Ideal Site Selection of Fast Electric Vehicle Charging Stations within Urban Environments: A GIS-AHP Approach
A BIM-integrated approach to construction quality management
Presented by Esper Achkar
Graduation Committee:
Prof.dr.ir. B. De Vries
Dr.dipl.ing. J. Beetz
T.F Krijnen
Ir. W.J Van De Koppel
1
Presentation Overview
Introduction
Quality management in the construction industry
BIM and quality management
Research Objectives
Research Method
Implementation
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
Built Environemt Faculty
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9-12-2016
IntroductionQuality management in the construction industry
Built Environment Faculty
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9-12-2016
What is a quality defect?
a flaw or fault that is attributable to defective design, workmanship or material
(Harris 2016)
Defects are classified into:
Patent defects: can be detected during project realization
Latent defects: not detected or hidden defects
IntroductionQuality management in the construction industry
Built Environment Faculty
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9-12-2016
Quality defects in the construction industry are a cause for:
Cost overruns
Schedule delays
Resource underutilization
The price of defects in the construction industry:
4% of contract value in residential buildings (Mills,Love & Williams 2009)
3.15% and 2.14% of total costs for residential and industrial buildings, respectively (Love & Li, 2000)
cost of defect reworks are approximately 5% of construction costs in the US (CII ,2005)
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IntroductionQuality management in the construction industry
Built Environment Faculty
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Factors leading to quality defects on construction sites:
6
IntroductionQuality management in the construction industry
How efficient are quality management practices?
67% of defects were discovered during the delivery stage of the project
20% discovered by tenants after hand over
Inspectors were able to identify 3% of deficiencies during construction
(Rosnefeld & Ben-Oz, 2004)
Built Environment Faculty
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7
/ name of department
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IntroductionQuality management in the construction industry
(Rumane, 2011)
IntroductionQuality management in the construction industry
Built Environment Faculty
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The root causes leading to quality defects on construction projects:
Documentation errors (Cusak, 1992)
High workload
Data reusability (Lee 2012)
Reactive approach
IntroductionBIM and Quality Management
Built Environment Faculty
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Why not use Building Information Modeling (BIM) then?
The BIM features that can help mitigate the problem:
reduces chance of data loss and allows data reusability
greater flexibility and less chance of documentation errors
However, Implementation of BIM concepts in Quality Management Plans
is not a novel idea!
IntroductionBIM and Quality Management
Built Environment Faculty
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Research has been categorized into four fields:
Identifying causation and impact analysis
Collecting and classifying defect data
Searching and managing defect information
Developing defect control systems
Research has also focused on automation in quality management:
IntroductionBIM and Quality Management
Built Environment Faculty
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Previous research developments have the following shortcomings:
Overstate the advantages of automations influence in quality management decision making processes
High barriers of entry (costs, expertise/know-how)
Underestimate the importance of information and knowledge management in reducing quality-related issues
Providing solutions that do not encompass all aspects of quality management
There are several software applications that address the Topic of Quality Management:
Build Environment Faculty
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IntroductionBIM and Quality Management
IntroductionBIM and Quality Management
Where is the innovation then?
Built Environment Faculty
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None of these tools provide a complete solution to quality management!
Data management issues
Association between model object and data is loose
Reactive in their structure
Research Objectives
Realize modified quality practices and tools that reduce construction quality defects
Mitigate the limitations of current construction quality management practices in order to reduce on-site defects
Built Environment Faculty
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(Rumane, 2011)
Research Objectives
What is the value of realizing the Research Objectives?
Legislative changes in the Dutch industry are taking place
The Dutch Quality Directive (Kwaliteitborging)
The legislation has three important categorical amendments:
Legal
Bureaucratic
Communication
Built Environment Faculty
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Research Method
Theoretical Approach:
Based on the findings of previous research, a BIM-Integrated framework that focuses on information and knowledge management is proposed
The proposed framework encompasses all divisions of quality management:
Quality control (QC) product-based
Quality Assurance (QA) process-based
Communication Protocol
Built Environment Environmet
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Research MethodFramework overview
Built Environment Faculty
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Rose, 2005
Research MethodQuality Control (QC) Systems Input
Built Environment Faculty
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Research MethodQC Systems conditional prerequisites
Built Environment Faculty
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Built Environment Faculty
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Research MethodQC Systems structure
Is the sub title accurate?
21
Built Environment Faculty
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Research MethodQC Systems output
Built Environment Faculty
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Research MethodQuality Assurance System structure
Built Environment Faculty
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Research MethodCommunication Protocol
This all seems very interesting, but how can the theoretical framework be translated into a working application/tool?
Practical Approach:
In order to demonstrate the advantages of the proposed framework, a prototypical software has been developed through the following steps:
Collect data
Framework developed into several parts using software development tools
Testing on a pilot project
Built Environment Faculty
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Research Method
Data of client complaints regarding defects after handover (2012-2014)
The data include:
The total number of complaints logged during a given year
The main cause of the complaint
Misuse by client
Structural work errors (ruwbouw)
Finishing work errors (afbouw)
The building system/category classification of the recorded defects
Built Environment Faculty
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Data Collection
Built Environment Faculty
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Collected Data (Cont.)
Defect CategoryFrequency of Occurrence (%)Wooden door, window frames24Electrical installations8Mechanical installations8Roof waterproofing membrane7Aluminum/Plastic door, windows 5Joint sealant4Faade4Ventilation4Door accessories/hardware3Tile work3Roof tiling3Brick wall works2Other (Defect constituting 1 % or less individually)25Collected Data (cont.)
What does all this data suggest?
Validates thesis hypotheses
Define developed application scope
Built Environment Faculty
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The software development tools used for the application:
Python
Flask (Python)
HTML (including JS)
IfcOpenShell
XML-parsing packages/modules
SQLite
The applications developed preform the following functionality:
Built Environment Faculty
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Software Development
ImplementationQuality Control System
Built Environment Faculty
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ImplementationQuality Assurance System
Built Environment Faculty
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The Hutgraaf Project
Built Environment Faculty
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Pilot project Testing
Residential building complex (140 houses)
Located in Beuningen, NL
Results
Built Environment Faculty
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Hutgraaf Project - Phase 2 (29 detached houses)
To be completed by December 2016
Tested on site with the help of the superintendent (uitvoerder) for two weeks
Feedback from the user was overall positive, however negative comments where mentioned as the system was perceived to increase workload
Results
Built Environment Faculty
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Approved vs. Rejected (Overview)
Overview (Total)
Approved inspectionsRejected inspections1383
Inspections Status
Percentage approved
Week 1Week 20.958904109589041041Percentage rejected
4.1095890410958902E-20
Results
Built Environment Faculty
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esper (e) - convert ire charts to bar charts
Rejected inspection categories
Walls/Hebben de sparingen de juiste afmetingen?(met tolerantie)
Walls/Hebben de sparingen de juiste afmetingen?(met tolerantie)3
Comments of Rejected
inspections
Insufficent ToleranceDimension are incorrectOpenings are not perpendicular
Insufficent ToleranceDimension are incorrectOpenings are not perpendicular210
ResultsTesting on a pilot project
Built Environment Faculty
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Approved vs. Rejected (Overview)
Overview (Total)
Approved inspectionsRejected inspections1383
Inspections Status
Percentage approved
Week 1Week 20.958904109589041041Percentage rejected
4.1095890410958902E-20
Rejected inspection categories
Walls/Hebben de sparingen de juiste afmetingen?(met tolerantie)
Walls/Hebben de sparingen de juiste afmetingen?(met tolerantie)3
Comments of Rejected
inspections
Insufficent ToleranceDimension are incorrectOpenings are not perpendicular
Insufficent ToleranceDimension are incorrectOpenings are not perpendicular210
/ name of department
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Data Aggregation
Project A
Project B
Project C
Project D
Project E
Project A
Project B
Project C
Project D
Project E
Project A
Project B
Project C
Project D
Project E
Residential projects
Commercial projects
Company-wide KPIs
Discussion
Built Environment Faculty
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Developed application enhances Quality Management Plans (QMP)
Generate requirements based on a defined quality scope
Reduce potential information gaps
Allows quality related data to be readily and easily collected
The framework shows promise for future developments in this field based on the data collected
Discussion
Built Environment Faculty
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However, there are several shortcomings to take into consideration:
Time frame of testing
Detailed track records needed
Inspections and conditional prerequisites industry level
Level of Detail (LOD) of BIM models
esper (e) - less negative remarks of validation of thesis
esper (e) - Repharse the bias part
Discussion
Built Environment Faculty
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Higher order of model element spatial relationships
More complex scheduling scenarios
Static vs. Dynamic nature of BIM
Faith in human judgement
The number of generated results
The randomness of the processed results
Conclusion
BIM implementation promises to reduce several factors leading to quality defects on construction sites by improving:
Information management
Knowledge management
Demonstrated a working methodology that is flexible enough to work irrespective of:
Authoring tools/Platforms
Organizational structures
Construction standards
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Final remarks
Built Environment Faculty
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The findings of the study are useful for all parties involved in the construction phase of the project lifecycle:
Construction/contracting firms: Provides a glimpse of the advantages of using BIM in QMP, providing interesting new possibilities boosting resource utilization, reduce cost overruns and schedule delays
Software Developers/BIM experts: encourage research and development into the execution phase of the project lifecycle
Architecture/Engineering firms: Provide a collaborative approach to realize design drawings/model during site supervision
Clients/Project Developers: provide clarity in case of legal disputes, ensures quality objectives have been formally met and smoothen the transition to the O&M phase
Q & A
Built Environment Faculty
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Thank you for listening!
Thanks to everyone involved in this research!
Questions?
4-D BIM
Project Schedule monitoring
Inspection requirements
Quality Requirements
Mapping diagram
BIM Model (IFC
format)
Project Schedule
(Baseline)
Updated schedule
QC SYSTEM
Process
prerequisite
Product
prerequisite
Ifc Model
PRODUCT REQUIREMENTS
Model element
Ifc inheritance graph
Object instance attributes
IfcRelAssignsToProcss
PROCESS REQUIREMENTS
Project Schedule
Individual activity attributes
Work Breakdown
Structure
HeadingIfc ModelPRODUCT REQUIREMENTSModel elementIfc inheritance graphObject instance attributesIfcRelAssignsToProcssHeadingPROCESS REQUIREMENTSProject ScheduleIndividual activity attributesWork Breakdown Structure
Determine
Activity status
Determine
elements
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Determine if
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Ifc Model
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Ifc inheritance graph
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IfcRelAssignsToProcss
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Project Schedule
Individual activity attributes
Work Breakdown
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prerequisites
Entity
relationships
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schedule
Determine the
quality
requirement
Quality
requirements
Generate
results
QC System Results
IFC Object
Requirements
Inspections
Object ID
PK
GUID
Object Type
Location
Description
Requirement ID
PK
Requirement
Inspection ID
PK
Object ID
FK
Requirement ID
FK
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QC System ResultsIFC ObjectRequirementsInspectionsObject IDintFKPKGUIDintFKPKObject TypeintFKPKLocationintFKPKDescriptionintFKPKRequirement IDintFKPKRequirementintFKPKM1M2M3M4Inspection IDintFKPKObject IDintFKPKRequirement IDintFKPKM1M2M3M4To QA System
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Capture results
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Approved/Rejected
Comments
Color-coded modelInspection ResultsCoordination Data
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Develop
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List of required
Site inspections
Update Project
schedule based on
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Conduct on
Site
Inspections
Quality Inspection
results
Quality
inspection
approved?
Conduct data
analysis on
results
Yes
No
Perform
corrective
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End
Requirement
data
adjustments
Quality
KPIs
Color coded model
Collaborative data
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