Download - Is Enterprise 2.0 changing the vital role that line managers have within Informal Workplace Learning

8/14/2019 Is Enterprise 2.0 changing the vital role that line managers have within Informal Workplace Learning

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QMKYATXKP[ BI CAKHAXPAT

HAMPTA IBT CGDBQT OGTEAP XPQ@KAX

XPAIGM GNKQX

KX AMPATZTKXA 4.: HFGMNKMN PFA YKPGC TBCA

PFGP CKMA OGMGNATX FGYA ^KPFKM

KMIBTOGC ^BTEZCGHA CAGTMKMN2

LGMQGT[ 4:74


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OXh FT@ & Zaribrogmha Ont | 4

Gdstrght

Pfks stu`y rasagrhfas tfa vktgc rbca tfgt ckma ogmgnars fgva wktfkm Kmibrogc ^brepcghaCagrmkmn gm` fbw tfks rbca ks hfgmnkmn ùa tb tfa kmtrbùhtkbm bi Aoarnamt Xbhkgc XbitwgraZcgtibros wktfkm brngmksgtkbms embwm gs Amtarprksa 4.: (A4.:). Kt `bas sb dy umàrstgm`kmn

tfa hbmnruamhy datwaam Kmibrogc ^brepcgha Cagrmkmn, Ckma Ogmgnars gm` A4.: tfrbunf gcktargtura gm` hgsa stu`y ravkaw, gm` saok-struhtura` kmtarvkaws wktf g muodar bi kmùstryprbiasskbmgcs. Pfa ogkm ikm`kmns irbo tfa rasagrhf wara< Pfa ckma ogmgnar fgs gm kopbrtgmt rbca tb pcgy km amfgmhkmn Kmibrogc ^brepcgha

Cagrmkmn nkvam tfakr pbsktkbm km kàmtkiykmn gm` ibhuskmn bm tfakr sudbr`kmgtaskmtrkmskhobtkvgtbrs tb amgdca cagrmkmn, gs wacc gs kàmtkiykmn wbrepcgha ightbrs tfgt fkmàrKmibrogc ^brepcgha Cagrmkmn. Pfks dahboas g vktgc rbca wfam tfay fgva pbsktkva

parsbmgc trgkts wfkhf gra hbmùhkva tb hragta g pbsktkva gm` trustiuc racgtkbmsfkp wktfaopcbyaas, gs wacc gs ibro pgrt bi gm amvkrbmoamt gm` brngmksgtkbmgc huctura tfgt kssuppbrtkva bi tfa ckma ogmgnar gm` g pbsktkva wbrepcgha cagrmkmn systao. Pfks puts tfaokm g umkqua pbsktkbm gs gm kopbrtgmt mbà ckmekmn tfa okhrb gm` oghrb brngmksgtkbmgc

cavacs. A4.: ks dahbokmn g hgtgcyst ibr hfgmna wktfkm tfa brngmksgtkbm, kopghtkmn huctura,

hbccgdbrgtkbm gm` hbmmahtkvkty, rasuctkmn km g obra dbttbo-up gm` `ymgokh brngmksgtkbm. A4.: fgs g strbmn kopght bm Ibrogc gm` Kmibrogc Kmtarghtkbms, Km`kvkùgc Gnamhy, gm` tfa

Gdkckty tb Matwbre5 tfa Hbnmktkva, Xbhkgc gm` Aobtkbmgc Axhfgmna datwaam aopcbyaasnkvam kt amgdcas tfa stkoucus ibr tfks tb mbw hboa irbo g ouctktuà bi pabpca gm``krahtkbms wktfkm tfa brngmksgtkbm5 gm` Huctura wfkhf ks hbmùhkva tb Kmibrogc ^brepcghaCagrmkmn.

Amngnaoamt gm` Prust wfkhf km turm iaa` kmtb kmhragsa` paribrogmha ks kopghta` dbtf dyA4.:, obra sb irbo g oghrb cavac, gs wacc gs dy tfa ckma ogmgnar wfb maa`s tb ogea sura

A4.:s aiiaht bm amngnaoamt gm` trust kstfam dakmn raicahta` bm tfa okhrb/ok`-cavac. Ckma ogmgnars stkcc fgva g sknmkikhgmt rbca tb pcgy bm tfa okhrb/ok`-cavac skà bi tfkmns dy

hragtkmn aiiahtkva tago iumhtkbmkmn wktfkm gm brngmksgtkbm kopcaoamtkmn A4.: gm` tfksnkvam ogkmtgkmkmn aopcbyaa obrgca, lbd sgtksightkbm, gm` prbùhtkvkty ks stkcc bma bi tfakr`gkcy hfgccamnas.

Pfks stu`y hbmhcuàs dy fknfcknftkmn tfgt A4.: ks fgvkmn g oglbr kopght bm okmkokskmn tfapbtamtkgc mangtkva aiiaht ckma ogmgnars fg` bm K^C wfam tfay ghta` gs hbmùkts, gm` fbwtfakr rbca fgs tb da g `ymgokh bma nkvam tfgt iurtfar nrbwtf bi A4.: gm` tfa [-Namargtkbmwkcc trgmscgta kmtb obra aopbwara` aopcbyaas. Pfa brngmksgtkbm maa`s tb ogea sura tfgt tfackma ogmgnarsrbca ks gm gcc-amhbopgsskmn bma gm` stkcc vktgc km gm A4.: amvkrbmoamt wfkcst kmtfa sgoa drag`tf ckma ogmgnars maa` tb ogea sura tfgt tfay `b g`gpt gm` fgva tfa gttrkdutas

tb raogkm vktgc km tfks `ymgokh amvkrbmoamt.

Eaywbr`s< Kmibrogc ^brepcgha Cagrmkmn5 Ckma Ogmgnar5 Amtarprksa 4.:


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HBMPAMPX

Gdstrght .................................................................................................................................

Hfgptar 7< Kmtrbùhtkbm ...................................................................................................... 8

Hfgptar 4< Cktargtura Tavkaw ............................................................................................. 1

Cagrmkmn gm` ^brepcgha Cagrmkmn................................................................................ 1

^fgt Kmicuamhas ^brepcgha Cagrmkmn ............................................................................ >

Pfa Ckma Ogmgnar ........................................................................................................... 6

Amtarprksa 4.: ................................................................................................................. 7:

Hgsa Xtu`kas................................................................................................................. 79

Ckma Ogmgnars gm` A4.:............................................................................................... 76

Hfgptar 8< Tasagrhf Oatfb`bcbny ................................................................................... 44

Hfgptar 0< Tasagrhf Tasucts............................................................................................. 49

Kmibrogc ^brepcgha Cagrmkmn ...................................................................................... 49

Kmicuamhas bm Kmibrogc ^brepcgha Cagrmkmn ................................................................ 4>

Kmfkdktkbms bm Kmibrogc ^brepcgha Cagrmkmn ................................................................ 46

Ckma Ogmgnars ............................................................................................................... 4;

Amtarprksa 4.: ................................................................................................................. 87


Hfgptar 1< @kshusskbm ....................................................................................................... 81

Kmibrogc ^brepcgha Cagrmkmn ...................................................................................... 81

^fgt kopghts Kmibrogc ^brepcgha Cagrmkmn ................................................................ 89

Ckma Ogmgnars ............................................................................................................... 86

Aiiaht bm Oghrb Cavac ................................................................................................. 86

Aiiaht bm Okhrb Cavac .................................................................................................. 8;

Aiiaht ùa tb Zarsbmgc Prgkts ........................................................................................ 0:

Amtarprksa 4.: ................................................................................................................. 07

Kopght bm tfa Km`kvkùgc .............................................................................................. 04

Kopght bm tfa Oghrb Zkhtura ........................................................................................ 04


Hbmnruamhy .................................................................................................................... 00

Hfgptar 9< Hbmhcuskbm ...................................................................................................... 06

Dkdckbnrgpfy ...................................................................................................................... 1;

Gppam`kx< Tasagrhf Wuastkbmmgkra .................................................................................. 19


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KMPTB@QHPKBM

Pfa rbca gm` kopght tfgt ckma ogmgnars fgva wktfkm wbrepcgha cagrmkmn, aspahkgccy wktfkm kts

kmibrogc ibro wfara cagrmkmn ks hb-br`kmgta` rgtfar tfgm pcgmma`, ks gm grag wktfkm FT@

tfgt fgs daam rasagrhfa` gm` gmgcysa` tfbrbunfcy gcbmn tfa yagrs, aspahkgccy wktfkm

brngmksgtkbms tfgt fgva g pyrgok` brngmksgtkbmgc struhtura g`bptkmn g tbp-`bwm styca bi

ogmgnaoamt. Km rahamt yagrs tfa kmhragsa` `kssaokmgtkbm bi Aoarnamt Amtarprksa Xbhkgc

Xbitwgra Zcgtibros wktfkm brngmksgtkbms taroa` Amtarprksa 4.: (A4.:), suhf gs ^keks, Dcbns,

Okhrbdcbns, @kshusskbm Ibruos, Xbhkgc Dbbeogrekmn gm` Zb`hgstkmn, ks dakmn ghembwca`na`

gs bma bi tfa dknnast nrbwtf grags wktfkm brngmksgtkbms. Pfks stu`y gttaopts tb umàrstgm` tfa

hbmnruamhy bi tfasa tfraa acaoamts K^C, Ckma Ogmgnars, gm` A4.:, gm` ki tfa rbca gm`

kopght tfgt tfa ckma ogmgnar fgs bm K^C hfgmnas wfam A4.: ks prasamt wktfkm tfa

brngmksgtkbm. G muodar bi prbiasskbmgcs aopcbya` br fgva daam aopcbya` km brngmksgtkbms

wfkhf kopcaoamta` A4.: prbvk a` gopca nrbum` kmibrogtkbm, hbopcaoamtkmn tfa cktargtura

gm` hgsa stu`kas ravkawa` bm K^C, tfa rbca gm` kopght bi ckma ogmgnars bm K^C, gm` A4.:.

Pfa stu`y ks `kvkà` kmtb ibur ogkm sahtkbms. Pfa ikrst sahtkbm ravkaws ghgàokh cktargtura bm

K^C gm` tfa kopght bi ckma ogmgnars bm tfks, gs wacc gs hgsa stu`kas ravbcvkmn grbum` A4.:5

tfa sahbm` sahtkbm axpcgkms wfgt tfa rasagrhf oatfb`bcbny dafkm` tfks stu`y ks5 tfa tfkr`

sahtkbm prasamts tfa aopkrkhgc rasagrhf bdtgkma` tfrbunf saok-struhtura` kmtarvkaws5 gm` tfa

iburtf sahtkbm drkmns tfa cktargtura, hgsa stu`kas gm` aopkrkhgc rasagrhf tbnatfar km g

`kshusskbm sahtkbm. Pfa cktargtura, aopkrkhgc rasagrhf gm` `kshusskbm sahtkbms gcc fgva sud-

sahtkbms ravbcvkmn grbum` tfa tfraa ogkm tfaoas umàrpkmmkmn tfks stu`y - K^C, Ckma

Ogmgnars, gm` A4.:.

Pfa stu`y ikrst tghecas tfa K^C àdgta astgdcksfkmn kts kopbrtgmha wktfkm tfa brngmksgtkbm.Pfam kt cbbes gt tfa kmicuamhas bm K^C wktf tfa tfraa ogkm bmas dakmn tfa brngmksgtkbmgc

struhtura km kts biikhkgc gm` umbiikhkgc ibro, aopcbyaa gnamhy, gm` aopcbyaa kmtarghtkbms.

Pfa stu`y tfam obvas bm tb umàrstgm` tfa rbca tfa ckma ogmgnar fgs km K^C astgdcksfkmn tfgt

tfakr pbsktkbm km kàmtkiykmn gm` ibhuskmn bm kmtrkmskh obtkvgtbrs wktfkm tfakr sudbr`kmgtas tb

amgdca cagrmkmn, gs wacc gs kàmtkiykmn wbrepcgha ightbrs tfgt fkmàr wbrepcgha cagrmkmn ks gm

kopbrtgmt bma. Pfay fgva g vktgc rbca tb pcgy wfam tfay fgva pbsktkva parsbmgc trgkts wfkhf

gra hbmùhkva tb hragta g pbsktkva gm` trustiuc racgtkbmsfkp wktf aopcbyaas5 gs wacc gs ibropgrt bi gm amvkrbmoamt gm` brngmksgtkbmgc huctura tfgt ks suppbrtkva bi tfa ckma ogmgnar gm` g


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pbsktkva wbrepcgha cagrmkmn systao. Pfks puts tfao km g umkqua pbsktkbm gs gm kopbrtgmt mbà

ckmekmn tfakr sudbr`kmgtas, samkbr ogmgnaoamt gm` FT, assamtkgccy tfa okhrb, ok` gm` oghrb

cavacs.

Pfa stu`y tfam cbbes gt fbw A4.: ks dahbokmn g hgtgcyst ibr hfgmna wktfkm tfa brngmksgtkbm

gm` fbw kts kopghtkmnhuctura, suppbrtkmn hbccgdbrgtkbm gm` hbmmahtkvkty rasuctkmn km g obra

dbttbo-up struhtura gm` `ymgokh brngmksgtkbm. Pfa rasuctkmn kopghtkmn ks gm kmhragsa km

hbmvarsgtkbms gm` hbccgdbrgtkbm, matwbrekmn datwaam dbtf strbmn tkas gm` wage tkaswktfkm

tfa brngmksgtkbm, embwca`na sfgrkmn, gs wacc gs amfgmha` trust gm` amngnaoamt.

Pfa stu`y tfam obvas bm tb cbbe gt fbw gs g rasuct bi A4.:, K^C ks dakmn rakmibrha` avam

iurtfar gm` tfa rbca gm` kopght bi tfa ckma ogmgnar vks--vks K^C ks hfgmnkmn. â grnua tfgt

U7_ A4.: fgs g strbmn kopght bm hragtkmn g prbhass bi hbnmktkva, sbhkgc, gm` aobtkbmgc

kmtarhfgmna nkvam tfa stkoucus ibr tfks ks mbw hbokmn irbo g ouctktuà bi pabpca gm`

`krahtkbms wktfkm tfa brngmksgtkbm gm` kt ks `bwm tb tfa km`kvkùgc fkosaci tb amngna kt wfgt

kmtrkmskhgccy obtkvgtas fko tb ogea sura tfgt tfks kmtarhfgmna ks g iruktiuc bma5 U4_ Ckma

ogmgnars stkcc fgva g sknmkikhgmt rbca tb pcgy bm tfa okhrb/ok`-cavac skà bi tfkmns dy hragtkmn

aiiahtkva tago iumhtkbmkmn, gm` tfks nkvam ogkmtgkmkmn aopcbyaa obrgca, lbd sgtksightkbm, gm`

prbùhtkvkty ks stkcc bma bi tfakr `gkcy hfgccamnas5 U8_ A4.: ks koprbvkmn amngnaoamt gm` trust,

obra sb bm tfa oghrb skà bi tfkmns nkvam aopcbyaas gra mbw gdca tb pgrtkhkpgta km tfa dknnar

pkhtura bi tfkmns gm` ogekmn tfks obra oagmkmniuc bm g `gkcy dgsks5 U0_ A4.: fgs g

sknmkikhgmtcy oglbr kopght bm hragtkmn g huctura wfkhf ks pbsktkva gm` hbmùhkva tb K^C.

Pfa stu`y hbmhcuàs dy fknfcknftkmn tfgt iurtfar nrbwtf bi A4.: gm` tfa [-Namargtkbm wkcc

trgmscgta kmtb obra aopbwara` aopcbyaas. Pfa brngmksgtkbm maa`s tb ogea sura tfgt tfa ckma

ogmgnar rbca ks gm gcc-amhbopgsskmn bma gm` stkcc vktgc km gm A4.: amvkrbmoamt wfkcst km tfasgoa drag`tf ckma ogmgnars maa` tb ogea sura tfgt tfay `b g`gpt gm` fgva tfa gttrkdutas tb

raogkm vktgc km tfks `ymgokh amvkrbmoamt.

Pwb kopbrtgmt tfkmns tb tgea mbta bi gra U7_ wfkcst A4.: gs g taro ks gt tkoas gcsb usa` tb

àikma gm brngmksgtkbm wfara fkargrhfkas fgva daam drbeam `bwm tb hragta tfa mahassgry

spgha ibr tfa bpargtkbm bi g suhhassiuc saci-brngmksgtkbm km bràr tb ghfkava kmmbvgtkva pbwar

gm` hragtkvkty, ibr tfa purpbsa bi tfks stu`y tfa taro ks usa` tb sknmkiy tfa kopcaoamtgtkbm biAoarnamt Amtarprksa Xbhkgc Xbitwgra Zcgtibros5 U4_ tfks stu`y `bas mbt nb nrgmucgr bm ightbrs


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suhf gs tfa kopght bi nam`ar, rgha, gm` gna drgheat bm K^C gm` A4.: usgna. Hbmstrgkmkmn kt

wktfkm suhf pgrgoatars wkcc obstcy ckeacy fknfcknft kmtarastkmn pbkmts fbwavar tkoa

hbmstrgkmts `k` mbt parokt tfks.


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OXh FT@ & Zaribrogmha Ont | >

CKPATGPQTA TAYKA^

Nkvam tfa tfraa umàrcykmn tfaoas km tfks stu`y, wa dackava kt wgs kopargtkva tb nb bvar gcc bi

tfao tfbrbunfcy km bràr tb ibroucgta g sbck` cktargtura ravkaw. Km tfks raspaht tfks sahtkbm fgs

daam spckt kmtb twb hbra grags.

Pfa ikrst fgci astgdcksfas tfa rbca gm` kopbrtgmha bi tfa ckma ogmgnar km kmibrogc wbrepcgha

cagrmkmn. â nb gdbut tfks dy ikrst `kshusskmn tfa sudlaht bi wbrepcgha cagrmkmn, km pgrtkhucgr

tfa kmibrogc pgrt, astgdcksfkmn tfgt g `ymgokh brngmksgtkbm struhtura, aopcbyaa gnamhy, gm`

aopcbyaa kmtarghtkbms gra eay ightbrs giiahtkmn wbrepcgha cagrmkmn. â tfam nb bvar tfa rbca

tfa ckma ogmgnar pcgys km kmibrogc wbrepcgha cagrmkmn gm` tfa kopght tfgt fa/sfa fgs,

astgdcksfkmn tfa eay rbca tfay pcgy km hragtkmn g prbhass bi hbnmktkva, sbhkgc, gm` aobtkbmgc

kmtarhfgmna gobmnst tfakr sudbr`kmgtas.

Km tfa sahbm` fgci bi bur ravkaw wa tgea g cbbe gt wfgt A4.: ks gcc gdbut gm` kts usa wktfkm

brngmksgtkbms. G`vgmtgnas gm` `ksg`vgmtgnas bi A4.: gra `kshussa` gm` g muodar bi hgsa

stu`kas bi brngmksgtkbms wfkhf kopcaoamta` A4.: gra ravkawa`. Fgvkmn astgdcksfa` tfgt kts

hbra ibhus gm` rgksbm `'tra ks ighkcktgtkmn tfa kmtarghtkbm prbhass datwaam tfa km`kvkùgc gm`

tfa hbccahtkva wktfkm tfa brngmksgtkbm, wa tfam wrgp up tfks ravkaw dy cbbekmn gt tfa rbca tfgt

ckma ogmgnars gra pcgykmn km brngmksgtkbms wfkhf kopcaoamta` A4.:, gm` fbw bm bma fgm`

tfay gra dakmn kmicuamha` dy tfks gm` fbw bm tfa btfar fgm` tfay gra kmicuamhkmn tfks mawcy

sfgpa` K^C.

Cagrmkmn gm` ^brepcgha Cagrmkmn

^fam bma ks gsea` wfgt ks cagrmkmn, tfa gmswar ogy mbt gcwgys da g qukhe gm` agsy bma.

Ghhbr`kmn tb Zgmngregr & Ekrewbb` (4::8) kts g hbmtkmubuscy avbcvkmn prbhass wfkhfamhbopgssas gm km`kvkùgcs ghquksktkbm gm` gsskokcgtkbm bi axparkamhas, kmibrogtkbm, gm`

`gkcy ghtkvktkas. Xtarm & Xbooarcgm` (hktka` km Iacstag` at gc., 4::1


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spahkikhgtkbm bi buthboas, kmibrogc cagrmkmn ks umstruhtura` br umpcgmma` gm` fgppams

hbmstgmtcy km bur `gkcy ckia, gt wbre, wktfkm igokcy br km caksura tkoa (Aurbpagm Hbooksskbm,

4::7


9/67

OXh FT@ & Zaribrogmha Ont | ;

obra tfgm 7:% ks trgmsiarra` tb tfa wbrepcgha ghhbr`kmn tb Ibr` & âkssdakm (7;;>) tfus

ogekmn g strbmnar hgsa bi fbw kopbrtgmt K^C ks, dbtf tb tfa brngmksgtkbm gm` kts aopcbyaas.

Bma hgm sgy tfgt tfa pra`khtkbm bi tfabrksts suhf gs Ogrskhe & ^gtekms (7;;:), Xhrkdmar &

Xghfs (7;;7), gm` Xamna (7;;8) wfb sunnasta` tfgt wbrepcghas wbuc` ckeacy dahboa tfa

prkogry cagrmkmn amvkrbmoamt ibr ogmy aopcbyaas, ks àikmktacy ogtarkgckskmn ktsaci.

Kt ks kopbrtgmt tb fknfcknft tfgt hbmhaptugccy wbrepcgha cagrmkmn tgeas irbo tfa Xktugta`

Cagrmkmn tfabry pkbmaara` dy Cgva & âmnar (7;;7) wfara tfa ibhus ks bm tfa embwca`na

hb-hbmstruhta` irbo tfa sbhkgc prbhass datwaam tfa km`kvkùgc gm` tfa hbccahtkva gm` fbw tfgt

cagrmkmn prbhass ks aoda`à` wktfkm tfgt spahkikh amvkrbmoamt. â dackava tfks ks eay gm`

ium`goamtgc tb wbrepcgha cagrmkmn km tfgt kts gdbut tfakm`kvkùgc amngnkmn wktf tfa sbhkgc

gspaht gm` mbt bmcy tfrbunf parsbmgc kmtarghtkbms gs Yynbtsey gm` btfars prbpbsa` (hkta` km

Dkccatt, 4::4


10/67

OXh FT@ & Zaribrogmha Ont | 7:

dukc`kmn g sustgkmgdca wbrepcgha cagrmkmn systao. ^ktfbut g struhtura wfkhf ks hbmùhkva tb

hbooumkhgtkbm, sfgrkmn, gm` axpcbrkmn bmas kàgs, aopcbyaa gnamhy gm` aopcbyaa

kmtarghtkbms wbuc` prbdgdcy da okmkogc. ^ktfkm g struhtura wfkhf nkvas shbpa tb

hbooumkhgtkbm, aopcbyaa gnamhy tfam dahboas eay gs kt fgs g strbmn kopght bm tfa

wkcckmnmass tb pgrtkhkpgta ghtkvacy gm` hrktkhgccy km K^C. Kt gcsb hbrracgtas wktf aopcbyaa

amngnaoamt, gs aiiahtkva aopcbyaa hbooumkhgtkbm ks g cag`kmn km`khgtbr bi tfks. (^gtsbm

^ygtt, 4::;).

Eaapkmn tb tfa sudlaht bi aopcbyaa amngnaoamt kts gcsb kopbrtgmt tb fknfcknft g stu`y dy

Darn & Hfyumn (4::6) wfkhf `k` mbt sfbw g sknmkikhgmt hbrracgtkbm datwaam g cagrmkmn

brngmksgtkbms huctura gm` km`kvkùgcs amngnkmn km K^C. Gt igha vgcua tfks ogy cbbe

surprkskmn dut tfay sunnast tfgt K^C ogy mbt mahassgrkcy da kmfkdkta` ki g cagrmkmn

brngmksgtkbmgc huctura ks mbt km pcgha nkvam km`kvkùgcs wkcc mavartfacass saae tfgt embwca`na.

Xb km`kvkùgc gnamhy hboas kmtb pcgy fara. Pfa stu`y gcsb fknfcknfts tfgt but bi tfa ightbrs

tfgt kmicuamha K^C amngnaoamt, tfa cavac bi kmtarast km tfa hurramt ikac` hgoa bm sfbwkmn

tfgt tfara maa`s tb da g hbrracgtkbm datwaam wfgt kmtarasts kmtrkmskhgccy obtkvgta tfgt

aopcbyaa gm` wfy tfay wkcc amngna km K^C. Obmatgry rawgr`s fg` tfa cagst aiiaht bm K^C

amngnaoamt tfus fknfcknftkmn tfa kopbrtgmha bi ibhuskmn bm kmtrkmskh rgtfar tfgm axtrkmskh

obtkvgtkbms tb amngna aopcbyaas km K^C.

Ium`goamtgccy, gcc bi tfa hbopbmamts tfgt kopght K^C gra amhbopgssa` wktfkm tfa

brngmksgtkbmgc huctura. âmnar (4::0:s fgs daam

prghtkhkmn tfks pfkcbsbpfy (Hgrr, 4:77). Bma hgm oamtkbm Fknf Zaribrogmha ^bre

Brngmksgtkbms (FZ^Bs) fara wfkhf aodb`y tfbsa brngmksgtkbms tfgt fgva gt tfakr hbra wbre

àsknm/aopcbyaa kmvbcvaoamt, suppbrt ibr paribrogmha prghtkhas, kmibrogtkbm/embwca`na

sfgrkmn prghtkhas, gm` rawgr`s (Gsftbm, 4::4


11/67


Pfa Ckma Ogmgnar

â mbw obva bm tb umàrstgm` wfgt tfa ckma ogmgnars rbca ks km K^C. â dackava g qubta

dy Macsbm Ogmàcg hbopckoamts tfks sahtkbm pariahtcy gm` assamtkgccy suos up wfgt g ckma

ogmgnar sfbuc` da gdbut -

G cagàr..ks ckea g sfapfar`. Fa stgys dafkm` tfa icbhe, cattkmn tfa obst mkodca nb but

gfag`, wfaraupbm tfa btfar ibccbw, mbt ragckzkmn tfgt gcc gcbmn tfay gra dakmn `krahta` irbo

dafkm` (hkta` km OhGiaa, 4::;)

Zurhacc & Futhfkmsbm (4::>


12/67


bwm kmtarasts. Bma axgopca wfara tfks ks fknfcknfta` dy aopcbyaas ks km g stu`y hbm`uhta`

wktfkm g muodar bi kmtarmgtkbmgc brngmksgtkbms dy @gvk` Gsftbm -

..tfay `bmt facp ybu ghfkava. Pfay prbtaht tfakr bwm kmtarasts. Kt facps tfao ki tfay gra tfa

bmcy pabpca wfb mbwOgmgnars gra mbt hgshg`kmn kmibrogtkbm. Embwca`na ks pbwar

gm` pabpca gra saciksfobra sb gt tfa ok``ca gm` cbwar cavacs(Gsftbm, 4::4


13/67


Amtarprksa 4.:

â wkcc mbw nb bvar wfgt Amtarprksa 4.: (A4.:) ks gcc gdbut, nb drkaicy bvar g muodar bi hgsa

stu`kas bi brngmksgtkbms tfgt kopcaoamta` A4.: pcgtibros, gm` tfam umàrstgm` wfgt rbca tfa

ckma ogmgnar ks pcgykmn wktfkm tfks amvkrbmoamt. â dackava tfa ibccbwkmn qubta

amhbopgssas tfa nkst bi wfgt tfa sahbm` pgrt bi tfks cktargtura ravkaw ks gdbut.

^ktfkm tfks maw fknfcy ncbdgccy hbopatktkva amvkrbmoamt gm` g obra embwca`na-`rkvam

ahbmboyhbmmahtkmn tfa rknft pabpca wktf tfa rknft kmib gt tfa rknft tkoa ks dahbokmn eay.

Pfa gdkckty tb sbckhkt, ngtfar gm` hbmmaht kàgs wktf tfa rknft pabpca (Hfgm & Obrngm,

4:77)

Nbkmn dghe tb tfa stgrt bi wfgt ks embwm gs âd 7.:, wfam tfa wad wgs pratty ouhf g

hbmmahtkbm bi fyparckmes dghe km tfa agrcy ;:s, tfa kàg bi bmckma sbhkgc matwbrekmn wgs

pratty ouhf mbm-axkstamt. Kt wgs bmcy km tfa agrcy ::s, wfam tfa sfkit tb âd 4.: stgrta` tb

fgppam, tfgt tfa àvacbpoamt bi sbhkgc matwbrekmn tbbcs stgrta` tb bhhur. Pfa wad wgs mbw

dahbokmn obra bi gm bmckma sbhkgc pcgtibro. Pfks àvacbpoamt fgs kmhragsa` axpbmamtkgccy

bvar tfa yagrs, wktf brngmksgtkbms prapgra` tb spam` magrcy QX@ 1dm bm âd 4.: dy 4:78,

sfbwkmn tfa ogsskva kopbrtgmha kt fgs km tb`gys wbrc` (Xfkacs, 4::6). Pfa g`vamt bi âd

4.: ks pratty ouhf g pgrg`kno sfkit km tfgt, rgtfar tfgm hbmtrbcckmn kmibrogtkbm, kts gcc gdbut

àvacbpkmn hbooumktkas, ighkcktgtkmn hbooumkhgtkbm, amgdckmn cbhgc, mgtkbmgc, gm` ncbdgc

matwbres gm` assamtkgccy obvkmn us hcbsar tb aghf btfar. Hgsa km pbkmt dakmn g rahamt stu`y

tfgt sfbwa` Ighadbbe usars dakmn bm gvargna wktfkm 8.>0 ànraas bi sapgrgtkbm (Zatars,

4:77).

Xb wfgt hfgrghtarksas gm A7.: irbo gm A4.: brngmksgtkbm. â dackava tfa sfbrtast gm` obst

gpt àshrkptkbm ks dy Dufsa & Xtgoar (4::6


14/67


Ighkcktgtkmn tfa trgmsktkbm irbo A7.: tb A4.:, Aoarnamt Xbhkgc Xbitwgra Zcgtibros fgva daam

àvacbpkmn gm` ogekmn tfakr wgy wktfkm brngmksgtkbms. ^keks, Dcbns, Okhrbdcbns, @kshusskbm

Ibruos, Xbhkgc Dbbeogrekmn gm` Zb`hgstkmn gcc ibro pgrt bi A4.:. Pfa trgmsktkbm tfgt

brngmksgtkbms gra nbkmn tfrbunf wktf tfasa pcgtibros, obvkmn gwgy irbo tfa aogkc stycabi

hbooumkhgtkbm wfkhf prbobtas skcb tfkmekmn (Tbsam, 4:7:) tb tfa sfgrkmn bi embwca`na

drbunft gdbut dy ^keks gm` Okhrbdcbns, ks g dkn bma. Pfks maw pabpca-hamtrkh kmtarmgc wad ks

stkoucgtkmn hbmvarsgtkbms, kmtarparsbmgc matwbrekmn, parsbmgcksgtkbm gm` km`kvkùgckso, gcc bi

wfkhf gra gt tfa fagrt bi tfa pfkcbsbpfy gm` prghtkha bi pabpca ogmgnaoamt gm` wfgt ks

hbkma` gs FT4.: (Ogrtkm at gc., 4::;). Kts puttkmn tfa aopcbyaa gt tfa fagrt bi tfa

hbmvarsgtkbm gm` tgekmn K^C tb wfgt ks hbkma` gs Cagrmkmn 4.: wfara tfa ibhus ks bm

hbodkmkmn nrbup tfkmekmn wktf tfgt aopcbyaas embwca`na gm` axparkamha (^bb`wgr`,

4::6).

Pfks gcsb tkas km wacc wktf Hbooumktkas bi Zrghtkhas wfara tfa kmtarghtkva prbhass wktfkm tfa

km`kvkùgc gm` tfa hbccahtkva ks gt tfa fagrt, skokcgrcy tb A4.:. Pfa wgy A4.: ighkcktgtas

Hbooumktkas bi Zrghtkhas gcsb fknfcknfts tfa wgy hbmhapts suhf gs [rlb Amnastros

cagrmkmn dy axpgmskbm (Amnastro, 7;6>), Lghe Oazkrbws trgmsibrogtkva cagrmkmn(Oazkrbw,

7;;:), gm` Xtapfam Drbbeikac`s hrktkhgc cagrmkmn (Drbbeikac`, 4::1) gra ogtarkgckskmn

tfaosacvas. Gcc tfasa ravbcva grbum` g skokcgr pbkmt - fbw tfa cagrmar trgmsham`s fks axkstkmn

ckokts, sboatfkmn wfkhf A4.: ks amgdckmn aopcbyaas tb `b avam obra gm` obra.

Irbo g cktargtura parspahtkva, hbccgdbrgtkbm tfabrkas gra mbtfkmn maw. Prghkmn tfakr brknkm wa

hgm prbdgdcy nb dghe tb 7;01 wfam Ygmmavgr Dusf hgoa up wktf tfa Oaoax hbmhapt

(Gccam, 4::0). Pfa sudlaht hbmtkmua` tb avbcva km tfa >:s gm` ;:s wktf Nrbupwgra gm`

Hboputar-Xuppbrta` Hbccgdbrgtkva wbre (Dufsa & Xtgoar, 4::6). G `kstkmhtkbm tfgts kopbrtgmt tb da

ogà, nkvam wara `kshusskmn tfa tfabratkhgc avbcutkbm bi hbccgdbrgtkbm, ks datwaam

Embwca`na Ogmgnaoamt wfkhf ks g sudlaht wfkhf fgs daam hbvara` tfbrbunfcy gcbmn tfa

yagrs, gm` A4.:. Fkstbrkhgccy Embwca`na Ogmgnaoamt wgs obra gdbut ighkcktgtkmn tfa sfgrkmn

bi kmibrogtkbm gm` tfa ratamtkbm bi tfa brngmksgtkbms kmtaccahtugc hgpktgc. Fbwavar tfks wgs

obstcy kmibrogtkbm tfgt wgs aktfar gcrag`y prasamt br acsa embwca`na tfgt àgct sktugtkbms tfgt

fg` gcrag`y bhhurra`. Pfks rasucta` km tfgt kmibrogtkbm br embwca`na dakmn prattyratrbspahtkva gm` nbt but-`gta` qukta qukhecy. Bm tfa btfar fgm` A4.: suppbrts tfa `ymgokh


15/67


icbw gm` hragtkbm bi ibrogc gm` kmibrogc embwca`na ghrbss tfa amtarprksa, aoda``kmn

embwca`na ghtkvktkas kmtb aopcbyaas `gkcy wbre gm` `rkvkmn oagmkmniuc koprbvaoamt km

tfakr paribrogmha(Okccar at gc., 4:77


16/67


gm` @kraht Hfgt gm` Oassgnkmn gra gk`kmn tfa pbtamtkgc tb ogmgna, oamtbr gm` hbghf

aopcbyaas krraspahtkva bi cbhgtkbm.

Oachruo (4:7:) gcsb kàmtkika` skokcgr trgkts km g rahamt axtamskva stu`y bm A4.:, tfa dknnast

bi wfkhf dakmn kàg axhfgmna gm` kmmbvgtkbm ibccbwa` dy aopcbyaa amngnaoamt, embwca`na

ogmgnaoamt gm` hbccgdbrgtkbm. Pfks wgs suppbrta` dy tfa ight tfgt tfa oglbrkty bi

raspbmàmts sgk` nattkmn aopcbyaas tb tgce, sfgra kmibrogtkbm gm` hbccgdbrgta wgs tfa obst

aiiahtkva usa bi A4.:, gs wgs dukc kmn hbooumktkas. Pfks ks gcsb suppbrta` dy Ogrtkm at gc.

(4::;) wfb sfbwa` tfgt A4.: amhburgnas nragtar hbccgdbrgtkbm, sfgrkmn embwca`na gm`

axparkamhas, namargtkmn g nragtar samsa bi hbooumkty, gm` prbobtkmn km`kvkùgckso. Gcc tfks

nkvas aopcbyaas tfa pbtamtkgc tb axprass tfakr bpkmkbms iraacy gm` assamtkgccy nb daybm` tfakr

kooa`kgta surrbum`kmns dy hbmtrkdutkmn obra `krahtcy tbwgr`s tfa dknnar pkhtura. Km

Dkreogms (4:7:) FT4.: ravkaw, FT fgs gcsb daam qubta` gs saakmn g pbsktkva kopght

tfrbunf gm koprbvaoamt km hbooumkhgtkbm, aiikhkamhy, kmsknft km pabpcas kmtarasts gm`

obtkvgtkbms, gs wacc gs kmhragsa` bppbrtumktkas kt bpama` up ibr cagrmkmn gm` embwca`na

sfgrkmn.

Gmbtfar eay gspaht, wfkhf hgm da ckmea` wktf Ogre Nrgmbvattars pudckhgtkbm tfa stramntf bi

wage tkas (Nrgmbvattar, 7;>8) ks tfgt A4.: ks hbmmahtkmn aopcbyaas wktfkm tfa brngmksgtkbm

wfkhf ogy fgva mbt mahassgrkcy axhfgmna` kmibrogtkbm gm` embwca`na daibrafgm` Fks

grnuoamt wgs tfgt brngmksgtkbms sfbuc` mbt bmcy ibhus bm kmhragskmn gm` hbmsbck`gtkmn tfa

axkstkmn hcbsa gm` gcrag`y strbmn wbrekmn racgtkbmsfkps dut sfbuc` ibhus avam obra bm tfa

wagear racgtkbmsfkps br sb hgcca` wage tkas. Kmavktgdcy tfks kmhragsas axpbsura tb maw kàgs

gm` kmibrogtkbm umckea tfa pbtamtkgccy ckokta` kàgs gm` kmibrogtkbm tfgt hgm hboa but irbo

hbmstgmtcy kmtarghtkmn wktf tfa sgoa nrbup bi trusta` hbccagnuas. (Dufsa & Xtgoar,

4::6


17/67

OXh FT@ & Zaribrogmha Ont | 7>

Kmtarastkmncy ambunf, g muodar bi ightbrs wfkhf wa pravkbuscy ckmea` wktf K^C, suhf gs

km`kvk`ugc gnamhy gm` obtkvgtkbm, fgva gcsb daam ckmea` tb A4.:. Pko BTakccy (hkta` km

Dufsa & Xtgoar, 4::6


18/67


axprass tfaosacvas gs pbsskdca. Aopcbyaas fgva tb da pcunna` km gm` kmvbcva`. Pfa pusf ibr

suhhassiuc àpcbyoamt bi A4.: fgs tb hboa irbo gcc `krahtkbms, g strbmn duy-km irbo dbtf g

tbp-`bwm gm` dbttbo up parspahtkva (Hfgm & Obrngm, 4:77).

Fbwavar kts mbt gcc pcusas ibr A4.: ghhbr`kmn tb g muodar bi rasagrhfars wfb stgta tfgt tfa

hkta` damaikts gra g dkt bi g utbpkgm vkskbm. Ki wa tgea bma bi tfa oglbr damaikts hkta`, tfgt ks g

obra àobhrgtkh brngmksgtkbm gm` àhkskbm ogekmn systao, ^bb`wgr` (4::6) quastkbms ki

wa ragccy maa` tfks gs `bas @gvampbrt (4::>) wfb sgys tfgt suhf hfgmnas km brngmksgtkbmgc

fkargrhfy irbo tbp-`bwm tb dbttbo-up wkcc da tbunf tb bhhur nkvam gcc tfa pbtamtkgc bdstghcas

gm` ngtaeaapars wktfkm tfa brngmksgtkbm. Pfay gcsb quastkbm ki tfa suo bi tfa brngmksgtkbms

embwca`na ks nragtar tfgm tfgt bi tfa `krahtbrs, br ki lumkbr aopcbyaas kàgs wkcc da gs

kmicuamtkgc gs tfbsa bi tfa samkbr oaodars. Pfay gcsb quastkbm ki uctkogtacy tfa dgrrkars tfgt

pravamt embwca`na irbo icbwkmn iraacy hgm da drbeam `bwm nkvam tfa suppbrt tfgt pbwar

`kiiaramtkgcs, cghe bi trust, gm` umsuppbrtkva hucturas nkva tb tfasa dgrrkars5 ki kmhragskmn

aopcbyaa sbhkgcksgtkbm oknft km turm am` up àhragskmn prbùhtkvkty5 gm` ki tfa obst

embwca`nagdca aopcbyaas km tfa brngmksgtkbm oknft wgmt tb ghtugccy sfgra tfgt embwca`na

wktf tfa rast bi tfakr hbccagnuas br tfa brngmksgtkbm.

Hgsa Xtu`kas

Gt tfks stgna kt ks usaiuc tb nat scknftcy obra nrgmucgr gm` nb bvar g muodar bi hgsa stu`kas tb

umàrstgm` fbw A4.: ks usa` km savargc brngmksgtkbms mbwg`gys gm` ki gmy bi tfa damaikts br

pbtamtkgc mbm-damaikts wa `kshussa` pravkbuscy gra ghtugccy dakmn trgmscgta` tb tfa wbrepcgha.

Irbo gcc tfa brngmksgtkbmgc hgsa stu`kas tfgt wa ravkawa`, tfara gra brngmksgtkbms wfb bmcy

kopcaoamt hartgkm hbopbmamts but bi tfa wfbca ngout bi A4.:, wfkcst btfars suhf gs DP fgva

pratty ouhf nbma gcc tfa wgy gcbmn tfa yagrs gm` àpcbya` Dtpa`kg, Zb`hgstkmn, Dcbnnkmn,

^keks, gm` Oypgnas (@ammksbm, 4::>). Tahamt rasagrhf sfbw tfgt 91% bi hbopgmkassurvaya` àpcbya` gt cagst bma amtarprksa sbhkgc sbitwgra tbbc (Eaktt hkta` km Mgegmb, 4:77).

â dackava tfgt ekhe-stgrtkmn tfks hgsa stu`y bvarvkaw wktf fbw Anbm \afmàrs samkbr

ogmgnaoamt àshrkda tfakr A4.: ks usaiuc

g ncbdgc wgtarkmn-fbcag pcgha wfara avarybma km tfa ikro hbuc` tgce tb aghf btfar,

axhfgmna dast prghtkhas, sfgra rasagrhf gm` embwca`na, gm` cavargna ikro-wkà bur

kmhra`kdcy rkhf sat bi racgtkbmsfkps (Xbhkgctaxt, 4:77d).


19/67

OXh FT@ & Zaribrogmha Ont | 7;

Anbm \afmàr, g ncbdgc axahutkva sagrhf ikro, usas A4.: gs g ncbdgc strgtankh tbbc wfkhf tfay

àshrkda gs dahbokmn obra gm` obra pbwariuc dy tfa `gy nkvam tfa kmibrogtkbm tfgt ks g`à`

gm` axhfgmna` bm kt bm g `gkcy dgsks (Xbhkgctaxt, 4:77d). \fgmn at gc. (4:7:) stu`ka` tfa usa

bi [gooar, g Okhrbdcbnnkmn A4.: tbbc, km g Ibrtuma 1:: brngmksgtkbm. Irbo `gtg hbccgta` kt

wgs avkàmt tfgt tfara ks strbmn vgrkgtkbm datwaam tfa pbstkmn ghtkvktkas, rag`kmn dafgvkburs,

gm` tfa parhakva` damaikts bi usars. @kiiaramt hucturas gm` kmibrogtkbm struhturas wara gcsb

kàmtkika` gs fgvkmn gm kopght bm A4.: usgna. Kmtarastkmncy, tfa gutfbrs nb bm tb gttghf tfasa

ikm`kmns tb dbtf tfa usas gm` nrgtkikhgtkbms tfabry wfara usars saae oa`kg tfgt amfgmhas

tfakr embwca`na gm` sbhkgc kmtarghtkbms gm` mbt bmcy ibhusas bm g pgrtkhucgr maa`, gm` tb tfa

sbhkgc gwgramass tfabry wfara usars gra gwgra bi tfa kssuas tfakr hbooumkty ighas.

@kOkhhb at gc.s stu`y (4::6) gcsb ibum` aopcbyaas gra uskmn A4.: ibr hbmmahtkmn bm g

parsbmgc cavac wktf hb-wbrears, dukc` racgtkbms wktf tfakr wage-tkas, g`vgmha tfakr hgraar wktf

tfa hbopgmy, gm` hgopgknm ibr duy-km kmtb prblahts. Fbwavar tfay gcsb fknfcknft gm

kmtarastkmn dgrrkar tb g`bptkbmtfa sb hgcca` mbksa-tb-vgcuapgrg`bx.

Okhrbsbits(4:7:) stu`y bi Pacus, g tacahbo hbopgmy, hkta` damaikts suhf gs igstar spaa` tb

hbccahtkva kmsknft, gm kmhragsa km tago oaodar amngnaoamt, gs wacc gs dattar sfgrkmn bi

kmstktutkbmgc embwca`na. Gt @gvkas, g pudckh giigkrs ikro, tfa prbdcaos bi gm umhbmmahta`

wbreibrha gm` kmhbmskstamt prbhassas wara kàmtkika` sb A4.: wgs usa` tb sfgra dast

prghtkhas, sfgra hbopgmy maws, gm` sfgra kàgs bm fbw tb ogea hbopgmy dattar. Pfa

hamtrgcksgtkbm bi kmibrogtkbm amgdca` @gvkas tb àckvar g obra hbmskstamt oassgna tb kts

aopcbyaas (Xbhkgctaxt, 4:77g). Pfa hgsa stu`y dy Brghca (4:7:


20/67


tfa brngmksgtkbm (Xbhkaty ibr Maw Hbooumkhgtkbm Tasagrhf, 4::;). ^fam kt hboas tb

huctura, agrcy g`bptars bi A4.: suhf gs @acc gm` Cbhefaa` Ogrtkm mbta` gm kmhragsa km tfa

cavac bi amngnaoamt gm` g trgmsibrogtkbm km tfakr huctura (Okccar at gc., 4:77


21/67


Irbo g usars parspahtkva, A4.: tkas km pariahtcy wktf wfgt ks taroa` [-Namargtkbm - tfa

fknfcy tahfmbcbnkhgccy cktargta, hragtkva, obdkca, gm` hbmmahta` namargtkbm (Ogricaat, 4::6


22/67


G`bptkmn tfa gttktuà ki wa dukc` kt tfay wkcc hboa ibr kt ks mbt mahassgrkcy tfa rknft pgtf tb

tgea.

Fbwavar gra ckma ogmgnars ngoa ibr A4.:2 Pfks sfbuc` da tfa hgsa nkvam ckma ogmgnars

vgcua wgys tb tfkme gdbut tfakr wbrc` gm` oamtgc tbbcs tfgt wkcc cat tfao ogea àhkskbms gm`

pra`khtkbms wktf g cavac bi hbmikàmha fknfar tfgm tfay nat irbo axparkamha gm` kmtuktkbm

gcbma ghhbr`kmn tb Hcgy Hfrkstamsam (hkta` km Dufsa & Xtgoar, 4::6


23/67


Hbmhcu`kmn raogres

Km bur cktargtura ravkaw wa astgdcksfa` tfgt ibrogc gm` kmibrogc kmtarghtkbms, km`kvkùgc

gnamhy, kopght bi suparvksbry gttktuàs, gm` tfa gdkckty tb matwbre gcc fgva gm kopght bm

K^C. Ckma ogmgnars km turm fgva tfa eay rbca tb hragta g prbhass bi hbnmktkva, sbhkgc, gm`

aobtkbmgc kmtarhfgmna. Pfay hragta aiiahtkva tago iumhtkbmkmn, struhtura pabpcas ghtugc

axparkamha bi tfa lbd, àcangta obra raspbmskdkckty tb tfakr sudbr`kmgtas, koprbva amngnaoamt

gm` trust gs g wgy bi koprbvkmn paribrogmha, hragta g huctura wfkhf ks suppbrtkva bi pbsktkva

wbrepcgha cagrmkmn, gm` ibhus bm tfbsa kmtrkmskh obtkvgtbrs sb aopcbyaas hgm pgrtkhkpgta km

K^C. â gcsb astgdcksfa`, tfrbunf cktargtura gm` hgsa stu`kas, tfgt A4.: ks usa` tb sfgra

kmibrogtkbm, embwca`na, gm` kàgs km ragc-tkoa, rasuctkmn km kmhragsa` hbmmahtkvkty gm`

matwbrekmn wktf tfa brngmksgtkbm, gs wacc gs tago amngnaoamt gm` prbùhtkvkty. G obra

`ymgokh brngmksgtkbm struhtura ks dahbokmn obra bi g ragckty gs hbmsaquamha bi A4.:,

amgdckmn aopcbyaas tb fgva obra bi g oghrb brngmksgtkbmgc vkaw aiiahtkmn K^C km tfa

prbhass.

Pb hcbsa tfks cktargtura ravkaw sahtkbm wacc fknfcknft tfa hbra grags wa gra tgekmn irbo tfks

sahtkbm gm` axpcbrkmn tfao iurtfar gt gm aopkrkhgc stgna.

Pfa kopbrtgmha, kmicuamhas gm` kmfkdktkbms bm K^C Pfa rbca bi tfa ckma ogmgnar km K^C A4.: gm` kts kopght bm aopcbyaas gm` tfa brngmksgtkbm Pfa rbca bi tfa ckma ogmgnar wktfkm A4.: Pfa hfgmna bi tfa ckma ogmgnars rbca vks--vks K^C ùa tb A4.:


24/67


TAXAGTHF OAPFB@BCBN[

Pfa kmtamtkbm bi tfks stu`y wgs mbt tb da g àikmktkva dut gm axpcbrgtbry bma wktf tfa shbpa bi

g``rasskmn tfa pguhkty bi `kraht aopkrkhgc rasagrhf bm tfa hbmnruamhy datwaam Kmibrogc

^brepcgha Cagrmkmn (K^C), Ckma Ogmgnars gm` Amtarprksa 4.: (A4.:). Pfara gra mb pgrtkhucgr

tfabrkas br fypbtfasks tfgt fgva axpcbra` tfks hbmnruamhy sb igr, tfus kt wgs kopbrtgmt tb try

gm` cbbe gt gcc grags bi cktargtura vks--vks tfasa tfraa tfaoas, nb bvar hgsa stu`kas, gm` tfam

drkmn km gs ouhf nrbum` kmibrogtkbm gs pbsskdca irbo kmtarvkawaas. â ghta` gs g àtahtkva

rgtfar tfgm g shkamtkst, axpcbrkmn tfa wgy tfasa km`kvkùgcs axparkamha, àshrkda gm` manbtkgta

oagmkmn wktfkm tfa hbmtaxt bi tfa umàrcykmn tfaoas bi tfks stu`y. G dbttbos up gpprbghf

wgs usa` wfarady gcc tfa hbmtamt wgs gssaodca` tb dukc` g suppbrta` vkaw bm fbw A4.: ks

kopghtkmn tfa vktgc rbca tfa ckma ogmgnar pcgys km K^C. Kt ks kopbrtgmt tb mbta tfgt ùa tb tfa

tkoa hbmstrgkmts tfgt dbum` tfks stu`y, hartgkm ightbrs wfkhf hbuc` kmicuamha tfks hbmnruamhy

wara mbt axpcbra` km axtamskva àtgkc gm` àptf. Irbo g oghrb parspahtkva stu`ykmn g

Xogcc/Oa`kuo Amtarprksa hbuc` da `kiiaramt irbo stu`ykmn g Ouctk-Mgtkbmgc Hbrpbrgtkbm.

Irbo g ok` gm` okhrb parspahtkva, kssuas ckea namàr gm` rgha hbuc` gcsb fgva gm kopght.

Fbwavar tfa kmtarvkawaas sacahta` tb pgrtkhkpgta km tfks stu`y hgoa irbo brngmksgtkbms tfgt

vgrka` dbtf km skza, struhtura, gm` ogreat sahtbr ibhus, tfus tfks fbpaiuccy fg` gm kopght bm

pgrtkgccy okmkokskmn tfks kmicuamha.

Nkvam tfa mgtura gm` hbmtamt bi tfa stu`y, kmtarpratkvkst prkmhkpcas irbo g pfkcbsbpfkhgc

parspahtkva wara tfa obst suktgdca bmas tb umàrpkm kt. Pfks wgs tfa hgsa dahgusa tfara wgs g

maa` tb umàrstgm` tfa kàgs gm` bpkmkbms bi pabpca wfb gra kmvbcva` br wbre hcbsacy tb tfa

tfraa umàrcykmn tfaoas gm` tfus hgm umàrstgm` tfakr kmicuamha gm` hbmnruamhy, nkvam mb

fypbtfasks axksts km tfks raspaht. Pfa kmibrogtkbm gm` bdsarvgtkbms tfgt wara ngtfara` irbo

tfasa kmtarvkawaas wara mbt kmàpamàmt irbo tfa amvkrbmoamt tfay wbre br wbrea` km gm`tfa amvkrbmoamt wktfkm wfkhf tfasa bdsarvgtkbms wara ogà gra eay nkvam tfa dafgvkbur bi

tfa kmtarvkawaas km quastkbm wgs kmicuamha` dy tfks. Pfgt amvkrbmoamt ks gcsb g hfgmnkmn bma

tfus gctfbunf hartgkm dbttbo ckma bdsarvgtkbms hbuc` pbtamtkgccy da axtrgpbcgta` tb tfa dknnar

pkhtura bi tfkmns, tfa ikm`kmns wkcc gcsb da qukta kmnrgkma` km dbtf tfa okhrb gm` oghrb

struhturas bi tfbsa pgrtkhucgr brngmksgtkbms. Gcsb bdsarvgtkbms mbw wkcc gcsb prbdgdcy mbt

fbc` trua km iutura, gs dbtf tfa struhtura gm` sbhkgc wbrc` ks hbmstgmtcy hfgmnkmn, sboatfkmn

tfgt nbas wacc apkstaobcbnkhgccy wktf kmtarpratkvkst prkmhkpcas.


25/67


Nbkmn fgm` km fgm` wktf tfks, tfa oatfb`bcbny g`bpta` tb bdtgkm kmibrogtkbm wgs tfgt bi g

qugcktgtkva mgtura. Wugcktgtkva rasagrhf amgdca` us tb umàrstgm` tfa kmtarvkawaas irbo g

fbckstkh pbkmt g vkaw, tfgt ks wktfkm dbtf tfa hucturgc, sbhkgc gm` kmstktutkbmgc hbmtaxt, gs tfks ks

sboatfkmn wfkhf hgm da cgrnacy cbst wfam trykmn tb axprass kt qugmtktgtkvacy ghhbr`kmn tb

Egpcgm & Ogxwacc (7;;0). Xaok-struhtura` kmtarvkaws wara tfa hfbsam rasagrhf tahfmkqua

usa` tb nat tfks qugcktgtkva `gtg. Pfks wgs tfa igvbura` hfbkha gs tfay ngva us tfa mahassgry

icaxkdkckty, gopckikhgtkbm gm` àtgkc tb axpcbra tfa axparkamhas bi tfa kmtarvkawaas nkvam, gs

wa pravkbuscy sgk`, tfasa bdsarvgtkbms gra qukta nrbumà` tb tfa pgrtkhucgr wbrepcgha gm`

amvkrbmoamt tfay wbre km. Xaok-struhtura` kmtarvkaws gcsb biiara` tfa gdkckty tb axpcbra tfgt

wfkhf hgmmbt da bdsarva` suhf gs tfa gttktuàs, dackais, gm` obtkvas5 tfa gdkckty tb umàrstgm`

km obra àptf gm` hrbss raiaramha tfa axkstkmn embwca`na gm` eay pbkmts kàmtkika` km tfa

cktargtura ravkaw gm` hgsa stu`kas5 gm` nkvas gm acaoamt bi kooa`kghy tb tfa kmibrogtkbm

dakmn hbmvaya`. Pfay gcsb gccbwa` tfa kmtarvkawaas tb fgva tfa gdkckty, tkoa gm` shbpa tb

vbkha tfakr bpkmkbms gm` g`` sudstgmha tb gcc tfks. Nkvam tfa kmtarpratkvkst gpprbghf, bdtgkmkmn

axpcgmgtkbms bm tfa kmtarpratgtkbms tfgt tfa kmtarvkawaas pcgha` bm tfa ragsbms dafkm` tfakr

ghtkbms wgs kopbrtgmt. Pfus bpam-amà` quastkbms ngva us tfks gdkckty gs wacc gs axpcbra

btfar pbkmts tfgt hgoa up ùrkmn tfa kmtarvkaw.

Fbwavar wa wara gcsb gwgra bi hartgkm wagemassas tfgt hbuc` trgmspkra, km bràr tb da

prapgra` daibrafgm`. Kssuas suhf gs tfa kopbrtgmha tb ckstam, prbhass, gm` raght tb tfa

kmibrogtkbm qukhecy5 tfa mangtkva aiiaht tfgt bmas parsbmgckty, vkaws gm` kàgs kopbskmn

tfaosacvas bm tfa kmtarvkaw hgm fgva5 gs wacc gs tfa pbsskdkckty tfgt wfam `kshusskmn ights

ratrbspahtkvacy gm` gsea` ibr bmasparhaptkbm gm` vkaws bi suhf avamts, wktf fkm`sknft tfasa

ogy da kmtarprata` `kiiaramtcy.

Pfa sacahtkbm hrktarkg ibr hfbbskmn tfa kmtarvkawaas tb prbvkà tfks qugcktgtkva `gtg wgs bmawfkhf trka` tb amhbopgss prbiasskbmgcs wktf hbmhrata axparkamha gm` vkaws ghrbss gcc tfraa

umàrcykmn tfaoas bi tfks stu`y. Kmavktgdcy, hartgkm kmtarvkawaas fg` obra axparkamha km

pgrtkhucgr tfaoas rgtfar tfgm btfars. @kvarskikhgtkbm wgs gcsb sboatfkmn wfkhf wgs sbunft

tfus gcc kmtarvkawaas hboa irbo `kvarsa dghenrbum`s gm` fbc` br fac` vgrka` rbcas km tfakr

hgraars. Pfks wgs àskrgdca gs kt wgs hbmùhkva tb `kvarskiy `kshusskbms gm` bpkmkbms gs ouhf

gs pbsskdca, gm` okmkoksa gmy pbtamtkgc ckoktkmn ightbrs. Gcsb bi kopbrtgmha tb mbta ks tfgt mb

pgrtkhucgr br spahkgc gttrkduta wgs nkvam tb atfmkhkty, rgha, gm` namàr, sb tfks fgs mbt waknfa`gt gcc bm tfa àhkskbm ogekmn prbhass bi wfbo tb br mbt tb hfbbsa gs gm kmtarvkawaa. Pfa


26/67


kmktkgc muodar bi kmtarvkawaas tfgt wa raghfa` but tb ibr kmtarvkawkmn wgs aknft but bi wfkhf

ikva ghhapta`.

G drkai butckma bi aghf kmtarvkawaa ks tfa ibccbwkmn

Kmtarvkawaa 7,::: aopcbyaas ncbdgccy. @uthf mgtkbmgc.

Mbta< Kmtarvkawaas 0 gm` 1 wara kmtarvkawa` tbnatfar nkvam tfakr pravkbus axparkamha bi

kmktkgtkmn gm` hb-rummkmn gm A4.: prblaht ibr bvar 4 yagrs wktfkm g cgrna amtarprksa wktf bvar

4:,::: aopcbyaas ncbdgccy.

Pfa saok-struhtura` kmtarvkaw hbmsksta` bi quastkbms wfkhf amhburgna bpkmkbms gm` vgrka`

vkaws. Pfa quastkbms wara sacahta` tb amgdca us tb axpcbra tfa um`arcykmn tfaoas bi tfksstu`y wfkhf wa fg` gcrag`y axpcbra` tfrbunf bur cktargtura ravkaw gm` hgsa stu`kas. Pwamty


27/67


ibur quastkbms ghrbss tfraa hbra sahtkbms gm` g hbmhcu`kmn bma wara prapgra`. Pfa ikrst

sahtkbm wgs ibhusa` bm K^C. Pfa shbpa wgs tfgt bi umàrstgm`kmn fbw tfks iagturas wktfkm

tfa kmtarvkawaas wbrepcgha gm` ki vkaws wara hbmnruamt wktf cktargtura. Pfa kmicuamhas bm

K^C gm` kmfkdktkbms wara `kshussa` tbb. Km tfa sahbm` sahtkbm tfa ibhus wgs tfa ckma

ogmgnar. Pfa shbpa fara wgs tfgt bi umàrstgm`kmn tfa rbca tfa ckma ogmgnar fgs wktfkm tfakr

wbrepcgha, tfakr aiiaht bm tfa okhrb, ok`, gm` oghrb cavacs, gm` tfakr kopbrtgmha km gcc bi

tfks. Pfa tfkr` sahtkbm `kshussa` A4.: tb umàrstgm` ki tfa kmtarvkawaas axparkamha wktf

raspaht tb tfa kopght bi A4.:, tfa g`vgmtgnas gm` `ksg`vgmtgnas, gm` tfa rbca tfa ckma ogmgnar

fgs vks--vks gcc tfks wgs skokcgr tb tfgt ibum` km cktargtura gm` hgsa stu`kas. Pfa ikmgc sahtkbm

`kshussa` tfa wgy tfa kmtarvkawaas saa A4.: kopghtkmn tfa ckma ogmgnars rbca vks--vks K^C

gm` fbw km turm tfa ckma ogmgnar fgs tb avbcva km tfks raspaht.

Km bràr tb g``rass gmy kssuas tfgt tfa kmtarvkawaas hbuc` pbtamtkgccy fgva gdbut rasagrhf

hbmtamt gm` kmtarpratgtkbm bi suhf hbmtamt, g hcagr axpcgmgtkbm wgs nkvam km tfa kmktkgc

gpprbghf. Kmktkgc ckmas bi tfbunft bm tfa stu`y staookmn irbo tfa rasagrhf gcrag`y hbmùhta`

bm tfa kmicuamha bi tfa ckma ogmgnar bm K^C gm` fbw A4.: ks kopghtkmn tfa wbrepcgha wara

put ibrwgr`. G drkai bvarvkaw bi quastkbms gm` hbmtaxt wara prasamta` tb sfbw fbw tfasa

wkcc da usa` tb suppbrt axkstkmn tfabry, ckmea` wktf axkstkmn hgsa stu`kas, gm` pbtamtkgccy

suppbrtkmn br mbt skokcgr `kshusskbms fac` wktf btfar kmtarvkawaas. Hbmikàmtkgckty wgs

amsura` nkvam tfks wgs eay ibr kmtarvkawaas tb da gs bpam gs pbsskdca km tfakr vkaws. Gcc

ikm`kmns wara prasamta` km koparsbmgc ibrogt tb nugrgmtaa gmbmyokty. Hgutkbm wgs g`bpta`

mbt tb kmicuamha tfa kmtarvkawaas km tfakr raspbmsas, sb tfgt tfa àrkva` kmibrogtkbm wgs gs

kopgrtkgc gs pbsskdca gm` mb kssuas bi seawa` ogtarkgc hgoa tb cknft wfam hbopgrkmn gm`

hbmtrgstkmn tfgt kmibrogtkbm.

Nkvam ghhasskdkckty hbmstrgkmts, gs gcc kmtarvkawaas raskà butskà tfa QE, gcc kmtarvkaws warahbmùhta` bvar Xeypa nkvkmn tfa ighkckty tb rahbr` gcc hbmvarsgtkbms. Pfks ogà sura tfgt

mbtfkmn ks cbst km trgmscgtkbm gm` ogà kt agskar tb trgmshrkda gm` sudsaquamtcy gmgcysa tfa

`gtg. Gcc kmtarvkawaas wara kmktkgccy gpprbghfa` `krahtcy dy aogkc br ckmea`km gm` kt wgs

amtkracy up tb tfa kmtarvkawaas tb àhkà ki tfay wgmt tb pgrtkhkpgta. Ki pbsktkva, tfay gcsb fg`

tfa rknft tb wktf`rgw tfakr pgrtkhkpgtkbm gt gmy stgna ki tfay wksfa`. Mb prapgrgtkbm wgs

raqukra` irbo tfakr am`. Pfa kmktkgc raghtkbm tb tfa stu`y wgs pbsktkva gm` tfrbunfbut tfa

kmtarvkaw tfay wara amngna`, bpam gm` fbmast km tfakr gmswars.


28/67


Pfa quastkbmmgkra, rgtfar tfgm prbvkà g rknk` struhtura, wgs tfara tb prbvkà g irgoawbre ibr

hragtkmn g `kshusskbm. Gctfbunf kt wgs struhtura` km g pra-àikma` ogmmar, mbt gcc quastkbms

wara gsea` tb gcc kmtarvkawaas gm` tfa quastkbms tfgt wara gsea` `k` mbt mahassgrkcy ibccbw

tfa sgoa pgttarm dut obva` wktf tfa icbw bi tfa hbmvarsgtkbm. ^fara àvkgtkbm irbo tfa

quastkbm pbtamtkgccy bhhurra`, tfks wgs suppbrta` nkvam tfa g`à` gopckikhgtkbm tfks ngva tb

tfa stu`y. Pfa kmtarvkaws cgsta` datwaam 8:-01 okmutas aghf gm` namargta` gm gvargna bi

4,1:: wbr`s bi trgmshrkpt aghf. Pb gmgcysa tfks sudstgmtkgc qugcktgtkva `gtg gm` umàrstgm` ki

gmy hbmnruamhy axksta` dbtf datwaam tfa cktargtura gm` tfa kmtarvkaws, gm` dbtf datwaam tfa

kmtarvkawaas gobmnst tfaosacvas, Nrbumà` Pfabry wgs usa`. Xgturgtkbm Zbkmt Gmgcysks

(HCOX, O0 Q8


29/67


bdsarva` br stu`ka` tfa brngmksgtkbm wa ibro pgrt bi fgs gccavkgta` gmy pbtamtkgc atfkhgc

kssuas tfgt bma ogy amhbumtar wfam tfks ks tfa hgsa.

Ikmgccy, wa dackava tfgt tfa rasagrhf prbhass wgs g nbb` gm` iruktiuc bma hbmsk`arkmn tfa tkoa

hbmstrgkmts tfgt dbum` tfks stu`y. Pfa kmktkgc tgrnat wgs tfgt bi spagekmn tb g scknftcy cgrnar

sgopca bi pabpca kmhcu`kmn ckma ogmgnars, sudbr`kmgtas, gs wacc gs pabpca kmvbcva` km tfa

trgmsktkbm irbo A7.: tb A4.:. Fbwavar tfks `k` mbt ogtarkgcksa ktsaci iuccy ibr g muodar bi

ragsbms. Xboa hkta` tkoa kssuas, btfars wara prbdgdcy mbt hboibrtgdca km axprasskmn parsbmgc

vkaws bm tfa sudlaht, aspahkgccy gt g sudbr`kmgta cavac. Gcsb kt wgs mbt agsy ibr gcc

kmtarvkawaas tb g`` sudstgmha tb gcc tfa quastkbms wa fg` km tfa kmtarvkaw fbwavar wa dackava

tfgt tfay ngva us g sudstgmtkgc gobumt bi kmibrogtkbm wfkhf g``a` kooagsurgdca vgcua tb tfa

vkaws wa fg` gcrag`y hbmstruhta` irbo tfa cktargtura gm` hgsa stu`y ravkaw.


30/67


TAXAGTHF TAXQCPX

Pfks sahtkbm prasamts tfa rasagrhf ikm`kmns wfkhf wara bdtgkma` irbo kmtarvkaws fac` bvar

Xeypa. Pfay fgva daam `bhuoamta` ghhbr`kmn tb eay tfaoas kàmtkika` tfrbunf g Xgturgtkbm

Zbkmt Gmgcysks hgrrka` but bm kmtarvkaw trgmshrkpts. G muodar bi qubtas fgva daam tgeam g`

vardgtko irbo tfa kmtarvkaws tb g`` sudstgmha tb g muodar bi vkaws gm` grnuoamts ogà.

Kmibrogc ^brepcgha Cagrmkmn

Bma bi tfa umàrcykmn tfaoas bi tfks stu`y ks tfgt bi Kmibrogc ^brepcgha Cagrmkmn (K^C).

Pfus umàrstgm`kmn wfgt K^C oagms tb tfa kmtarvkawaas ks g nbb` stgrtkmn pbkmt, dbtf irbo g

oghrb parspahtkva, gs wacc gs g obra ok` gm` okhrb parspahtkva.

Xtgrtkmn bii wktf tfa kopbrtgmha bi K^C km tfa brngmksgtkbm, bma bi tfa kmtarvkawaas sgk` tfgt

kt ks tfa eay ibro bi cagrmkmn wktfkm tfa brngmksgtkbm nkvam obst bi tfa cagrmkmn tgekmn pcgha

bm gm bm-nbkmn dgsks ks km gm kmibrogc gm` mbt ibrogc hbmtaxt. Prgkmkmn prbnrgos gra gcsb

kopbrtgmt dut embwca`na trgmsiar fgppams tb g fknf cavac wktfkm K^C. Gmbtfar kmtarvkawaa

hbrrbdbrgta` tfks dut gttghfa` tb kt tfa kopbrtgmha bi saci-rackgmtaopcbyaas wfb wgmt tb

koprbva, wfb wgmt tb cagrm maw sekccs, gm` wfb wgmt tb cbbe daybm` tfakr kooa`kgta

raspbmskdkcktkas. Pfks ks wktf wfbo gm` wfara K^C ragccy icburksfas.

^fam turmkmn tfa gttamtkbm tb tfbsa ghtkvktkas aopcbyaas amngna km tb kmibrogccy cagrm

sboatfkmn gt wbre suhf gs `kshusskmn, hbccgdbrgtkmn, bdsarvkmn, trkgc gm` arrbr gm` raicahtkmn

bm ghtkbms, hbccgdbrgtkbm wgs hkta` dy bma kmtarvkawaa gs tfa eay ghtkvkty hbmùhkva tb K^C.

Pfks km turm iaa`s kmtb tfa trkgc gm` arrbr gm` raicahtkmn bm ghtkbms ghtkvktkas wfkhf wara

raiarra` tb gs g` fbh prbhassasgm` mbt prbhass-`rkvam bmas. Kt ks gcsb àpamàmt bm wfgtekm` bi amvkrbmoamt tfa brngmksgtkbm wbres km ghhbr`kmn tb gmbtfar kmtarvkawaa, fknfcknftkmn

tfgt ki tfa duskmass tfa brngmksgtkbm àgcs km ks par sa g hbccgdbrgtkva amvkrbmoamt, tfam tfa

pbsskdkckty tfgt K^C tgeas pcgha hbmstgmtcy tfrbunf kmtarghtkbm ks fknfar.

Kmicuamhas bm Kmibrogc ^brepcgha Cagrmkmn

^fam tgekmn g fbckstkh vkaw gt wfgt kmicuamhas K^C km gm brngmksgtkbm tfa ogkm bmas

kàmtkika` km cktargtura wara brngmksgtkbmgc huctura, tfa gdkckty tb matwbre, tfa kopght bisuparvksbry gttktuàs, km`kvkùgc gnamhy, gs wacc gs ibrogc gm` kmibrogc kmtarghtkbms.


31/67


Brngmksgtkbmgc huctura wgs pkmpbkmta` dy tfa oglbrkty bi kmtarvkawaas gs fgvkmn g strbmn

kmicuamha fara ium`goamtgccy dahgusa gcc btfar kmicuamhas gra tb g hartgkm axtamt g sudsat bi.

Bma kmtarvkawaa tbbe tfa axgopca bi fks brngmksgtkbm wfkhf umtkc rahamtcy wgs ogà up bi

tfraa `kiiaramt hbopgmkas wfkhf fgva mbw oarna` kmtb bma. Pfa hbopgmkas gcc fg` `kiiaramt

cagrmkmn hucturas wktf bma bi tfa hbopgmkas dakmn fknfcy bpam gm` hbccgdbrgtkva ghrbss gcc

àpgrtoamts wfarags gmbtfar wgs vary struhtura` gm` rknk`. Pfks rasucta` km g hcgsf bi

hucturas wfkhf wfam trykmn tb wbre tbnatfar fgs g fagvy kopght bm gcc tfgt ks damagtf, wktf

K^C dakmn bma. Pfks fgs rahamtcy stgrta` avbcvkmn nkvam kmtarmgccy tfay gra saakmn g scbw

umkikhgtkbm km huctura, gcdakt mbt ghrbss tfa dbgr` dut bmcy km sboa àpgrtoamts. Fara

aopcbyaas gra hbccgdbrgtkmn gm` cagrmkmn irbo aghf btfar sb gm kmstkcca` huctura ks dahbokmn

prasamt wktf aopcbyaas axhfgmnkmn embwca`na gm` K^C iaa`kmn bii tfks.

Gmbtfar kmtarvkawaa sgk` tfgt tfa brngmksgtkbm fg` g vary tbp-`bwm hboogm` hbmtrbc okm`-

satwktf g racgtkvacy sogcc nrbup bi pabpca km tfa brngmksgtkbm fgvkmn tfa pbwar wfam kt

hboas tb obst àhkskbms. Pfa cgyar dacbw tfasa, wfkhf hbmstktutas g cgrna muodar bi ckma

ogmgnars, ghtugccy fgs vary ckttca pbwar. Pfa rasuctkmn kopght ks bma wfara aopcbyaas g`bpt

g wbre tb ruca oamtgckty gm` ibccbw `krahtkvas tfgt ogmgnaoamt pgss bm irbo g fknfar cavac.

Pfks fgs g strbmn waknftkmn bm tfa wfbca brngmksgtkbmgc huctura trgmscgtkmn ktsaci km

aopcbyaas lust dahbokmn hbns km g dkn oghfkma, lust g sogcc p kaha bi tfa wfbca puzzca.

Xudsaquamtcy tfks gcsb ogmkiasts ktsaci km okmkogc kmtarast irbo tfks sogcc nrbup bi pabpca

wfb fbc` tfa pbwar tb àvacbp sekccs gm` K^C ghrbss tfa dbgr` dahgusa avarytfkmn fgs daam

stgm`gr`ksa` tb gm axtamt wfara tfa brngmksgtkbm dahboas lust g cgrna duraguhrghy.

Obvkmn bm bma stap `bwm gm` cbbekmn gt tfa kopght bi suparvksbry gttktuàs, km pgrtkhucgr tfa

ckma ogmgnar, tfakr kopght wgs mbta` gs kopbrtgmt. Gm kmtarastkmn pbkmt tfgt wgs ogà dy bma

kmtarvkawaa ks tfgt tfa ckma ogmgnar fgs g strbmnar rbca tb pcgy gs gm kmfkdktbr rgtfar tfgm gmamgdcar bi K^C. G ckma ogmgnar wfb `basmt amhburgnabpam `kshusskbm gm` kmquksktkvamass,

gm` wfb `basmt prbobta ogekmn okstgeas gm` cagrmkmn irbo tfao wkcc rasuct km fks/far

sudbr`kmgtas raogkmkmn km tfakr sfacc, `b tfakr lbd gm` tfgts kt. K^C wkcc pbtamtkgccy stkcc da

prasamt nkvam tfa km`kvkùgc gnamhy bi aghf aopcbyaa gm` tfa kmmgta àskra tb cagrm tfgt

hartgkm pabpca fgva, dut kt wkcc fgppam gt g ouhf ouhf sogccar shgca.

Pfks kopght wgs acbquamtcy àshrkda` dy gmbtfar kmtarvkawaa gs tfay mbt bmcy fgva gmkmicuamha dut gcsb fgva g raspbmskdkckty. Pfa prbikca bi ckma ogmgnaoamt wktfkm tfa


32/67


brngmksgtkbm wgs gm gvargna bi 01yagrs gm` bvar, sb gt igha vgcua g namargtkbmgc kssua ks

pbtamtkgccy prasamt nkvam obst bi tfasa wbuc` fgva daam wbrekmn ibr gcrag`y 4:yagrs+ km

brngmksgtkbms obstcy dgsa` grbum` g pyrgok` brngmksgtkbmgc struhtura g`bptkmn g tbp-`bwm

styca bi ogmgnaoamt. Pfara ks gcrag`y g pbtamtkgc oksogthf fara nkvam tfks `kiiars irbo gm

brngmksgtkbmgc obàc wfara tfara ks obra icuk`kty, obra raspbmskdkckty cykmn wktf tfa

km`kvkùgc, gm` cass àpamàmha bm ckma ogmgnars tb tacc tfakr sudbr`kmgtas wfgt tb `b gm`

ogekmn tfaosacvas km`kspamsgdca dy dahbokmn mbàs km g matwbre. Ghhbr`kmn tb tfks

kmtarvkawaa tfa ogmgnaoamt pgrg`kno mbwg`gys ks stkcc vary ouhf àpam`gmt br vary ouhf

tfa sgoa gs wgs km tfa agrcy kmùstrkgc gna kts g pyrgok`, kts fkargrhfkhgc, kts hboogm`

hbmtrbc, wktf ogmgnaoamt tacckmn aopcbyaas wfgt tb `b rasuctkmn km tfasa aopcbyaas br

uctkogtacy tfa brngmksgtkbm mbt uskmn kts iucc pbtamtkgc. Km`kvkùgc gnamhy wgs gcsb oamtkbma`

drkaicy fbwavar tfa kmtarvkawaa sgk` kt fgs tb da cbbea` gt gm` ckmea` tb tfa brngmksgtkbmgc

huctura dahgusa tfks hgm pra`kspbsa aopcbyaas tb lust da hbopcghamt. Pfara gra tfbsa

aopcbyaas wfb stap up gm` nb gngkmst tfa nrgkm, fbwavar kt wgs mbta` tfgt km namargc

km`kvkùgc gnamhy hgm da savaracy ckokta` ki tfa pravkbuscy `kshussa` kmicuamhas suhf gs

huctura gm` suparvksbry gttktuàs gra ckoktkmn tfks.

Kmfkdktkbms bm Kmibrogc ^brepcgha Cagrmkmn

@kshusskmn wfgt kmfkdkts K^C, cktargtura sfbwa` us tfgt brngmksgtkbmgc huctura hboas kmtb tfa

pkhtura bmha gngkm, gs `b pbwar `kiiaramtkgcs gm` cghe bi trust nkvam tfay gcc hgm hragta

dgrrkars ibr kmibrogtkbm tb icbw iraacy. Pfks wkcc pbtamtkgccy okmkoksa kmtarghtkbms gm`

aopcbyaa gnamhy tfus kmfkdktkmn K^C. Bma bi tfa kmtarvkawaas sgk` tfgt bma fgs tb cbbe gt tfa

brngmksgtkbm irbo g systaokh pbkmt bi vkaw sb tfgt tfraa cavacs dahboa hcagr g

oghrb/brngmksgtkbmgc cavac, g ok`/tago br àpgrtoamtgc cavac, gm` g okhrb/km`kvkùgc cavac.

Pfasa tfraa cavacs kmtarght, gctfbunf bm g `kiiaramt cavac, wktf tfa ok` gm` okhrb cavacs

kmtarghtkmn tfa obst bm g `gy-tb-`gy dgsks. Pfay iaa` kmtb aghf btfar km wfgt bma hgm saa gs g89: ànraa hyhcairbo tfa oghrb cavac `bwm tb tfa okhrb cavac gm` dghe up gngkm. Gcc tfks

wkcc kmicuamha tfa lbd ktsaci, gcc cavacs bi cagrmkmn tfgt tgea pcgha, gm` gmy rasuctkmn

paribrogmha.

Gmbtfar kmtarvkawaa fknfcknfta` tfa embwca`na ks pbwar sym`rboa gs gm kmfkdktbr ibr

K^C, sboatfkmn tfgt ks vary ouhf gppckhgdca km tfa brngmksgtkbm,. G muodar bi ckma ogmgnars

saaoa` tb g`bpt tfks gm` `k`mt gpprahkgta tfgt sfgra` embwca`na ks ouhf obra pbwariuctfgm skcbkmn tfgt embwca`na ibr bmasaci. Pfks rasucta` km g eay dgrrkar tb K^C nkvam


33/67


aopcbyaas stgrta` ragckskmn tfgt tfks systao ks tfa mbro km tfa brngmksgtkbm gm` tfus stgrta`

pra`kspbskmn tfaosacvas ghhbr`kmncy gm` dafgva ckea sb rasuctkmn km kmibrogtkbm gm`

embwca`na fbgr`kmn. Pfgt oknft fgva wbrea` ibr hartgkm aopcbyaas gt gm km`kvkùgc cavac dut

bm gm brngmksgtkbmgc cavac tfgt wgs fknfcy hbumtarprbùhtkva.

Ibhuskmn obra bm tfa okhrb/km`kvkùgc cavac, kt wgs usaiuc tb `kshuss ki tfa cghe bi obmatgry

rawgr`s br cghe bi rahbnmktkbm kmfkdkts aopcbyaas irbo amngnkmn km K^C. Bma kmtarvkawaa

oamtkbma` Farzdarns twb ightbr obàc bi obtkvgtkbm hkta` km taros bi fynkamkh ightbrs gm`

obtkvgtbrs. Km tfa dknnar pkhtura bi tfkmns, obmay par sa wgs mbt saam gs tfa nrgm` obtkvgtbr

dut kt facps Cghe bi obmay wkcc ogea aopcbyaas umfgppy dut obra obmay wkcc mbt

mahassgrkcy oagm fgppkar aopcbyaas. Gmbtfar kmtarvkawaa sgk` tfa brngmksgtkbm wgs vary

racuhtgmt tb axparkoamt wktf biiarkmn obmatgry damaikts ibr pabpca tb rahbr` gm` hgptura

embwca`na. Pfa grnuoamt wgs tfgt aopcbyaas wkcc kmavktgdcy cagrm fbw tb pcgy gm` gdusa tfa

systao tfus àiagtkmn tfa wfbca purpbsa.

Ckma Ogmgnars

Gmbtfar hbra tfaoa km tfks stu`y ks tfgt bi ckma ogmgnars gm` tfakr kmicuamha dbtf km tfa

dknnar pkhtura bi tfkmns wktfkm tfa brngmksgtkbm gs wacc gs K^C. Pb ekhe-stgrt tfks sahtkbm wa

ikrst `kshussa` tfa kopbrtgmha tfgt ckma ogmgnars fgva km hragtkmn g hbnmktkva, sbhkgc, gm`

aobtkbmgc kmtarhfgmna gobmnst aopcbyaas, gm` tfakr aiiaht bm aopcbyaas kmtrkmskh

obtkvgtbrs.

Bma bi tfa kmtarvkawaas sgk` tfgt ckma ogmgnars gra gdsbcutacy kopbrtgmt km tfgt kmtarhfgmna

gm` fgva g eay rbca tb pcgy fbwavar kt ks wktfbut tb sgy tfgt suhf km`kvkùgcs gra qukta rgra.

Pfa [-Namargtkbm, bma wfkhf ks obra hboibrtgdca bi cattkmn nb bi tfakr pbwar gm` saa tfapbwar km tfa tago, wkcc prbdgdcy prasamt obra bi tfasa km`kvkùgcs km tfa iutura, mbt

mahassgrkcy bmcy km tfa ibro bi ckma ogmgnars dut gcsb ghrbss tfa dbgr`. ^fgt tfasa

aopcbyaas hrgva ks obra aopbwaroamt tfrbunf kmibrogtkbm gm` matwbres, sboatfkmn tfay

gra ghhustboa` tb km tfakr `gkcy ckvas.

Gmbtfar kmtarvkawaa sgk` tfgt ckma ogmgnars hgm fgva g eay rbca km hragtkmn tfgt kmtarhfgmna

gs wacc gs fgva gm aiiaht bm aopcbyaas kmtrkmskh obtkvgtbrs, fbwavar ibr tfks tb da tfa hgsackma ogmgnars fgva tb da gm axprassa` axtamskbm bi tfa brngmksgtkbms huctura. Fbwavar


34/67


gttghfa` tb tfks tfa kmtarvkawaa sgk` tfgt bma fgs tb gcsb umàrstgm` wfgt `kspbsktkbms tfbsa

aopcbyaas fgva nkvam aghf aopcbyaa ks `kiiaramt. Luckgm D. Tbttars cbhus bi hbmtrbc wgs

hkta` fara gs sboa aopcbyaas fgva gm kmtarmgc cbhus bi hbmtrbc rasuctkmn km g strbmnar nrgsp

bm tfakr dafgvkbur, g strbmnar gssartkbm bm btfar aopcbyaas, gs wacc gs dakmn obra parskstamt

km tfakr sagrhf ibr embwca`na aspahkgccy wfam kt fgs tb `b wktf tfakr bwm sktugtkbm. Btfar

aopcbyaas ogy fgva gm axtarmgc cbhus bi hbmtrbc tfus tfay gra obra fgppkcy cag` dy btfars

nkvam tfakr strbmn dackai tfgt kt ks tfa btfars grbum` tfao tfgt wkcc hbmtrbc tfakr prbnrass.

Gmbtfar kmtarvkawaa gcsb g`à` tb tfks tfa fuogm tbuhf tfgt tfa ckma ogmgnar g``s km tfgt

fa/sfa fgs tb da tfa bma tb umàrstgm` tfa pgrtkhucgrktkas bi aghf bi fks/far sudbr`kmgtas tfgt

g`` hbopcaxkty gm` `ymgokso tb tfa tago - Kt ks eay ibr tfao tb ckstam tb gcc tfa sknmgcs tfgt

tfay trgmsokt, aktfar axpckhktcy br kopckhkty. Pfa hucturgc dghenrbum` bi aopcbyaas wgs gcsb

put km pcgy fara, obra sb km Aurbpa gs ibr axgopca, àgckmn wktf g Narogm sudbr`kmgta hgm

tam` tb da `kiiaramt tfgm àgckmn wktf g Xpgmksf sudbr`kmgta.

Pb try tb umàrstgm` ki ckma ogmgnars `b fgva gm aiiaht km hragtkmn g huctura wfkhf ks

suppbrtkva tb pbsktkva K^C, tfa `kshusskbm obva` bm tb tfa obra ok`/oghrb cavac wfara

huctura hgoa obra kmtb pcgy. Pfa kmtarvkawaas wara hbmnruamt km tfakr vkaws gm` sgk` tfgt

bma fgs tb stgrt irbo tbp, fknfcknfta` dy bma kmtarvkaw wfam fa sgk` -

Gm brngmksgtkbm fgs tb fgva gm axprassa` vkskbm, struhtura, gm` prbhassas gm` gcc bi tfasa

wkcc iaa` kmtb, kmibro, gm` sfgpa tfa huctura, gm` tfam tfa btfar wgy rbum` wktf huctura

iaa`kmn kmtb tfasa prbhassas, struhtura gm` vkskbm.

Ki irbo gm brngmksgtkbmgc huctura parspahtkva aopbwaroamt bi aopcbyaas ks eay, tfam tfa

aopbwaroamt bi ckma ogmgnars ks gcsb assamtkgc. Pfa kmtarvkawaa axtamà` tfks iurtfar dy

sgykmn tfgt ckma ogmgnars gra tfa bmas tfgt uctkogtacy àgc wktf tfa oglbr pgrt bi tfawbreibrha gm` tfus fgva gm kopbrtgmt rbca tb pcgy km ckmekmn tfgt vkskbm, struhtura, gm`

prbhassas. Pfks ks sboatfkmn tfgt fgs tb da rahbnmkza` dy samkbr ogmgnaoamt. Fbwavar gt

tkoas tfa ragckty ks tfgt tfgt tfa àhkskbm ogears gt tfa tbp `b mbt mahassgrkcy tfkme tbb ouhf

gdbut tfgt dut tfkme obra gdbut tfa dknnar pkhtura bi strgtany gm` dbttbo-ckma. Dut bma gcsb

embws tfgt wktfbut ckma ogmgnars tb hgrry but tfa duskmass strgtany gt dbttbo cavacs tfa

brngmksgtkbm ogy mbt ghfkava wfgt kt wgmts km tfa obra oghrb pkhtura bi tfkmns.


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Kt wgs gcsb kmtarastkmn tb umàrstgm` fbw kopbrtgmt tfa kmtarvkawaas vkaw tfa parsbmgc trgkts

bi ckma ogmgnars gra sb tfay hgm da km tfa pbsktkbm `kshussa` pravkbuscy, tfgt ks tfgt bi

hragtkmn g pbsktkva gm` trustiuc racgtkbmsfkp wktf aopcbyaas, gs wacc gs gm amvkrbmoamt gm`

brngmksgtkbmgc huctura tfgt ks suppbrtkva bi tfa ckma ogmgnar gm` K^C. Gt igha vgcua tfks ks tfa

hgsa ghhbr`kmn tb kmtarvkawaas fbwavar tfks wgs gcsb ckmea` tb g muodar bi tfkmns gobmnst

wfkhf tfa brngmksgtkbmgc satup gm` struhtura gs wacc gs tfa sudbr`kmgtas tfaosacvas. Ki gcc

tfasa tfkmns rasuct km g hbmstgmt cagrmkmn amvkrbmoamt, tfam ckma ogmgnars wfb fgva tfasa

trgkts gm` prbobta tfa maa` tb da kmquksktkva, cagrm gm` da gwgra gcc tfa tkoa, ks kmàa` eay.

Fbwavar tfks `bas mbt mahassgrkcy gppcy ghrbss tfa dbgr` ghhbr`kmn tb tfa kmtarvkawaa.

^ktfkm g àpgrtoamt wfara sudbr`kmgtas gra fknfcy embwca`nagdca pabpca, axparts km tfakr

raspahtkva ikac`s, gm` vary ouhf saci-`rkvam, tfam fgvkmn tfasa parsbmgc trgkts ks mbt

mahassgrkcy tfgt eay. Fbwavar km g àpgrtoamt wfara tfa ckma ogmgnar fgs tb tgea obra bi g

rbca obàc iknura, tfam yas kt hgm fgva gm kopbrtgmt ki mbt hrktkhgc rbca tb pcgy.

Amtarprksa 4.:

Pfa ikmgc tfaoa km tfks stu`y ks tfgt bi Amtarprksa 4.: (A4.:) sb wa trka` tb umàrstgm` wfgt

ekm` bi kopght kt fgs km tfa kmtarvkawaas hurramt br pgst brngmksgtkbms. Pfa ikrst grag hbvara`

wgs tfgt bi umàrstgm`kmn wfgt sbrt bi A4.: pcgtibros tfa kmtarvkawaas fg` wktfkm

brngmksgtkbms tfay ibro br ibroa` pgrt bi gm` ki tfasa pcgtibros rasucta` km kmhragsa`

hbmmahtkvkty gm` matwbrekmn datwaam aopcbyaas wktfkm tfa brngmksgtkbm.

Bma kmtarvkawaa sgk` tfakr A4.: hbmsksta` bi g Okhrbdcbnnkmn pcgtibro, Dcbns, ^keks, Xbhkgc

Dbbeogrekmn, gm` gm Kmtarmgc Ykàb Zcgtibro. Pfasa gcc ighkcktgta` gm` koprbva` embwca`na

icbws tfrbunf tfa brngmksgtkbm gm` kmhragsa` hbmmahtkbms datwaam aopcbyaas. Xuhf

hbmmahtkbms wara axtam`kmn tfaosacvas biickma tbb gt tkoas Gcc bi g su`àm wfgt wgs

fgppamkmn bm tfa btfar skà bi tfa wbrc` br wfgt pabpca wara tfkmekmn br ibum` kmtarastkmn km

`kiiaramt sktas bi tfa brngmksgtkbm ghrbss tfa wbrc` wgs dakmn ogà vkskdca. A4.: wgs nkvkmn

tfa gdkckty ibr tfa matwbre tb avbcva dbtf cbhgccy gm` ncbdgccy, gm` wgs gcsb g``kmn tfgt

ncbdgc `koamskbm tb K^C wfkhf wgs mbw dakmn iuacca` irbo gcc grags bi tfa brngmksgtkbm.

Embwca`na wgs mbw dakmn axtrghta` irbo tfa okm`s bi aopcbyaas gm` dakmn put kmtb

rapbsktbrkas.


36/67


Gmbtfar kmtarvkawaa sgk` tfgt tfakr A4.: hbmsksta` bi Dcbns gm` ^keks. Dcbns km pgrtkhucgr

drbunft tbnatfar `kiiaramt pgrts bi tfa brngmksgtkbm gs g rasuct bi wfkhf ghtkva `kshusskbms bm

trgmsoktta` ckva kmibrogtkbm wara dakmn fac` kmtarmgccy. G rasuctkmn kmhragsa km hbmmahtkvkty

wgs avkàmt dbtf irbo g qugmtktgtkva pbkmt bi vkaw, tfrbunf usgna stgtkstkhs, gm` tfrbunf ikrst

fgm` avkàmha bi tfa `kshusskbms tgekmn pcgha datwaam `kiiaramt aopcbyaas. Fbwavar tfa

kmtarvkawaa ogà gm g`àmùo fara parskstamha, kognkmgtkbm gm` hragtkvkty gra maaà` ibr

tfks tb fgppam. Qsgna uptgea ks mbt gutbogtkh. Pfara wara btfar Dcbns wfkhf stgrta` dut cbst

stago gitar g sfbrt tkoa-irgoa. Ghhbr`kmn tb tfa kmtarvkawaa irbo stgtkstkhs tfay fg`, tfara

wgs avkàmha bi g wkà kmtarast sprag` ghrbss nabnrgpfkas. Pfus Dcbns wara qukta pkvbtgc km

K^C aspahkgccy nkvam tfa brngmksgtkbm ks qukta nabnrgpfkhgccy `ksparsa`.

Gmbtfar kmtarvkawaa sgk` ^keks, Dcbns, Oassamnar, Kmtarmgc Ykàb Hbmiaramhkmn gm`

âdhgsts ibroa` tfakr A4.:. Nkvam kts gncbdgc hbopgmy wfkhf ks bm tfa nb 40/>, tfasa tbbcs

gra hrktkhgc. Bma axgopca hkta` wgs tfgt bi tfa hbopgmy-wkà gmmbumhaoamts wfkhf gra `bma

tfrbunf gm kmtarmgc wadhgst. Pfasa gra trgmsoktta` ckva ibr gcc aopcbyaas tfgt gra hurramtcy gt

tfakr wbrepcgha gm` tfam grhfkva` ibr tfbsa aopcbyaas wfb gra mbt sb tfay hgm saa kt bmha

tfayra dghe kmtfa biikha. Bvar tfa spgm bi 40 fburs pratty ouhf avarybma ncbdgccy wbuc`

fgva ghhassa` kt gm` da bm tfa sgoa wgvacamntf.

Gmbtfar kmtarvkawaa sgk` tfgt tfay fgva Dcbns km usa wfkhf fgva gm kmicuamha bm K^C. Pfasa

gra prkogrkcy usa` tb eaap aopcbyaas gdragst bm tfa cgtast àvacbpoamts km tfakr raspahtkva

ikac`s. Fbwavar tfakr A4.: aiibrt ks obstcy g bma wgy `rkvam bma ùa tb tfa trgmsktkbmgc parkb`

tfay fgva daam nbkmn tfrbunf. Pfa kmtarvkawaa gptcy mbta` tfgt tfara gra pktigccs ki suhf g

hbfaskva A4.: prblaht ks mbt `bma prbparcy sb tfay wkcc g`bpt g obra oa`kuo tb cbmn taro

tkoa irgoa tb kmhragsa tfakr axpbsura tb A4.:.

Xudsaquamtcy tfa maxt stap wgs tb try gm` umàrstgm` ki A4.: ghtugccy fg` gm aiiaht bm tfa

okhrb gm` ok`-cavacs dy kmicuamhkmn acaoamts suhf gs obtkvgtkbm, aopcbyaa gm` tago

amngnaoamt, kmmbvgtkbm gm` pbtamtkgccy prbùhtkvkty tbb. Bma bi tfa kmtarvkawaas hbmikàmtcy

sgk` kt `k`. A4.: amgdca` vkrtugc tagos tb da hragta` ghrbss `kiiaramt nabnrgpfkas sb avarybma

wgs pratty ouhf bm tfa sgoa pgna gm` hbmstgmtcy up`gta` wktf ragc-tkoa kmibrogtkbm, stgtus

gm` `krahtkbm bi tfa prbnrgos dakmn rum. Pfks wgs g hcagr axgopca bi g hbooumkty bi prghtkha

km ghtkbm wktf A4.: prbvk`kmn wfgt wgs hgcca` tfgt sbhkgc ncua. ^ktfbut kt tago amngnaoamtgm` prbùhtkvkty wbuc` fgva obstcy ckeacy daam wbrsa. Gmbtfar kmtarvkawaa gcsb hbmhurra`


37/67


wktf tfks gs fa sgk` kt nkvas tfa gdkckty bi iaa`kmn ckva gm` ragc-tkoa kmibrogtkbm tb ybur

hbooumkty. Hgsa km pbkmt dakmn bma bi tfa ckma ogmgnars dakmn bm tfa rbg` gm` racgykmn dghe

tb tfa tago gt dgsa gcc tfa kmibrogtkbm bm oaatkmns, buthboas, gm` wgy ibrwgr`. Pfks prbva`

tb da g eay tbbc ibr tfa tago tb umàrstgm` wfgt wgs fgppamkmn bm tfa rbg` bm pratty ouhf g

ckva dgsks. Gmbtfar kmtarvkawaa gcsb sgk` tfgt tfks ks tfa hgsa, dahbokmn vary kopbrtgmt

wfara bma ks ogmgnkmn g tago tfgt ks `ksparsa` ghrbss vgrkbus rankbms. Kt amgdcas ranucgr

kmtarghtkbm bm g bma-tb-bma dgsks, tago hbmiaramha hgccs tb `kshuss prbùhts tfay ogmgna, gm`

g` fbh oaatkmns `kshusskmn pbtamtkgc wkàr tago kssuas.

Gmbtfar kmtarvkawaa oamtkbma` g vary kmtarastkmn taro fara - Xaram`kpkty gm` ckmea` kt wktf

K^C gm` Kmmbvgtkbm. Acgdbrgtkmn iurtfar tfa kmtarvkawaa sgk` tfgt nkvam kmmbvgtkbm ks dgsa`

bm aopcbyaas tfkmekmn `kiiaramtcy gm` hbodkmkmn maw kàgs, A4.: kmhragsas tfasa hfgmha

amhbumtars tfgt pbtamtkgccy namargta tfks. Ki aopcbyaas lust iaac pgrt bi g stgm`gr`ksa` prbhass

wfara tfay skopcy prbhass gm kmput tb prbùha gm butput, tfam saram`kpkty, kmmbvgtkbm gm`

K^C wbuc` da okmkogc.

Bma kmtarvkawaa oamtkbma` g pgrtkhucgr axgopca wfkhf gcsb hbrracgtas wktf amngnaoamt. Pfa

brngmksgtkbm wgs pgsskmn tfrbunf g pgrtkhucgr pgthf gm` ruoburs wara sprag`kmn gobmnst

aopcbyaas rangr`kmn tfa iutura bi tfa hbopgmy. G `kraht ckme wgs hragta` tfrbunf g pcgtibro

wfarady aopcbyaas hbuc` pbst tfakr hbmharms staookmn irbo tfasa ruoburs, gm` samkbr

ogmgnaoamt rapcykmn `krahtcy km gm bpam gm` fbmast ogmmar. G survay hbmùhta` gitar tfks

pcgtibro wgs àpcbya` sfbwa` tfgt ;>% bi tfa aopcbyaas uskmn kt rangkma` tfa trust tfay fg`

pbtamtkgccy cbst km tfa brngmksgtkbm ùa tb tfbsa ruoburs. Gmbtfar axgopca hkta`, ravbcvkmn

grbum` tfa ckea duttbm wktfkm tfakr okhrb-dcbnnkmn pcgtibro, gcsb ckmes wacc wktf kmtrkmskh

obtkvgtkbm. Aopcbyaas wara hckhekmn bm tfa ckea duttbm gs g sfbw bi gpprahkgtkbm ibr pbsts

tfay ckea` pbsta` dy btfar aopcbyaas. Pfa kmtarastkmn tfkmn ks tfgt tfks wgs pratty hbmtrg

hucturgc nkvam gpprahkgtkbm wgs mbt axghtcy sfbwara` bm aopcbyaas bm g `gkcy dgsks.

Gmbtfar axgopca sfbws tfa aiiaht bm kmmbvgtkbm. G dcbn wgs sat up ibr aopcbyaas tb pbst

kàgs wfkhf wara `krahta` tbwgr`s dbtf tfa ok` gm` oghrb cavacs. Pfks rasucta` km aopcbyaas

pbstkmn sogrt gm` kmmbvgtkva kàgs ibr tfa duskmass wfkhf wgs gcsb hbmtrg-hucturgc nkvam

tfasa wara mbt dakmn hfgmmacca` km g tbp-`bwm dut rgtfar dbttbo-up ogmmar.

Pgekmn tfa grnuoamt gm` axtrgpbcgtkmn kt tb g wkàr parspahtkva, tfa quastkbm bi tfa aiiaht biA4.: bm tfa obra oghrb cavac gm` kt amgdckmn g obra `ymgokh brngmksgtkbm wgs pbksa`.Bma


38/67


kmtarvkawaa sgk` tfgt A4.: amgdcas aopcbyaas tb ckstam tb btfars, dbtf kmskà gm` butskà tfa

brngmksgtkbm. A4.: pbkmts gt wfgt ks fgppamkmn gm` tfam amgdcas gmybma wktfkm tfa

brngmksgtkbm tb ogea samsa bi kt gm` trgmscgta gmy kopckhgtkbms tb tfa brngmksgtkbmgc hbmtaxt.

Iurtfar acgdbrgtkbm bi tfks grnuoamt pbkmta` tbwgr`s tfa hfgmna tfgt A4.: ks drkmnkmn bm g

oghrb cavac. ^fkcst km tfa pgst kt wgs obra gdbut ogekmn sura tfa brngmksgtkbm, struhturas,

gm` brngmksgtkbmgc huctura gra rknft gm` tfam trgmscgtkmn tfks kmtb tahfmbcbny, A4.: ks mbw tfa

kopatus wfbsa aiiaht nbas up tb tfa oghrb cavac bi brngmksgtkbmgc struhturas gm` huctura gm`

tfks km turm nbas dghe `bwm tb A4.:. Pfa rasuct ks bma wfara tfay gra iaa`kmn kmtb aghf btfar

gm` hragtkmn g hkrhca tfgt ks qukta `kiiaramt tb tfa tbp-`bwm gpprbghf. Pfks mbt bmcy hragtas g

obra `ymgokh brngmksgtkbm dut ks g hbopcata pgrg`kno sfkit wktf fbw tfa brngmksgtkbm cbbes

gt ktsaci gm` kts aopcbyaas.

A4.: gcsb sfa`s obra cknft bm tfa km`kvkùgc brngmksgtkbmgc hbopbmamts gm` àpgrtoamts

nkvam tfara ks mbw obra vkskdkckty gm` gs suhf tfkmns tfgt ogy fgva nbt fk`àm br pravkbuscy

wamt tfrbunf kmibrogc matwbres wara mbw dahbokmn obra vkskdca. Fbwavar ki A4.:

kopcaoamtgtkbm ks `bma km g dbttbos-up ogmmar nkvam samkbr ogmgnaoamt ks mbt wkcckmn tb da

bm dbgr` km taros bi pgrtkhkpgtkmn ghtkvacy gm` da g vkskdca pgrt bi A4.:, tfam kt ks mbt nbkmn tb

da agsy tb obva tbwgr`s tfgt gcc-amhbopgsskmn trgmsktkbm bi ogekmn tfa oghrb cavac obra

oagmkmniuc bm dbtf g ok` gm` aspahkgccy okhrb cavac.

Fara kt wgs kmtarastkmn tb umàrstgm` ki tfks pbtamtkgc kmhragsa km sbhkgcksgtkbm datwaam

aopcbyaas ùa tb A4.: oknft da rasuctkmn km wfgt wgs hgcca` km cktargtura gs tfa mbksa-tb-

vgcua pgrg`bx gm` tfus pbtamtkgccy dahbokmn obra bi gm bdstghca km tfa wkàr shbpa bi

tfkmns. Bma bi tfa kmtarvkawaas sgk` tfgt kmhragskmn kmtarmgc hbooumkhgtkbm gm` sudsaquamtcy

sbhkgcksgtkbm ogeas aopcbyaas obra gwgra gm` kmvbcva` km wfgt ks fgppamkmn kmtarmgccy.

Pfks ks àikmktacy bi damaikt ibr tfa brngmksgtkbm dut tfara ks g dkn DQPgttghfa` tb tfks aopcbyaas maa` tb embw wfgt tb `b wktf tfa kmibrogtkbm tfgt ks namargta` dy tfaosacvas

gm` btfar aopcbyaas. Ki km tfa wkàr shbpa bi tfkmns tfasa aopcbyaas gra mbt amgdca` tb `b

gmytfkmn wktf tfgt kmibrogtkbm tfam kt ks pratty ouhf g bma wgy straat. Ki aopcbyaas gra

dbodgrà` wktf kmibrogtkbm hbokmn irbo `kiiaramt cavacs wktfkm tfa brngmksgtkbm dut tfara ks

mb hbmtaxt tb usa br umàrstgm` tfks kmibrogtkbm tfam tfa rasuct wkcc da hbumtarprbùhtkva.

A4.: hgm rasuct km g cbt bi kmibrogtkbm wfkhf hgm ghtugccy da mbksa ki bma ks mbt gwgra bi tfa

ragsbm wfy fa/sfa ks uskmn kt, gm` tfus hgm skit gm` ibhus ghhbr`kmncy. Gs bma kmtarvkawaa put


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kt, pabpca hgm hbmiusa A4.: gm` tfa agsa bi kmibrogtkbm strago wktf dast prghtkhas dut kt

sfbuc`mt da tfa hgsa.

Ckma Ogmgnars gm` A4.:

Gt tfks pbkmt kt wgs kmtarastkmn tb umàrstgm` wfgt rbca tfa ckma ogmgnar pcgys km A4.:. Gm

kmtarvkawaa hgoa up wktf gm kmtarastkmn vkaw dgsa` bm g Xbhkgc Matwbre Gmgcysks axarhksa

tfgt tfay fg` hbmùhta` wktfkm tfa brngmksgtkbm wfara tfay cbbea` gt tfa pgttarm tfakr

aopcbyaas matwbres iumhtkbm. ^fgt wgs avkàmt wgs tfgt

ckma ogmgnars wara vary hcagr dbttcamahes km dbtf sfgrkmn

embwca`na gs wacc gs hbmmahtkmn tfakr sudbr`kmgtas tb

btfar aopcbyaas. Pfa `kgnrgo bm tfa cait dy Hfkebbra

(4:77) ogeas kt ogeas kt agskar tb vksugcksa g skokcgr XMG

axarhksa wfara kt ks hcagr tfgt bmcy ibur aopcbyaas gra

ghtkmn gs hbmùkts wktf kmibrogtkbm amtarkmn br cagvkmn

tfakr sudbr`kmgtas pgsskmn tfrbunf tfao. Dghe tb wfgt tfa

kmtarvkawaa sgk`, tfa sktugtkbm wgs bma wfara kmvgrkgdcy

tfay wara scbwkmn `bwm tfa wfbca embwca`na

namargtkbm prbhass wktfkm tfa brngmksgtkbm, ogekmn

tfaosacvas km`kspamsgdca gm` stkhekmn tb tfa embwca`na ks pbwar sym`rboa. Pfks wgs

nbkmn gngkmst tfa gnam`g bi tfbsa aopcbyaas tfgt wgmta` tb cagrm gm` ghqukra maw sekccs gm`

embwca`na. Pfks ks g vary `kiiaramt `ymgokh tfgm tfa bma tfa ckma ogmgnars wara hbmùhtkmn.

Pfa kmtarvkawaa axtamà` tfks iurtfar dy fknfcknftkmn fbw ckma ogmgnars saao tb wgmt tb

ogkmtgkm tfakr stgtus qub km taros bi tfakr raspbmskdkcktkas gm` dahboa gttghfa` tb tfakr stgtus,

tktca, pbwar, gm` fbw `kiikhuct kt ks ibr tfao tb cat nb gm` ogea tfaosacvas km`kspamsgdca.

Gmbtfar kmtarvkawaa gcsb fknfcknfta` tfa embwca`na ks pbwarsym`rboa tfbunf gttghfkmn kttb tfa axkstkmn brngmksgtkbmgc huctura tfgt suppbrta` ckma ogmgnars km ikctarkmn kmibrogtkbm gm`

àhk`kmn wfgt pgrt bi tfgt kmibrogtkbm ks àaoa` nbb` ambunf ibr tfakr sudbr`kmgtas. Pfks ca`

tb sktugtkbm wfarady ckma ogmgnars sgt bm kmibrogtkbm gm` tfgt km ktsaci ngva tfao g samsa bi

pbwar. A4.: rg`khgccy hfgmna` tfks dahgusa tfakr sudbr`kmgtas hbuc` mbw dypgss tfao. Pfks

tfbunf `bas mbt mahassgrkcy gcwgys nb `bwm wacc wktf ckma ogmgnars. G hgsa km pbkmt hkta` tb

suppbrt tfks wgs bma ravbcvkmn grbum` gm kmtarmgc dcbn tfgt ibhusa` bm tfa namargtkbm bi

kàgs. Avam tfbunf sudbr`kmgtas prbpbsa` nragt kàgs, kt wgs g `kiiaramt stbry wfam tfasa

fttp


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hgoa tb gm kopcaoamtgtkbm stgna nkvam bma stkcc fg` tb nb tfrbunf tfgt ckma ogmgnar pgssgna

tfgt assamtkgccy `k`mt suppbrt br kopcaoamt tfbsa kàgs km tfa ikrst pcgha.

Axtam`kmn bm tfks iurtfar kt wgs usaiuc tb umàrstgm` ki ckma ogmgnars maa` tb da gwgra bi

ckoktkmn ightbrs giiahtkmn A4.: usgna gm` tfus axtam` tfakr rbca tb tgheca tfasa. Bma

kmtarvkawaa fknfcknfta` tfa sktugtkbm wfara g pgrt bi ogmgnaoamt wgs racuhtgmt tb hfgmna

tfaosacvas gm` avbcva km bràr tb pgrtkhkpgta gm` tfay lust cbbea` gt kt irbo g fgwe aya

parspahtkva gm` bdsarva` wfgt wgs nbkmn bm wktfbut dahbokmn ghtkvacy kmvbcva`, fbwavar

gmbtfar pgrt wara ghtkvacy kmvbcva` km ogekmn A4.: g twb-wgy prbhass gm` tfks, tb g hartgkm

axtamt, gcsb staookmn irbo tfa ight tfgt sboa bi tfao wara kmvbcva` km wbresfbps gt tfa

agrcy stgnas bi kopcaoamtgtkbm. Fara, wktf tfa kmput bi ckma ogmgnars tfaosacvas, hbmhrata

duskmass maa`s wara fknfcknfta` gm` tfus prblahts wara gsskokcgta` tb tgheca tfasa. Ckma

ogmgnars hbuc` racgta tb A4.: gm` umàrstgm` tfa pbtamtkgc g`vgmtgnas km dbtf dakmn kmvbcva`

gm` gcsb kmvbcvkmn bmas sudbr`kmgtas. Gmbtfar kmtarvkawaa gcsb fknfcknfta` tfgt A4.: fgs tb

da g twb-wgy prbhass wfarady ckma ogmgnars gm` aopcbyaas wkcc pgrtkhkpgta dahgusa tfay

gcsb umàrstgm` wfgt tfa am` rasuct ks nbkmn tb da. Bwmarsfkp ks kopbrtgmt gm` ybu wbmt nat

tfks ki ybu `bmt kmvbcva pabpca.

Pb hcbsa tfa kmtarvkaw kt wgs usaiuc tb nat kmsknft kmtb tfa kmtarvkawaas vkaws bm fbw tfay saa

tfa ckma ogmgnars rbca avbcvkmn nkvam tfa usgna bi A4.: raprasamts g ium`goamtgc hucturgc

sfkit ibr avarybma wktfkm tfa brngmksgtkbm. Bma kmtarvkawaa suooa` tfks gs ibccbws

Pfkmns gra hfgmnkmn ium`goamtgccy. âra nbkmn dghe tb fbw tfkmns wfara daibra tfa

kmùstrkgc arg. â cbst g cbt bi tfkmns km tfa kmùstrkgc arg gm` wa gra racagrmkmn tfkmns gdbut

fuogm gm` sbhkgc kmtarghtkbm gm` gcsb sbhkgc cagrmkmn tfgt dgskhgccy wa emaw daibra tfa

kmùstrkgc arg dut wa cbst dahgusa wa tfbunft wa hbuc` put avarytfkmn kmtb ibrogc prbhassas

gm` ogmuighturkmn ckmas.wa cbst tfa fuogm skà bi duskmass gm` wa ibbca` bursacvas tb g

hartgkm axtamt tfkmekmn tfgt embwca`na wbrears hbuc` da hbmtrbcca` gm` wa hgm kopbsa

cagrmkmn bm tfao gm` àogm` hartgkm tfkmns irbo tfao. Bi hbursa tfara ks sboa hbmtrbc gm`

fkargrhfy dut wa gra gcc cagrmkmn gm` wfgt kt oagms tb cat nb obra gm` tb trust pabpca tfgt

tfay hgm ighkcktgta tfakr bwm cagrmkmn gm` tfgt tfay embw wktfkm tfaosacvas br wktfkm g nrbup

wfgt hgm da nbb` ibr g àpgrtoamt br ibr g hbopgmy kmstag` bi tfa ight tfgt bmcy tfa ckma

ogmgnars embw tfgt.


41/67


G``kmn tb tfks, tfa kmtarvkawaa oamtkbma` tfgt obst brngmksgtkbms gra stkcc ogmgna` dy tfa

bcàr namargtkbm gm` gra mbt usa` tb tfa hfgmnas tfgt A4.: ks drkmnkmn ghrbss tfa dbgr`.

Fbwavar kt wkcc bmcy da g ogttar bi tkoa tfgt tfks hfgmnas ùa tb tfa kmhragskmn `kssaokmgtkbm

gm` axtarmgc prassura irbo sbhkgc matwbres gm` tfa ight tfgt tfa [-Namargtkbm ks ogekmn ktsaci

obra prasamt wktfkm tfa wbrepcgha. Gmbtfar kmtarvkawaa gcsb dackavas tfgt tfks wkcc dahboa

obra tfa hgsa km tfa iutura nkvam tfasa aopcbyaas gra aopbwara` wktf kmibrogtkbm gm` wktf

matwbres, gm` tfay `bmt wgmt tb da dbssa` grbum` km brngmksgtkbms. Gmbtfar kmtarvkawaa

sgk` tfgt tgekmn gm axtraoa shamgrkb obvkmn ibrwgr`, bma hbuc` da cbbekmn gt g cgrna

brngmksgtkbm wktfbut gmy ckma ogmgnars dut bmcy fknfcy hgpgdca km`kvkùgcs gm` tago pcgyars

wfb g`` vgcua ghrbss tfa dbgr` mbt bmcy wktfkm tfakr spahkikh grag bi axpartksa.

Fbwavar gmbtfar kmtarvkawaa `k` mbt `ksokss tfa rbca bi tfa ckma ogmgnar obvkmn ibrwgr`

pbkmtkmn gt tfa suparvkskbm ighkckty gs gm kopbrtgmt rbca tfgt tfa ckma ogmgnar stkcc fgs. Kt

sfbuc` mbt da kmtarprata` gs g dcbhekmn br okhrb ogmgnkmn rbca dut bma wfarady tfa ckma

ogmgnar ks brhfastrgtkmn tfa wfbca aiibrt. Pfa rbca bi tgekmn but tfa km`kvkùgc irbo tfa tago

gm` kmavktgdca tago `ymgokhs, umàrstgm`kmn fko/far gm` facpkmn tb ghfkava dattar tfkmns

dbtf ibr tfaosacvas gs wacc gs ibr tfa tago gm` brngmksgtkbm ks stkcc g vary kopbrtgmt rbca.

â wrgp up tfks sahtkbm wktf twb qubtas wfkhf wa dackava gra sknmkikhgmt, tgeam irbo twb

kmtarvkawaas. Bma sgk` tfgt Km tfa bc` `gys kmibrogtkbm ks pbwar, km tfa maw `gys hbmmahtkbm

ks pbwar gm` tfa btfar sgk` tfgt Pfa namka ks but bi tfa dbttca gm` wara nbkmn tb saa obra

bi A4.:, gs wfgt wava saam sb igr ks lust tfa dankmmkmn. â dackava tfgt dbtf qubtas gra

vgck` tb am` tfks sahtkbm nkvam A4.: ks gcc gdbut tfa pbwar bi hbmmahtkbms gm` fbw tb ogea

tfbsa hbmmahtkbms iruktiuc dbtf ibr tfa km`kvkùgc gm` brngmksgtkbm. Fbwavar wktfkm tfa wkàr

gspaht bi tfkmns wa dackava A4.: stkcc fgs g cbt tb nb tb fgva tfa gcc-amhbopgsskmn aiiaht tfgt kt

hgm fgva bm tfa brngmksgtkbm. â wkcc mbw obva tb tfa maxt sahtkbm wfara wa wkccumàrstgm` wfgt tfa kopckhgtkbms bi dbtf tfasa ikm`kmns gm` tfa cktargtura ravkaw fgva ibr tfks

stu`y.


42/67


@KXHQXXKBM

â wkcc mbw obva bm tb tfa hrux bi tfa stu`y dy umàrstgm`kmn ki tfara gra hbmnruamhkas

datwaam tfa cktargtura gm` aopkrkhgc sahtkbms bi tfks stu`y, gs wacc gs gttaopt tb g``rass tfa

ogkm kssuas rgksa` dy dbtf sahtkbms km racgtkbm tb tfa tfraa umàrcykmn tfaoas bi tfks stu`y.

Pfks sahtkbm fgs daam spckt kmtb g muodar bi àikma` grags tb try tb ibhus gs ouhf gs pbsskdca,

ogkmcy K^C gm` wfgt kopghts kt5 Ckma ogmgnars gm` tfakr aiiaht bm tfa oghrb gm` okhrb

cavac gs wacc gs tfakr aiiaht bm K^C ùa tb parsbmgc trgkts5 A4.: gm` kts kopght bm tfa

km`kvkùgc gm` oghrb pkhtura5 Ckma ogmgnars gm` A4.:5 gm` tfa Hbmnruamhy datwaam tfa

ogkm umàrcykmn tfaoas.

U7_ Kmibrogc ^brepcgha Cagrmkmn

Kt wgs kopbrtgmt gt tfa stgrt bi tfks stu`y tb umàrstgm` K^C gm` kts pcgha wktfkm tfa

brngmksgtkbm. Pgekmn bma stap dghe kt ks hcagr tfgt km tb`gys wbrc` kmibrogc cagrmkmn ks tgekmn

pcgha hbmstgmtcy nkvam tfa gobumt bi kmibrogtkbm tfgt dbodgr`s us gcc tfa tkoa irbo `kiiaramt

`krahtkbms gm` oa`kuos. â gra gcc cagrmkmn maw tfkmns br sudlahta` tb maw parspahtkvas

hbmstgmtcy wktfbut prbdgdcy ragckskmn tfgt tfks ks tfa hgsa. â `bmt ghtugccy nat `bwm tb pcgm

kt gm` kt `basmt mahassgrkcy hboa kmgmy struhtura` ibro, dut wa gra `bkmn kt da kt hbmshkbuscy

br sudhbmshkbuscy, `krahta` br saci-`krahta`. Ki bma fg` tb skt `bwm gt tfa am` bi tfa `gy gm`

cbbe dghe tb umàrstgm` fbw fa/sfa kmibrogccy cagrma` sboatfkmn, `kshusskbms,

hbccgdbrgtkbms, rasagrhf, bdsarvgtkbm gm` avam raicahtkbm gcc ikt tfa dkcc km bma wgy br gmbtfar,

prbdgdcy gt `kiiaramt cavacs bi kmtamskty tbb.

^ktfkm tfa wbrepcgha hbmtaxt, kt wgs astgdcksfa` tfgt K^C ks wfgt wa ngkm, da kt embwca`na

br da kt sekcc, wfam wa kmtarght wktfkm tfa wbrepcgha gm` sudsaquamtcy fgva g rasuctkmn

hfgmna km dafgvkbur, umàrstgm`kmn br gttktuà. Pfa ight tfgt >:% tb ;:% bi gcc wbrepcghacagrmkmn ks hbokmn km tfks ibro rakmibrhas tfa vkaw tfgt kt ks kmàa` tfa `bokmgmt ibro bi

cagrmkmn mbwg`gys. Pfks vkaw wgs gcsb suppbrta` dy kmtarvkawaas wfb gcsb fknfcknfta` tfgt

embwca`na trgmsiar ks fknfar wktfkm K^C tfgm wktfkm ibrogc prbnrgooas, g vkaw wfkhf nbas

fgm` km fgm` wktf Ibr` & âkssdakms tfgt bmcy 7:% bi ibrogc cagrmkmn ks trgmsiarra` tb tfa

wbrepcgha. Pfks stramntfams tfa hgsa tfgt brngmksgtkbms maa` tb pgy ùa gttamtkbm tb K^C.

^fam bma cbbes gt tfa vgrkbus sburhas bi K^C suhf gs `kshusskbms, hbccgdbrgtkbms,bdsarvgtkbm gm` rasagrhf, gm` fbw wa hboa ghrbss tfasa, tfara ks mb spahkikh ibrwgràr br


43/67


ibumtgkm bi embwca`na. Gmy oaodar bi tfa brngmksgtkbm hgm da suhf, da kt g samkbr

ogmgnar, g ckma ogmgnar, br avam g hbccagnua skttkmn maxt tb ybu. Xboatfkmn tfgt hgoa but

irbo dbtf cktargtura gm` tfa kmtarvkawaas hgm da gttghfa` tb tfks. Gra hartgkm pabpca obtkvgta`

dy cagrmkmn suhf gs tfa sb-hgcca` m cagrmars2 Gm kmtarvkawaa oamtkbma` tfa saci-rackgmt

aopcbyaa wfb wgmts tb koprbva gm` cagrm hbmstgmtcy. â tam` tb gnraa wktf tfks nkvam

tfrbunfbut bur hgraar sb igr wa bdsarva`, bm g muodar bi bhhgskbms, aopcbyaas wfb fgva gm

kmmgta àskra tb cagrm gm` sfgra embwca`na hbmstgmtcy umckea btfars wfb gra obra pgsskva br

racuhtgmt. â dackava tfasa gra eay pcgyars wfam gm brngmksgtkbms gttamtkbm turms tb K^C gm`

kt ks kopbrtgmt tfgt suhf aopcbyaas gra kàmtkika` gs tfay hgm pcgy gm kopbrtgmt rbca tb sustgkm

g suhhassiuc gm` mburksfkmn K^C gs wacc gs hbmtrkduta tb tfa ok` gm` oghrb brngmksgtkbmgc

cavacs.

^fgt Kopghts Kmibrogc ^brepcgha Cagrmkmn

Km cktargtura, Gsftbm, Caa at gc., gm` Qmwkm at gc. gcc `kshussa` km àtgkc g muodar bi acaoamts

wktfkm gm brngmksgtkbm tfgt kopght K^C dut tfa tfraa eay bmas tfgt stbb` but wara tfa

brngmksgtkbmgc struhtura km kts biikhkgc gm` umbiikhkgc ibro, aopcbyaa gnamhy, gm` aopcbyaa

kmtarghtkbms. Cbbekmn gt tfasa eay hbopbmamts, km pgrtkhucgr tfa brngmksgtkbmgc struhtura,

huctura ks hcagrcy tfa dghedbma wfkhf pratty ouhf rums irbo tbp tb dbttbo. Pfus kt kmavktgdcy

fgs gm kmicuamha bm gcc btfar acaoamts kmhcu`kmn aopcbyaa gnamhy gm` aopcbyaa kmtarghtkbms.

Kt ks hcagrcy g eay mbà tfgt kopckhktcy br axpckhktcy ckmes gcc tbnatfar.

Gcc kmtarvkawaas gnraa` tfgt tfa brngmksgtkbms huctura ks tfa eay acaoamt wktf g muodar bi

vkaws dakmn axprassa` km tfks rangr`. Pfa axgopca bi fbw brngmksgtkbms wktf `kiiaramt

hucturas, bma dakmn pratty ouhf gm bpam struhtura wfarags gmbtfar bma dakmn igkrcy

struhtura`, fknfcknfts pariahtcy tfa kopght tfgt tfks hgm cagva bm K^C. Pfa bpam struhtura km

bma brngmksgtkbm ogà kt agskar ibr aopcbyaas tb amngna gm` hbccgdbrgta wfarags tfa o