Map Uttarakhand
1
“Bhotiya” people of the borderlands practiced transhumance & trade across the Himalayas until 1962 India-China war ended their centuries-old tradition 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 km Places of Interest with Historical Annotations Borders and river courses are not definite or to scale, and are given here for representation purposes only. This publication also does not purport to cover every historical or cultural aspect of the Uttarakhand region, but does represent a concerted attempt to bring available information together in map form. © 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2010 Rajiv Rawat uttarakhand.org | uttarakhand.net Encompassing the Central Himalayan region and adjoining plains districts, Uttarakhand was established on November 9, 2000 as the 27th state of the Indian Union State Bird Himalayan Monal State Animal Kasturi (Musk Deer) State Flower Brahma Kamal (Snow Lotus) State Tree Burans (Rhododendron) Historical Location Town/Village/Settlement District/Regional Capital Pass Holy Site Peak Battle Site Prayag (city at river confluence) River Nature Preserves TRIBE HISTORICAL NAME DISTRICT NAME Provisional/Potential State Capital International Border District Border Atkinson, E.T. 1881. The Himalayan Gazeteer. In 3 Vols. Chandola, K. 1987. Across the Himalayas through the Ages. New Delhi: Patriot. Dabral, S.P. 1967-1990. Uttarakhand ka Itihas. Vol. I-XIII. Dogadda: Veergatha Prakashan. Kandari, O.P., & Gusain, O.P. (eds.) 2001. Garhwal Himalaya. Srinagar: Transmedia. Kumar, P. 2000. The Uttarakhand Movement: Construction of a Regional Identity. Delhi: Kanishka. Khanduri, B.M. & Negi, S.S. (eds.) 2007. Uttarakhand: Historical Perspective. Srinagar: Transmedia. Pande, B.D. 1993. Kumaun ka Itihas. Almora, U.P., India: Shree Almora Book Depot. Rawat, A. S. 1989. History of Garhwal, 1358-1947. New Delhi: Indus. Routledge, P. 1993. Terrains of Resistance. Connecticut: Praeger. Saklani, A. 1987. The History of a Himalayan Princely State. Delhi: Durga. Saklani, D.P. 1998. Ancient Communities of the Himalaya. New Delhi: Indus. Sharma, D.D. 1983. Linguistic History of Uttarakhand. Hoshiarpur: VVRI. U.S. Defense Mapping Agency. 1980. Topographic Maps NH 43 & NH 44. 1:1,000,000. Nelles-Verlag. 1997. Nelles Himalaya Map. 1:1,500,000. Nelles Maps. Phillimore, R.H. 1954. Historical Records of the Survey of India. Volume I-IV. Dehra Dun: Geodetic Branch, Survey of India. Original research supported by the Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute and York University (Canada). With special thanks to Sudhir Rawat, Raju Gusain, Sunil Kainthola, & Shekhar Pathak. Dedicated to the freedom fighters & activists of the past, present, & future. Historical Sources Map Sources Acknowledgements Glacier The Uttarakhand Andolan Memorial in Kutchery, Dehradun commemorating the martyrs of the movement & “Kali Raat” or the Black Night of 1-2 October 1994 when police repression of the separate state movement peaked at Rampur Tiraha Sketch of the ruins of Tolingmath before the Cultural Revolution in China Dehradun's famous clock tower stands at the centre of town Farmers throughout the Himalayas engage in terraced cultivation suited to steep incline of terrain Landholdings generally small & fragmented The Nanda Devi Temple in Lata, one of the gateway villages to Nanda Devi Peak Magnificient Darbar Hall built by Nawab of Rampur to house oriental manuscripts of Rampur Raza Library 1905 PITHORAGARH BAGESHWAR ALMORA CHAMPAWAT NAINITAL “SHAHEED” UDHAM SINGH NAGAR settled in the post-partition era by mainly Sikh farmers named after heroic assassin of Michael O’Dwyer, governor of Punjab during Jallianwallah Bagh massacre HARIDWAR heavily populated district site of periodic protests against the district's amalgamation into Uttarakhand 1998- PAURI TEHRI UTTARKASHI DEHRADUN “Doon Valley” changed possession several times over last 300 years before final incorporation into Garhwal Division RUDRAPRAYAG CHAMOLI UTTAR PRADESH T I B E T first unified kingdom 7th century signed peace treaty with China 822 conquered & held as tributaries to Mongols 1240 Dalai Lama position instituted 1578 Chinese resident in Lhasa beginning of 18th century Younghusband expedition 1905 Chinese troops withdrawn from Tibet 1912 Chinese occupation of Tibet 1950 Departure of Dalai Lama 1959 Creation of “Tibetan Autonomous Region” 1965 HIMACHAL PRADESH FAR-WESTERN NEPAL seat of the Khasa Malla Empire that dominated region in 12th-15th centuries descendants of Malla dynasties ruled much of Ngari & Kathmandu valley until 18th century SHIMLA KULLU HUMLA BAITADI DADELDHURA KACHANPUR DARCHULA BAJHANG BAREILLY erstswhile capital of Rohilla Empire est. 1707-1720 PILIBHIT BIJNOR SAHARANPUR T E R A I B H A B A R T A B L E L A N D S L E S S E R G R E A T E R H I M A L A Y A H I M A L A Y A S H I V A L I K S SHAUKA MARCHA JADH last remaining Buddhist communities in Uttarakhand region relocated by army away from frontier JAUNSARI THARU BUKSA DROKPA RUNG RAJI TOLCHA Tons Yamuna Bhagirathi Bhilangana Alaknanda Mandakini Pindar Nandakini Saraswati Dhauli (W) Mahakali Kosi Ram (W) Sarju Gori Dhauli (E) Ram (E) Sutlej Humla Karnali Dabka Paschim Nayar Purvi Nayar GANGA Song Suswa Henwal Jaklot Chamlia Ladhiya Surna Seti Girthi Rishi Kuthi Bal Baspa Jadh Birahi Bhyunder Gola Panar Karnali Sutlej Asan Lissar Kail Gomti Nanak Sagar Ramganga Reservoir Rupin Kamal Sarju Bhakra Mandal Gunkha Ralam YAMUNA Suyal Yamuna Dharam Sutlej Jakhan Huini Mansarovar Lake Rakas Lake Gangotri Glacier huge icefield experiencing rapid retreat 1990s- Pindari Glacier Khatling Glacier Bandarpunch Glacier in retreat Kuari Pass Bara Hoti grazing grounds Indo-Tibetan Border demarcated by Henry McMahon & affirmed by Shimla Convention 1914 closed by India-China War 1962 Uttarakhand-Uttar Pradesh Border separated from Uttar Pradesh 2000 Himachal-Uttarakhand Border boundaries of original territories defined 1948 Himachal Pradesh established 1971 Indo-Nepalese Border defined by Treaty of Sagauli 1816 Kalapani Kali river watershed Mana La Niti La Kungri Bingri La Lipu Lekh La Thaga La Darma La Lampya La Untadhura Nara La To Simikot & airstrip To Lhasa To Delhi To Gartok capital of Ngari region, traditional trading post of Ladakh & Tibet To Shimla To Nahan, Chandigarh To Bareilly KUMAON consolidated kingdom c. 900-1790 overrun by Gorkhas 1791-1815 ceded to British 1816 incorporated into India 1947 GARHWAL derived from land of “Garh” or forts unified independent kingdom c. 1500-1803 overrun by Gorkhas 1803-15 ceded to British 1816 western portion returned to King 1817 annexed to India 1949 NGARI-KOR-SUM sparsely populated yet sizeable prefecture of western Tibet birthplace of Bon religion known as 'Hundesh' to Indians annexed by Lhasa (Tibet) 1687 CHUMURTI region renowned for its hardy horse breed GUGE lost kingdom of 10th-17th centuries Visited by Jesuit Father Andrade 1626 sacked by Ladakh mid-1600s DAPA source of raids into Garhwal in 1600s KANGRI RAWAIN vast & traditionally rebellious pargana of Garhwal SIRMOR important erstwhile hill kingdom allied with Mughals in invasions of Garhwal capital moved to Nahan 1621 overrun by Gurkhas 1809 liberated & returned to King by British 1815 ROHILKHAND large territory of western Uttar Pradesh once controlled by Pashtun Rohillas southern neighbours of Garhwal & Kumaon in 1700s defeated by Marathas 1770 recovered by Oudh 1772 ceded & ravaged by British 1774 RATH cultural region of Garhwal PATLI DUN BARAH SYUN NAGPUR BADHAN SALAN DANPUR PALI PACHHAON DASOLI DOTI important principality & adversary of Chand Kings “Rainka” Kings descended from Katyurs assisted Garhwalis in repelling Kumaoni invasion 1680 occupied by Gorkhas 1790 nearly acceded to British 1815 BAISI RAJYA 22 trans-Karnali principalities absorbed into expanding Gorkha empire through series of treaties 1787-1788 SOR PHALDAKOT SIRA BAWAR JAUNSAR distinct hilly region of Garhwal culturally connected with Himachal stronghold of Mahasu Devta CHAUGARKHA CHAUDANS NITI VALLEY VYAS VALLEY DARMA VALLEY JOHAR VALLEY NELANG VALLEY KATIYUR VALLEY stronghold of medieval Katyuri dynasties KALI KUMAON heartland of Kumaon Chand kingdom witnessed unrest during 1857 Uprising UPPER DOAB flat & fertile alluvial tract between Yamuna & Ganga JAUNPUR TAKNOR ASKOT BARAH MANDAL PAINKHANDA DHANIYAKOT DHYANIRAU KINNAUR district of Himachal Pradesh long influenced by Tibetan Buddhism part of Bushahr princely state as “Chini” tehsil entry retricted until 1993 BUSHAHR important erstwhile hill kingdom unified under King Chatar Singh c. 1611 ravaged by Gorkhas 1803-1815 British foothold established 1809 RAMPUR originally Kathera, an important Rajput principality, later eclipsed by Pashtun settlement 1623 new Rohilla kingdom founded after fall of Bareilly remained loyal to British during 1857 Uprising GANGOLI KATOLI PARKHANDA MAIKHANDA CHANDPUR CHILA BHARDAR UDAIPUR SAKLANA GANGA SALAN SALT Anjainisain site of SBMA campus Askot starting point of PAHAR’s decennial foot march across Uttarakhand Arakot end point of PAHAR's decennial foot march across Uttarakhand Tilari peasant protest massacred by Tehri State militia 1930 Roopkund alpine lake with 9th century remains of ill-fated royal pilgrimage Homkund Badhangarhi (fort) Henwal Valley birthplace of freedom fighter Sridev Suman Chipko actions 1970s-80s Beej Bachao Andolan 1990s- Gaumukh “Cow’s Mouth” actual source of the Ganges Toling “Tolingmath” possibly the original Badrinath site of great monasteries of Guge ravaged in 1960s Tsaprang fortress of Guge site of Andrade’s mission now largely abandoned Dapa Dzong captured by Garhwali General Madho Singh Bhandari in response to raids 1624 artifacts belonging to King Fateh Shah kept here Chandpur Garhi original seat of Panwar King Ajai Pal who subjugated 52 Khasa chieftains to unify Garhwal Lakhanpur ruins of important Katyuri town Bairath 10th century seat of Katyur King Malushahi from popular folk ballad Rajula & Malushahi Dewalgarh temporary capital of Garhwal kingdom c. 1506-1517 Govisana seat of significant kingdom identified by Chinese traveller Huien Tsang 6th-7th centuries Gangnani one of several hot springs found in upper Himalayas Taklakot/Purang fortress of trans-Himalayan Malla Empire 12th-14th centuries trinational trading post Patal Bhuvaneshwar limestone caves & underground temple finds mention in Skanda Purana Maletha site of legendary 16th century canal built by Madho Singh Bandhari Sahastradhara “spring of a thousand sources” Kempty Falls Binsar retreat of Henry Ramsay Kumaon commissioner Bedni & Aali Bugyal mountain meadow enroute to Roopkund Nahi Kalan site of epic anti- mining struggle 1986-1987 Dodi Tal sparkling lake believed to be birthplace of Ganesh Abbot Mount European colony 1914 Sanana-Baseri megalithic archaeological finds point to human presence c. 1000 BCE Lakhudiyar palaeolithic rock art site Nawada old capital of the Garhwal King’s Dun territories Laxman Jhula suspension iron bridge built 1939 Har ki dun point where Pandavas ascended into Heaven Kedarnath shrine of Shiva Samadhi of Shankar Acharya Tungnath highest of the “Panch” Kedars that venerate Shiva Badrinath shrine of Vishnu, est. by Shankar Acharya 9th century Rudranath Kalpeshwar Madhyamaheshwar Yog Dhyan Badri & Pandukeshwar Bhavisya Badri “the future Badri” Bridh Badri Adibadri Yamunotri traditional source of Yamuna Gangotri traditional source of the Ganges Temple constructed by Gurkha General Amar Singh Thapa Surkanda Devi Jwalpa Devi Hemkund Sikh pilgrimage site discovered 1930 Nanak Matta Sikh pilgrimage site visited by Nanak in his travels Chandrabadni Garjiya Devi Hanol Mahasu Temple Hariyali Devi Jageshwar Kumaon’s preeminent Shiva temple complex patronized by Katyuri & Chand Kings Syahi Devi Mahendranagar Dhanolti Naugaon Bhairongati Bhatwari Guptkashi Thalisain Chaukutia also known as Ganai Dwara Hat Mukteshwar Lohaghat traditional home of Kumaon’s deities Bhadyargaon Didi Hat market centre of old Sira state Dharchula Kapkot Martoli Garbyang Pipalkoti Tapoban Chham Clement Town Majra Dadeldhura Barkot Shivpuri Poling Lata Nagni Adwani (Nelang) ( Jadhang) Purola Dharasu Gopeshwar Malpa Khatima Sitarganj Jaspur Munsiyari largest Indo-Tibetan trade entrepot Dwali Suraithota Niti Malari megalithic archaeological finds point to human presence c. 1000 BCE Vikasnagar Pokhra Bhironkhal Rameshwar Mandal Jelum Chaukori Gaurikund Agastyamuni named after Sage Agastya in the Ramanayana Chandrapuri Ghat Dhyari Morang Sangla Mana Pancheshwar Nandprayag Devprayag marks the beginning of the Ganga Ghansali Dunda Jadhs resettled here after militarization of frontier Parkha Langsu Namgya Puh Jajal Dhumakot Vishnuprayag Kashipur Kalpa Narendranagar Satpuli “seven bridges” important way point for villages in lower Garhwal Ghamsali Dakpathar Kanalichinna Govindghat Tharali Chamyala Bhikiyasain Baitadi Darchula Naitwar Mori Tiuni Osla Doiwala Lilam Tawaghat Bazpur founded in 1655 by Raja Baz Bahadur Chand Lalkuan Ufrainkhal centre of significant ecological regeneration efforts 1980s- Ghumkhal New Tehri Agrakhal Hanuman Chatti Chinyali Saur Atai Bunoli Ghat Madkot Dung Lambgaon Hanuman Chatti Silgarhi-Doti Dipayal Balma Devidhura Niehar Kalapani Kuti Kardung Deghat Marchula Sialkot Syalde Garsain also known as Lobha after fort overlooking Garhwal-Kumaon frontier proposed capital of Uttarakhand 1994 Gwaldam traditional battleground between Panwar & Chand Kings 16th-17th centuries Kalsi site of Ashoka rock edict 3rd century BCE Kausani site of Sarla Behn’s Lakshmi Ashram 1946- Moincer ‘Missar’ revenue village of India until 1962 Gyanima Mandi trading post of Johar, Darma, & Vyas Bhotiya Rampur-Bushahr Indo-Tibetan trade centre, gateway to inner Kinnaur & capital of the erstwhile Bushahr hill state Sarahan old capital of Bushahr site of 800-year-old Bhimkali temple & palace Nauti starting point of Nanda Devi Raj Jat Milam community of 19th century explorer ‘Pundit’ Nain Singh Rawat Okhimath winter home of Kedarnath’s deities Dogadda “Man-Eater of Dogadda” Chandrashekhar Azad’s revolutionaries also trained near here 1930 Lakha Mandal transcribed inscriptions detail two lineages governing region 4th-6th centuries Nagina captured by British marking reconquest of Bijnor 1858 Baijnath later seat of Katyuri empire before its fragmentation Someshwar also known as Hatyura Ramnagar regional railhead Bhimtal lake resort city site of rock art museum Champawat original seat of Kumaon Chand Kings 10th century-1563 Reni site of pivotal all-women Chipko action led by Gaura Devi 1974 Tanakpur official trading post of India & Nepal Pratapnagar summer residence of Tehri King Landhaura seat of Gujar King who assisted in failed defense of Garhwal against Gorkhas 1804 Berinag site of numerous Naga temples Gangoli Hat site of Hatkalika Kali temple installed by Shankar Acharya Jauljibi annual fair held at midpoint of Tibet-Terai trade route winter home of Darma Valley transhumant community Rudrapur founded by Rudra Chand to guard southern flank of Kumaon Kingdom site of Atariya Devi temple Harsil renowned for apple orchards introduced by British forester “Pahari” Wilson 1860s Gauchar Rudraprayag Karanprayag Chamoli Pauri established as district HQ fron 1839 Pithoragarh stronghold of old Sor state ruled by Bams dynasty Kalagarh Bijnor Laldhang Kotalbagh Kaladhungi Kirtinagar Rampur Kotdwar railhead gateway & industrial & market centre of Garhwal Nainital Known in the Puranas as Tri-Rishi-Sarovar British hill station from 1841- summer capital of Northwest Provinces & UP 1862- seat of Kumaon University 1973- Najibabad founded by Nawab Najib-ud-Daulah important centre for central Asian caravan trade mid-18th century Haridwar gateway to “Devbhumi” marking entry of Ganga into plains popular cremation grounds Mussoorie hill station est. by British 1827 Joshimath also called Jyotirdham seat of Karttikeyapur Empire 8th-11th centuries Almora capital of Chand Kings 1563-1790 traditional trade centre & cultural capital of Kumaon site of final battle of Anglo-Gorkha War 1815 Muzaffarnagar midway point between Dehradun & Delhi near site of 1994 massacre of Delhi-bound Uttarakhand state activists Deoband site of the venerated Darul Uloom Islamic centre of learning Chakrata cantonment est. by British 1866 Dehra Dun largest city in Uttarakhand region “Dehra” refers to camp of dissident Sikh Guru Ram Rai, 1675 made provisional capital of Uttarakhand state 2000 (Tehri) capital of Tehri State 1817-1948 inundated by Tehri Dam 2004 Rishikesh centre of spiritual learning & Western pilgrimage including The Beatles in 1968 Srinagar site of HNB Garhwal University capital of Garhwal 1517-1803 Lansdowne Garhwal Rifles regimental centre founded in 1887 by Viceroy of India Ranikhet “Queen’s Meadow” Kumaon Regiment cantonment & scenic hill station Roorkee site of first engineering school in British Empire outside UK Uttarkashi also known as Barahat possible seat of “Brahmaputra” kingdom mentioned by Chinese traveller Huien Tsang 630s Shiva’s retreat upon Kashi (Varanasi)’s loss of sanctity in the Kaliyuga Pantnagar site of first Indian agricultural university 1960 instrumental in spreading “Green Revolution” Haldwani gateway to Kumaon founded in 1834 as mart for hill traders captured by rebels in 1857 Uprising Paonta Sahib Sikh pilgrimage site temporary residence of 10th Guru Gobind Singh Meerut original site of 3rd century BCE Ashokan pillar removed to Delhi 1206 revolt of Hindu & Muslim sepoy garrison sparked the Indian War of Independence/Uprising 1857-8 Bageshwar Baghnath temple erected 1602 site of annual Uttarayani fair Chamba originally Chamma Khal annual “Gabbar Singh Negi” fair honours WWI Victoria Cross recipient Saharanpur inhabited since Indus Civilization named by Mohammed Tughluq after saint Shah Harun Chisti important Moghul hub seat of Rohilla Chief Najib Khan who captured Dehradun 1757-1770 Kathgodam regional railhead 1884- Corbett National Park named after man-eater hunter & conservationist Jim Corbett Valley of Flowers Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve Rajaji National Park Askot Sanctuary Kedarnath Sanctuary Govind Pashu Vihar Govind National Park Gangotri National Park Binsar Sanctuary Doodhatoli 3100m Panchachuli Peaks 6312-6903m named after the five “cooking pots” of the Pandava Brothers Kamet 7756m Nanda Devi 7816m patron goddess & highest peak of Uttarakhand Nag Tibba 3078m Chaukamba Peaks to 7138m Gangotri Peaks 6577-6672m Bagirathi Peaks Gurla Mandata 7728m known locally as Namo Nanyi or “Faery’s Peak” Kedarkantha 3815m Bandarpunch 6316m Mana 7272m Hathi Parbhat 6200m Trisul Peaks 6008-7120m Dunagiri 7066m Mangtoli 6803m Changsil Range Swargarohini 6252m Abi Gamin 7355m Mukut Parbat 7242m Nanda Devi East 7434m Nanda Kot 6861m Mt. Kailas traditional abode of Shiva associated with Mt. Meru, metaphysical centre of the world in Hindu, Buddhist, Jain & Bon cosmology Traill’s Pass GARHWAL conquered by Gorkhas 1803 KUMAON conquered by Gorkhas 1791 Haridwar traditional tributary of Lord of Badrinath (Garhwal King) Doon Valley claimed by Garhwal King, frequently overrun by neighbouring powers HUNDESH annexed by Tibet as Ngari-Kor-Sum 1687 ROHILKHAND settled by Afghan Pashtun 17th-18th centuries GORKHA TERRITORIES occupied by 1790 BUSHAHR Consolidation of Kingdoms SIRMOR Haridwar created in 1988 incorporated into Uttarakhand 2000 Rudraprayag divided from Tehri & Chamoli 1997 Bageshwar divided from Almora 1998 “Shaheed” Udham Singh Nagar divided from Nainital 1995 Redistricting in Lead Up to Statehood Champawat divided from Pithoragarh 1997 British Garhwal made district from original Kumaon Commissionery 1839 NORTHWEST PROVINCE 1815-1858 UNITED PROVINCE 1858-1947 TIBET British “protectorate” 1905 “PUNJAB” HILL STATES NEPAL Colonial Divisions 1815-1947 KUMAON DIVISION Almora Nainital Uttarkashi Tehri Chamoli Garhwal (Pauri) Almora Pithoragarh Nainital Dehradun TIBET occupied by China 1950 NEPAL HIMACHAL PRADESH separated from Punjab 1966 statehood 1971 UTTAR PRADESH Hill Districts of U.P. 1947-1990s UTTARAKHAND three new districts of Uttar Pradesh allocated separate development portfolio in 1960 Rawain Pergana TEHRI nominally independent principality Dehradun District alternatively part of Saharanpur District, Kumaon Division, Meerut Division 1815-1968 Garhwali and Kumaoni compose the nuclei of the Central Pahari language cluster with their various subdialects showing various lingual influences from India and both the trans- & cis-Himalayan regions (Sharma, 1983). FROM THE PLAINS Brahmin & Kshatriya migrations from Western & Central India beginning in 8th century usurped power from Khasa chieftains established Panwar & Chand dynasties Malla Dynasties (Khasa) fragmented by 15th century K H A S A arrived from Northwest through Chitral by Vedic period established dynasties & republics throughout entire Himalayan belt Shaukyana land of Sonepati Shauka legendary merchant of the Indo-Tibetan frontier c. 6-10th century? K I R A T A Tibeto-Burman group arrived from North by Vedic period pushed to the East by Khasas Nagas spread from Bagirathi & Alaknanda Valleys 4th-5th centuries K O L first people of region displaced & subjugated by later migration waves KEDARKHAND MANASKHAND Kunindas governed region as republics 2nd century BCE - 4th century CE RAJYA-KIRATA present day Raji of Askot KIRATA ancestors of Tharu and Buksa Katyuri Dynasties (Khasa) fragmented by 12th century T I B E T O - B U R M A N WESTERN PAHARI WESTERN HINDI KHAS-KURA (EASTERN PAHARI) Tehriyali Rawain Jaunpuri Jaunsari Salani Rathi Kumaiya Soriyali Rau-Chaubhainsi Khasparjiya Gangolia C E N T R A L P A H A R I Johari Srinagariya Badhani Nagpuriya Dasaulya Pachhain Phaldakoti Chaugarkhiya Majh Kumaiya Askoti Sirali Danpuriya GARHWALI KUMAONI Lobhiya Ancient Communities & Linguistic Composition of the Central Himalayas LANGUAGE GROUP Regional Subdialect COMMUNITY Dynasty Pauri Hunger Strike 1994/8/2 Nainital Hunger Strike 1994/8/15 Police Firing 1994/10/3 Srinagar Lathi Charge 1995/11/10 Mussoorie Uttarakhand Kranti Dal Formed 1979/7/25 Police Firing 1994/9/2 Khatima Police Firing 1994/9/1 Muzaffarnagar (Rampur Tiraha) Police Firing, Assault 1994/10/2 Dehradun Police Firing 1994/10/3 Ramnagar Hill State Council formed 1967/6/24 Gairsain Campaign for Capital 2004 Reni 1974/3/26 Tehri Dam 1978-2004 Kotdwar Police Firing 1994/10/3 Mandal 1973/4 Nahi Kalan 1986/9-1987/7 Phata 1973/6-12 Phalenda 2005-6 Bhadyargarh 1978-9 Advani, Salet, Kangar & Sabli 1977-8 Chanchridhar (Dwarahat) 1978/1 Bachher 1987 Dungri-Paintoli 1980/2 Nainital 1977/10 Pulna 1978/1 Parsari 1979/8 Hat (Almora) 1977/12 Kataldi 2001-2003 Ufrainkhal “Doodhatoli Lok Vikas Sansthan” 1980s- Lata “Jhapto-Cheeno” 1998 Gwaldam “Maiti” Movement 1996- Askot to Arakot Yatra fact-finding voyage across Uttarakhand helped establish the modern unified identity of the region 1974, 1984, 1994, 2004 From 1974-1980, the Chipko environmental justice movement mobilized about 23,000 people from 150-200 villages across the region. The subsequent anti-mining struggle near Nahi Kalan may have mobilized 2000 people from 10 villages. However, before and after, the anti-liquor movement persisted, seeing local actions and mass rallies in the region from 1965 onwards (Routledge, 1993). The groundwork for the creation of Uttarakhand was laid by various personalities and political organizations in the decades following independence. Support for autonomy spanned the ideological spectrum beginning with the left, yet the tragic martyrdoms of 1994 galvanized the demand into a mass movement (Kumar, 2000). Basbheera anti-liquor stir spreads from here across Kumaon 1984 Tehri anti-liquor rally 1971/11/20 Laasi 1979/12 Main Trail Uttarakhand Movement Chipko Movement Anti-Dam Anti-Mining Chipko-derived Movements Region-wide Movements Modern Social Movements The consolidation of the Garhwal and Kumaon kingdoms heralded almost two centuries of intermittent warfare between the two, rivalling the War of the Roses and the Hundred-Years War in their intensity and duration. Neighbouring states would likewise invariably intervene including Sirmor and the Mughal Empire on the side of Kumaon and Doti and Katyuri statelets on the side of Garhwal. By the end of the 18th century, the states were so weakened by this infighting that even a brief attempt at unity could not prevent their conquest by the Gorkhas nor the the empire from beyond the seas (Atkinson, 1881). Seige of Kalanga Loss of British Commander Costly British Victory over Gorkhas 1814/11/30 Seige of Langurgarhi Successful Garhwali Defense against Gorkha Invasion 1791-2 Battle of Khilpati Gorkha Victory over British 2nd Column in Kali Kumaon 1815/3/31 Battle of Almora British Victory over Gorkhas Capture of Kumaon 1815/4/27 Flight of the King from Srinagar to Barahat to Dun with Gorkhas in pursuit Fall 1803 Garhwal-Kumaon Frontier frequent skirmishes, raids,& full scale invasions 1591-1803 Retreat to Terai Kumaonis make several unsuccessful attempts to recover kingdom 1791-1794 Lobha Gwaldam BADHAN PALI Chaukot Dapa Incursions Tibetan raids plunder beyond Badrinath 1620s Punitive Expeditions three pointed attack succeeds at ending raids 1624 influence reestablished 1690s The Northern Expedition trade rights in Tibet secured Taklakot briefly seized along with control over all passes to Kailash 1670 Rohilla Invasion Rohilla Victory over Kumaonis Sacking of Almora 1743-4 Retreat to Gairsain Rohilla Victory over combined Garhwal & Kumaon force 1744 Second Mughal Invasion combined Mughal/Kumaon/Sirmor force briefly annexes Dun 1655-60 First Mughal Invasion Queen Mother Karnavati crushes Mughal force with guerrilla tactics 1635 Srinagar Battle of Khurbura death of Garhwal King capture of Garhwal by Gorkhas 1804/1 Battle of Gangoli Kumaonis repulse Gorkhas towards Kali Kumaon 1790/1 Capture of Almora Gorkhas enter capital after defeating Kumaonis near Katolbagh 1790/2 Theatre of Conflict 17th-19th Century Rispana Song Baldi Nalapani Nagal Anwala Bindal Tons Nun Rajpur Rd Haridwar Rd Raipur Rd Saharanpur Rd Kaonli Rd Chakrata Rd E.C. Rd RAJPUR RAIPUR DHARAMPUR MOKHAMPUR BIRPUR JAKHAN To Mussoorie & Landour To Sahastradhara CHUKKUWALA DALANWALA HATHIBARKALA ANARWALA NALAPANI Bahadurpur possible capital of Shah Jahan’s brief capture of Dun 1655-1660 Forest Research Institute main office built in 1929 to rival Viceroy’s House in Delhi Jhanda Mohalla Guru Ram Rai’s palace 1699 nucleus of later Dehra city British Cemetery Kalanga Memorial erected to honour both sides of the conflict after raising of fort 1814 Race Course Home of Viceroy’s summer stables Ajabpur after Ajbu Kunwar, consort of Rajmata Karnavati 1630s Rajpur Canal oldest canal in Dun built by Ajbu Kunwar Kaulagir site of first tea estate in Dun Khurbura site of last battle of the Gorkha conquest 1804 Survey of India HQ of oldest department in India 1767 Robber’s Cave Rail Service from 1900 TEHRI DEHRADUN LANDOUR “European Only” Settlement Gun Hill Happy Valley Lal Tibba Mall Rd Cart Rd Mussoorie is named after a local shrub while Landour draws its name from Llanddowror, a village inWales. Camel Back Rd MUSSOORIE Pre-Independence Dehra Dun 0 1 2 3 4 5km Pre-Independence Nainital Upper Mall Upper Kaladungi Lower Kaladungi Cart Rd Upper Mall Middle Mall Cheena 2615m Snowview 2270m Ayarpatha Dorothy’s Seat named after artist Dorothy Kellet Governor’s House summer residence of NW/ United Provinces governors The Flats play area created after massive 1880 landslide St.John in the Wilderness Church Naina Devi Temple Sherwood College est. 1869 TALLI TAL MALLI TAL Alma 0 1 2 3km To Almora CANTONMENT Devpatta Uttarakhand Chhattisgarh Jharkhand Three new states created by act of Parliament in 2000 INDIA 1776 1800 1824 1848 1872 1920 1952 2000 1960 1968 1976 1984 1992 C H R O N O L O G I C A L T I M E L I N E 1728 1680 1632 1584 1536 1488 1440 1200 960 720 1944 1896 480 0 CE 480 BCE 2007 State name restored to Uttarakhand 2000 Formation of “Uttaranchal” Dehradun made provisional capital 2004 Old Tehri submerged under dam reservoir 1994 Peak of Uttarakhand Andolan Muzaffarnagar Kand 1996 PM Deve Gowda calls for Uttarakhand from Red Fort 1989 Uttarakhand Sanyukta Sangarsh Samiti convened 1986-7 Epic anti-mining battle at Sinsyaru Kala 1979 Uttarakhand Kranti Dal formed to fight for separate hill state 1978 Advani Forest saved by Chipko action 1976 Uttarakhand Sangarsh Vahini formed 1974 Gaura Devi leads women to save Reni Forest 1974 First Askot to Arakot Yatra across Uttarakhand 1973 Formation of Kumaun & Garhwal Universities 2003 New industrial policy brings manufacturing to Terai 1972 Mass rallies against timber auctions 1961 Uttarakhand Sarvodaya Mandal formed at Kausani 1968 Uttarakhand Hill Development Council formed by UP State 1962 India-China War closes frontier with Tibet 1952 PC Joshi of the CPI calls for Garhwal & Kumaon autonomy 1949 Tehri State merged with Uttar Pradesh 1948 Nagender Saklani & Bholu Bhandari martyred by Tehri State forces Tehri King abdicates 1944 Sridev Suman martyred in Tehri Jail 1939 Tehri Praja Mandal formed 1930 Tilari Kand, peasants massacred by Tehri King’s forces 1930 Peshawar Incident Chander Singh Garhwali revolts against orders to fire on peaceful demonstrations 1921 Swaraj activists force end to Coolie & Uttar Begar system in Kumaon 1916 Kumaon Parishad formed to fight for home rule 1914 Garhwal Rifles sent to France at advent of WWI, suffer heavy losses but win great renown 1887 Garhwal Rifles raised & stationed in Lansdowne, military recruitment heralds money order economy 1878 Forest Act sets pattern of colonial domination of Uttarakhand's forests 1866 Explorer “Pundit” Nain Singh Rawat reaches Lhasa 1857 Revolt against British Rule in Kali Kumaon, Haldwani briefly liberated, peace reigns elsewhere in hills 1942 Garhwali POWs join INA 1824 turbulent Rawain pargana returned to Tehri 1814-6 Anglo-Gorkha War ends in Treaty of Sugauli Eastern Garhwal & Kumaon ceded to British, independent Garhwal reestablished from Tehri 1840 Wilson awarded first timber grant from Tehri 1803-4 Gorkhas conquer Garhwal, King dies in battle 1791 Gorkhas overrun Kumaon, checked by Garhwalis at Langurgarhi GORKHYANI BRITISH RAJ TEHRI RIYASAT INDIA UTTAR PRADESH STATEHOOD 1785 Pradyumna Shah briefly unites Garhwal & Kumaon 1768 Rising Gorkha Empire occupies Kathmandu 1761 Kumaon forces aid Mughals against Marathas at Battle of Panipat 1744 Rohillas overrun Almora, defeat combined Kumaon & Garhwal forces 1720 Decline of Chand power, heralds decades of internecine struggles & battles in the plains 1757 Rohillas establish authority in Dun Dehra Dun prospers 1560 Kalyan Chand moves capital to Almora from Champawat 1517 Ajay Pal moves capital to Srinagar from Dewalgarh 1635 Rajmata Karnavati routs invading Mughal force, cuts noses of survivors 1671 Last Katyur chief deposed & banished by Chands 1191 Ashokchalla, Malla king of Western Nepal shatters Katyuri power, marches as far as Gopeshwar & Barahat 1670 Baz Bahadur Chand occupies Tibet trade routes, briefly seizes Taklakot c. 820 Shankar Acharya reestablishes Shaivism, dies at Kedarnath c. 200 BCE Kunindas sovereign over the hills 304-232 BCE Ashokan Maurya Empire extends to Terai c. 5th century Nagas fill vacuum c. 630 Chinese traveler Huien Tsang passes through region, describes various Buddhist principalities c. 700 Rise of pan-Himalayan Karttikeyapur dynasty c. 11th century Karttikeyapur disintegrates, Katyuri princes reestablish authority from Baijnath 888 Panwars establish seat at Chandpurgarhi, heralding migration from plains c. 200 Kunindas, Yaudheyas, & Arjunayanas form confederation 1660 Prithvi Shah hands Suleiman Shikoh to Aurangzeb to prevent invasion Dun returned to Garhwal King 1591 Battle of Gwaldam Katyuris & Garhwalis rebuff Kumaoni invasion 1374 Garur Gyan Chand begins expansion beyond Kali Kumaon 1488-1503 Kirati Chand occupies Khagmara Kot (Almora), subjugates Katyuris, & expands Kumaon’s borders 1565-1597 Rudra Chand conquers remaining lands west of Kali, including Askot, Sira, Johar, & Darma 1597-1621 Lakshmi Chand unsuccessfully invades Garhwal seven times KATYUR GARHWAL KUMAON 1261 Thohar Chand, first confirmed Chand King, ascends to throne 1493 Panwar King Ajay Pal ascends throne, completes unification of Garhwal 6th century BCE Kiratas present in hills 1946 Badri Dutt Pande calls for separate hill state 1692 Fateh Shah raids Saharanpur, extends Garhwali influence into Tibet 1624 Mahi Pat Shah sends Madho Singh Bandhari to punish raiders from Tibet 1779 Lalit Shah drives usurper from Chand throne installs son Pradyumna as new King 1955 State Reorganisation Commission decides against smaller states KM Panikkar dissents 960 BCE 7th century Paurava dynasty 105-250 Kushans prevail over North India c. 4th century Guptas defeat confederation, end Kuninda era ince time immemorial, Uttarakhand has been known as the Devbhumi - “abode of gods” and has played a central role in the legends of the entire subcontinent. Archaeological evidence such as rock art at Lakhudiyar, Nautiyal, & Dungri and burials in Malari, Sanana & Baseri show that Uttarakhand hosted stone age cultures as early as the palaeolithic before the arrival of Kol, Khas, & Kirata migrants mentioned in the Puranas. 3rd-2nd Millennium BCE Earliest settlement of Central Himalayas(?) PURANAS 1815-35 GW Traill becomes first commissioner of Kumaon Division, installs personalized rule 1836 Slavery banned 1998 Protests in Haridwar & Udham Singh Nagar over inclusion in new state nearly derail statehood bill 1994 Kaushik Committee delineates contours of new state with capital at Gairsain 1987 Large rallies bring Uttarakhand demand to the fore S 1655 Shah Jahan invades Garhwal, captures Dun with help from Kumaon & Sirmor 1815-1859 1859-1871 1871-1886 1886-1913 1913-1946 1946-1948 1948-1949 Panwar Dynasty (Tehri*) 1815-1816 1816-1830 1830-1839 1839-1847 1848-1856 1856-1884 1885-1887 1888-1889 1889-1892 1892-1894 1894-1898 1899-1902 1903-1905 1906-1913 1914-1924 1935-1939 1939-1941 1941-1943 1943-1947 1947-1948 Kumaon Commissionery* (British Raj) * Includes Eastern “British” Garhwal Sudarshan Shah Bhawani Shah Pratap Shah Kirti Shah Narendra Shah Manabendra Shah Praja Mandal** E. Gardner G.W. Traill Colonel Gowan G.C. Loushington J.N. Batten H. Ramsay H.G. Ross J.R. Reid G.E. Erskin D.T. Roberts E.E. Grigg R.E. Hamblin A.M.W. Shakespear J.S. Campbell P. Wyndham A.W. Ibbotson G.L. Vivian T.J.C. Acton W.W. Finlay K.L. Mehta First Dynasty (7th-8th Centuries) Basantana (Vasudeva) ... Kharaparadeva Kalyanarajadeva Tribhuvanarajadeva Ashokchalla Krachalladeva Panwar Dynasty (Garhwal) 1790-1795 1795-1797 1797 1797 1797-1799 1799-1806 1806-1815 Gorkha Military Governors (Gorkhyani) Malla (Nepalese) Hegemony 9th Century ... 1455-1493 1493-1547 1548-1580 1581-1591 1591-1611 1611-1624 1624-1631 1631-1667 1667-1716 1716 1717-1772 1772-1780 1780-1785 1785-1804 Kanak Pal ... Jagat Pal Ajay Pal Sahaj Pal Balbhadra Pal Man Shah Shyam Shah Mahi Pat Shah Prithvi Pat Shah Fateh Pat Shah Upendra Shah Pradeep Shah Lalit Shah Jaikrit Shah Pradyumna Shah* 9th Century ... 1261-1281 1281-1286 ... 1360-1378 1378-1420 1420-1444 1444-1477 1477-1488 1488-1506 1506-1512 1512-1530 1530-1567 1567-1597 1597-1621 1621-1624 1625-1638 1638-1678 1678-1698 1698-1708 1708-1720 1720-1726 1726-1729 1730-1748 1748-1777 1777-1779 1779-1786 1786-1788 1788 1788-1790 Som Chand ... Thohar Chand Kalyan Chand ... Abhaya Chand Gyan Chand Vikram Chand Bharati Chand Ratan Chand Kirti Chand Pratap Chand Bhisma Chand Balo Kalyan Chand Rudra Chand Lakshmi Chand Dalip Chand Trimal Chand Raj Bahadur Chand Udyot Chand Gyan Chand Jagat Chand Devi Chand Ajit Chand Kalyan Chand Deep Chand Mohan Chand Pradyumna Chand* Mohan Chand Siv Chand Mahendra Chand 1191-1209 1223 Chand Dynasty (Kumaon) LIST OF RULERS UNTIL INDEPENDENCE Compiled by Atkinson (1881) Revised & Completed by Khanduri & Negi (2007) Joga Mall Shah Kazi Nar Shahi Ajab Singh Thapa Bhum Shah Rudravir Singh Ajab Singh Thapa Dhaukal Sun Singh Kazi Gajeshwar Pandey Ritu Raj Thapa Bhum Shah * Tehri Princely State reinstalled Panwar lineage in Western Garhwal as a 11-gun salute state of the Punjab Hill State Agency ** Revolution in Tehri, rule by democratic council until accession to India as a district of Uttar Pradesh State 1949 Remnants of the Katyuris would rule from the Katyur Valley, Sira & Askot (Rainkas), Sor (Bams), and Gangoli (Mankotis) before succumbing to Chand expansionism by the end of the 16th century. The Chand & Panwar Dynasties would likewise consolidate their control over the Bhotiya Mahals during the same period. *Pradyumna Shah/Chand briefly ruled over both Garhwal & Kumaon in 1785-1786 Garhwal Rifles Raised May 5, 1887 Lansdowne, Uttarakhand “Badri Vishal Ki Jai” Battle Honours 1897-1898 1914 1914 1914-1915 1915 1915 1914-1915 1915-1916 1918 1918 1918 1917-1918 1940 1941 1941 1941 1941 1942 1942 1942 1944 1944 1944 1944 1945 1948 1962 1965 1965 1971 1940-1943 1941-1942 1942-1945 1943-1945 1947-1948 1962 1965 1965 1971 1999 Punjab Frontier La Bassee Armentiers Festubert Neuve Chapelle Aubers France and Flanders Egypt Macedonia Khan Baghdadi Shargat Mesopotamia Gallabat Barentu Keren Massawa Amba Alagi Kuantan Yenangyaung Monywa Citta Di Castello North Arakan Ngakyedauk Pass Ramree Taungup Tithwal Nuranang Buttar Dograndi Gadra Road Hilli North Africa Malaya Burma Italy Jammu & Kashmir Ladakh Punjab Rajasthan East Pakistan Kargil 1947 1962 1965 1971 1971 1971 1971 1947-1948 1962 1965 1965 1971 1999 Srinagar (Badgam) Rezang La Gadra City Bhaduria Daudkandi Sanjoi Mirpur Shamsher Nagar Jammu & Kashmir Ladakh Punjab Rajasthan East Pakistan Kargil Kumaon Regiment Raised October 27, 1945 Ranikhet, Uttarakhand “Kalika Mata Ki Jai” Battle Honours Theatre Honours Theatre Honours Kumaonis had earlier served in the Hyderabad Contingent of the British East India Company from the late 1700s. In 1922, the 19th Hyderabad Regiment was formed from earlier units, and was joined by the 4th battalion Garhwal Rifles (Kumaon Rifles) to form the nuclei of what would become the Kumaon Regiment after WWII. Second Dynasty (8th-9th Centuries) Nimbartadeva Ishtaganadeva Lalitasuradeva Bhudeva Third Dynasty (9th-10th Centuries) Salonaditya Ichchhatadeva Desatadeva Padmatadeva Subhiksharajadeva (followed by lesser unknown princes) Katyuri Hegemony
-
Upload
vinod-s-rawat -
Category
Documents
-
view
308 -
download
7
Transcript of Map Uttarakhand
“Bhotiya” people of the borderlands practiced transhumance &trade across the Himalayas until 1962 India-China war
ended their centuries-old tradition
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 km
Places of Interest with Historical Annotations
Borders and river courses are not definite or to scale, and are given herefor representation purposes only. This publication also does not purport to coverevery historical or cultural aspect of the Uttarakhand region, but does represent
a concerted attempt to bring available information together in map form.
© 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2010 Rajiv Rawatuttarakhand.org | uttarakhand.net
Encompassing the Central Himalayan region and adjoining plains districts,Uttarakhand was established on November 9, 2000 as the 27th state of the Indian Union
State BirdHimalayan Monal
State AnimalKasturi (Musk Deer)
State FlowerBrahma Kamal (Snow Lotus)
State TreeBurans (Rhododendron)
Historical Location
Town/Village/Settlement
District/Regional Capital
Pass
Holy Site
Peak
Battle Site
Prayag (city at river confluence)
River
N a t u r e P r e s e r v e s
T R I B E
H I S T O R I C A L N A M E
DIS TRICT NAME
Provisional/Potential State Capital International BorderDistrict Border
Atkinson, E.T. 1881. The Himalayan Gazeteer. In 3 Vols.
Chandola, K. 1987. Across the Himalayas through the Ages. New Delhi: Patriot.
Dabral, S.P. 1967-1990. Uttarakhand ka Itihas. Vol. I-XIII. Dogadda: Veergatha Prakashan.
Kandari, O.P., & Gusain, O.P. (eds.) 2001. Garhwal Himalaya. Srinagar: Transmedia.
Kumar, P. 2000. The Uttarakhand Movement: Construction of a Regional Identity. Delhi: Kanishka.
Khanduri, B.M. & Negi, S.S. (eds.) 2007. Uttarakhand: Historical Perspective. Srinagar: Transmedia.
Pande, B.D. 1993. Kumaun ka Itihas. Almora, U.P., India: Shree Almora Book Depot.
Rawat, A. S. 1989. History of Garhwal, 1358-1947. New Delhi: Indus.
Routledge, P. 1993. Terrains of Resistance. Connecticut: Praeger.
Saklani, A. 1987. The History of a Himalayan Princely State. Delhi: Durga.
Saklani, D.P. 1998. Ancient Communities of the Himalaya. New Delhi: Indus.
Sharma, D.D. 1983. Linguistic History of Uttarakhand. Hoshiarpur: VVRI.
U.S. Defense Mapping Agency. 1980. Topographic Maps NH 43 & NH 44. 1:1,000,000.
Nelles-Verlag. 1997. Nelles Himalaya Map. 1:1,500,000. Nelles Maps.
Phillimore, R.H. 1954. Historical Records of the Survey of India. Volume I-IV. Dehra Dun: Geodetic Branch, Survey of India.
Original research supported by the Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute and York University (Canada).
With special thanks to Sudhir Rawat, Raju Gusain, Sunil Kainthola, & Shekhar Pathak.
Dedicated to the freedom fighters & activists of the past, present, & future.
Historical Sources
Map Sources
Acknowledgements
Glacier
The Uttarakhand Andolan Memorial in Kutchery, Dehraduncommemorating the martyrs of the movement & “Kali Raat” orthe Black Night of 1-2 October 1994 when police repression of
the separate state movement peaked at Rampur Tiraha
Sketch of the ruins of Tolingmath before theCultural Revolution in China
Dehradun's famous clock towerstands at the centre of town
Farmers throughout the Himalayas engage interraced cultivation suited to steep incline of terrain
Landholdings generally small & fragmented
The Nanda Devi Temple in Lata,one of the gateway villages to Nanda Devi Peak
Magnificient Darbar Hall built by Nawab of Rampur to houseoriental manuscripts of Rampur Raza Library 1905
PITHOR AGARH
BAGESHWAR
ALMOR A
CHAMPAWAT
NAI NITAL
“ SHAHEED ” UDHAM SI NGH NAGARsettled in the post-partition era by mainly Sikh farmers
named after heroic assassin of Michael O’Dwyer,governor of Punjab during Jallianwallah Bagh massacre
HARIDWARheavily populated districtsite of periodic protests against the district'samalgamation into Uttarakhand 1998-
PAURI
TEHRI
U T TARKASHI
DEHR ADUN“Doon Valley” changed possessionseveral times over last 300 yearsbefore final incorporation intoGarhwal Division
RUDR APR AYAG
CHAMOLI
U T T A R P R A D E S H
T I B E Tfirst unified kingdom 7th century
signed peace treaty with China 822conquered & held as tributaries to Mongols 1240
Dalai Lama position instituted 1578Chinese resident in Lhasa beginning of 18th century
Younghusband expedition 1905Chinese troops withdrawn from Tibet 1912
Chinese occupation of Tibet 1950Departure of Dalai Lama 1959
Creation of “Tibetan Autonomous Region” 1965
H I M A C H A LP R A D E S H
F A R - W E S T E R N N E P A Lseat of the Khasa Malla Empire that dominated region in 12th-15th centuries
descendants of Malla dynasties ruled much of Ngari & Kathmandu valleyuntil 18th century
SHI ML A
KULLU
HUML A
BAITADI
DADELDHUR A
KACHANPUR
DARCHUL A
BAJHANG
KAIL ALIBARE ILLYerstswhile capital of Rohilla Empire
est. 1707-1720 PILIBHIT
BIJNOR
SAHAR ANPUR
T
E
R
A
I
B
H
A
B
A
R
T
A
B
L
E
L
A
N
D
S
L
E
S
S
E
R
G
R
E
A
T
E
R
H
I
M
A
L
A
Y
A
H
I
M
A
L
A
Y
A
SH
IV
AL
IK
S
S H A U K A
M A R C H A
J A D Hlast remainingBuddhist communitiesin Uttarakhand regionrelocated by armyaway from frontier
J A U N S A R I
T H A R U
B U K S A
D R O K P A
R U N G
R A J I
T O L C H A
Tons
Yamun
a
Bhagirathi
Bhila
ngan
a
Alakna
nda
Mandakini
Pindar
Nandakini
Sara
swat
i
Dhauli
(W)
Mah
akali
Kos
i
Ram (W)
Sarju
Gori
Dhauli (E)
Ram
(E)
Sutlej
Humla Karnali
Dab
ka
Pasch
im N
ayar
Purvi Nayar
GANGA
Song
Susw
a
Henwal
Jakl
ot
Chamlia
Ladhiya
Surna
Seti
Girthi
Rishi Kuthi
Bal
Baspa
Jadh
Birahi
Bhyu
nder
Gola
Panar
Karnali
Sutlej
Asan
Lissar
Kail
Gomti
NanakSagar
RamgangaReservoir
Rupi
n
Kam
al
Sarju
Bhak
ra
Mandal
Gun
kha
Rala
m
YAMUNA
Suya
l
Yamuna
Dharam
Sutlej
Jakh
an
Huini
MansarovarLake
Rakas Lake
Gangotri Glacierhuge icefield experiencingrapid retreat 1990s-
PindariGlacier
KhatlingGlacier
Bandarpunch Glacierin retreat
Kuari Pass
Bara Hotigrazing grounds
Indo-Tibetan Borderdemarcated by Henry McMahon &
affirmed by Shimla Convention 1914closed by India-China War 1962
Uttarakhand-Uttar Pradesh Borderseparated from
Uttar Pradesh 2000
Himachal-Uttarakhand Borderboundaries of original territories defined 1948
Himachal Pradesh established 1971
Indo-Nepalese Borderdefined by Treaty of Sagauli 1816
KalapaniKali river watershed
Mana LaNiti La
KungriBingri La
LipuLekh La
Thaga La
Darma La
Lampya La
Untadhura
Nara La
To Simikot& airstrip
To Lhasa
To Delhi
To Gartokcapital of Ngari region,
traditional trading post of Ladakh & Tibet
To Shimla
To Nahan,Chandigarh
To Bareilly
K U M A O Nconsolidated kingdom c. 900-1790overrun by Gorkhas 1791-1815
ceded to British 1816incorporated into India 1947
G A R H W A Lderived from land of “Garh” or forts
unified independent kingdom c. 1500-1803overrun by Gorkhas 1803-15
ceded to British 1816western portion returned to King 1817
annexed to India 1949
N G A R I - K O R - S U Msparsely populated yet sizeable prefecture of western Tibet
birthplace of Bon religionknown as 'Hundesh' to Indians
annexed by Lhasa (Tibet) 1687
C H U M U R T Iregion renowned for its hardy horse breed
G U G Elost kingdom of 10th-17th centuries
Visited by Jesuit Father Andrade 1626sacked by Ladakh mid-1600s
D A P Asource of raids intoGarhwal in 1600s
K A N G R I
R A W A I Nvast & traditionally rebellious
pargana of Garhwal
S I R M O Rimportant erstwhile hill kingdom
allied with Mughals in invasions of Garhwalcapital moved to Nahan 1621
overrun by Gurkhas 1809liberated & returned to King by British 1815
R O H I L K H A N Dlarge territory of western Uttar Pradesh once controlled by Pashtun Rohillas
southern neighbours of Garhwal & Kumaon in 1700sdefeated by Marathas 1770
recovered by Oudh 1772ceded & ravaged by British 1774
R A T Hcultural region of Garhwal
P A T L I D U N
B A R A HS Y U N
NA
GP
UR
B A D H A N
S A L A N
D A N P U R
P A L I
P A C H H A O N
DA
SO
LI
D O T Iimportant principality & adversary of Chand Kings
“Rainka” Kings descended from Katyursassisted Garhwalis in repelling Kumaoni invasion 1680
occupied by Gorkhas 1790nearly acceded to British 1815
B A I S I R A J Y A22 trans-Karnali principalities absorbed
into expanding Gorkha empirethrough series of treaties 1787-1788
S O R
P H A L D A K O T
SI
RA
B A W A RJ A U N S A R
distinct hilly region of Garhwalculturally connected with Himachal
stronghold of Mahasu Devta
C H A U G A R K H A
C H A U D A N S
NI T
I V
AL
LEY
V YA S VA L L E Y
DA
RM
A V
AL
LEY
JOH
AR
VA
LL
EY
NE
LA
NG
VA
LL
EY
K AT I Y U R VA L L E Y
stronghold of medieval Katyuri
dynasties
K A L I K U M A O Nheartland of Kumaon Chand kingdom
witnessed unrest during1857 Uprising
U P P E R D O A Bflat & fertile alluvial tract between Yamuna & Ganga
J A U N P U R
T A K N O R
AS
KO
T
B A R A HM A N D A L
P A I N K H A N D A
D H A N I Y A K O T
D H Y A N I R A U
K I N N A U Rdistrict of Himachal Pradesh long influenced by Tibetan Buddhism
part of Bushahr princely state as “Chini” tehsilentry retricted until 1993
B U S H A H Rimportant erstwhile hill kingdom
unified under King Chatar Singh c. 1611ravaged by Gorkhas 1803-1815British foothold established 1809
R A M P U Roriginally Kathera, an important Rajput principality,
later eclipsed by Pashtun settlement 1623new Rohilla kingdom founded after fall of Bareillyremained loyal to British during 1857 Uprising
G A N G O L I
K A T O L I
PA
RK
HA
ND
A
MA
I KH
AN
DA
C H A N D P U R
C H I L A
B H A R D A R
UD
AI P
UR
S A K L A N A
G A N G AS A L A N
S A L T
Anjainisainsite of SBMA campus
Askotstarting point of PAHAR’s decennialfoot march across Uttarakhand
Arakotend point ofPAHAR's decennialfoot march acrossUttarakhand
Tilaripeasant protest massacredby Tehri State militia 1930
Roopkundalpine lake with 9th centuryremains of ill-fatedroyal pilgrimage
Homkund
Badhangarhi (fort)
Henwal Valleybirthplace of freedomfighter Sridev SumanChipko actions 1970s-80sBeej Bachao Andolan 1990s-
Gaumukh“Cow’s Mouth”actual source of the Ganges
Toling“Tolingmath” possibly the original Badrinathsite of great monasteries of Gugeravaged in 1960s
Tsaprangfortress of Gugesite of Andrade’s missionnow largely abandoned
Dapa Dzongcaptured by Garhwali GeneralMadho Singh Bhandari in response to raids 1624artifacts belonging to King Fateh Shah kept here
Chandpur Garhioriginal seat of Panwar KingAjai Pal who subjugated52 Khasa chieftainsto unify Garhwal
Lakhanpurruins of importantKatyuri town
Bairath10th century seat ofKatyur King Malushahi from popular folk balladRajula & Malushahi
Dewalgarhtemporary capital of Garhwalkingdom c. 1506-1517
Govisanaseat of significantkingdom identified byChinese traveller Huien Tsang 6th-7th centuries
Gangnanione of several hot springsfound in upper Himalayas
Taklakot/Purangfortress of trans-HimalayanMalla Empire 12th-14th centuriestrinational trading post
Patal Bhuvaneshwarlimestone caves & underground templefinds mention in Skanda Purana
Malethasite of legendary16th century canalbuilt by MadhoSingh Bandhari
Sahastradhara“spring of a thousand sources”
Kempty Falls
Binsarretreat of Henry RamsayKumaon commissioner
Bedni & Aali Bugyalmountain meadowenroute to Roopkund
Nahi Kalansite of epic anti-mining struggle1986-1987
Dodi Talsparkling lakebelieved to bebirthplace of Ganesh
Abbot MountEuropean colony 1914
Sanana-Baserimegalithic archaeologicalfinds point to human presencec. 1000 BCE
Lakhudiyarpalaeolithicrock art site
Nawadaold capital of theGarhwal King’s Dun territories
Laxman Jhulasuspension iron bridge built 1939
Har ki dunpoint where Pandavasascended into Heaven
Kedarnathshrine of ShivaSamadhi ofShankar Acharya
Tungnathhighest of the “Panch” Kedars that venerate Shiva
Badrinathshrine of Vishnu,est. by ShankarAcharya 9th century
Rudranath
Kalpeshwar
MadhyamaheshwarYog Dhyan Badri& Pandukeshwar
Bhavisya Badri“the future Badri”
Bridh Badri
Adibadri
Yamunotritraditionalsource ofYamuna
Gangotritraditional sourceof the GangesTemple constructedby Gurkha GeneralAmar Singh Thapa
Surkanda Devi
Jwalpa Devi
HemkundSikh pilgrimage sitediscovered 1930
Nanak MattaSikh pilgrimage sitevisited by Nanakin his travels
Chandrabadni
GarjiyaDevi
HanolMahasu Temple
Hariyali Devi
JageshwarKumaon’s preeminentShiva temple complexpatronized by Katyuri &Chand Kings
SyahiDevi
Mahendranagar
Dhanolti
Naugaon
Bhairongati
Bhatwari
Guptkashi
Thalisain
Chaukutiaalso known as
Ganai
Dwara Hat
Mukteshwar
Lohaghattraditional home ofKumaon’s deities
Bhadyargaon
Didi Hatmarket centre
of old Sira state
Dharchula
Kapkot
Martoli
Garbyang
Pipalkoti
Tapoban
Chham
Clement Town
Majra
Dadeldhura
Barkot
Shivpuri
Poling
Lata
Nagni
Adwani
(Nelang)
( Jadhang)
Purola
Dharasu
Gopeshwar
Malpa
KhatimaSitarganj
Jaspur
Munsiyarilargest Indo-Tibetantrade entrepot
Dwali
Suraithota
Niti
Malarimegalithic archaeologicalfinds point to human presencec. 1000 BCE
Vikasnagar
Pokhra
Bhironkhal
Rameshwar
Mandal
Jelum
Chaukori
Gaurikund
Agastyamuninamed after Sage Agastya
in the Ramanayana
Chandrapuri
GhatDhyari
Morang
Sangla
Mana
Pancheshwar
Nandprayag
Devprayagmarks the beginningof the Ganga
Ghansali
DundaJadhs resettledhere after militarizationof frontier
Parkha
Langsu
Namgya
Puh
Jajal
Dhumakot
Vishnuprayag
Kashipur
Kalpa
Narendranagar
Satpuli“seven bridges”important way pointfor villages inlower Garhwal
Ghamsali
Dakpathar
Kanalichinna
Govindghat
Tharali
Chamyala
Bhikiyasain
Baitadi
Darchula
Naitwar
Mori
Tiuni
Osla
Doiwala
Lilam
Tawaghat
Bazpurfounded in 1655 byRaja Baz Bahadur Chand
Lalkuan
Ufrainkhalcentre of significantecological regenerationefforts 1980s-
Ghumkhal
New Tehri
Agrakhal
HanumanChatti
ChinyaliSaur
Atai
Bunoli
Ghat
Madkot
Dung
Lambgaon
HanumanChatti
Silgarhi-DotiDipayal
Balma
Devidhura
Niehar
Kalapani
Kuti
Kardung
Deghat
Marchula
Sialkot
Syalde
Garsainalso known as Lobhaafter fort overlookingGarhwal-Kumaon frontierproposed capital ofUttarakhand 1994
Gwaldamtraditional battlegroundbetween Panwar & Chand Kings 16th-17th centuries
Kalsisite of Ashoka rock edict3rd century BCE
Kausanisite of Sarla Behn’sLakshmi Ashram 1946-
Moincer‘Missar’ revenue village ofIndia until 1962
Gyanima Manditrading post of Johar, Darma,& Vyas Bhotiya
Rampur-BushahrIndo-Tibetan trade centre, gateway to inner Kinnaur &capital of the erstwhileBushahr hill state
Sarahanold capital of Bushahrsite of 800-year-old Bhimkalitemple & palace
Nautistarting point ofNanda Devi Raj Jat
Milamcommunity of 19th centuryexplorer ‘Pundit’Nain Singh Rawat
Okhimathwinter home of Kedarnath’sdeities
Dogadda“Man-Eater of Dogadda”Chandrashekhar Azad’srevolutionaries alsotrained near here 1930
Lakha Mandaltranscribed inscriptions detailtwo lineages governingregion 4th-6th centuries
Naginacaptured by Britishmarking reconquest ofBijnor 1858
Baijnathlater seat of Katyuri empirebefore its fragmentation
Someshwaralso known asHatyura
Ramnagarregional railhead
Bhimtallake resort city site of rock art museum
Champawatoriginal seat of KumaonChand Kings 10th century-1563
Renisite of pivotalall-women Chipkoaction led byGaura Devi 1974
Tanakpurofficial tradingpost of India & Nepal
Pratapnagarsummer residence ofTehri King
Landhauraseat of Gujar Kingwho assisted in faileddefense of Garhwalagainst Gorkhas 1804
Berinagsite of numerousNaga temples
Gangoli Hatsite of Hatkalika Kali templeinstalled by Shankar Acharya
Jauljibiannual fair held at midpoint ofTibet-Terai trade routewinter home of DarmaValley transhumantcommunity
Rudrapurfounded by Rudra Chandto guard southern flank ofKumaon Kingdomsite of Atariya Devi temple
Harsilrenowned for apple orchardsintroduced by British forester“Pahari” Wilson 1860s
GaucharRudraprayag
Karanprayag
Chamoli
Pauriestablished asdistrict HQfron 1839
Pithoragarhstronghold ofold Sor state ruledby Bams dynasty
Kalagarh
Bijnor
Laldhang
Kotalbagh
Kaladhungi
Kirtinagar
Rampur
Kotdwarrailhead gateway &industrial & marketcentre of Garhwal
NainitalKnown in the Puranas as Tri-Rishi-SarovarBritish hill station from 1841-summer capital of Northwest Provinces & UP 1862-seat of Kumaon University 1973-
Najibabadfounded by Nawab Najib-ud-Daulahimportant centre for central Asiancaravan trade mid-18th century
Haridwargateway to “Devbhumi”marking entry of Ganga into plainspopular cremation grounds
Mussooriehill station est. by British 1827
Joshimathalso called Jyotirdhamseat of KarttikeyapurEmpire 8th-11th centuries
Almoracapital of Chand Kings 1563-1790traditional trade centre &cultural capital of Kumaonsite of final battle ofAnglo-Gorkha War 1815Muzaffarnagar
midway point between Dehradun & Delhinear site of 1994 massacre ofDelhi-bound Uttarakhandstate activists
Deobandsite of the venerated Darul UloomIslamic centre of learning
Chakratacantonment est.by British 1866
Dehra Dunlargest city in Uttarakhand region“Dehra” refers to camp of dissidentSikh Guru Ram Rai, 1675made provisional capital ofUttarakhand state 2000
(Tehri)capital of Tehri State 1817-1948inundated by Tehri Dam 2004
Rishikeshcentre of spiritual learning &Western pilgrimage includingThe Beatles in 1968
Srinagarsite of HNB Garhwal Universitycapital of Garhwal 1517-1803
LansdowneGarhwal Rifles regimental centrefounded in 1887 by Viceroy of India
Ranikhet“Queen’s Meadow”Kumaon Regimentcantonment &scenic hill station
Roorkeesite of first engineering schoolin British Empire outside UK
Uttarkashialso known as Barahatpossible seat of “Brahmaputra” kingdommentioned by Chinese traveller Huien Tsang 630sShiva’s retreat upon Kashi (Varanasi)’sloss of sanctity in the Kaliyuga
Pantnagarsite of first Indian agricultural university 1960instrumental in spreading “Green Revolution”
Haldwanigateway to Kumaonfounded in 1834 as mart for hill traderscaptured by rebels in 1857 Uprising
Paonta SahibSikh pilgrimage sitetemporary residence of 10thGuru Gobind Singh
Meerutoriginal site of 3rd century BCE Ashokanpillar removed to Delhi 1206revolt of Hindu & Muslim sepoy garrisonsparked the Indian War of Independence/Uprising 1857-8
BageshwarBaghnath temple erected 1602site of annual Uttarayani fair
Chambaoriginally Chamma Khalannual “Gabbar Singh Negi”fair honours WWIVictoria Cross recipient
Saharanpurinhabited since Indus Civilizationnamed by Mohammed Tughluqafter saint Shah Harun Chistiimportant Moghul hubseat of Rohilla ChiefNajib Khan who capturedDehradun 1757-1770
Kathgodamregional railhead 1884-
C o r b e t t N a t i o n a l P a r knamed after man-eater hunter &
conservationist Jim Corbett
Va l l e y o fF l o w e r s
N a n d a D e v iB i o s p h e r e R e s e r v e
R a j a j iN a t i o n a l P a r k
A s k o t S a n c t u a r y
K e d a r n a t h S a n c t u a r y
G o v i n dP a s h u V i h a r
G o v i n dN a t i o n a l P a r k
G a n g o t r iN a t i o n a l P a r k
B i n s a r S a n c t u a r y
Doodhatoli3100m
Panchachuli Peaks6312-6903mnamed after thefive “cooking pots”of the Pandava Brothers
Kamet 7756m
Nanda Devi 7816mpatron goddess &
highest peak ofUttarakhand
Nag Tibba3078m
Chau
kam
baPe
aks
to 7
138m
Gangotri Peaks
6577-6672m
Bagirathi Peaks
Gurla Mandata 7728mknown locally as Namo Nanyi
or “Faery’s Peak”
Kedarkantha3815m
Bandarpunch6316m
Mana 7272m
Hathi Parbhat6200m
Trisul Peaks6008-7120m
Dunagiri7066m
Mangtoli6803m
Changsil Range
Swargarohini6252m
Abi Gamin 7355m Mukut Parbat 7242m
Nanda Devi East7434m
Nanda Kot6861m
Mt. Kailastraditional abode of Shivaassociated with Mt. Meru, metaphysicalcentre of the world in Hindu, Buddhist,Jain & Bon cosmology
Traill’s
Pass
GARHWALconquered byGorkhas 1803
KUMAONconquered by
Gorkhas 1791
Haridwartraditional tributary of
Lord of Badrinath(Garhwal King)
Doon Valleyclaimed by
Garhwal King,frequently overrun byneighbouring powers
HUNDESHannexed by Tibet as
Ngari-Kor-Sum 1687
ROHILKHANDsettled by Afghan Pashtun 17th-18th centuries
GORKHATERRITORIES
occupied by1790
BUSHAHR
Consolidation of Kingdoms
SIRMOR
Haridwarcreated in 1988incorporated intoUttarakhand 2000
Rudraprayagdivided from Tehri &Chamoli 1997
Bageshwardivided fromAlmora 1998
“Shaheed”Udham Singh Nagardivided from Nainital 1995
Redistricting in Lead Up to Statehood
Champawatdivided fromPithoragarh 1997
British
Garh
wal
made d
istrict
from or
igina
l
Kumaon
Com
mission
ery 18
39
NORTHWEST PROVINCE 1815-1858UNITED PROVINCE 1858-1947
TIBETBritish “protectorate”
1905
“PUNJAB”HILL
STATES
NEPAL
Colonial Divisions 1815-1947
KUMAONDIVISION
Almora
Nainital
Uttarkashi
Tehri Chamoli
Garhwal(Pauri) Almora Pithoragarh
Nainital
Dehradun
TIBEToccupied byChina 1950
NEPAL
HIMACHALPRADESH
separated fromPunjab 1966
statehood 1971
UTTARPRADESH
Hill Districts of U.P. 1947-1990s
UTTARAKHAND
three new districts of Uttar Pradesh
allocated separate development portfolio in 1960
Rawain Pergana
TEHRInominally
independentprincipalityDehradun
Districtalternatively part of
Saharanpur District,Kumaon Division,Meerut Division
1815-1968
Garhwali and Kumaoni compose the nuclei of the Central Pahari languagecluster with their various subdialects showing various lingual influences fromIndia and both the trans- & cis-Himalayan regions (Sharma, 1983).
F R O M T H E P L A I N SBrahmin & Kshatriya migrations from
Western & Central India beginning in 8th centuryusurped power from Khasa chieftains
established Panwar & Chand dynasties
Mall
a Dyn
astie
s (Kha
sa)
fragm
ented
by 15
th cen
tury
KH
AS
A
arrived from Northwest through Chitral by Vedic period
established dynasties & republics throughout
entire Himalayan belt
Shaukyanaland of Sonepati Shaukalegendary merchant of
the Indo-Tibetan frontierc. 6-10th century?
KI
RA
TA
Tibeto-Burman group arrived from North by
Vedic period pushed to the East by Khasas
Nagasspread from Bagirathi &
Alaknanda Valleys4th-5th centuries
K O Lfirst people of region
displaced & subjugated bylater migration waves
K E D A R K H A N D MA N A S K H A N D
Kunindasgoverned region as republics
2nd century BCE -4th century CE
RAJYA-KIRATApresent day Raji of Askot
KIRATAancestors of Tharu and Buksa
Katyuri Dynasties (Khasa)
fragmented by 12th century
TI
BE
TO
-B
UR
MA
N
WE
ST
ER
N
PA
HA
RI
WE
S TE
RN
HI N
DI
KH
AS
-K
UR
A
(E
AS
TE
RN
P
AH
AR
I)
Tehriyali
RawainJaunpuri
Jaunsari
Salani
Rathi
Kumaiya
SoriyaliRau-Chaubhainsi
Khasparjiya
Gangolia
CE
NT
RA
L
PA
HA
RI
JohariSrinagariya
Badhani
Nag
puriy
a
Dasau
lya
PachhainPhaldakoti
Chaugarkhiya
Majh
Kum
aiya
AskotiSirali
Danpuriya
GARHWALI
KUMAONI
Lobhiya
Ancient Communities & Linguistic Composition of the Central Himalayas
L ANGUAGE GROUP
Regional Subdialect
COMMUNITY
Dynasty
PauriHunger Strike1994/8/2
NainitalHunger Strike 1994/8/15Police Firing 1994/10/3
SrinagarLathi Charge 1995/11/10
MussoorieUttarakhand Kranti DalFormed 1979/7/25Police Firing 1994/9/2
KhatimaPolice Firing 1994/9/1
Muzaffarnagar (Rampur Tiraha)Police Firing, Assault1994/10/2
DehradunPolice Firing 1994/10/3
RamnagarHill State Council formed1967/6/24
GairsainCampaign for Capital2004
Reni1974/3/26
Tehri Dam1978-2004
KotdwarPolice Firing 1994/10/3
Mandal1973/4
Nahi Kalan1986/9-1987/7
Phata1973/6-12
Phalenda2005-6
Bhadyargarh1978-9
Advani,Salet,Kangar& Sabli1977-8
Chanchridhar(Dwarahat)1978/1
Bachher1987
Dungri-Paintoli1980/2
Nainital1977/10
Pulna1978/1Parsari
1979/8
Hat (Almora)1977/12
Kataldi2001-2003
Ufrainkhal“Doodhatoli
Lok VikasSansthan” 1980s-
Lata“Jhapto-Cheeno” 1998
Gwaldam“Maiti” Movement 1996-
Askot to Arakot Yatrafact-finding voyage acrossUttarakhand helped establishthe modern unified identityof the region1974, 1984, 1994, 2004
From 1974-1980, the Chipko environmental justice movementmobilized about 23,000 people from 150-200 villages across theregion. The subsequent anti-mining struggle near Nahi Kalan mayhave mobilized 2000 people from 10 villages. However, before andafter, the anti-liquor movement persisted, seeing local actions andmass rallies in the region from 1965 onwards (Routledge, 1993).
The groundwork for the creation of Uttarakhand was laid by variouspersonalities and political organizations in the decades followingindependence. Support for autonomy spanned the ideologicalspectrum beginning with the left, yet the tragic martyrdoms of 1994galvanized the demand into a mass movement (Kumar, 2000).
Basbheeraanti-liquor stir
spreads from hereacross Kumaon 1984
Tehrianti-liquor rally1971/11/20
Laasi1979/12
Main Trail
Uttarakhand Movement
Chipko Movement
Anti-DamAnti-Mining
Chipko-derived Movements
Region-wide Movements
Modern Social Movements
The consolidation of the Garhwal and Kumaon kingdoms heraldedalmost two centuries of intermittent warfare between the two, rivallingthe War of the Roses and the Hundred-Years War in their intensity andduration. Neighbouring states would likewise invariably interveneincluding Sirmor and the Mughal Empire on the side of Kumaon andDoti and Katyuri statelets on the side of Garhwal. By the end of the 18th century, the states were so weakened by this infighting that even abrief attempt at unity could not prevent their conquest by the Gorkhasnor the the empire from beyond the seas (Atkinson, 1881).
Seige of KalangaLoss of British CommanderCostly British Victoryover Gorkhas 1814/11/30
Seige of LangurgarhiSuccessful Garhwali Defense
against Gorkha Invasion1791-2
Battle of KhilpatiGorkha Victory overBritish 2nd Columnin Kali Kumaon1815/3/31
Battle of AlmoraBritish Victory over GorkhasCapture of Kumaon1815/4/27
Flight of the Kingfrom Srinagar to Barahat to Dunwith Gorkhas in pursuitFall 1803
Garhwal-Kumaon Frontierfrequent skirmishes, raids,&
full scale invasions 1591-1803
Retreat to TeraiKumaonis make severalunsuccessful attempts to recoverkingdom 1791-1794
LobhaGwaldam
BADHAN
PALI
Chaukot
Dapa IncursionsTibetan raids plunderbeyond Badrinath 1620s Punitive Expeditions
three pointed attacksucceeds at ending raids 1624influence reestablished 1690s
The Northern Expeditiontrade rights in Tibet securedTaklakot briefly seized alongwith control over all passes
to Kailash 1670
Rohilla InvasionRohilla Victory over KumaonisSacking of Almora 1743-4
Retreat to GairsainRohilla Victory over combinedGarhwal & Kumaon force 1744
Second Mughal Invasioncombined Mughal/Kumaon/Sirmorforce briefly annexes Dun 1655-60
First Mughal InvasionQueen Mother Karnavaticrushes Mughal force withguerrilla tactics 1635
Srinagar
Battle of Khurburadeath of Garhwal King
capture of Garhwalby Gorkhas
1804/1
Battle of GangoliKumaonis repulse Gorkhas towardsKali Kumaon 1790/1
Capture of AlmoraGorkhas enter capital after defeatingKumaonis near Katolbagh 1790/2
Theatre of Conflict 17th-19th Century
Risp
ana
Song
Baldi
Nala
pani
Nag
al
Anwala
Bind
al
Tons
Nun
Rajpur R
d
Haridwar Rd
Raipur Rd
Sahara
npur Rd
Kaonli Rd
Chakrata Rd
E.C
. Rd
RAJPUR
RAIPURDHARAMPUR
MOKHAMPUR
BIRPUR JAKHAN
To Mussoorie & Landour
To Sahastradhara
CHUKKUWALA
DALANWALA
HATHIBARKALA
ANARWALA
NALAPANI
Bahadurpurpossible capital of Shah Jahan’sbrief capture of Dun1655-1660
Forest Research Institutemain office built in 1929 torival Viceroy’s House in Delhi
Jhanda MohallaGuru Ram Rai’s palace 1699nucleus of later Dehra city
British Cemetery
Kalanga Memorialerected to honour bothsides of the conflictafter raising of fort1814
Race CourseHome of Viceroy’s
summer stables
Ajabpurafter Ajbu Kunwar,consort of RajmataKarnavati 1630s
Rajpur Canaloldest canal in Dunbuilt by Ajbu KunwarKaulagir
site of first tea estatein Dun
Khurburasite of last battle
of the Gorkhaconquest 1804
Survey of IndiaHQ of oldest departmentin India 1767
Robber’s Cave
Rail Service from 1900
TEHRI
DEHR ADUN
LAND OUR“European Only”
Settlement
Gun Hill
Happy Valley
Lal Tibba
Mall RdCart Rd
Mussoorie is named after a local shrub while Landourdraws its name from Llanddowror, a village inWales.
CamelBack Rd
MUSSO ORIE
Pre-Independence Dehra Dun
0 1 2 3 4 5km
Pre-Independence Nainital
Upper Mall
Upper Kaladungi
Lower Kaladungi
Cart Rd
Upper M
all
Middle M
all
Cheena 2615m
Snowview 2270m
AyarpathaDorothy’s Seatnamed after artistDorothy Kellet
Governor’s Housesummer residence of NW/United Provinces governors
The Flatsplay area created aftermassive 1880landslide
St.John in theWilderness Church
Naina DeviTemple
Sherwood Collegeest. 1869
TALLI TAL
MALLI TAL
Alma
0 1 2 3km
To Almora
CANTONMENT
Devpatta
Uttarakhand
Chhattisgarh
Jharkhand
Three new states createdby act of Parliament
in 2000
I N D I A
1776 1800 1824 1848 1872 1920 1952 20001960 1968 1976 1984 1992
C H R O N O L O G I C A L T I M E L I N E
17281680163215841536148814401200960720 194418964800 CE480 BCE
2007 State name restored toUttarakhand
2000 Formation of “Uttaranchal”Dehradun made provisional capital
2004 Old Tehri submergedunder dam reservoir
1994 Peak ofUttarakhand AndolanMuzaffarnagar Kand
1996 PM Deve Gowdacalls for Uttarakhandfrom Red Fort
1989 UttarakhandSanyukta SangarshSamiti convened
1986-7 Epic anti-miningbattle at Sinsyaru Kala
1979 UttarakhandKranti Dal formed to fightfor separate hill state
1978 Advani Forestsaved by Chipko action
1976 UttarakhandSangarsh Vahini formed
1974 Gaura Devileads women tosave Reni Forest
1974 First Askot to Arakot Yatraacross Uttarakhand
1973 Formation of Kumaun & Garhwal Universities
2003 New industrial policybrings manufacturing to Terai
1972 Mass rallies against timber auctions
1961 UttarakhandSarvodaya Mandalformed at Kausani
1968 Uttarakhand HillDevelopment Councilformed by UP State
1962 India-China Warcloses frontier withTibet
1952 PC Joshi of the CPI calls forGarhwal & Kumaon autonomy
1949 Tehri State merged with Uttar Pradesh
1948 Nagender Saklani & Bholu Bhandarimartyred by Tehri State forcesTehri King abdicates
1944 Sridev Sumanmartyred in Tehri Jail
1939 Tehri PrajaMandal formed
1930 Tilari Kand, peasantsmassacred by Tehri King’s forces
1930 Peshawar IncidentChander Singh Garhwali revolts against ordersto fire on peaceful demonstrations
1921 Swaraj activists forceend to Coolie & Uttar Begarsystem in Kumaon
1916 KumaonParishad formedto fight for homerule
1914 Garhwal Riflessent to France at adventof WWI, suffer heavylosses but win greatrenown
1887 Garhwal Rifles raised &stationed in Lansdowne,military recruitment heraldsmoney order economy
1878 Forest Act sets pattern of colonialdomination of Uttarakhand's forests
1866 Explorer “Pundit”Nain Singh Rawatreaches Lhasa
1857 Revolt againstBritish Rule in KaliKumaon, Haldwanibriefly liberated, peacereigns elsewhere in hills
1942 Garhwali POWs join INA
1824 turbulent Rawainpargana returned to Tehri
1814-6 Anglo-Gorkha War ends in Treaty of SugauliEastern Garhwal & Kumaon ceded to British, independentGarhwal reestablished from Tehri
1840 Wilson awardedfirst timber grant from Tehri
1803-4 Gorkhas conquerGarhwal, King dies inbattle
1791 Gorkhas overrunKumaon, checked byGarhwalis at Langurgarhi
G O R K H YA N I B R I T I S H R A J T E H R I R I YA S AT I N D I A U T TA R P R A D E S H S TAT E H O O D
1785 Pradyumna Shahbriefly unites Garhwal& Kumaon
1768 Rising GorkhaEmpire occupiesKathmandu
1761 Kumaon forces aid Mughalsagainst Marathas at Battle of Panipat
1744 Rohillas overrunAlmora, defeat combinedKumaon & Garhwalforces
1720 Decline of Chandpower, heralds decadesof internecine struggles& battles in the plains
1757 Rohillas establish authority in DunDehra Dun prospers
1560 Kalyan Chandmoves capital toAlmora fromChampawat
1517 Ajay Pal movescapital to Srinagarfrom Dewalgarh
1635 Rajmata Karnavati routs invadingMughal force, cuts noses of survivors
1671 Last Katyur chiefdeposed & banished by Chands
1191 Ashokchalla, Malla king ofWestern Nepal shatters Katyuri power,marches as far as Gopeshwar & Barahat
1670 Baz Bahadur Chandoccupies Tibet trade routes,briefly seizes Taklakot
c. 820 Shankar Acharya reestablishes Shaivism,dies at Kedarnath
c. 200 BCE Kunindassovereign over the hills
304-232 BCE Ashokan MauryaEmpire extends to Terai
c. 5th centuryNagas fill vacuum
c. 630 Chinese travelerHuien Tsang passesthrough region, describesvarious Buddhistprincipalities
c. 700 Rise of pan-HimalayanKarttikeyapur dynasty
c. 11th century Karttikeyapurdisintegrates, Katyuri princesreestablish authority from Baijnath
888 Panwars establish seat at Chandpurgarhi,heralding migration from plains
c. 200 Kunindas, Yaudheyas, &Arjunayanas form confederation
1660 Prithvi Shah hands Suleiman Shikohto Aurangzeb to prevent invasionDun returned to Garhwal King
1591 Battle of GwaldamKatyuris & Garhwalisrebuff Kumaoni invasion
1374 Garur Gyan Chandbegins expansion beyondKali Kumaon
1488-1503 Kirati Chandoccupies Khagmara Kot (Almora),subjugates Katyuris, & expandsKumaon’s borders
1565-1597 Rudra Chandconquers remaining landswest of Kali, including Askot,Sira, Johar, & Darma
1597-1621 Lakshmi Chandunsuccessfully invades Garhwal seven times
K AT Y U R G A R H WA L K U M A O N
1261 Thohar Chand, first confirmedChand King, ascends to throne
1493 Panwar King Ajay Pal ascends throne,completes unification of Garhwal
6th century BCEKiratas present in hills
1946 Badri DuttPande calls forseparate hill state
1692 Fateh Shahraids Saharanpur, extendsGarhwali influence into Tibet
1624 Mahi Pat Shahsends Madho SinghBandhari to punishraiders from Tibet 1779 Lalit Shah drives
usurper from Chand throneinstalls son Pradyumna as new King
1955 State ReorganisationCommission decidesagainst smaller statesKM Panikkar dissents
960 BCE
7th centuryPaurava dynasty
105-250 Kushans prevailover North India
c. 4th centuryGuptas defeatconfederation,end Kuninda era
ince time immemorial, Uttarakhand has been knownas the Devbhumi - “abode of gods” and has played acentral role in the legends of the entire subcontinent.
Archaeological evidence such as rock art at Lakhudiyar, Nautiyal, & Dungri and burialsin Malari, Sanana & Baseri show that Uttarakhand hosted stone age cultures as early as thepalaeolithic before the arrival of Kol, Khas, & Kirata migrants mentioned in the Puranas.
3rd-2nd Millennium BCEEarliest settlement of Central Himalayas(?)
P U R A N A S
1815-35 GW Traill becomesfirst commissioner of KumaonDivision, installs personalized rule
1836 Slavery banned
1998 Protests in Haridwar & Udham Singh Nagarover inclusion in new state nearly derail statehood bill
1994 Kaushik Committeedelineates contours of newstate with capital at Gairsain
1987 Large rallies bringUttarakhand demandto the fore
S1655 Shah Jahan invades Garhwal, capturesDun with help from Kumaon & Sirmor
1815-18591859-18711871-18861886-19131913-19461946-1948
1948-1949
Panwar Dynasty(Tehri*)
1815-18161816-18301830-18391839-18471848-18561856-18841885-18871888-18891889-18921892-18941894-18981899-19021903-19051906-19131914-19241935-19391939-19411941-19431943-19471947-1948
Kumaon Commissionery*(British Raj)
* Includes Eastern “British” Garhwal
Sudarshan ShahBhawani Shah
Pratap ShahKirti Shah
Narendra ShahManabendra Shah
Praja Mandal**
E. GardnerG.W. TraillColonel GowanG.C. LoushingtonJ.N. BattenH. RamsayH.G. RossJ.R. ReidG.E. ErskinD.T. RobertsE.E. GriggR.E. HamblinA.M.W. ShakespearJ.S. CampbellP. WyndhamA.W. IbbotsonG.L. VivianT.J.C. ActonW.W. FinlayK.L. Mehta
First Dynasty(7th-8th Centuries)
Basantana (Vasudeva)...
KharaparadevaKalyanarajadeva
Tribhuvanarajadeva
AshokchallaKrachalladeva
Panwar Dynasty(Garhwal)
1790-1795
1795-179717971797
1797-17991799-1806
1806-1815
Gorkha Military Governors(Gorkhyani)
Malla (Nepalese) Hegemony
9th Century...1455-14931493-15471548-15801581-15911591-16111611-16241624-16311631-16671667-171617161717-17721772-17801780-17851785-1804
Kanak Pal...
Jagat PalAjay Pal
Sahaj PalBalbhadra Pal
Man ShahShyam Shah
Mahi Pat ShahPrithvi Pat Shah
Fateh Pat ShahUpendra ShahPradeep Shah
Lalit ShahJaikrit Shah
Pradyumna Shah*
9th Century...
1261-12811281-1286
...1360-13781378-14201420-14441444-14771477-14881488-15061506-15121512-15301530-15671567-15971597-16211621-16241625-16381638-16781678-16981698-17081708-17201720-17261726-17291730-17481748-17771777-17791779-17861786-1788
17881788-1790
Som Chand...Thohar ChandKalyan Chand...Abhaya ChandGyan ChandVikram ChandBharati ChandRatan ChandKirti ChandPratap ChandBhisma ChandBalo Kalyan ChandRudra ChandLakshmi ChandDalip ChandTrimal ChandRaj Bahadur ChandUdyot ChandGyan ChandJagat ChandDevi ChandAjit ChandKalyan ChandDeep ChandMohan ChandPradyumna Chand*Mohan ChandSiv ChandMahendra Chand
1191-12091223
Chand Dynasty(Kumaon)
L I S T O F R U L E R SUNTIL INDEPENDENCE
Compiled by Atkinson (1881)Revised & Completed by Khanduri & Negi (2007)
Joga Mall ShahKazi Nar ShahiAjab Singh ThapaBhum ShahRudravir SinghAjab Singh ThapaDhaukal Sun SinghKazi Gajeshwar PandeyRitu Raj ThapaBhum Shah
* Tehri Princely Statereinstalled Panwar lineagein Western Garhwal as a11-gun salute state of thePunjab Hill State Agency
** Revolution in Tehri,rule by democratic council untilaccession to India as a districtof Uttar Pradesh State 1949
Remnants of the Katyuris wouldrule from the Katyur Valley,
Sira & Askot (Rainkas), Sor (Bams),and Gangoli (Mankotis) before
succumbing to Chand expansionismby the end of the 16th century.
The Chand & Panwar Dynastieswould likewise consolidate theircontrol over the Bhotiya Mahals
during the same period.
*Pradyumna Shah/Chandbriefly ruled over bothGarhwal & Kumaon
in 1785-1786
Garhwal Rifles
Raised May 5, 1887Lansdowne, Uttarakhand
“Badri Vishal Ki Jai”
Battle Honours
1897-1898191419141914-1915191519151914-19151915-19161918191819181917-1918194019411941194119411942194219421944194419441944194519481962196519651971
1940-19431941-19421942-19451943-19451947-194819621965196519711999
Punjab FrontierLa Bassee
ArmentiersFestubert
Neuve ChapelleAubers
France and FlandersEgypt
MacedoniaKhan Baghdadi
ShargatMesopotamia
GallabatBarentu
KerenMassawa
Amba AlagiKuantan
YenangyaungMonywa
Citta Di CastelloNorth Arakan
Ngakyedauk PassRamree
TaungupTithwal
NuranangButtar Dograndi
Gadra RoadHilli
North AfricaMalayaBurma
ItalyJammu & Kashmir
LadakhPunjab
RajasthanEast Pakistan
Kargil
1947196219651971197119711971
1947-194819621965196519711999
Srinagar (Badgam)Rezang LaGadra CityBhaduriaDaudkandiSanjoi MirpurShamsher Nagar
Jammu & KashmirLadakhPunjabRajasthanEast PakistanKargil
Kumaon Regiment
Raised October 27, 1945Ranikhet, Uttarakhand
“Kalika Mata Ki Jai”
Battle Honours
Theatre Honours
Theatre Honours
Kumaonis had earlier served in theHyderabad Contingent of the BritishEast India Company from the late
1700s. In 1922, the 19th HyderabadRegiment was formed from earlier
units, and was joined by the4th battalion Garhwal Rifles
(Kumaon Rifles) to form the nucleiof what would become the
Kumaon Regiment after WWII.
Second Dynasty(8th-9th Centuries)
NimbartadevaIshtaganadevaLalitasuradeva
Bhudeva
Third Dynasty(9th-10th Centuries)
SalonadityaIchchhatadeva
DesatadevaPadmatadeva
Subhiksharajadeva
(followed by lesser unknown princes)
Katyuri Hegemony
