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Myers Briggs Type indicator
Developed by Isabel Myers and Kathleen
Briggs
Non clinical and very useful in organizational
setting
100 simple questions
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Self-Report Instrument
Nonjudgmental
Preference indicator Built for normal population
Based on Jungs theory of personality
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Outwardly
directed
Breadth
Expressive
Speak to think
Publicly
disclosing
Inwardly
directed
Reflection
Depth
Contained
Think to speak
Publiclyguarded
Reserved
Extravert
Introvert
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Present Focus
Here and Now
Accuracy
Detail
Sequential
5 Senses
Future Focus
Possibilities
Insights
Patterns
Random
6th Sense
Sensing iNtuition
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Problem first;
people second
Objective
Logic
Analyze
Clarity
Convince Head
People first;
problem second
Subjective
Empathy
Personalize
Harmony
Persuade Heart
Thinking
Feeling
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Go with the flow
Options open-ended
Tentative Flexible
Adapt
Non-directive
Facilitate
Structure
Closure
Ordered
Decisive
Scheduled
Directive
Control
Judging
Perceiving
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ISTJ
Doing whatShould be done
MOST RESPONSIBLE
ISFJ
A high senseOf duty
MOST LOYAL
INFJ
An inspirationTo others
MOST CONTEMPLATIVE
INTJ
Everything hasRoom for improvement
MOST INDEPENDENT
ISTP
Ready to tryAnything once
MOST PRAGMATIC
ISFP
Sees much butShares little
MOST ARTISTIC
INFP
Performing nobleservice to aid society
MOST IDEALISTIC
INTP
A love ofproblem solving
MOST CONCEPTUAL
ESTP
The ultimateRealist
MOST SPONTANEOUS
ESTJ
LifesAdministrators
MOST HARD CHARGING
ESFP
You only goAround once In life
MOST GENEROUS
ESFJ
Host andHostesses of the world
MOST HARMONIZING
ENFP
Giving life anExtra squeeze
MOST OPTIMISTIC
ENFJ
Smooth talkingPersuader
MOST PERSUASIVE
ENTP
One excitingchallenge after another
MOST INVENTIVE
ENTJ
Life naturalLeaders
MOST COMMANDING
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Occupational Trends of 16 Types
ISTJ
Management, Administration
Law enforcement , Accounting
Or any other occupations where they
can use their experiences and attention
to detail to get the task done
ISFJ
Education, Health Care, Religious
settings
Or any other occupations where they
can draw on their base experience topersonally help people in a behind-the-
scenes manner
ISTP
Skilled trades, technical fields,agriculture, law enforcement,
Military
Or any other occupations where they
can use their hands-on, analytical work
with data or things
ISFP
Health care, Business, LawEnforcement
Or any other occupations where they
can use their gentle, service-related
attentiveness to detail
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Occupational Trends of 16 Types
INFJ
Religion, counseling, teaching, arts
Or any other occupations where they
can facilitate emotional, intellectual, or
spiritual development
INTJ
Scientific or technical fields,
computers, law
Or any other occupations where they
can use their intellectual creativity andtechnical knowledge to conceptualize,
analyze, and get the task done.
INFP
Counseling, Writing, Arts
Or any other occupations where they
can use their creativity and focus on
their values
INTP
Scientific or Technical Fields
Or any other occupations where they
can use their solitary, objective analysis
of problems based on their technical
expertise
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Occupational Trends of 16 Types
ESTP
Marketing, skilled trades, Business,
Law enforcement, Applied
Technology
Or any other occupations where theycan use their action-oriented focus to
attend to the necessary details
ESFP
Health care, Teaching, Coaching,
Childcare worker, Skilled Trades
Or any other occupations where they
can use their outgoing nature andenthusiasm to help people with their
practical needs
ESTJ
Management, Administration, LawEnforcement
Or any other occupations where they
can use logic and organization of the
facts to get the task done
ESFJ
Education, Health Care, ReligionOr any other occupations where they
can use their personal concern to
provide services to others
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Occupational Trends of 16 Types
ENFP
Counseling, Teaching, Religion, Arts
Or any other occupations where they
can use creativity and communication
to foster the growth of others
ENTP
Science, Management, Technology,
Arts
Or any other occupations where they
have the opportunity to take on newchallenges continually
ENFJ
Religions, Arts, TeachingOr any other occupations where they
can help others with their emotional,
intellectual, and spiritual growth
ENTJ
Management, LeadershipOr any other occupations where they
can use tough-minded analysis,
strategic planning, and organization to
get the task done
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Cognitive Dissonance theory
Developed by Leo Festinger
According to this theory we experience the
motivation to reduce cognitive dissonance (An
unpleasant state that results when we notice
inconsistency between two or more of our
attitudes or between our attitudes and
behaviors)
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To reduce dissonance individual may be
engaged in one of the following mechanism
Changing one of the attitude (or behavior) so
that these are more consistent with each
other
Acquiring new information that supports
attitudes or behaviors
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Trivialization: concluding that the attitudes or
behaviors are not important
While choosing these mechanisms we choose
one that requires the least effort. We use
trivialization only when changing attitude is
relatively difficul
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Personality attributes and workplace
behavior
Locus of control: Concept developed by Julian
Rotter in the 1950
Locus of Control is the degree to which
people believe they are masters of their own
fate
May be internal or external
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Any stimulus that helps us recall information
in long-term memory
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External Locus of Control: Individual believes that
his/her behavior is guided by fate, luck, or
other external circumstances
Internal Locus of Control: Individual believes that
his/her behavior is guided by his/her personal
decisions and efforts
Males tend to be more internal than females
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individuals who have high scores in externality
are less satisfied with their jobs, have higher
absenteeism rates, are more alienated from
the work setting, and are less involved ontheir jobs than are internals
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Machiavellianism
Mach is named after Niccolo Machiavelli, who
wrote in the sixteenth century on how to gain
and use power
high in Machiavellianism is practical, main-
tains emotional distance, and believes that
ends can justify means
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degree to which a person behaves to gain powerand control the behavior of others
High Machs manipulate more, win more, are
persuaded less, and persuade others more thando low Mach
Conditions Favoring High Mach
Direct interaction Minimal rules and regulations
Emotions distract for others
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Self esteem
Self-esteem refers to the way we see and think
about ourselves
degree to which they like or dislike themselves
People with high self esteem are more likely to
take risks and act proactively than those with
low self esteem
People with high self esteem: more satisfied
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Self monitoring
refers to an individual's ability to adjust his or
her behavior to external, situational factors
in self-monitoring show considerable
adaptability in adjusting their behavior to
external situational factors
highly sensitive to external cues and can
behave differently in different situations
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capable of presenting striking contradictions
between their public persona and their private
self
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Type A personality
People with Type A personality show high
levels of competitiveness, time urgency, and
hostility
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Type A
Are always moving, walking, and eating rapidly;
Feel impatient with the rate at which events take
place
Strive to think or do two or more things at once;
cannot cope with leisure time;
Are obsessed with numbers, measuring their
success in terms of how may or how much of
everything they acquire.
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Type B
Never suffer from a sense of time urgency
with its accompanying impatience;
Feel no need to display or discuss either their
achievements or accomplishments unless such
exposure is demanded by the situation;
Play for fun and relaxation rather than to
exhibit their superiority at any cost;
Can relax without guilt
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Risk taking
tendency among human decision makers to
take chance or possibility of danger, loss,
injury, etc.
Individuals differ in the level of risks they take
Level of risk taking influences work behavior
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Risk-Taking
High Risk-taking Managers
Make quicker decisions
Use less information to make decisions
Low Risk-taking Managers Are slower to make decisions
Require more information before makingdecisions
Exist in larger organizations with stableenvironments
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The Sixteen Types
ISTJInspector
James brother of JesusIgnatius of Loyola
HARRY TRUMAN
ISFJProtector
GEORGE BUSH SR.
INFJCounselor
King SolomonSt. Augustine?
GANDHI
INTJMastermind
Apostle John?Apostle Paul
EISENHOWER
ISTPCrafterPATTON
ISFPComposer
St. Francis of Assisi
King David?
JACKY ONASSIS
INFPHealer
Gospel writer Luke
PRINCESS
DIANA
INTPArchitect
Thomas Aquinas
Apostle John?
EINSTEIN
ESTPPromoter
JOHN KENNEDY
ESFPPerformer
Apostle Peter
Apostle John MarkELVIS
ENFPChampionBarnabas?
ELEANOR
ROOSEVELT
ENTPInventor
TED TURNER
ESTJSupervisor
Apostle Matthew
COLIN POWELL
ESFJProvider
WASHINGTON
GEORGE BUSH JR.
ENFJTeacherApollos?
GORBACHEV
ENTJField MarshalMartin Luther?
MACARTHUR