Ideal Site Selection of Fast Electric Vehicle Charging Stations within Urban Environments: A GIS-AHP Approach

A BIM-integrated approach to construction quality management

Presented by Esper Achkar

Graduation Committee:

Prof.dr.ir. B. De Vries

Dr.dipl.ing. J. Beetz

T.F Krijnen

Ir. W.J Van De Koppel

1

Presentation Overview

Introduction

Quality management in the construction industry

BIM and quality management

Research Objectives

Research Method

Implementation

Results

Discussion

Conclusion

Built Environemt Faculty

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9-12-2016

IntroductionQuality management in the construction industry

Built Environment Faculty

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What is a quality defect?

a flaw or fault that is attributable to defective design, workmanship or material

(Harris 2016)

Defects are classified into:

Patent defects: can be detected during project realization

Latent defects: not detected or hidden defects

IntroductionQuality management in the construction industry

Built Environment Faculty

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Quality defects in the construction industry are a cause for:

Cost overruns

Schedule delays

Resource underutilization

The price of defects in the construction industry:

4% of contract value in residential buildings (Mills,Love & Williams 2009)

3.15% and 2.14% of total costs for residential and industrial buildings, respectively (Love & Li, 2000)

cost of defect reworks are approximately 5% of construction costs in the US (CII ,2005)

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IntroductionQuality management in the construction industry

Built Environment Faculty

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Factors leading to quality defects on construction sites:

6

IntroductionQuality management in the construction industry

How efficient are quality management practices?

67% of defects were discovered during the delivery stage of the project

20% discovered by tenants after hand over

Inspectors were able to identify 3% of deficiencies during construction

(Rosnefeld & Ben-Oz, 2004)

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7

/ name of department

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IntroductionQuality management in the construction industry

(Rumane, 2011)

IntroductionQuality management in the construction industry

Built Environment Faculty

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The root causes leading to quality defects on construction projects:

Documentation errors (Cusak, 1992)

High workload

Data reusability (Lee 2012)

Reactive approach

IntroductionBIM and Quality Management

Built Environment Faculty

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Why not use Building Information Modeling (BIM) then?

The BIM features that can help mitigate the problem:

reduces chance of data loss and allows data reusability

greater flexibility and less chance of documentation errors

However, Implementation of BIM concepts in Quality Management Plans

is not a novel idea!

IntroductionBIM and Quality Management

Built Environment Faculty

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Research has been categorized into four fields:

Identifying causation and impact analysis

Collecting and classifying defect data

Searching and managing defect information

Developing defect control systems

Research has also focused on automation in quality management:

IntroductionBIM and Quality Management

Built Environment Faculty

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Previous research developments have the following shortcomings:

Overstate the advantages of automations influence in quality management decision making processes

High barriers of entry (costs, expertise/know-how)

Underestimate the importance of information and knowledge management in reducing quality-related issues

Providing solutions that do not encompass all aspects of quality management

There are several software applications that address the Topic of Quality Management:

Build Environment Faculty

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IntroductionBIM and Quality Management

IntroductionBIM and Quality Management

Where is the innovation then?

Built Environment Faculty

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None of these tools provide a complete solution to quality management!

Data management issues

Association between model object and data is loose

Reactive in their structure

Research Objectives

Realize modified quality practices and tools that reduce construction quality defects

Mitigate the limitations of current construction quality management practices in order to reduce on-site defects

Built Environment Faculty

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(Rumane, 2011)

Research Objectives

What is the value of realizing the Research Objectives?

Legislative changes in the Dutch industry are taking place

The Dutch Quality Directive (Kwaliteitborging)

The legislation has three important categorical amendments:

Legal

Bureaucratic

Communication

Built Environment Faculty

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Research Method

Theoretical Approach:

Based on the findings of previous research, a BIM-Integrated framework that focuses on information and knowledge management is proposed

The proposed framework encompasses all divisions of quality management:

Quality control (QC) product-based

Quality Assurance (QA) process-based

Communication Protocol

Built Environment Environmet

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Research MethodFramework overview

Built Environment Faculty

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Rose, 2005

Research MethodQuality Control (QC) Systems Input

Built Environment Faculty

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Research MethodQC Systems conditional prerequisites

Built Environment Faculty

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Built Environment Faculty

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Research MethodQC Systems structure

Is the sub title accurate?

21

Built Environment Faculty

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Research MethodQC Systems output

Built Environment Faculty

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Research MethodQuality Assurance System structure

Built Environment Faculty

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Research MethodCommunication Protocol

This all seems very interesting, but how can the theoretical framework be translated into a working application/tool?

Practical Approach:

In order to demonstrate the advantages of the proposed framework, a prototypical software has been developed through the following steps:

Collect data

Framework developed into several parts using software development tools

Testing on a pilot project

Built Environment Faculty

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Research Method

Data of client complaints regarding defects after handover (2012-2014)

The data include:

The total number of complaints logged during a given year

The main cause of the complaint

Misuse by client

Structural work errors (ruwbouw)

Finishing work errors (afbouw)

The building system/category classification of the recorded defects

Built Environment Faculty

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Data Collection

Built Environment Faculty

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Collected Data (Cont.)

Defect CategoryFrequency of Occurrence (%)Wooden door, window frames24Electrical installations8Mechanical installations8Roof waterproofing membrane7Aluminum/Plastic door, windows 5Joint sealant4Faade4Ventilation4Door accessories/hardware3Tile work3Roof tiling3Brick wall works2Other (Defect constituting 1 % or less individually)25

Collected Data (cont.)

What does all this data suggest?

Validates thesis hypotheses

Define developed application scope

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The software development tools used for the application:

Python

Flask (Python)

HTML (including JS)

IfcOpenShell

XML-parsing packages/modules

SQLite

The applications developed preform the following functionality:

Built Environment Faculty

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Software Development

ImplementationQuality Control System

Built Environment Faculty

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ImplementationQuality Assurance System

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The Hutgraaf Project

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Pilot project Testing

Residential building complex (140 houses)

Located in Beuningen, NL

Results

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Hutgraaf Project - Phase 2 (29 detached houses)

To be completed by December 2016

Tested on site with the help of the superintendent (uitvoerder) for two weeks

Feedback from the user was overall positive, however negative comments where mentioned as the system was perceived to increase workload

Results

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Approved vs. Rejected (Overview)

Overview (Total)

Approved inspectionsRejected inspections1383

Inspections Status

Percentage approved

Week 1Week 20.958904109589041041Percentage rejected

4.1095890410958902E-20

Results

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esper (e) - convert ire charts to bar charts

Rejected inspection categories

Walls/Hebben de sparingen de juiste afmetingen?(met tolerantie)

Walls/Hebben de sparingen de juiste afmetingen?(met tolerantie)3

Comments of Rejected

inspections

Insufficent ToleranceDimension are incorrectOpenings are not perpendicular

Insufficent ToleranceDimension are incorrectOpenings are not perpendicular210

ResultsTesting on a pilot project

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Approved vs. Rejected (Overview)

Overview (Total)

Approved inspectionsRejected inspections1383

Inspections Status

Percentage approved

Week 1Week 20.958904109589041041Percentage rejected

4.1095890410958902E-20

Rejected inspection categories

Walls/Hebben de sparingen de juiste afmetingen?(met tolerantie)

Walls/Hebben de sparingen de juiste afmetingen?(met tolerantie)3

Comments of Rejected

inspections

Insufficent ToleranceDimension are incorrectOpenings are not perpendicular

Insufficent ToleranceDimension are incorrectOpenings are not perpendicular210

/ name of department

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Data Aggregation

Project A

Project B

Project C

Project D

Project E

Project A

Project B

Project C

Project D

Project E

Project A

Project B

Project C

Project D

Project E

Residential projects

Commercial projects

Company-wide KPIs

Discussion

Built Environment Faculty

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Developed application enhances Quality Management Plans (QMP)

Generate requirements based on a defined quality scope

Reduce potential information gaps

Allows quality related data to be readily and easily collected

The framework shows promise for future developments in this field based on the data collected

Discussion

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However, there are several shortcomings to take into consideration:

Time frame of testing

Detailed track records needed

Inspections and conditional prerequisites industry level

Level of Detail (LOD) of BIM models

esper (e) - less negative remarks of validation of thesis

esper (e) - Repharse the bias part

Discussion

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Higher order of model element spatial relationships

More complex scheduling scenarios

Static vs. Dynamic nature of BIM

Faith in human judgement

The number of generated results

The randomness of the processed results

Conclusion

BIM implementation promises to reduce several factors leading to quality defects on construction sites by improving:

Information management

Knowledge management

Demonstrated a working methodology that is flexible enough to work irrespective of:

Authoring tools/Platforms

Organizational structures

Construction standards

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Final remarks

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The findings of the study are useful for all parties involved in the construction phase of the project lifecycle:

Construction/contracting firms: Provides a glimpse of the advantages of using BIM in QMP, providing interesting new possibilities boosting resource utilization, reduce cost overruns and schedule delays

Software Developers/BIM experts: encourage research and development into the execution phase of the project lifecycle

Architecture/Engineering firms: Provide a collaborative approach to realize design drawings/model during site supervision

Clients/Project Developers: provide clarity in case of legal disputes, ensures quality objectives have been formally met and smoothen the transition to the O&M phase

Q & A

Built Environment Faculty

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Thank you for listening!

Thanks to everyone involved in this research!

Questions?

4-D BIM

Project Schedule monitoring

Inspection requirements

Quality Requirements

Mapping diagram

BIM Model (IFC

format)

Project Schedule

(Baseline)

Updated schedule

QC SYSTEM

Process

prerequisite

Product

prerequisite

Ifc Model

PRODUCT REQUIREMENTS

Model element

Ifc inheritance graph

Object instance attributes

IfcRelAssignsToProcss

PROCESS REQUIREMENTS

Project Schedule

Individual activity attributes

Work Breakdown

Structure

HeadingIfc ModelPRODUCT REQUIREMENTSModel elementIfc inheritance graphObject instance attributesIfcRelAssignsToProcssHeadingPROCESS REQUIREMENTSProject ScheduleIndividual activity attributesWork Breakdown Structure

Determine

Activity status

Determine

elements

concerned

Determine if

prerequisites

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Ifc Model

PRODUCT REQUIREMENTS

Model element

Ifc inheritance graph

Object instance attributes

IfcRelAssignsToProcss

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Project Schedule

Individual activity attributes

Work Breakdown

Structure

Conditional

prerequisites

Entity

relationships

Updated

schedule

Determine the

quality

requirement

Quality

requirements

Generate

results

QC System Results

IFC Object

Requirements

Inspections

Object ID

PK

GUID

Object Type

Location

Description

Requirement ID

PK

Requirement

Inspection ID

PK

Object ID

FK

Requirement ID

FK

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QC System ResultsIFC ObjectRequirementsInspectionsObject IDintFKPKGUIDintFKPKObject TypeintFKPKLocationintFKPKDescriptionintFKPKRequirement IDintFKPKRequirementintFKPKM1M2M3M4Inspection IDintFKPKObject IDintFKPKRequirement IDintFKPKM1M2M3M4To QA System

Database

Quality Control System

4D BIM

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Capture results

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Date of Inspection

Inspected by

Approved/Rejected

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Color-coded modelInspection ResultsCoordination Data

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Develop

quality

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List of required

Site inspections

Update Project

schedule based on

progress

Conduct on

Site

Inspections

Quality Inspection

results

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inspection

approved?

Conduct data

analysis on

results

Yes

No

Perform

corrective

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Requirement

data

adjustments

Quality

KPIs

Color coded model

Collaborative data