE

    COMMERCIAL PLANTS

    WITH LATEST F AND W

    TURBINES

    85% AVAILABILITY

    COMMERCIAL PLANTS

    WITH LATEST F- AND

    W-CLASS GTs. SOME

    WITH PARTIAL

    CAPTURE

    COMMERCIAL OP OF

    NEW WATER QUENCH

    GASIFIERS

    R&D AND PILOT

    REDUCE CAP COST

    INCREASE

    AVAILABILITY

    EXTEND RANGE

    OF COALS

    GAS TURBINE

    DEVELOPMENTS

    OPTIMISE IGCC

    BLOCKS

    DEVELOPMENT OF

    DRY SYNGAS

    CLEANING

    NON-CRYOGENIC

    AIR SEPARATION,

    e.g. ITM

    FULL FLOW PRE-

    COMB CCS DEMOS

    USING

    SHIFT+SCRUBBING

    COMMERCIAL PLANTS

    OPERATING WITH H-

    OR J-GTs ABLE TO

    BURN HIGH HYDROGEN

    FULL CO2 CAPTURE

    AVAILABLE

    CAPITAL COST

    COMPARABLE WITH

    PCC FOR NON-CAPTURE

    SYSTEMS

    EFFICIENCY 50%+ LHV

    BASIS ON ALL COALS

    (NO CO2 CAPTURE)

    CO2 CAPTURE AS

    STANDARD USING GAS

    SEPARATION

    MEMBRANES

    CAPITAL COST LOWER

    THAN PCC WITH CCS

    45%+, LHV, INC CO2

    CAPTURE, ALL COALS

    ITM OXYGEN AS

    STANDARD WITH ITM-

    OPTIMISED H2 GT

    DRY GAS CU INCLMERCURY

    FUEL CELLS IN SOME

    PLANTS

    EVENTUALLY OTHER

    SYSTEMS WITH CO2 GTs

    CO2/H2O GTs

    COMMERCIAL

    SCALE DEMO OF

    DRY GAS CLEANUP

    DEMONSTRATE ITM

    O2 IN IGCC WITH

    ITM-OPTIMISED GT

    PROVE ABOVE

    OPERATE ON HIGH

    HYDROGEN FUELSWITH

    SATISFACTORY

    NOx EMISSIONS SO

    CAPTURE

    COMPATIBLE

    DEMONSTRATE

    ITM OXYGEN

    SUPPLY IN IGCCDEVELOP CO2 GTs

    DEMONSTRATE

    LARGE FUEL

    CELLS ON SYNGAS

    DEMONSTRATE

    ULTRA-DEEP

    SYNGAS

    CLEANING FOR

    FUEL CELLS

    90% AVAILABILITY

    COMMERCIAL IGCC

    WITH H- OR J-CLASS

    GTSs WITH ULTRA-LOW

    NOx ON HYDROGEN

    FUEL

    REDUCE COST

    EXTEND RANGE OF

    COALS

    ITM DEMO IGCC

    PARTIAL FLOW

    DEMOS OF HGCU

    SIDESTREAM GASCU+FUEL CELL

    ADVANCED CCS

    DEMOS

    HGH AVAILABILITY

    COMMERCIAL PLANTS

    OPERATING WITH

    LATEST F- AND W-

    CLASS GTs

    VARIOUS GASIFIER

    TYPES

    DEMONSTRATE

    NON-CRYOGENIC

    AIR SEPARATION

    DEVELOP H-CLASS

    IGCC GT

    DEVELOP GT FOR

    ITM CYCLES

    DEVELOP NOVEL

    GASIFIER DESIGNSNEW POWER

    CYCLES

    PILOT GAS

    CLEANING+ FUEL

    CELLS TESTS

    SLIPSTREAM TEST

    OF FUEL CELL ON

    ULTRA-CLEAN

    SYNGAS

    Emissions:

    Particulates

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    CCS Barr iers and Hurdles

    Barr iers and Hurd les are pr im ar i ly non-t ec hnica l

    Real Po l i t i c a l w i l l g loba l agreement lac k ing

    Regulat ion

    Finance

    Soc ia l ac cept ab i l it y o f Transpor t Routes andStorage

    WHAT IS PLAN B ?

    IEA Clean Coal Centre www.iea-coal.org.uk

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    CONCLUSIONS

    Even i f am bi t ious t argets fo r ac h iev ing 450ppmCO2

    are ach ieved, the w or ld w i l l s t i l l be us ing verysubs tan t ia l amounts o f coa l

    Coal use w i l l be increas ing ly in deve lop ing count r iesw here p ressures to m a in ta in economic g rowt h and

    increase l iv ing s tandards cou ld take prec edence.

    Decarbon is ing pow er and indus t r ia l use requ i resthousands o f projec t s , w i l l cos t around $3.5 t r i l l ionand w i l l encom pass, coa l and gas f i red pow er , la rgeindust r ia l use of foss i l fue ls and af t er 2030 be very

    dependent on ac t ions in non-OECD count r ies

    Imm edia te ac t ion is requ i red for sus ta inab i l i t y andm uch o f i t to address non-tec hn ica l issues

    IEA Clean Coal Centre www.iea-coal.org.uk

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    THE END

    Thank you for L is ten ing

    J ohn .topp er@iea -c oal .org

    +44 20 8780 2111

    www. iea-coal .org.uk

    IEA Clean Coal Centre www.iea-coal.org.uk

    mailto:[email protected]://www.iea-coal.org.uk/http://www.iea-coal.org.uk/mailto:[email protected]
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    Geologica l St orage Opt ions

    Deep Saline Aquifers

    400-10 000 Gt CO2Able to store 20 - 530 Years of 2030

    Emissions

    Depleted Oil & Gas Fields

    930 Gt CO2Able to Store 50 Years of 2030

    Emissions

    Unminable Coal Seams

    30 Gt CO2Able to store

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    Largest CO2 Storage Projects

    Sleipner

    capturing and

    injecting 1Mt/y

    CO2 since 1996

    Weyburn capturing

    and injecting 1.6

    Mt/y CO2 since 2000

    In-Salah capturing and injecting 0.8

    Mt/y CO2 since 2004

    Snohvit capturing and

    injecting 0.7Mt/y CO2

    since 2008

    Rangeleyinjecting

    0.8 Mt/y CO2

    since 1980s

    Tot a l Ant hropogenic CO2 capt uredand in jec t ed cur ren t l y 5 Mt /y

    Sleipner CO2 injection1994Time-lapse seismic data

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    Utsira Fm.

    Sleipner CO2 injection

    2001

    2008

    2008-1994

    CO2 plume in map view

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    How Does the CO2 St ay Underground?

    St ruc t ura l Trapp ing CO2 moves upwards and is

    physically trapped under theseals

    Residual s t orage CO2 becomes stuck between

    the pore spaces of the rock as itmoves through the reservoir

    Dissolut ion CO2 dissolves in the formation

    water

    Minera l isat ion The CO2 can react with

    minerals in the rock formingnew minerals

    Residual trapping of CO2

    Dissolution of CO2