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Leadership
Dr. Meenakshi Khemka
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Leadership
The ability to influence a group toward theachievement of goals
What Is Leadership?
Management
Use of authority inherent in designated formal
rank to obtain compliance from organizationalmembers
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Trait Theories
Traits Theories of Leadership
Theories that consider personality, social, physical,
or intellectual traits to differentiate leaders from non-leaders
Tr i x m l
Enthusiasm Sense of responsibility Self confidence
Assumption: Leaders are born Problems
Traits do not generalize across situations
Better at predicting leader emergence thaneffectiveness3
Leadership
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Behavioral Theories
Behavioral Theories of Leadership
Theories proposing that specific behaviors
differentiate leaders from non-leaders
hi i / niv r i f Mi hi n
Initiating Structure/Production Orientation
Consideration/Employee Orientation
Assumption: Leaders can be trained Problem: Effective behaviors do not generalize
across situations
4Leadership
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Ohio State
Studies
Initiating Structure
The extent to which a leaderis likely to define and
structure his or her role andthose of subordinates in the
University of Michigan
Studies
Production-oriented Leader
One who emphasizestechnical or task aspects of the
job
Consideration
The extent to which a leader
is likely to have jobrelationships characterized bymutual trust, respect for
subordinates ideas, andregard for his/her feelings
Employee-oriented Leader
Emphasizing interpersonal
relations; taking a personalinterest in the needs ofemployees and accepting
individual differences amongmembers
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The Managerial Grid(Blake and Mouton)
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Contingency Theories
All Consider the Situation
Fiedler Contingency Model
Cognitive Resource Theory
Hersey and Blanchards Situational Leadership
Path Goal Theory
Assumptions underlying the different models: Fiedler: Leaders style is fixed
Others: Leaders style can and should be
changed 7Leadership
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Leadership style Is Fixed (Task-oriented vs.
Relationship - oriented)
Can be measured by the least preferred co-
w rk r LP i nn ir
Fiedler Model
Considers Situational Favorableness for Leader
Leader-member relations
Task structure
Position power 8Leadership
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Fiedler Model: Defining the Situation
Leader-Member Relations
The degree of confidence, trust, and respect
subordinates have in their leader
Task Structure
Position PowerInfluence derived from ones formal structuralposition in the organization; includes power to hire,
fire, discipline, promote, and give salary increases
The degree to which the job assignments areprocedurized
9Leadership
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Cognitive Resource Theory
Cognitive Resource Theory
A theory of leadership that states that the level of
stress in a situation is what impacts whether a leadersintelligence or experience will be more effective
Research Support
Less intelligent individuals perform better in leadership
roles under high stress than do more intelligent
individuals
Less experienced people perform better in leadership
roles under low stress than do more experienced people10
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Assumes leaders can change their behaviors
Considers Followersas the Situation
Contingency Theory: Hersey & Blanchard
Situational Model
Follower psychological maturity (willingness to
take responsibility)
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Hersey and Blanchards Situational Leadership
TheorySituational Leadership Theory (SLT)
A contingency theory that focuses on followersreadiness; the more ready the followers (the morewilling and able) the less the need for leader support
LOW Amount of Follower Readiness HIGH
Amount of Leader Support& Supervision RequiredHIGH LOW
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Leadership Styles and Follower Readiness
(Hersey and Blanchard)
WillingUnwilling
Able SupportivePartici ative
Monitoring
FollowerReadiness
Unable Directive High TaskandRelationshipOrientations
LeadershipStyles
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Leader-Member Exchange Theory
Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) Theory
Leaders select certain followers to be in(favorites) based on competence and/orcompatibility and similarity to leader
Exchanges with these in followers will behigher quality than with those who are out
Result: In subordinates will have higherperformance ratings, less turnover, and greater
job satisfaction
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Path-Goal Theory
Leader must help followers attain goals and
reduce roadblocks to success
Leaders must change behaviors to fit the
situation (environmental contingencies and
subordinate contingencies)
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Path-Goal Theory
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Contemporary Leadership Roles:
Providing Team Leadership
Team Leadership Roles
Act as liaisons with external constituencies
Managing conflict
Coaching to improve team member performance
17Contemporary Issues in Leadership
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Online Leadership
Leadership at a Distance: Building Trust
The lack of face-to-face contact removes the nonverbal
cues that support verbal interactions
There is no supporting context to assist the receiver withinterpretation of an e-communication
The structure and tone of e-messages can stronglyaffect the response of receivers
An individuals verbal and written communications may
not follow the same style Writing skills will likely become an extension of
interpersonal skills
18Contemporary Issues in Leadership
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THANK
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YOU
Leadership