“Bhotiya” people of the borderlands practiced transhumance &trade across the Himalayas until 1962 India-China war

ended their centuries-old tradition

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 km

Places of Interest with Historical Annotations

Borders and river courses are not definite or to scale, and are given herefor representation purposes only. This publication also does not purport to coverevery historical or cultural aspect of the Uttarakhand region, but does represent

a concerted attempt to bring available information together in map form.

© 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2010 Rajiv Rawatuttarakhand.org | uttarakhand.net

Encompassing the Central Himalayan region and adjoining plains districts,Uttarakhand was established on November 9, 2000 as the 27th state of the Indian Union

State BirdHimalayan Monal

State AnimalKasturi (Musk Deer)

State FlowerBrahma Kamal (Snow Lotus)

State TreeBurans (Rhododendron)

Historical Location

Town/Village/Settlement

District/Regional Capital

Pass

Holy Site

Peak

Battle Site

Prayag (city at river confluence)

River

N a t u r e P r e s e r v e s

T R I B E

H I S T O R I C A L N A M E

DIS TRICT NAME

Provisional/Potential State Capital International BorderDistrict Border

Atkinson, E.T. 1881. The Himalayan Gazeteer. In 3 Vols.

Chandola, K. 1987. Across the Himalayas through the Ages. New Delhi: Patriot.

Dabral, S.P. 1967-1990. Uttarakhand ka Itihas. Vol. I-XIII. Dogadda: Veergatha Prakashan.

Kandari, O.P., & Gusain, O.P. (eds.) 2001. Garhwal Himalaya. Srinagar: Transmedia.

Kumar, P. 2000. The Uttarakhand Movement: Construction of a Regional Identity. Delhi: Kanishka.

Khanduri, B.M. & Negi, S.S. (eds.) 2007. Uttarakhand: Historical Perspective. Srinagar: Transmedia.

Pande, B.D. 1993. Kumaun ka Itihas. Almora, U.P., India: Shree Almora Book Depot.

Rawat, A. S. 1989. History of Garhwal, 1358-1947. New Delhi: Indus.

Routledge, P. 1993. Terrains of Resistance. Connecticut: Praeger.

Saklani, A. 1987. The History of a Himalayan Princely State. Delhi: Durga.

Saklani, D.P. 1998. Ancient Communities of the Himalaya. New Delhi: Indus.

Sharma, D.D. 1983. Linguistic History of Uttarakhand. Hoshiarpur: VVRI.

U.S. Defense Mapping Agency. 1980. Topographic Maps NH 43 & NH 44. 1:1,000,000.

Nelles-Verlag. 1997. Nelles Himalaya Map. 1:1,500,000. Nelles Maps.

Phillimore, R.H. 1954. Historical Records of the Survey of India. Volume I-IV. Dehra Dun: Geodetic Branch, Survey of India.

Original research supported by the Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute and York University (Canada).

With special thanks to Sudhir Rawat, Raju Gusain, Sunil Kainthola, & Shekhar Pathak.

Dedicated to the freedom fighters & activists of the past, present, & future.

Historical Sources

Map Sources

Acknowledgements

Glacier

The Uttarakhand Andolan Memorial in Kutchery, Dehraduncommemorating the martyrs of the movement & “Kali Raat” orthe Black Night of 1-2 October 1994 when police repression of

the separate state movement peaked at Rampur Tiraha

Sketch of the ruins of Tolingmath before theCultural Revolution in China

Dehradun's famous clock towerstands at the centre of town

Farmers throughout the Himalayas engage interraced cultivation suited to steep incline of terrain

Landholdings generally small & fragmented

The Nanda Devi Temple in Lata,one of the gateway villages to Nanda Devi Peak

Magnificient Darbar Hall built by Nawab of Rampur to houseoriental manuscripts of Rampur Raza Library 1905

PITHOR AGARH

BAGESHWAR

ALMOR A

CHAMPAWAT

NAI NITAL

“ SHAHEED ” UDHAM SI NGH NAGARsettled in the post-partition era by mainly Sikh farmers

named after heroic assassin of Michael O’Dwyer,governor of Punjab during Jallianwallah Bagh massacre

HARIDWARheavily populated districtsite of periodic protests against the district'samalgamation into Uttarakhand 1998-

PAURI

TEHRI

U T TARKASHI

DEHR ADUN“Doon Valley” changed possessionseveral times over last 300 yearsbefore final incorporation intoGarhwal Division

RUDR APR AYAG

CHAMOLI

U T T A R P R A D E S H

T I B E Tfirst unified kingdom 7th century

signed peace treaty with China 822conquered & held as tributaries to Mongols 1240

Dalai Lama position instituted 1578Chinese resident in Lhasa beginning of 18th century

Younghusband expedition 1905Chinese troops withdrawn from Tibet 1912

Chinese occupation of Tibet 1950Departure of Dalai Lama 1959

Creation of “Tibetan Autonomous Region” 1965

H I M A C H A LP R A D E S H

F A R - W E S T E R N N E P A Lseat of the Khasa Malla Empire that dominated region in 12th-15th centuries

descendants of Malla dynasties ruled much of Ngari & Kathmandu valleyuntil 18th century

SHI ML A

KULLU

HUML A

BAITADI

DADELDHUR A

KACHANPUR

DARCHUL A

BAJHANG

KAIL ALIBARE ILLYerstswhile capital of Rohilla Empire

est. 1707-1720 PILIBHIT

BIJNOR

SAHAR ANPUR

T

E

R

A

I

B

H

A

B

A

R

T

A

B

L

E

L

A

N

D

S

L

E

S

S

E

R

G

R

E

A

T

E

R

H

I

M

A

L

A

Y

A

H

I

M

A

L

A

Y

A

SH

IV

AL

IK

S

S H A U K A

M A R C H A

J A D Hlast remainingBuddhist communitiesin Uttarakhand regionrelocated by armyaway from frontier

J A U N S A R I

T H A R U

B U K S A

D R O K P A

R U N G

R A J I

T O L C H A

Tons

Yamun

a

Bhagirathi

Bhila

ngan

a

Alakna

nda

Mandakini

Pindar

Nandakini

Sara

swat

i

Dhauli

(W)

Mah

akali

Kos

i

Ram (W)

Sarju

Gori

Dhauli (E)

Ram

(E)

Sutlej

Humla Karnali

Dab

ka

Pasch

im N

ayar

Purvi Nayar

GANGA

Song

Susw

a

Henwal

Jakl

ot

Chamlia

Ladhiya

Surna

Seti

Girthi

Rishi Kuthi

Bal

Baspa

Jadh

Birahi

Bhyu

nder

Gola

Panar

Karnali

Sutlej

Asan

Lissar

Kail

Gomti

NanakSagar

RamgangaReservoir

Rupi

n

Kam

al

Sarju

Bhak

ra

Mandal

Gun

kha

Rala

m

YAMUNA

Suya

l

Yamuna

Dharam

Sutlej

Jakh

an

Huini

MansarovarLake

Rakas Lake

Gangotri Glacierhuge icefield experiencingrapid retreat 1990s-

PindariGlacier

KhatlingGlacier

Bandarpunch Glacierin retreat

Kuari Pass

Bara Hotigrazing grounds

Indo-Tibetan Borderdemarcated by Henry McMahon &

affirmed by Shimla Convention 1914closed by India-China War 1962

Uttarakhand-Uttar Pradesh Borderseparated from

Uttar Pradesh 2000

Himachal-Uttarakhand Borderboundaries of original territories defined 1948

Himachal Pradesh established 1971

Indo-Nepalese Borderdefined by Treaty of Sagauli 1816

KalapaniKali river watershed

Mana LaNiti La

KungriBingri La

LipuLekh La

Thaga La

Darma La

Lampya La

Untadhura

Nara La

To Simikot& airstrip

To Lhasa

To Delhi

To Gartokcapital of Ngari region,

traditional trading post of Ladakh & Tibet

To Shimla

To Nahan,Chandigarh

To Bareilly

K U M A O Nconsolidated kingdom c. 900-1790overrun by Gorkhas 1791-1815

ceded to British 1816incorporated into India 1947

G A R H W A Lderived from land of “Garh” or forts

unified independent kingdom c. 1500-1803overrun by Gorkhas 1803-15

ceded to British 1816western portion returned to King 1817

annexed to India 1949

N G A R I - K O R - S U Msparsely populated yet sizeable prefecture of western Tibet

birthplace of Bon religionknown as 'Hundesh' to Indians

annexed by Lhasa (Tibet) 1687

C H U M U R T Iregion renowned for its hardy horse breed

G U G Elost kingdom of 10th-17th centuries

Visited by Jesuit Father Andrade 1626sacked by Ladakh mid-1600s

D A P Asource of raids intoGarhwal in 1600s

K A N G R I

R A W A I Nvast & traditionally rebellious

pargana of Garhwal

S I R M O Rimportant erstwhile hill kingdom

allied with Mughals in invasions of Garhwalcapital moved to Nahan 1621

overrun by Gurkhas 1809liberated & returned to King by British 1815

R O H I L K H A N Dlarge territory of western Uttar Pradesh once controlled by Pashtun Rohillas

southern neighbours of Garhwal & Kumaon in 1700sdefeated by Marathas 1770

recovered by Oudh 1772ceded & ravaged by British 1774

R A T Hcultural region of Garhwal

P A T L I D U N

B A R A HS Y U N

NA

GP

UR

B A D H A N

S A L A N

D A N P U R

P A L I

P A C H H A O N

DA

SO

LI

D O T Iimportant principality & adversary of Chand Kings

“Rainka” Kings descended from Katyursassisted Garhwalis in repelling Kumaoni invasion 1680

occupied by Gorkhas 1790nearly acceded to British 1815

B A I S I R A J Y A22 trans-Karnali principalities absorbed

into expanding Gorkha empirethrough series of treaties 1787-1788

S O R

P H A L D A K O T

SI

RA

B A W A RJ A U N S A R

distinct hilly region of Garhwalculturally connected with Himachal

stronghold of Mahasu Devta

C H A U G A R K H A

C H A U D A N S

NI T

I V

AL

LEY

V YA S VA L L E Y

DA

RM

A V

AL

LEY

JOH

AR

VA

LL

EY

NE

LA

NG

VA

LL

EY

K AT I Y U R VA L L E Y

stronghold of medieval Katyuri

dynasties

K A L I K U M A O Nheartland of Kumaon Chand kingdom

witnessed unrest during1857 Uprising

U P P E R D O A Bflat & fertile alluvial tract between Yamuna & Ganga

J A U N P U R

T A K N O R

AS

KO

T

B A R A HM A N D A L

P A I N K H A N D A

D H A N I Y A K O T

D H Y A N I R A U

K I N N A U Rdistrict of Himachal Pradesh long influenced by Tibetan Buddhism

part of Bushahr princely state as “Chini” tehsilentry retricted until 1993

B U S H A H Rimportant erstwhile hill kingdom

unified under King Chatar Singh c. 1611ravaged by Gorkhas 1803-1815British foothold established 1809

R A M P U Roriginally Kathera, an important Rajput principality,

later eclipsed by Pashtun settlement 1623new Rohilla kingdom founded after fall of Bareillyremained loyal to British during 1857 Uprising

G A N G O L I

K A T O L I

PA

RK

HA

ND

A

MA

I KH

AN

DA

C H A N D P U R

C H I L A

B H A R D A R

UD

AI P

UR

S A K L A N A

G A N G AS A L A N

S A L T

Anjainisainsite of SBMA campus

Askotstarting point of PAHAR’s decennialfoot march across Uttarakhand

Arakotend point ofPAHAR's decennialfoot march acrossUttarakhand

Tilaripeasant protest massacredby Tehri State militia 1930

Roopkundalpine lake with 9th centuryremains of ill-fatedroyal pilgrimage

Homkund

Badhangarhi (fort)

Henwal Valleybirthplace of freedomfighter Sridev SumanChipko actions 1970s-80sBeej Bachao Andolan 1990s-

Gaumukh“Cow’s Mouth”actual source of the Ganges

Toling“Tolingmath” possibly the original Badrinathsite of great monasteries of Gugeravaged in 1960s

Tsaprangfortress of Gugesite of Andrade’s missionnow largely abandoned

Dapa Dzongcaptured by Garhwali GeneralMadho Singh Bhandari in response to raids 1624artifacts belonging to King Fateh Shah kept here

Chandpur Garhioriginal seat of Panwar KingAjai Pal who subjugated52 Khasa chieftainsto unify Garhwal

Lakhanpurruins of importantKatyuri town

Bairath10th century seat ofKatyur King Malushahi from popular folk balladRajula & Malushahi

Dewalgarhtemporary capital of Garhwalkingdom c. 1506-1517

Govisanaseat of significantkingdom identified byChinese traveller Huien Tsang 6th-7th centuries

Gangnanione of several hot springsfound in upper Himalayas

Taklakot/Purangfortress of trans-HimalayanMalla Empire 12th-14th centuriestrinational trading post

Patal Bhuvaneshwarlimestone caves & underground templefinds mention in Skanda Purana

Malethasite of legendary16th century canalbuilt by MadhoSingh Bandhari

Sahastradhara“spring of a thousand sources”

Kempty Falls

Binsarretreat of Henry RamsayKumaon commissioner

Bedni & Aali Bugyalmountain meadowenroute to Roopkund

Nahi Kalansite of epic anti-mining struggle1986-1987

Dodi Talsparkling lakebelieved to bebirthplace of Ganesh

Abbot MountEuropean colony 1914

Sanana-Baserimegalithic archaeologicalfinds point to human presencec. 1000 BCE

Lakhudiyarpalaeolithicrock art site

Nawadaold capital of theGarhwal King’s Dun territories

Laxman Jhulasuspension iron bridge built 1939

Har ki dunpoint where Pandavasascended into Heaven

Kedarnathshrine of ShivaSamadhi ofShankar Acharya

Tungnathhighest of the “Panch” Kedars that venerate Shiva

Badrinathshrine of Vishnu,est. by ShankarAcharya 9th century

Rudranath

Kalpeshwar

MadhyamaheshwarYog Dhyan Badri& Pandukeshwar

Bhavisya Badri“the future Badri”

Bridh Badri

Adibadri

Yamunotritraditionalsource ofYamuna

Gangotritraditional sourceof the GangesTemple constructedby Gurkha GeneralAmar Singh Thapa

Surkanda Devi

Jwalpa Devi

HemkundSikh pilgrimage sitediscovered 1930

Nanak MattaSikh pilgrimage sitevisited by Nanakin his travels

Chandrabadni

GarjiyaDevi

HanolMahasu Temple

Hariyali Devi

JageshwarKumaon’s preeminentShiva temple complexpatronized by Katyuri &Chand Kings

SyahiDevi

Mahendranagar

Dhanolti

Naugaon

Bhairongati

Bhatwari

Guptkashi

Thalisain

Chaukutiaalso known as

Ganai

Dwara Hat

Mukteshwar

Lohaghattraditional home ofKumaon’s deities

Bhadyargaon

Didi Hatmarket centre

of old Sira state

Dharchula

Kapkot

Martoli

Garbyang

Pipalkoti

Tapoban

Chham

Clement Town

Majra

Dadeldhura

Barkot

Shivpuri

Poling

Lata

Nagni

Adwani

(Nelang)

( Jadhang)

Purola

Dharasu

Gopeshwar

Malpa

KhatimaSitarganj

Jaspur

Munsiyarilargest Indo-Tibetantrade entrepot

Dwali

Suraithota

Niti

Malarimegalithic archaeologicalfinds point to human presencec. 1000 BCE

Vikasnagar

Pokhra

Bhironkhal

Rameshwar

Mandal

Jelum

Chaukori

Gaurikund

Agastyamuninamed after Sage Agastya

in the Ramanayana

Chandrapuri

GhatDhyari

Morang

Sangla

Mana

Pancheshwar

Nandprayag

Devprayagmarks the beginningof the Ganga

Ghansali

DundaJadhs resettledhere after militarizationof frontier

Parkha

Langsu

Namgya

Puh

Jajal

Dhumakot

Vishnuprayag

Kashipur

Kalpa

Narendranagar

Satpuli“seven bridges”important way pointfor villages inlower Garhwal

Ghamsali

Dakpathar

Kanalichinna

Govindghat

Tharali

Chamyala

Bhikiyasain

Baitadi

Darchula

Naitwar

Mori

Tiuni

Osla

Doiwala

Lilam

Tawaghat

Bazpurfounded in 1655 byRaja Baz Bahadur Chand

Lalkuan

Ufrainkhalcentre of significantecological regenerationefforts 1980s-

Ghumkhal

New Tehri

Agrakhal

HanumanChatti

ChinyaliSaur

Atai

Bunoli

Ghat

Madkot

Dung

Lambgaon

HanumanChatti

Silgarhi-DotiDipayal

Balma

Devidhura

Niehar

Kalapani

Kuti

Kardung

Deghat

Marchula

Sialkot

Syalde

Garsainalso known as Lobhaafter fort overlookingGarhwal-Kumaon frontierproposed capital ofUttarakhand 1994

Gwaldamtraditional battlegroundbetween Panwar & Chand Kings 16th-17th centuries

Kalsisite of Ashoka rock edict3rd century BCE

Kausanisite of Sarla Behn’sLakshmi Ashram 1946-

Moincer‘Missar’ revenue village ofIndia until 1962

Gyanima Manditrading post of Johar, Darma,& Vyas Bhotiya

Rampur-BushahrIndo-Tibetan trade centre, gateway to inner Kinnaur &capital of the erstwhileBushahr hill state

Sarahanold capital of Bushahrsite of 800-year-old Bhimkalitemple & palace

Nautistarting point ofNanda Devi Raj Jat

Milamcommunity of 19th centuryexplorer ‘Pundit’Nain Singh Rawat

Okhimathwinter home of Kedarnath’sdeities

Dogadda“Man-Eater of Dogadda”Chandrashekhar Azad’srevolutionaries alsotrained near here 1930

Lakha Mandaltranscribed inscriptions detailtwo lineages governingregion 4th-6th centuries

Naginacaptured by Britishmarking reconquest ofBijnor 1858

Baijnathlater seat of Katyuri empirebefore its fragmentation

Someshwaralso known asHatyura

Ramnagarregional railhead

Bhimtallake resort city site of rock art museum

Champawatoriginal seat of KumaonChand Kings 10th century-1563

Renisite of pivotalall-women Chipkoaction led byGaura Devi 1974

Tanakpurofficial tradingpost of India & Nepal

Pratapnagarsummer residence ofTehri King

Landhauraseat of Gujar Kingwho assisted in faileddefense of Garhwalagainst Gorkhas 1804

Berinagsite of numerousNaga temples

Gangoli Hatsite of Hatkalika Kali templeinstalled by Shankar Acharya

Jauljibiannual fair held at midpoint ofTibet-Terai trade routewinter home of DarmaValley transhumantcommunity

Rudrapurfounded by Rudra Chandto guard southern flank ofKumaon Kingdomsite of Atariya Devi temple

Harsilrenowned for apple orchardsintroduced by British forester“Pahari” Wilson 1860s

GaucharRudraprayag

Karanprayag

Chamoli

Pauriestablished asdistrict HQfron 1839

Pithoragarhstronghold ofold Sor state ruledby Bams dynasty

Kalagarh

Bijnor

Laldhang

Kotalbagh

Kaladhungi

Kirtinagar

Rampur

Kotdwarrailhead gateway &industrial & marketcentre of Garhwal

NainitalKnown in the Puranas as Tri-Rishi-SarovarBritish hill station from 1841-summer capital of Northwest Provinces & UP 1862-seat of Kumaon University 1973-

Najibabadfounded by Nawab Najib-ud-Daulahimportant centre for central Asiancaravan trade mid-18th century

Haridwargateway to “Devbhumi”marking entry of Ganga into plainspopular cremation grounds

Mussooriehill station est. by British 1827

Joshimathalso called Jyotirdhamseat of KarttikeyapurEmpire 8th-11th centuries

Almoracapital of Chand Kings 1563-1790traditional trade centre &cultural capital of Kumaonsite of final battle ofAnglo-Gorkha War 1815Muzaffarnagar

midway point between Dehradun & Delhinear site of 1994 massacre ofDelhi-bound Uttarakhandstate activists

Deobandsite of the venerated Darul UloomIslamic centre of learning

Chakratacantonment est.by British 1866

Dehra Dunlargest city in Uttarakhand region“Dehra” refers to camp of dissidentSikh Guru Ram Rai, 1675made provisional capital ofUttarakhand state 2000

(Tehri)capital of Tehri State 1817-1948inundated by Tehri Dam 2004

Rishikeshcentre of spiritual learning &Western pilgrimage includingThe Beatles in 1968

Srinagarsite of HNB Garhwal Universitycapital of Garhwal 1517-1803

LansdowneGarhwal Rifles regimental centrefounded in 1887 by Viceroy of India

Ranikhet“Queen’s Meadow”Kumaon Regimentcantonment &scenic hill station

Roorkeesite of first engineering schoolin British Empire outside UK

Uttarkashialso known as Barahatpossible seat of “Brahmaputra” kingdommentioned by Chinese traveller Huien Tsang 630sShiva’s retreat upon Kashi (Varanasi)’sloss of sanctity in the Kaliyuga

Pantnagarsite of first Indian agricultural university 1960instrumental in spreading “Green Revolution”

Haldwanigateway to Kumaonfounded in 1834 as mart for hill traderscaptured by rebels in 1857 Uprising

Paonta SahibSikh pilgrimage sitetemporary residence of 10thGuru Gobind Singh

Meerutoriginal site of 3rd century BCE Ashokanpillar removed to Delhi 1206revolt of Hindu & Muslim sepoy garrisonsparked the Indian War of Independence/Uprising 1857-8

BageshwarBaghnath temple erected 1602site of annual Uttarayani fair

Chambaoriginally Chamma Khalannual “Gabbar Singh Negi”fair honours WWIVictoria Cross recipient

Saharanpurinhabited since Indus Civilizationnamed by Mohammed Tughluqafter saint Shah Harun Chistiimportant Moghul hubseat of Rohilla ChiefNajib Khan who capturedDehradun 1757-1770

Kathgodamregional railhead 1884-

C o r b e t t N a t i o n a l P a r knamed after man-eater hunter &

conservationist Jim Corbett

Va l l e y o fF l o w e r s

N a n d a D e v iB i o s p h e r e R e s e r v e

R a j a j iN a t i o n a l P a r k

A s k o t S a n c t u a r y

K e d a r n a t h S a n c t u a r y

G o v i n dP a s h u V i h a r

G o v i n dN a t i o n a l P a r k

G a n g o t r iN a t i o n a l P a r k

B i n s a r S a n c t u a r y

Doodhatoli3100m

Panchachuli Peaks6312-6903mnamed after thefive “cooking pots”of the Pandava Brothers

Kamet 7756m

Nanda Devi 7816mpatron goddess &

highest peak ofUttarakhand

Nag Tibba3078m

Chau

kam

baPe

aks

to 7

138m

Gangotri Peaks

6577-6672m

Bagirathi Peaks

Gurla Mandata 7728mknown locally as Namo Nanyi

or “Faery’s Peak”

Kedarkantha3815m

Bandarpunch6316m

Mana 7272m

Hathi Parbhat6200m

Trisul Peaks6008-7120m

Dunagiri7066m

Mangtoli6803m

Changsil Range

Swargarohini6252m

Abi Gamin 7355m Mukut Parbat 7242m

Nanda Devi East7434m

Nanda Kot6861m

Mt. Kailastraditional abode of Shivaassociated with Mt. Meru, metaphysicalcentre of the world in Hindu, Buddhist,Jain & Bon cosmology

Traill’s

Pass

GARHWALconquered byGorkhas 1803

KUMAONconquered by

Gorkhas 1791

Haridwartraditional tributary of

Lord of Badrinath(Garhwal King)

Doon Valleyclaimed by

Garhwal King,frequently overrun byneighbouring powers

HUNDESHannexed by Tibet as

Ngari-Kor-Sum 1687

ROHILKHANDsettled by Afghan Pashtun 17th-18th centuries

GORKHATERRITORIES

occupied by1790

BUSHAHR

Consolidation of Kingdoms

SIRMOR

Haridwarcreated in 1988incorporated intoUttarakhand 2000

Rudraprayagdivided from Tehri &Chamoli 1997

Bageshwardivided fromAlmora 1998

“Shaheed”Udham Singh Nagardivided from Nainital 1995

Redistricting in Lead Up to Statehood

Champawatdivided fromPithoragarh 1997

British

Garh

wal

made d

istrict

from or

igina

l

Kumaon

Com

mission

ery 18

39

NORTHWEST PROVINCE 1815-1858UNITED PROVINCE 1858-1947

TIBETBritish “protectorate”

1905

“PUNJAB”HILL

STATES

NEPAL

Colonial Divisions 1815-1947

KUMAONDIVISION

Almora

Nainital

Uttarkashi

Tehri Chamoli

Garhwal(Pauri) Almora Pithoragarh

Nainital

Dehradun

TIBEToccupied byChina 1950

NEPAL

HIMACHALPRADESH

separated fromPunjab 1966

statehood 1971

UTTARPRADESH

Hill Districts of U.P. 1947-1990s

UTTARAKHAND

three new districts of Uttar Pradesh

allocated separate development portfolio in 1960

Rawain Pergana

TEHRInominally

independentprincipalityDehradun

Districtalternatively part of

Saharanpur District,Kumaon Division,Meerut Division

1815-1968

Garhwali and Kumaoni compose the nuclei of the Central Pahari languagecluster with their various subdialects showing various lingual influences fromIndia and both the trans- & cis-Himalayan regions (Sharma, 1983).

F R O M T H E P L A I N SBrahmin & Kshatriya migrations from

Western & Central India beginning in 8th centuryusurped power from Khasa chieftains

established Panwar & Chand dynasties

Mall

a Dyn

astie

s (Kha

sa)

fragm

ented

by 15

th cen

tury

KH

AS

A

arrived from Northwest through Chitral by Vedic period

established dynasties & republics throughout

entire Himalayan belt

Shaukyanaland of Sonepati Shaukalegendary merchant of

the Indo-Tibetan frontierc. 6-10th century?

KI

RA

TA

Tibeto-Burman group arrived from North by

Vedic period pushed to the East by Khasas

Nagasspread from Bagirathi &

Alaknanda Valleys4th-5th centuries

K O Lfirst people of region

displaced & subjugated bylater migration waves

K E D A R K H A N D MA N A S K H A N D

Kunindasgoverned region as republics

2nd century BCE -4th century CE

RAJYA-KIRATApresent day Raji of Askot

KIRATAancestors of Tharu and Buksa

Katyuri Dynasties (Khasa)

fragmented by 12th century

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Tehriyali

RawainJaunpuri

Jaunsari

Salani

Rathi

Kumaiya

SoriyaliRau-Chaubhainsi

Khasparjiya

Gangolia

CE

NT

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L

PA

HA

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JohariSrinagariya

Badhani

Nag

puriy

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Dasau

lya

PachhainPhaldakoti

Chaugarkhiya

Majh

Kum

aiya

AskotiSirali

Danpuriya

GARHWALI

KUMAONI

Lobhiya

Ancient Communities & Linguistic Composition of the Central Himalayas

L ANGUAGE GROUP

Regional Subdialect

COMMUNITY

Dynasty

PauriHunger Strike1994/8/2

NainitalHunger Strike 1994/8/15Police Firing 1994/10/3

SrinagarLathi Charge 1995/11/10

MussoorieUttarakhand Kranti DalFormed 1979/7/25Police Firing 1994/9/2

KhatimaPolice Firing 1994/9/1

Muzaffarnagar (Rampur Tiraha)Police Firing, Assault1994/10/2

DehradunPolice Firing 1994/10/3

RamnagarHill State Council formed1967/6/24

GairsainCampaign for Capital2004

Reni1974/3/26

Tehri Dam1978-2004

KotdwarPolice Firing 1994/10/3

Mandal1973/4

Nahi Kalan1986/9-1987/7

Phata1973/6-12

Phalenda2005-6

Bhadyargarh1978-9

Advani,Salet,Kangar& Sabli1977-8

Chanchridhar(Dwarahat)1978/1

Bachher1987

Dungri-Paintoli1980/2

Nainital1977/10

Pulna1978/1Parsari

1979/8

Hat (Almora)1977/12

Kataldi2001-2003

Ufrainkhal“Doodhatoli

Lok VikasSansthan” 1980s-

Lata“Jhapto-Cheeno” 1998

Gwaldam“Maiti” Movement 1996-

Askot to Arakot Yatrafact-finding voyage acrossUttarakhand helped establishthe modern unified identityof the region1974, 1984, 1994, 2004

From 1974-1980, the Chipko environmental justice movementmobilized about 23,000 people from 150-200 villages across theregion. The subsequent anti-mining struggle near Nahi Kalan mayhave mobilized 2000 people from 10 villages. However, before andafter, the anti-liquor movement persisted, seeing local actions andmass rallies in the region from 1965 onwards (Routledge, 1993).

The groundwork for the creation of Uttarakhand was laid by variouspersonalities and political organizations in the decades followingindependence. Support for autonomy spanned the ideologicalspectrum beginning with the left, yet the tragic martyrdoms of 1994galvanized the demand into a mass movement (Kumar, 2000).

Basbheeraanti-liquor stir

spreads from hereacross Kumaon 1984

Tehrianti-liquor rally1971/11/20

Laasi1979/12

Main Trail

Uttarakhand Movement

Chipko Movement

Anti-DamAnti-Mining

Chipko-derived Movements

Region-wide Movements

Modern Social Movements

The consolidation of the Garhwal and Kumaon kingdoms heraldedalmost two centuries of intermittent warfare between the two, rivallingthe War of the Roses and the Hundred-Years War in their intensity andduration. Neighbouring states would likewise invariably interveneincluding Sirmor and the Mughal Empire on the side of Kumaon andDoti and Katyuri statelets on the side of Garhwal. By the end of the 18th century, the states were so weakened by this infighting that even abrief attempt at unity could not prevent their conquest by the Gorkhasnor the the empire from beyond the seas (Atkinson, 1881).

Seige of KalangaLoss of British CommanderCostly British Victoryover Gorkhas 1814/11/30

Seige of LangurgarhiSuccessful Garhwali Defense

against Gorkha Invasion1791-2

Battle of KhilpatiGorkha Victory overBritish 2nd Columnin Kali Kumaon1815/3/31

Battle of AlmoraBritish Victory over GorkhasCapture of Kumaon1815/4/27

Flight of the Kingfrom Srinagar to Barahat to Dunwith Gorkhas in pursuitFall 1803

Garhwal-Kumaon Frontierfrequent skirmishes, raids,&

full scale invasions 1591-1803

Retreat to TeraiKumaonis make severalunsuccessful attempts to recoverkingdom 1791-1794

LobhaGwaldam

BADHAN

PALI

Chaukot

Dapa IncursionsTibetan raids plunderbeyond Badrinath 1620s Punitive Expeditions

three pointed attacksucceeds at ending raids 1624influence reestablished 1690s

The Northern Expeditiontrade rights in Tibet securedTaklakot briefly seized alongwith control over all passes

to Kailash 1670

Rohilla InvasionRohilla Victory over KumaonisSacking of Almora 1743-4

Retreat to GairsainRohilla Victory over combinedGarhwal & Kumaon force 1744

Second Mughal Invasioncombined Mughal/Kumaon/Sirmorforce briefly annexes Dun 1655-60

First Mughal InvasionQueen Mother Karnavaticrushes Mughal force withguerrilla tactics 1635

Srinagar

Battle of Khurburadeath of Garhwal King

capture of Garhwalby Gorkhas

1804/1

Battle of GangoliKumaonis repulse Gorkhas towardsKali Kumaon 1790/1

Capture of AlmoraGorkhas enter capital after defeatingKumaonis near Katolbagh 1790/2

Theatre of Conflict 17th-19th Century

Risp

ana

Song

Baldi

Nala

pani

Nag

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Anwala

Bind

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Tons

Nun

Rajpur R

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Haridwar Rd

Raipur Rd

Sahara

npur Rd

Kaonli Rd

Chakrata Rd

E.C

. Rd

RAJPUR

RAIPURDHARAMPUR

MOKHAMPUR

BIRPUR JAKHAN

To Mussoorie & Landour

To Sahastradhara

CHUKKUWALA

DALANWALA

HATHIBARKALA

ANARWALA

NALAPANI

Bahadurpurpossible capital of Shah Jahan’sbrief capture of Dun1655-1660

Forest Research Institutemain office built in 1929 torival Viceroy’s House in Delhi

Jhanda MohallaGuru Ram Rai’s palace 1699nucleus of later Dehra city

British Cemetery

Kalanga Memorialerected to honour bothsides of the conflictafter raising of fort1814

Race CourseHome of Viceroy’s

summer stables

Ajabpurafter Ajbu Kunwar,consort of RajmataKarnavati 1630s

Rajpur Canaloldest canal in Dunbuilt by Ajbu KunwarKaulagir

site of first tea estatein Dun

Khurburasite of last battle

of the Gorkhaconquest 1804

Survey of IndiaHQ of oldest departmentin India 1767

Robber’s Cave

Rail Service from 1900

TEHRI

DEHR ADUN

LAND OUR“European Only”

Settlement

Gun Hill

Happy Valley

Lal Tibba

Mall RdCart Rd

Mussoorie is named after a local shrub while Landourdraws its name from Llanddowror, a village inWales.

CamelBack Rd

MUSSO ORIE

Pre-Independence Dehra Dun

0 1 2 3 4 5km

Pre-Independence Nainital

Upper Mall

Upper Kaladungi

Lower Kaladungi

Cart Rd

Upper M

all

Middle M

all

Cheena 2615m

Snowview 2270m

AyarpathaDorothy’s Seatnamed after artistDorothy Kellet

Governor’s Housesummer residence of NW/United Provinces governors

The Flatsplay area created aftermassive 1880landslide

St.John in theWilderness Church

Naina DeviTemple

Sherwood Collegeest. 1869

TALLI TAL

MALLI TAL

Alma

0 1 2 3km

To Almora

CANTONMENT

Devpatta

Uttarakhand

Chhattisgarh

Jharkhand

Three new states createdby act of Parliament

in 2000

I N D I A

1776 1800 1824 1848 1872 1920 1952 20001960 1968 1976 1984 1992

C H R O N O L O G I C A L T I M E L I N E

17281680163215841536148814401200960720 194418964800 CE480 BCE

2007 State name restored toUttarakhand

2000 Formation of “Uttaranchal”Dehradun made provisional capital

2004 Old Tehri submergedunder dam reservoir

1994 Peak ofUttarakhand AndolanMuzaffarnagar Kand

1996 PM Deve Gowdacalls for Uttarakhandfrom Red Fort

1989 UttarakhandSanyukta SangarshSamiti convened

1986-7 Epic anti-miningbattle at Sinsyaru Kala

1979 UttarakhandKranti Dal formed to fightfor separate hill state

1978 Advani Forestsaved by Chipko action

1976 UttarakhandSangarsh Vahini formed

1974 Gaura Devileads women tosave Reni Forest

1974 First Askot to Arakot Yatraacross Uttarakhand

1973 Formation of Kumaun & Garhwal Universities

2003 New industrial policybrings manufacturing to Terai

1972 Mass rallies against timber auctions

1961 UttarakhandSarvodaya Mandalformed at Kausani

1968 Uttarakhand HillDevelopment Councilformed by UP State

1962 India-China Warcloses frontier withTibet

1952 PC Joshi of the CPI calls forGarhwal & Kumaon autonomy

1949 Tehri State merged with Uttar Pradesh

1948 Nagender Saklani & Bholu Bhandarimartyred by Tehri State forcesTehri King abdicates

1944 Sridev Sumanmartyred in Tehri Jail

1939 Tehri PrajaMandal formed

1930 Tilari Kand, peasantsmassacred by Tehri King’s forces

1930 Peshawar IncidentChander Singh Garhwali revolts against ordersto fire on peaceful demonstrations

1921 Swaraj activists forceend to Coolie & Uttar Begarsystem in Kumaon

1916 KumaonParishad formedto fight for homerule

1914 Garhwal Riflessent to France at adventof WWI, suffer heavylosses but win greatrenown

1887 Garhwal Rifles raised &stationed in Lansdowne,military recruitment heraldsmoney order economy

1878 Forest Act sets pattern of colonialdomination of Uttarakhand's forests

1866 Explorer “Pundit”Nain Singh Rawatreaches Lhasa

1857 Revolt againstBritish Rule in KaliKumaon, Haldwanibriefly liberated, peacereigns elsewhere in hills

1942 Garhwali POWs join INA

1824 turbulent Rawainpargana returned to Tehri

1814-6 Anglo-Gorkha War ends in Treaty of SugauliEastern Garhwal & Kumaon ceded to British, independentGarhwal reestablished from Tehri

1840 Wilson awardedfirst timber grant from Tehri

1803-4 Gorkhas conquerGarhwal, King dies inbattle

1791 Gorkhas overrunKumaon, checked byGarhwalis at Langurgarhi

G O R K H YA N I B R I T I S H R A J T E H R I R I YA S AT I N D I A U T TA R P R A D E S H S TAT E H O O D

1785 Pradyumna Shahbriefly unites Garhwal& Kumaon

1768 Rising GorkhaEmpire occupiesKathmandu

1761 Kumaon forces aid Mughalsagainst Marathas at Battle of Panipat

1744 Rohillas overrunAlmora, defeat combinedKumaon & Garhwalforces

1720 Decline of Chandpower, heralds decadesof internecine struggles& battles in the plains

1757 Rohillas establish authority in DunDehra Dun prospers

1560 Kalyan Chandmoves capital toAlmora fromChampawat

1517 Ajay Pal movescapital to Srinagarfrom Dewalgarh

1635 Rajmata Karnavati routs invadingMughal force, cuts noses of survivors

1671 Last Katyur chiefdeposed & banished by Chands

1191 Ashokchalla, Malla king ofWestern Nepal shatters Katyuri power,marches as far as Gopeshwar & Barahat

1670 Baz Bahadur Chandoccupies Tibet trade routes,briefly seizes Taklakot

c. 820 Shankar Acharya reestablishes Shaivism,dies at Kedarnath

c. 200 BCE Kunindassovereign over the hills

304-232 BCE Ashokan MauryaEmpire extends to Terai

c. 5th centuryNagas fill vacuum

c. 630 Chinese travelerHuien Tsang passesthrough region, describesvarious Buddhistprincipalities

c. 700 Rise of pan-HimalayanKarttikeyapur dynasty

c. 11th century Karttikeyapurdisintegrates, Katyuri princesreestablish authority from Baijnath

888 Panwars establish seat at Chandpurgarhi,heralding migration from plains

c. 200 Kunindas, Yaudheyas, &Arjunayanas form confederation

1660 Prithvi Shah hands Suleiman Shikohto Aurangzeb to prevent invasionDun returned to Garhwal King

1591 Battle of GwaldamKatyuris & Garhwalisrebuff Kumaoni invasion

1374 Garur Gyan Chandbegins expansion beyondKali Kumaon

1488-1503 Kirati Chandoccupies Khagmara Kot (Almora),subjugates Katyuris, & expandsKumaon’s borders

1565-1597 Rudra Chandconquers remaining landswest of Kali, including Askot,Sira, Johar, & Darma

1597-1621 Lakshmi Chandunsuccessfully invades Garhwal seven times

K AT Y U R G A R H WA L K U M A O N

1261 Thohar Chand, first confirmedChand King, ascends to throne

1493 Panwar King Ajay Pal ascends throne,completes unification of Garhwal

6th century BCEKiratas present in hills

1946 Badri DuttPande calls forseparate hill state

1692 Fateh Shahraids Saharanpur, extendsGarhwali influence into Tibet

1624 Mahi Pat Shahsends Madho SinghBandhari to punishraiders from Tibet 1779 Lalit Shah drives

usurper from Chand throneinstalls son Pradyumna as new King

1955 State ReorganisationCommission decidesagainst smaller statesKM Panikkar dissents

960 BCE

7th centuryPaurava dynasty

105-250 Kushans prevailover North India

c. 4th centuryGuptas defeatconfederation,end Kuninda era

ince time immemorial, Uttarakhand has been knownas the Devbhumi - “abode of gods” and has played acentral role in the legends of the entire subcontinent.

Archaeological evidence such as rock art at Lakhudiyar, Nautiyal, & Dungri and burialsin Malari, Sanana & Baseri show that Uttarakhand hosted stone age cultures as early as thepalaeolithic before the arrival of Kol, Khas, & Kirata migrants mentioned in the Puranas.

3rd-2nd Millennium BCEEarliest settlement of Central Himalayas(?)

P U R A N A S

1815-35 GW Traill becomesfirst commissioner of KumaonDivision, installs personalized rule

1836 Slavery banned

1998 Protests in Haridwar & Udham Singh Nagarover inclusion in new state nearly derail statehood bill

1994 Kaushik Committeedelineates contours of newstate with capital at Gairsain

1987 Large rallies bringUttarakhand demandto the fore

S1655 Shah Jahan invades Garhwal, capturesDun with help from Kumaon & Sirmor

1815-18591859-18711871-18861886-19131913-19461946-1948

1948-1949

Panwar Dynasty(Tehri*)

1815-18161816-18301830-18391839-18471848-18561856-18841885-18871888-18891889-18921892-18941894-18981899-19021903-19051906-19131914-19241935-19391939-19411941-19431943-19471947-1948

Kumaon Commissionery*(British Raj)

* Includes Eastern “British” Garhwal

Sudarshan ShahBhawani Shah

Pratap ShahKirti Shah

Narendra ShahManabendra Shah

Praja Mandal**

E. GardnerG.W. TraillColonel GowanG.C. LoushingtonJ.N. BattenH. RamsayH.G. RossJ.R. ReidG.E. ErskinD.T. RobertsE.E. GriggR.E. HamblinA.M.W. ShakespearJ.S. CampbellP. WyndhamA.W. IbbotsonG.L. VivianT.J.C. ActonW.W. FinlayK.L. Mehta

First Dynasty(7th-8th Centuries)

Basantana (Vasudeva)...

KharaparadevaKalyanarajadeva

Tribhuvanarajadeva

AshokchallaKrachalladeva

Panwar Dynasty(Garhwal)

1790-1795

1795-179717971797

1797-17991799-1806

1806-1815

Gorkha Military Governors(Gorkhyani)

Malla (Nepalese) Hegemony

9th Century...1455-14931493-15471548-15801581-15911591-16111611-16241624-16311631-16671667-171617161717-17721772-17801780-17851785-1804

Kanak Pal...

Jagat PalAjay Pal

Sahaj PalBalbhadra Pal

Man ShahShyam Shah

Mahi Pat ShahPrithvi Pat Shah

Fateh Pat ShahUpendra ShahPradeep Shah

Lalit ShahJaikrit Shah

Pradyumna Shah*

9th Century...

1261-12811281-1286

...1360-13781378-14201420-14441444-14771477-14881488-15061506-15121512-15301530-15671567-15971597-16211621-16241625-16381638-16781678-16981698-17081708-17201720-17261726-17291730-17481748-17771777-17791779-17861786-1788

17881788-1790

Som Chand...Thohar ChandKalyan Chand...Abhaya ChandGyan ChandVikram ChandBharati ChandRatan ChandKirti ChandPratap ChandBhisma ChandBalo Kalyan ChandRudra ChandLakshmi ChandDalip ChandTrimal ChandRaj Bahadur ChandUdyot ChandGyan ChandJagat ChandDevi ChandAjit ChandKalyan ChandDeep ChandMohan ChandPradyumna Chand*Mohan ChandSiv ChandMahendra Chand

1191-12091223

Chand Dynasty(Kumaon)

L I S T O F R U L E R SUNTIL INDEPENDENCE

Compiled by Atkinson (1881)Revised & Completed by Khanduri & Negi (2007)

Joga Mall ShahKazi Nar ShahiAjab Singh ThapaBhum ShahRudravir SinghAjab Singh ThapaDhaukal Sun SinghKazi Gajeshwar PandeyRitu Raj ThapaBhum Shah

* Tehri Princely Statereinstalled Panwar lineagein Western Garhwal as a11-gun salute state of thePunjab Hill State Agency

** Revolution in Tehri,rule by democratic council untilaccession to India as a districtof Uttar Pradesh State 1949

Remnants of the Katyuris wouldrule from the Katyur Valley,

Sira & Askot (Rainkas), Sor (Bams),and Gangoli (Mankotis) before

succumbing to Chand expansionismby the end of the 16th century.

The Chand & Panwar Dynastieswould likewise consolidate theircontrol over the Bhotiya Mahals

during the same period.

*Pradyumna Shah/Chandbriefly ruled over bothGarhwal & Kumaon

in 1785-1786

Garhwal Rifles

Raised May 5, 1887Lansdowne, Uttarakhand

“Badri Vishal Ki Jai”

Battle Honours

1897-1898191419141914-1915191519151914-19151915-19161918191819181917-1918194019411941194119411942194219421944194419441944194519481962196519651971

1940-19431941-19421942-19451943-19451947-194819621965196519711999

Punjab FrontierLa Bassee

ArmentiersFestubert

Neuve ChapelleAubers

France and FlandersEgypt

MacedoniaKhan Baghdadi

ShargatMesopotamia

GallabatBarentu

KerenMassawa

Amba AlagiKuantan

YenangyaungMonywa

Citta Di CastelloNorth Arakan

Ngakyedauk PassRamree

TaungupTithwal

NuranangButtar Dograndi

Gadra RoadHilli

North AfricaMalayaBurma

ItalyJammu & Kashmir

LadakhPunjab

RajasthanEast Pakistan

Kargil

1947196219651971197119711971

1947-194819621965196519711999

Srinagar (Badgam)Rezang LaGadra CityBhaduriaDaudkandiSanjoi MirpurShamsher Nagar

Jammu & KashmirLadakhPunjabRajasthanEast PakistanKargil

Kumaon Regiment

Raised October 27, 1945Ranikhet, Uttarakhand

“Kalika Mata Ki Jai”

Battle Honours

Theatre Honours

Theatre Honours

Kumaonis had earlier served in theHyderabad Contingent of the BritishEast India Company from the late

1700s. In 1922, the 19th HyderabadRegiment was formed from earlier

units, and was joined by the4th battalion Garhwal Rifles

(Kumaon Rifles) to form the nucleiof what would become the

Kumaon Regiment after WWII.

Second Dynasty(8th-9th Centuries)

NimbartadevaIshtaganadevaLalitasuradeva

Bhudeva

Third Dynasty(9th-10th Centuries)

SalonadityaIchchhatadeva

DesatadevaPadmatadeva

Subhiksharajadeva

(followed by lesser unknown princes)

Katyuri Hegemony