Is Enterprise 2.0 changing the vital role that line managers have within Informal Workplace Learning
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Transcript of Is Enterprise 2.0 changing the vital role that line managers have within Informal Workplace Learning
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8/14/2019 Is Enterprise 2.0 changing the vital role that line managers have within Informal Workplace Learning
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QMKYATXKP[ BI CAKHAXPAT
HAMPTA IBT CGDBQT OGTEAP XPQ@KAX
XPAIGM GNKQX
KX AMPATZTKXA 4.: HFGMNKMN PFA YKPGC TBCA
PFGP CKMA OGMGNATX FGYA ^KPFKM
KMIBTOGC ^BTEZCGHA CAGTMKMN2
LGMQGT[ 4:74
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Gdstrght
Pfks stu`y rasagrhfas tfa vktgc rbca tfgt ckma ogmgnars fgva wktfkm Kmibrogc ^brepcghaCagrmkmn gm` fbw tfks rbca ks hfgmnkmn `ua tb tfa kmtrb`uhtkbm bi Aoarnamt Xbhkgc XbitwgraZcgtibros wktfkm brngmksgtkbms embwm gs Amtarprksa 4.: (A4.:). Kt `bas sb dy um`arstgm`kmn
tfa hbmnruamhy datwaam Kmibrogc ^brepcgha Cagrmkmn, Ckma Ogmgnars gm` A4.: tfrbunf gcktargtura gm` hgsa stu`y ravkaw, gm` saok-struhtura` kmtarvkaws wktf g muodar bi km`ustryprbiasskbmgcs. Pfa ogkm ikm`kmns irbo tfa rasagrhf wara< Pfa ckma ogmgnar fgs gm kopbrtgmt rbca tb pcgy km amfgmhkmn Kmibrogc ^brepcgha
Cagrmkmn nkvam tfakr pbsktkbm km k`amtkiykmn gm` ibhuskmn bm tfakr sudbr`kmgtaskmtrkmskhobtkvgtbrs tb amgdca cagrmkmn, gs wacc gs k`amtkiykmn wbrepcgha ightbrs tfgt fkm`arKmibrogc ^brepcgha Cagrmkmn. Pfks dahboas g vktgc rbca wfam tfay fgva pbsktkva
parsbmgc trgkts wfkhf gra hbm`uhkva tb hragta g pbsktkva gm` trustiuc racgtkbmsfkp wktfaopcbyaas, gs wacc gs ibro pgrt bi gm amvkrbmoamt gm` brngmksgtkbmgc huctura tfgt kssuppbrtkva bi tfa ckma ogmgnar gm` g pbsktkva wbrepcgha cagrmkmn systao. Pfks puts tfaokm g umkqua pbsktkbm gs gm kopbrtgmt mb`a ckmekmn tfa okhrb gm` oghrb brngmksgtkbmgc
cavacs. A4.: ks dahbokmn g hgtgcyst ibr hfgmna wktfkm tfa brngmksgtkbm, kopghtkmn huctura,
hbccgdbrgtkbm gm` hbmmahtkvkty, rasuctkmn km g obra dbttbo-up gm` `ymgokh brngmksgtkbm. A4.: fgs g strbmn kopght bm Ibrogc gm` Kmibrogc Kmtarghtkbms, Km`kvk`ugc Gnamhy, gm` tfa
Gdkckty tb Matwbre5 tfa Hbnmktkva, Xbhkgc gm` Aobtkbmgc Axhfgmna datwaam aopcbyaasnkvam kt amgdcas tfa stkoucus ibr tfks tb mbw hboa irbo g ouctktu`a bi pabpca gm``krahtkbms wktfkm tfa brngmksgtkbm5 gm` Huctura wfkhf ks hbm`uhkva tb Kmibrogc ^brepcghaCagrmkmn.
Amngnaoamt gm` Prust wfkhf km turm iaa` kmtb kmhragsa` paribrogmha ks kopghta` dbtf dyA4.:, obra sb irbo g oghrb cavac, gs wacc gs dy tfa ckma ogmgnar wfb maa`s tb ogea sura
A4.:s aiiaht bm amngnaoamt gm` trust kstfam dakmn raicahta` bm tfa okhrb/ok`-cavac. Ckma ogmgnars stkcc fgva g sknmkikhgmt rbca tb pcgy bm tfa okhrb/ok`-cavac sk`a bi tfkmns dy
hragtkmn aiiahtkva tago iumhtkbmkmn wktfkm gm brngmksgtkbm kopcaoamtkmn A4.: gm` tfksnkvam ogkmtgkmkmn aopcbyaa obrgca, lbd sgtksightkbm, gm` prb`uhtkvkty ks stkcc bma bi tfakr`gkcy hfgccamnas.
Pfks stu`y hbmhcu`as dy fknfcknftkmn tfgt A4.: ks fgvkmn g oglbr kopght bm okmkokskmn tfapbtamtkgc mangtkva aiiaht ckma ogmgnars fg` bm K^C wfam tfay ghta` gs hbm`ukts, gm` fbwtfakr rbca fgs tb da g `ymgokh bma nkvam tfgt iurtfar nrbwtf bi A4.: gm` tfa [-Namargtkbmwkcc trgmscgta kmtb obra aopbwara` aopcbyaas. Pfa brngmksgtkbm maa`s tb ogea sura tfgt tfackma ogmgnarsrbca ks gm gcc-amhbopgsskmn bma gm` stkcc vktgc km gm A4.: amvkrbmoamt wfkcst kmtfa sgoa drag`tf ckma ogmgnars maa` tb ogea sura tfgt tfay `b g`gpt gm` fgva tfa gttrkdutas
tb raogkm vktgc km tfks `ymgokh amvkrbmoamt.
Eaywbr`s< Kmibrogc ^brepcgha Cagrmkmn5 Ckma Ogmgnar5 Amtarprksa 4.:
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HBMPAMPX
Gdstrght .................................................................................................................................
Hfgptar 7< Kmtrb`uhtkbm ...................................................................................................... 8
Hfgptar 4< Cktargtura Tavkaw ............................................................................................. 1
Cagrmkmn gm` ^brepcgha Cagrmkmn................................................................................ 1
^fgt Kmicuamhas ^brepcgha Cagrmkmn ............................................................................ >
Pfa Ckma Ogmgnar ........................................................................................................... 6
Amtarprksa 4.: ................................................................................................................. 7:
Hgsa Xtu`kas................................................................................................................. 79
Ckma Ogmgnars gm` A4.:............................................................................................... 76
Hfgptar 8< Tasagrhf Oatfb`bcbny ................................................................................... 44
Hfgptar 0< Tasagrhf Tasucts............................................................................................. 49
Kmibrogc ^brepcgha Cagrmkmn ...................................................................................... 49
Kmicuamhas bm Kmibrogc ^brepcgha Cagrmkmn ................................................................ 4>
Kmfkdktkbms bm Kmibrogc ^brepcgha Cagrmkmn ................................................................ 46
Ckma Ogmgnars ............................................................................................................... 4;
Amtarprksa 4.: ................................................................................................................. 87
Ckma Ogmgnars gm` A4.:............................................................................................... 88
Hfgptar 1< @kshusskbm ....................................................................................................... 81
Kmibrogc ^brepcgha Cagrmkmn ...................................................................................... 81
^fgt kopghts Kmibrogc ^brepcgha Cagrmkmn ................................................................ 89
Ckma Ogmgnars ............................................................................................................... 86
Aiiaht bm Oghrb Cavac ................................................................................................. 86
Aiiaht bm Okhrb Cavac .................................................................................................. 8;
Aiiaht `ua tb Zarsbmgc Prgkts ........................................................................................ 0:
Amtarprksa 4.: ................................................................................................................. 07
Kopght bm tfa Km`kvk`ugc .............................................................................................. 04
Kopght bm tfa Oghrb Zkhtura ........................................................................................ 04
Ckma Ogmgnars gm` A4.:............................................................................................... 08
Hbmnruamhy .................................................................................................................... 00
Hfgptar 9< Hbmhcuskbm ...................................................................................................... 06
Dkdckbnrgpfy ...................................................................................................................... 1;
Gppam`kx< Tasagrhf Wuastkbmmgkra .................................................................................. 19
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KMPTB@QHPKBM
Pfa rbca gm` kopght tfgt ckma ogmgnars fgva wktfkm wbrepcgha cagrmkmn, aspahkgccy wktfkm kts
kmibrogc ibro wfara cagrmkmn ks hb-br`kmgta` rgtfar tfgm pcgmma`, ks gm grag wktfkm FT@
tfgt fgs daam rasagrhfa` gm` gmgcysa` tfbrbunfcy gcbmn tfa yagrs, aspahkgccy wktfkm
brngmksgtkbms tfgt fgva g pyrgok` brngmksgtkbmgc struhtura g`bptkmn g tbp-`bwm styca bi
ogmgnaoamt. Km rahamt yagrs tfa kmhragsa` `kssaokmgtkbm bi Aoarnamt Amtarprksa Xbhkgc
Xbitwgra Zcgtibros wktfkm brngmksgtkbms taroa` Amtarprksa 4.: (A4.:), suhf gs ^keks, Dcbns,
Okhrbdcbns, @kshusskbm Ibruos, Xbhkgc Dbbeogrekmn gm` Zb`hgstkmn, ks dakmn ghembwca`na`
gs bma bi tfa dknnast nrbwtf grags wktfkm brngmksgtkbms. Pfks stu`y gttaopts tb um`arstgm` tfa
hbmnruamhy bi tfasa tfraa acaoamts K^C, Ckma Ogmgnars, gm` A4.:, gm` ki tfa rbca gm`
kopght tfgt tfa ckma ogmgnar fgs bm K^C hfgmnas wfam A4.: ks prasamt wktfkm tfa
brngmksgtkbm. G muodar bi prbiasskbmgcs aopcbya` br fgva daam aopcbya` km brngmksgtkbms
wfkhf kopcaoamta` A4.: prbvk a` gopca nrbum` kmibrogtkbm, hbopcaoamtkmn tfa cktargtura
gm` hgsa stu`kas ravkawa` bm K^C, tfa rbca gm` kopght bi ckma ogmgnars bm K^C, gm` A4.:.
Pfa stu`y ks `kvk`a` kmtb ibur ogkm sahtkbms. Pfa ikrst sahtkbm ravkaws ghg`aokh cktargtura bm
K^C gm` tfa kopght bi ckma ogmgnars bm tfks, gs wacc gs hgsa stu`kas ravbcvkmn grbum` A4.:5
tfa sahbm` sahtkbm axpcgkms wfgt tfa rasagrhf oatfb`bcbny dafkm` tfks stu`y ks5 tfa tfkr`
sahtkbm prasamts tfa aopkrkhgc rasagrhf bdtgkma` tfrbunf saok-struhtura` kmtarvkaws5 gm` tfa
iburtf sahtkbm drkmns tfa cktargtura, hgsa stu`kas gm` aopkrkhgc rasagrhf tbnatfar km g
`kshusskbm sahtkbm. Pfa cktargtura, aopkrkhgc rasagrhf gm` `kshusskbm sahtkbms gcc fgva sud-
sahtkbms ravbcvkmn grbum` tfa tfraa ogkm tfaoas um`arpkmmkmn tfks stu`y - K^C, Ckma
Ogmgnars, gm` A4.:.
Pfa stu`y ikrst tghecas tfa K^C `adgta astgdcksfkmn kts kopbrtgmha wktfkm tfa brngmksgtkbm.Pfam kt cbbes gt tfa kmicuamhas bm K^C wktf tfa tfraa ogkm bmas dakmn tfa brngmksgtkbmgc
struhtura km kts biikhkgc gm` umbiikhkgc ibro, aopcbyaa gnamhy, gm` aopcbyaa kmtarghtkbms.
Pfa stu`y tfam obvas bm tb um`arstgm` tfa rbca tfa ckma ogmgnar fgs km K^C astgdcksfkmn tfgt
tfakr pbsktkbm km k`amtkiykmn gm` ibhuskmn bm kmtrkmskh obtkvgtbrs wktfkm tfakr sudbr`kmgtas tb
amgdca cagrmkmn, gs wacc gs k`amtkiykmn wbrepcgha ightbrs tfgt fkm`ar wbrepcgha cagrmkmn ks gm
kopbrtgmt bma. Pfay fgva g vktgc rbca tb pcgy wfam tfay fgva pbsktkva parsbmgc trgkts wfkhf
gra hbm`uhkva tb hragta g pbsktkva gm` trustiuc racgtkbmsfkp wktf aopcbyaas5 gs wacc gs ibropgrt bi gm amvkrbmoamt gm` brngmksgtkbmgc huctura tfgt ks suppbrtkva bi tfa ckma ogmgnar gm` g
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pbsktkva wbrepcgha cagrmkmn systao. Pfks puts tfao km g umkqua pbsktkbm gs gm kopbrtgmt mb`a
ckmekmn tfakr sudbr`kmgtas, samkbr ogmgnaoamt gm` FT, assamtkgccy tfa okhrb, ok` gm` oghrb
cavacs.
Pfa stu`y tfam cbbes gt fbw A4.: ks dahbokmn g hgtgcyst ibr hfgmna wktfkm tfa brngmksgtkbm
gm` fbw kts kopghtkmnhuctura, suppbrtkmn hbccgdbrgtkbm gm` hbmmahtkvkty rasuctkmn km g obra
dbttbo-up struhtura gm` `ymgokh brngmksgtkbm. Pfa rasuctkmn kopghtkmn ks gm kmhragsa km
hbmvarsgtkbms gm` hbccgdbrgtkbm, matwbrekmn datwaam dbtf strbmn tkas gm` wage tkaswktfkm
tfa brngmksgtkbm, embwca`na sfgrkmn, gs wacc gs amfgmha` trust gm` amngnaoamt.
Pfa stu`y tfam obvas bm tb cbbe gt fbw gs g rasuct bi A4.:, K^C ks dakmn rakmibrha` avam
iurtfar gm` tfa rbca gm` kopght bi tfa ckma ogmgnar vks--vks K^C ks hfgmnkmn. ^a grnua tfgt
U7_ A4.: fgs g strbmn kopght bm hragtkmn g prbhass bi hbnmktkva, sbhkgc, gm` aobtkbmgc
kmtarhfgmna nkvam tfa stkoucus ibr tfks ks mbw hbokmn irbo g ouctktu`a bi pabpca gm`
`krahtkbms wktfkm tfa brngmksgtkbm gm` kt ks `bwm tb tfa km`kvk`ugc fkosaci tb amngna kt wfgt
kmtrkmskhgccy obtkvgtas fko tb ogea sura tfgt tfks kmtarhfgmna ks g iruktiuc bma5 U4_ Ckma
ogmgnars stkcc fgva g sknmkikhgmt rbca tb pcgy bm tfa okhrb/ok`-cavac sk`a bi tfkmns dy hragtkmn
aiiahtkva tago iumhtkbmkmn, gm` tfks nkvam ogkmtgkmkmn aopcbyaa obrgca, lbd sgtksightkbm, gm`
prb`uhtkvkty ks stkcc bma bi tfakr `gkcy hfgccamnas5 U8_ A4.: ks koprbvkmn amngnaoamt gm` trust,
obra sb bm tfa oghrb sk`a bi tfkmns nkvam aopcbyaas gra mbw gdca tb pgrtkhkpgta km tfa dknnar
pkhtura bi tfkmns gm` ogekmn tfks obra oagmkmniuc bm g `gkcy dgsks5 U0_ A4.: fgs g
sknmkikhgmtcy oglbr kopght bm hragtkmn g huctura wfkhf ks pbsktkva gm` hbm`uhkva tb K^C.
Pfa stu`y hbmhcu`as dy fknfcknftkmn tfgt iurtfar nrbwtf bi A4.: gm` tfa [-Namargtkbm wkcc
trgmscgta kmtb obra aopbwara` aopcbyaas. Pfa brngmksgtkbm maa`s tb ogea sura tfgt tfa ckma
ogmgnar rbca ks gm gcc-amhbopgsskmn bma gm` stkcc vktgc km gm A4.: amvkrbmoamt wfkcst km tfasgoa drag`tf ckma ogmgnars maa` tb ogea sura tfgt tfay `b g`gpt gm` fgva tfa gttrkdutas tb
raogkm vktgc km tfks `ymgokh amvkrbmoamt.
Pwb kopbrtgmt tfkmns tb tgea mbta bi gra U7_ wfkcst A4.: gs g taro ks gt tkoas gcsb usa` tb
`aikma gm brngmksgtkbm wfara fkargrhfkas fgva daam drbeam `bwm tb hragta tfa mahassgry
spgha ibr tfa bpargtkbm bi g suhhassiuc saci-brngmksgtkbm km br`ar tb ghfkava kmmbvgtkva pbwar
gm` hragtkvkty, ibr tfa purpbsa bi tfks stu`y tfa taro ks usa` tb sknmkiy tfa kopcaoamtgtkbm biAoarnamt Amtarprksa Xbhkgc Xbitwgra Zcgtibros5 U4_ tfks stu`y `bas mbt nb nrgmucgr bm ightbrs
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suhf gs tfa kopght bi nam`ar, rgha, gm` gna drgheat bm K^C gm` A4.: usgna. Hbmstrgkmkmn kt
wktfkm suhf pgrgoatars wkcc obstcy ckeacy fknfcknft kmtarastkmn pbkmts fbwavar tkoa
hbmstrgkmts `k` mbt parokt tfks.
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CKPATGPQTA TAYKA^
Nkvam tfa tfraa um`arcykmn tfaoas km tfks stu`y, wa dackava kt wgs kopargtkva tb nb bvar gcc bi
tfao tfbrbunfcy km br`ar tb ibroucgta g sbck` cktargtura ravkaw. Km tfks raspaht tfks sahtkbm fgs
daam spckt kmtb twb hbra grags.
Pfa ikrst fgci astgdcksfas tfa rbca gm` kopbrtgmha bi tfa ckma ogmgnar km kmibrogc wbrepcgha
cagrmkmn. ^a nb gdbut tfks dy ikrst `kshusskmn tfa sudlaht bi wbrepcgha cagrmkmn, km pgrtkhucgr
tfa kmibrogc pgrt, astgdcksfkmn tfgt g `ymgokh brngmksgtkbm struhtura, aopcbyaa gnamhy, gm`
aopcbyaa kmtarghtkbms gra eay ightbrs giiahtkmn wbrepcgha cagrmkmn. ^a tfam nb bvar tfa rbca
tfa ckma ogmgnar pcgys km kmibrogc wbrepcgha cagrmkmn gm` tfa kopght tfgt fa/sfa fgs,
astgdcksfkmn tfa eay rbca tfay pcgy km hragtkmn g prbhass bi hbnmktkva, sbhkgc, gm` aobtkbmgc
kmtarhfgmna gobmnst tfakr sudbr`kmgtas.
Km tfa sahbm` fgci bi bur ravkaw wa tgea g cbbe gt wfgt A4.: ks gcc gdbut gm` kts usa wktfkm
brngmksgtkbms. G`vgmtgnas gm` `ksg`vgmtgnas bi A4.: gra `kshussa` gm` g muodar bi hgsa
stu`kas bi brngmksgtkbms wfkhf kopcaoamta` A4.: gra ravkawa`. Fgvkmn astgdcksfa` tfgt kts
hbra ibhus gm` rgksbm `'tra ks ighkcktgtkmn tfa kmtarghtkbm prbhass datwaam tfa km`kvk`ugc gm`
tfa hbccahtkva wktfkm tfa brngmksgtkbm, wa tfam wrgp up tfks ravkaw dy cbbekmn gt tfa rbca tfgt
ckma ogmgnars gra pcgykmn km brngmksgtkbms wfkhf kopcaoamta` A4.:, gm` fbw bm bma fgm`
tfay gra dakmn kmicuamha` dy tfks gm` fbw bm tfa btfar fgm` tfay gra kmicuamhkmn tfks mawcy
sfgpa` K^C.
Cagrmkmn gm` ^brepcgha Cagrmkmn
^fam bma ks gsea` wfgt ks cagrmkmn, tfa gmswar ogy mbt gcwgys da g qukhe gm` agsy bma.
Ghhbr`kmn tb Zgmngregr & Ekrewbb` (4::8) kts g hbmtkmubuscy avbcvkmn prbhass wfkhfamhbopgssas gm km`kvk`ugcs ghquksktkbm gm` gsskokcgtkbm bi axparkamhas, kmibrogtkbm, gm`
`gkcy ghtkvktkas. Xtarm & Xbooarcgm` (hktka` km Iacstag` at gc., 4::1
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spahkikhgtkbm bi buthboas, kmibrogc cagrmkmn ks umstruhtura` br umpcgmma` gm` fgppams
hbmstgmtcy km bur `gkcy ckia, gt wbre, wktfkm igokcy br km caksura tkoa (Aurbpagm Hbooksskbm,
4::7
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obra tfgm 7:% ks trgmsiarra` tb tfa wbrepcgha ghhbr`kmn tb Ibr` & ^akssdakm (7;;>) tfus
ogekmn g strbmnar hgsa bi fbw kopbrtgmt K^C ks, dbtf tb tfa brngmksgtkbm gm` kts aopcbyaas.
Bma hgm sgy tfgt tfa pra`khtkbm bi tfabrksts suhf gs Ogrskhe & ^gtekms (7;;:), Xhrkdmar &
Xghfs (7;;7), gm` Xamna (7;;8) wfb sunnasta` tfgt wbrepcghas wbuc` ckeacy dahboa tfa
prkogry cagrmkmn amvkrbmoamt ibr ogmy aopcbyaas, ks `aikmktacy ogtarkgckskmn ktsaci.
Kt ks kopbrtgmt tb fknfcknft tfgt hbmhaptugccy wbrepcgha cagrmkmn tgeas irbo tfa Xktugta`
Cagrmkmn tfabry pkbmaara` dy Cgva & ^amnar (7;;7) wfara tfa ibhus ks bm tfa embwca`na
hb-hbmstruhta` irbo tfa sbhkgc prbhass datwaam tfa km`kvk`ugc gm` tfa hbccahtkva gm` fbw tfgt
cagrmkmn prbhass ks aoda``a` wktfkm tfgt spahkikh amvkrbmoamt. ^a dackava tfks ks eay gm`
ium`goamtgc tb wbrepcgha cagrmkmn km tfgt kts gdbut tfakm`kvk`ugc amngnkmn wktf tfa sbhkgc
gspaht gm` mbt bmcy tfrbunf parsbmgc kmtarghtkbms gs Yynbtsey gm` btfars prbpbsa` (hkta` km
Dkccatt, 4::4
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dukc`kmn g sustgkmgdca wbrepcgha cagrmkmn systao. ^ktfbut g struhtura wfkhf ks hbm`uhkva tb
hbooumkhgtkbm, sfgrkmn, gm` axpcbrkmn bmas k`ags, aopcbyaa gnamhy gm` aopcbyaa
kmtarghtkbms wbuc` prbdgdcy da okmkogc. ^ktfkm g struhtura wfkhf nkvas shbpa tb
hbooumkhgtkbm, aopcbyaa gnamhy tfam dahboas eay gs kt fgs g strbmn kopght bm tfa
wkcckmnmass tb pgrtkhkpgta ghtkvacy gm` hrktkhgccy km K^C. Kt gcsb hbrracgtas wktf aopcbyaa
amngnaoamt, gs aiiahtkva aopcbyaa hbooumkhgtkbm ks g cag`kmn km`khgtbr bi tfks. (^gtsbm
^ygtt, 4::;).
Eaapkmn tb tfa sudlaht bi aopcbyaa amngnaoamt kts gcsb kopbrtgmt tb fknfcknft g stu`y dy
Darn & Hfyumn (4::6) wfkhf `k` mbt sfbw g sknmkikhgmt hbrracgtkbm datwaam g cagrmkmn
brngmksgtkbms huctura gm` km`kvk`ugcs amngnkmn km K^C. Gt igha vgcua tfks ogy cbbe
surprkskmn dut tfay sunnast tfgt K^C ogy mbt mahassgrkcy da kmfkdkta` ki g cagrmkmn
brngmksgtkbmgc huctura ks mbt km pcgha nkvam km`kvk`ugcs wkcc mavartfacass saae tfgt embwca`na.
Xb km`kvk`ugc gnamhy hboas kmtb pcgy fara. Pfa stu`y gcsb fknfcknfts tfgt but bi tfa ightbrs
tfgt kmicuamha K^C amngnaoamt, tfa cavac bi kmtarast km tfa hurramt ikac` hgoa bm sfbwkmn
tfgt tfara maa`s tb da g hbrracgtkbm datwaam wfgt kmtarasts kmtrkmskhgccy obtkvgta tfgt
aopcbyaa gm` wfy tfay wkcc amngna km K^C. Obmatgry rawgr`s fg` tfa cagst aiiaht bm K^C
amngnaoamt tfus fknfcknftkmn tfa kopbrtgmha bi ibhuskmn bm kmtrkmskh rgtfar tfgm axtrkmskh
obtkvgtkbms tb amngna aopcbyaas km K^C.
Ium`goamtgccy, gcc bi tfa hbopbmamts tfgt kopght K^C gra amhbopgssa` wktfkm tfa
brngmksgtkbmgc huctura. ^amnar (4::0:s fgs daam
prghtkhkmn tfks pfkcbsbpfy (Hgrr, 4:77). Bma hgm oamtkbm Fknf Zaribrogmha ^bre
Brngmksgtkbms (FZ^Bs) fara wfkhf aodb`y tfbsa brngmksgtkbms tfgt fgva gt tfakr hbra wbre
`asknm/aopcbyaa kmvbcvaoamt, suppbrt ibr paribrogmha prghtkhas, kmibrogtkbm/embwca`na
sfgrkmn prghtkhas, gm` rawgr`s (Gsftbm, 4::4
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Pfa Ckma Ogmgnar
^a mbw obva bm tb um`arstgm` wfgt tfa ckma ogmgnars rbca ks km K^C. ^a dackava g qubta
dy Macsbm Ogm`acg hbopckoamts tfks sahtkbm pariahtcy gm` assamtkgccy suos up wfgt g ckma
ogmgnar sfbuc` da gdbut -
G cag`ar..ks ckea g sfapfar`. Fa stgys dafkm` tfa icbhe, cattkmn tfa obst mkodca nb but
gfag`, wfaraupbm tfa btfar ibccbw, mbt ragckzkmn tfgt gcc gcbmn tfay gra dakmn `krahta` irbo
dafkm` (hkta` km OhGiaa, 4::;)
Zurhacc & Futhfkmsbm (4::>
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bwm kmtarasts. Bma axgopca wfara tfks ks fknfcknfta` dy aopcbyaas ks km g stu`y hbm`uhta`
wktfkm g muodar bi kmtarmgtkbmgc brngmksgtkbms dy @gvk` Gsftbm -
..tfay `bmt facp ybu ghfkava. Pfay prbtaht tfakr bwm kmtarasts. Kt facps tfao ki tfay gra tfa
bmcy pabpca wfb mbwOgmgnars gra mbt hgshg`kmn kmibrogtkbm. Embwca`na ks pbwar
gm` pabpca gra saciksfobra sb gt tfa ok``ca gm` cbwar cavacs(Gsftbm, 4::4
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Amtarprksa 4.:
^a wkcc mbw nb bvar wfgt Amtarprksa 4.: (A4.:) ks gcc gdbut, nb drkaicy bvar g muodar bi hgsa
stu`kas bi brngmksgtkbms tfgt kopcaoamta` A4.: pcgtibros, gm` tfam um`arstgm` wfgt rbca tfa
ckma ogmgnar ks pcgykmn wktfkm tfks amvkrbmoamt. ^a dackava tfa ibccbwkmn qubta
amhbopgssas tfa nkst bi wfgt tfa sahbm` pgrt bi tfks cktargtura ravkaw ks gdbut.
^ktfkm tfks maw fknfcy ncbdgccy hbopatktkva amvkrbmoamt gm` g obra embwca`na-`rkvam
ahbmboyhbmmahtkmn tfa rknft pabpca wktf tfa rknft kmib gt tfa rknft tkoa ks dahbokmn eay.
Pfa gdkckty tb sbckhkt, ngtfar gm` hbmmaht k`ags wktf tfa rknft pabpca (Hfgm & Obrngm,
4:77)
Nbkmn dghe tb tfa stgrt bi wfgt ks embwm gs ^ad 7.:, wfam tfa wad wgs pratty ouhf g
hbmmahtkbm bi fyparckmes dghe km tfa agrcy ;:s, tfa k`ag bi bmckma sbhkgc matwbrekmn wgs
pratty ouhf mbm-axkstamt. Kt wgs bmcy km tfa agrcy ::s, wfam tfa sfkit tb ^ad 4.: stgrta` tb
fgppam, tfgt tfa `avacbpoamt bi sbhkgc matwbrekmn tbbcs stgrta` tb bhhur. Pfa wad wgs mbw
dahbokmn obra bi gm bmckma sbhkgc pcgtibro. Pfks `avacbpoamt fgs kmhragsa` axpbmamtkgccy
bvar tfa yagrs, wktf brngmksgtkbms prapgra` tb spam` magrcy QX@ 1dm bm ^ad 4.: dy 4:78,
sfbwkmn tfa ogsskva kopbrtgmha kt fgs km tb`gys wbrc` (Xfkacs, 4::6). Pfa g`vamt bi ^ad
4.: ks pratty ouhf g pgrg`kno sfkit km tfgt, rgtfar tfgm hbmtrbcckmn kmibrogtkbm, kts gcc gdbut
`avacbpkmn hbooumktkas, ighkcktgtkmn hbooumkhgtkbm, amgdckmn cbhgc, mgtkbmgc, gm` ncbdgc
matwbres gm` assamtkgccy obvkmn us hcbsar tb aghf btfar. Hgsa km pbkmt dakmn g rahamt stu`y
tfgt sfbwa` Ighadbbe usars dakmn bm gvargna wktfkm 8.>0 `anraas bi sapgrgtkbm (Zatars,
4:77).
Xb wfgt hfgrghtarksas gm A7.: irbo gm A4.: brngmksgtkbm. ^a dackava tfa sfbrtast gm` obst
gpt `ashrkptkbm ks dy Dufsa & Xtgoar (4::6
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Ighkcktgtkmn tfa trgmsktkbm irbo A7.: tb A4.:, Aoarnamt Xbhkgc Xbitwgra Zcgtibros fgva daam
`avacbpkmn gm` ogekmn tfakr wgy wktfkm brngmksgtkbms. ^keks, Dcbns, Okhrbdcbns, @kshusskbm
Ibruos, Xbhkgc Dbbeogrekmn gm` Zb`hgstkmn gcc ibro pgrt bi A4.:. Pfa trgmsktkbm tfgt
brngmksgtkbms gra nbkmn tfrbunf wktf tfasa pcgtibros, obvkmn gwgy irbo tfa aogkc stycabi
hbooumkhgtkbm wfkhf prbobtas skcb tfkmekmn (Tbsam, 4:7:) tb tfa sfgrkmn bi embwca`na
drbunft gdbut dy ^keks gm` Okhrbdcbns, ks g dkn bma. Pfks maw pabpca-hamtrkh kmtarmgc wad ks
stkoucgtkmn hbmvarsgtkbms, kmtarparsbmgc matwbrekmn, parsbmgcksgtkbm gm` km`kvk`ugckso, gcc bi
wfkhf gra gt tfa fagrt bi tfa pfkcbsbpfy gm` prghtkha bi pabpca ogmgnaoamt gm` wfgt ks
hbkma` gs FT4.: (Ogrtkm at gc., 4::;). Kts puttkmn tfa aopcbyaa gt tfa fagrt bi tfa
hbmvarsgtkbm gm` tgekmn K^C tb wfgt ks hbkma` gs Cagrmkmn 4.: wfara tfa ibhus ks bm
hbodkmkmn nrbup tfkmekmn wktf tfgt aopcbyaas embwca`na gm` axparkamha (^bb`wgr`,
4::6).
Pfks gcsb tkas km wacc wktf Hbooumktkas bi Zrghtkhas wfara tfa kmtarghtkva prbhass wktfkm tfa
km`kvk`ugc gm` tfa hbccahtkva ks gt tfa fagrt, skokcgrcy tb A4.:. Pfa wgy A4.: ighkcktgtas
Hbooumktkas bi Zrghtkhas gcsb fknfcknfts tfa wgy hbmhapts suhf gs [rlb Amnastros
cagrmkmn dy axpgmskbm (Amnastro, 7;6>), Lghe Oazkrbws trgmsibrogtkva cagrmkmn(Oazkrbw,
7;;:), gm` Xtapfam Drbbeikac`s hrktkhgc cagrmkmn (Drbbeikac`, 4::1) gra ogtarkgckskmn
tfaosacvas. Gcc tfasa ravbcva grbum` g skokcgr pbkmt - fbw tfa cagrmar trgmsham`s fks axkstkmn
ckokts, sboatfkmn wfkhf A4.: ks amgdckmn aopcbyaas tb `b avam obra gm` obra.
Irbo g cktargtura parspahtkva, hbccgdbrgtkbm tfabrkas gra mbtfkmn maw. Prghkmn tfakr brknkm wa
hgm prbdgdcy nb dghe tb 7;01 wfam Ygmmavgr Dusf hgoa up wktf tfa Oaoax hbmhapt
(Gccam, 4::0). Pfa sudlaht hbmtkmua` tb avbcva km tfa >:s gm` ;:s wktf Nrbupwgra gm`
Hboputar-Xuppbrta` Hbccgdbrgtkva wbre (Dufsa & Xtgoar, 4::6). G `kstkmhtkbm tfgts kopbrtgmt tb da
og`a, nkvam wara `kshusskmn tfa tfabratkhgc avbcutkbm bi hbccgdbrgtkbm, ks datwaam
Embwca`na Ogmgnaoamt wfkhf ks g sudlaht wfkhf fgs daam hbvara` tfbrbunfcy gcbmn tfa
yagrs, gm` A4.:. Fkstbrkhgccy Embwca`na Ogmgnaoamt wgs obra gdbut ighkcktgtkmn tfa sfgrkmn
bi kmibrogtkbm gm` tfa ratamtkbm bi tfa brngmksgtkbms kmtaccahtugc hgpktgc. Fbwavar tfks wgs
obstcy kmibrogtkbm tfgt wgs aktfar gcrag`y prasamt br acsa embwca`na tfgt `agct sktugtkbms tfgt
fg` gcrag`y bhhurra`. Pfks rasucta` km tfgt kmibrogtkbm br embwca`na dakmn prattyratrbspahtkva gm` nbt but-`gta` qukta qukhecy. Bm tfa btfar fgm` A4.: suppbrts tfa `ymgokh
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icbw gm` hragtkbm bi ibrogc gm` kmibrogc embwca`na ghrbss tfa amtarprksa, aoda``kmn
embwca`na ghtkvktkas kmtb aopcbyaas `gkcy wbre gm` `rkvkmn oagmkmniuc koprbvaoamt km
tfakr paribrogmha(Okccar at gc., 4:77
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gm` @kraht Hfgt gm` Oassgnkmn gra gk`kmn tfa pbtamtkgc tb ogmgna, oamtbr gm` hbghf
aopcbyaas krraspahtkva bi cbhgtkbm.
Oachruo (4:7:) gcsb k`amtkika` skokcgr trgkts km g rahamt axtamskva stu`y bm A4.:, tfa dknnast
bi wfkhf dakmn k`ag axhfgmna gm` kmmbvgtkbm ibccbwa` dy aopcbyaa amngnaoamt, embwca`na
ogmgnaoamt gm` hbccgdbrgtkbm. Pfks wgs suppbrta` dy tfa ight tfgt tfa oglbrkty bi
raspbm`amts sgk` nattkmn aopcbyaas tb tgce, sfgra kmibrogtkbm gm` hbccgdbrgta wgs tfa obst
aiiahtkva usa bi A4.:, gs wgs dukc kmn hbooumktkas. Pfks ks gcsb suppbrta` dy Ogrtkm at gc.
(4::;) wfb sfbwa` tfgt A4.: amhburgnas nragtar hbccgdbrgtkbm, sfgrkmn embwca`na gm`
axparkamhas, namargtkmn g nragtar samsa bi hbooumkty, gm` prbobtkmn km`kvk`ugckso. Gcc tfks
nkvas aopcbyaas tfa pbtamtkgc tb axprass tfakr bpkmkbms iraacy gm` assamtkgccy nb daybm` tfakr
kooa`kgta surrbum`kmns dy hbmtrkdutkmn obra `krahtcy tbwgr`s tfa dknnar pkhtura. Km
Dkreogms (4:7:) FT4.: ravkaw, FT fgs gcsb daam qubta` gs saakmn g pbsktkva kopght
tfrbunf gm koprbvaoamt km hbooumkhgtkbm, aiikhkamhy, kmsknft km pabpcas kmtarasts gm`
obtkvgtkbms, gs wacc gs kmhragsa` bppbrtumktkas kt bpama` up ibr cagrmkmn gm` embwca`na
sfgrkmn.
Gmbtfar eay gspaht, wfkhf hgm da ckmea` wktf Ogre Nrgmbvattars pudckhgtkbm tfa stramntf bi
wage tkas (Nrgmbvattar, 7;>8) ks tfgt A4.: ks hbmmahtkmn aopcbyaas wktfkm tfa brngmksgtkbm
wfkhf ogy fgva mbt mahassgrkcy axhfgmna` kmibrogtkbm gm` embwca`na daibrafgm` Fks
grnuoamt wgs tfgt brngmksgtkbms sfbuc` mbt bmcy ibhus bm kmhragskmn gm` hbmsbck`gtkmn tfa
axkstkmn hcbsa gm` gcrag`y strbmn wbrekmn racgtkbmsfkps dut sfbuc` ibhus avam obra bm tfa
wagear racgtkbmsfkps br sb hgcca` wage tkas. Kmavktgdcy tfks kmhragsas axpbsura tb maw k`ags
gm` kmibrogtkbm umckea tfa pbtamtkgccy ckokta` k`ags gm` kmibrogtkbm tfgt hgm hboa but irbo
hbmstgmtcy kmtarghtkmn wktf tfa sgoa nrbup bi trusta` hbccagnuas. (Dufsa & Xtgoar,
4::6
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Kmtarastkmncy ambunf, g muodar bi ightbrs wfkhf wa pravkbuscy ckmea` wktf K^C, suhf gs
km`kvk`ugc gnamhy gm` obtkvgtkbm, fgva gcsb daam ckmea` tb A4.:. Pko BTakccy (hkta` km
Dufsa & Xtgoar, 4::6
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axprass tfaosacvas gs pbsskdca. Aopcbyaas fgva tb da pcunna` km gm` kmvbcva`. Pfa pusf ibr
suhhassiuc `apcbyoamt bi A4.: fgs tb hboa irbo gcc `krahtkbms, g strbmn duy-km irbo dbtf g
tbp-`bwm gm` dbttbo up parspahtkva (Hfgm & Obrngm, 4:77).
Fbwavar kts mbt gcc pcusas ibr A4.: ghhbr`kmn tb g muodar bi rasagrhfars wfb stgta tfgt tfa
hkta` damaikts gra g dkt bi g utbpkgm vkskbm. Ki wa tgea bma bi tfa oglbr damaikts hkta`, tfgt ks g
obra `aobhrgtkh brngmksgtkbm gm` `ahkskbm ogekmn systao, ^bb`wgr` (4::6) quastkbms ki
wa ragccy maa` tfks gs `bas @gvampbrt (4::>) wfb sgys tfgt suhf hfgmnas km brngmksgtkbmgc
fkargrhfy irbo tbp-`bwm tb dbttbo-up wkcc da tbunf tb bhhur nkvam gcc tfa pbtamtkgc bdstghcas
gm` ngtaeaapars wktfkm tfa brngmksgtkbm. Pfay gcsb quastkbm ki tfa suo bi tfa brngmksgtkbms
embwca`na ks nragtar tfgm tfgt bi tfa `krahtbrs, br ki lumkbr aopcbyaas k`ags wkcc da gs
kmicuamtkgc gs tfbsa bi tfa samkbr oaodars. Pfay gcsb quastkbm ki uctkogtacy tfa dgrrkars tfgt
pravamt embwca`na irbo icbwkmn iraacy hgm da drbeam `bwm nkvam tfa suppbrt tfgt pbwar
`kiiaramtkgcs, cghe bi trust, gm` umsuppbrtkva hucturas nkva tb tfasa dgrrkars5 ki kmhragskmn
aopcbyaa sbhkgcksgtkbm oknft km turm am` up `ahragskmn prb`uhtkvkty5 gm` ki tfa obst
embwca`nagdca aopcbyaas km tfa brngmksgtkbm oknft wgmt tb ghtugccy sfgra tfgt embwca`na
wktf tfa rast bi tfakr hbccagnuas br tfa brngmksgtkbm.
Hgsa Xtu`kas
Gt tfks stgna kt ks usaiuc tb nat scknftcy obra nrgmucgr gm` nb bvar g muodar bi hgsa stu`kas tb
um`arstgm` fbw A4.: ks usa` km savargc brngmksgtkbms mbwg`gys gm` ki gmy bi tfa damaikts br
pbtamtkgc mbm-damaikts wa `kshussa` pravkbuscy gra ghtugccy dakmn trgmscgta` tb tfa wbrepcgha.
Irbo gcc tfa brngmksgtkbmgc hgsa stu`kas tfgt wa ravkawa`, tfara gra brngmksgtkbms wfb bmcy
kopcaoamt hartgkm hbopbmamts but bi tfa wfbca ngout bi A4.:, wfkcst btfars suhf gs DP fgva
pratty ouhf nbma gcc tfa wgy gcbmn tfa yagrs gm` `apcbya` Dtpa`kg, Zb`hgstkmn, Dcbnnkmn,
^keks, gm` Oypgnas (@ammksbm, 4::>). Tahamt rasagrhf sfbw tfgt 91% bi hbopgmkassurvaya` `apcbya` gt cagst bma amtarprksa sbhkgc sbitwgra tbbc (Eaktt hkta` km Mgegmb, 4:77).
^a dackava tfgt ekhe-stgrtkmn tfks hgsa stu`y bvarvkaw wktf fbw Anbm \afm`ars samkbr
ogmgnaoamt `ashrkda tfakr A4.: ks usaiuc
g ncbdgc wgtarkmn-fbcag pcgha wfara avarybma km tfa ikro hbuc` tgce tb aghf btfar,
axhfgmna dast prghtkhas, sfgra rasagrhf gm` embwca`na, gm` cavargna ikro-wk`a bur
kmhra`kdcy rkhf sat bi racgtkbmsfkps (Xbhkgctaxt, 4:77d).
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Anbm \afm`ar, g ncbdgc axahutkva sagrhf ikro, usas A4.: gs g ncbdgc strgtankh tbbc wfkhf tfay
`ashrkda gs dahbokmn obra gm` obra pbwariuc dy tfa `gy nkvam tfa kmibrogtkbm tfgt ks g``a`
gm` axhfgmna` bm kt bm g `gkcy dgsks (Xbhkgctaxt, 4:77d). \fgmn at gc. (4:7:) stu`ka` tfa usa
bi [gooar, g Okhrbdcbnnkmn A4.: tbbc, km g Ibrtuma 1:: brngmksgtkbm. Irbo `gtg hbccgta` kt
wgs avk`amt tfgt tfara ks strbmn vgrkgtkbm datwaam tfa pbstkmn ghtkvktkas, rag`kmn dafgvkburs,
gm` tfa parhakva` damaikts bi usars. @kiiaramt hucturas gm` kmibrogtkbm struhturas wara gcsb
k`amtkika` gs fgvkmn gm kopght bm A4.: usgna. Kmtarastkmncy, tfa gutfbrs nb bm tb gttghf tfasa
ikm`kmns tb dbtf tfa usas gm` nrgtkikhgtkbms tfabry wfara usars saae oa`kg tfgt amfgmhas
tfakr embwca`na gm` sbhkgc kmtarghtkbms gm` mbt bmcy ibhusas bm g pgrtkhucgr maa`, gm` tb tfa
sbhkgc gwgramass tfabry wfara usars gra gwgra bi tfa kssuas tfakr hbooumkty ighas.
@kOkhhb at gc.s stu`y (4::6) gcsb ibum` aopcbyaas gra uskmn A4.: ibr hbmmahtkmn bm g
parsbmgc cavac wktf hb-wbrears, dukc` racgtkbms wktf tfakr wage-tkas, g`vgmha tfakr hgraar wktf
tfa hbopgmy, gm` hgopgknm ibr duy-km kmtb prblahts. Fbwavar tfay gcsb fknfcknft gm
kmtarastkmn dgrrkar tb g`bptkbmtfa sb hgcca` mbksa-tb-vgcuapgrg`bx.
Okhrbsbits(4:7:) stu`y bi Pacus, g tacahbo hbopgmy, hkta` damaikts suhf gs igstar spaa` tb
hbccahtkva kmsknft, gm kmhragsa km tago oaodar amngnaoamt, gs wacc gs dattar sfgrkmn bi
kmstktutkbmgc embwca`na. Gt @gvkas, g pudckh giigkrs ikro, tfa prbdcaos bi gm umhbmmahta`
wbreibrha gm` kmhbmskstamt prbhassas wara k`amtkika` sb A4.: wgs usa` tb sfgra dast
prghtkhas, sfgra hbopgmy maws, gm` sfgra k`ags bm fbw tb ogea hbopgmy dattar. Pfa
hamtrgcksgtkbm bi kmibrogtkbm amgdca` @gvkas tb `ackvar g obra hbmskstamt oassgna tb kts
aopcbyaas (Xbhkgctaxt, 4:77g). Pfa hgsa stu`y dy Brghca (4:7:
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tfa brngmksgtkbm (Xbhkaty ibr Maw Hbooumkhgtkbm Tasagrhf, 4::;). ^fam kt hboas tb
huctura, agrcy g`bptars bi A4.: suhf gs @acc gm` Cbhefaa` Ogrtkm mbta` gm kmhragsa km tfa
cavac bi amngnaoamt gm` g trgmsibrogtkbm km tfakr huctura (Okccar at gc., 4:77
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Irbo g usars parspahtkva, A4.: tkas km pariahtcy wktf wfgt ks taroa` [-Namargtkbm - tfa
fknfcy tahfmbcbnkhgccy cktargta, hragtkva, obdkca, gm` hbmmahta` namargtkbm (Ogricaat, 4::6
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G`bptkmn tfa gttktu`a ki wa dukc` kt tfay wkcc hboa ibr kt ks mbt mahassgrkcy tfa rknft pgtf tb
tgea.
Fbwavar gra ckma ogmgnars ngoa ibr A4.:2 Pfks sfbuc` da tfa hgsa nkvam ckma ogmgnars
vgcua wgys tb tfkme gdbut tfakr wbrc` gm` oamtgc tbbcs tfgt wkcc cat tfao ogea `ahkskbms gm`
pra`khtkbms wktf g cavac bi hbmik`amha fknfar tfgm tfay nat irbo axparkamha gm` kmtuktkbm
gcbma ghhbr`kmn tb Hcgy Hfrkstamsam (hkta` km Dufsa & Xtgoar, 4::6
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Hbmhcu`kmn raogres
Km bur cktargtura ravkaw wa astgdcksfa` tfgt ibrogc gm` kmibrogc kmtarghtkbms, km`kvk`ugc
gnamhy, kopght bi suparvksbry gttktu`as, gm` tfa gdkckty tb matwbre gcc fgva gm kopght bm
K^C. Ckma ogmgnars km turm fgva tfa eay rbca tb hragta g prbhass bi hbnmktkva, sbhkgc, gm`
aobtkbmgc kmtarhfgmna. Pfay hragta aiiahtkva tago iumhtkbmkmn, struhtura pabpcas ghtugc
axparkamha bi tfa lbd, `acangta obra raspbmskdkckty tb tfakr sudbr`kmgtas, koprbva amngnaoamt
gm` trust gs g wgy bi koprbvkmn paribrogmha, hragta g huctura wfkhf ks suppbrtkva bi pbsktkva
wbrepcgha cagrmkmn, gm` ibhus bm tfbsa kmtrkmskh obtkvgtbrs sb aopcbyaas hgm pgrtkhkpgta km
K^C. ^a gcsb astgdcksfa`, tfrbunf cktargtura gm` hgsa stu`kas, tfgt A4.: ks usa` tb sfgra
kmibrogtkbm, embwca`na, gm` k`ags km ragc-tkoa, rasuctkmn km kmhragsa` hbmmahtkvkty gm`
matwbrekmn wktf tfa brngmksgtkbm, gs wacc gs tago amngnaoamt gm` prb`uhtkvkty. G obra
`ymgokh brngmksgtkbm struhtura ks dahbokmn obra bi g ragckty gs hbmsaquamha bi A4.:,
amgdckmn aopcbyaas tb fgva obra bi g oghrb brngmksgtkbmgc vkaw aiiahtkmn K^C km tfa
prbhass.
Pb hcbsa tfks cktargtura ravkaw sahtkbm wacc fknfcknft tfa hbra grags wa gra tgekmn irbo tfks
sahtkbm gm` axpcbrkmn tfao iurtfar gt gm aopkrkhgc stgna.
Pfa kopbrtgmha, kmicuamhas gm` kmfkdktkbms bm K^C Pfa rbca bi tfa ckma ogmgnar km K^C A4.: gm` kts kopght bm aopcbyaas gm` tfa brngmksgtkbm Pfa rbca bi tfa ckma ogmgnar wktfkm A4.: Pfa hfgmna bi tfa ckma ogmgnars rbca vks--vks K^C `ua tb A4.:
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TAXAGTHF OAPFB@BCBN[
Pfa kmtamtkbm bi tfks stu`y wgs mbt tb da g `aikmktkva dut gm axpcbrgtbry bma wktf tfa shbpa bi
g``rasskmn tfa pguhkty bi `kraht aopkrkhgc rasagrhf bm tfa hbmnruamhy datwaam Kmibrogc
^brepcgha Cagrmkmn (K^C), Ckma Ogmgnars gm` Amtarprksa 4.: (A4.:). Pfara gra mb pgrtkhucgr
tfabrkas br fypbtfasks tfgt fgva axpcbra` tfks hbmnruamhy sb igr, tfus kt wgs kopbrtgmt tb try
gm` cbbe gt gcc grags bi cktargtura vks--vks tfasa tfraa tfaoas, nb bvar hgsa stu`kas, gm` tfam
drkmn km gs ouhf nrbum` kmibrogtkbm gs pbsskdca irbo kmtarvkawaas. ^a ghta` gs g `atahtkva
rgtfar tfgm g shkamtkst, axpcbrkmn tfa wgy tfasa km`kvk`ugcs axparkamha, `ashrkda gm` manbtkgta
oagmkmn wktfkm tfa hbmtaxt bi tfa um`arcykmn tfaoas bi tfks stu`y. G dbttbos up gpprbghf
wgs usa` wfarady gcc tfa hbmtamt wgs gssaodca` tb dukc` g suppbrta` vkaw bm fbw A4.: ks
kopghtkmn tfa vktgc rbca tfa ckma ogmgnar pcgys km K^C. Kt ks kopbrtgmt tb mbta tfgt `ua tb tfa
tkoa hbmstrgkmts tfgt dbum` tfks stu`y, hartgkm ightbrs wfkhf hbuc` kmicuamha tfks hbmnruamhy
wara mbt axpcbra` km axtamskva `atgkc gm` `aptf. Irbo g oghrb parspahtkva stu`ykmn g
Xogcc/Oa`kuo Amtarprksa hbuc` da `kiiaramt irbo stu`ykmn g Ouctk-Mgtkbmgc Hbrpbrgtkbm.
Irbo g ok` gm` okhrb parspahtkva, kssuas ckea nam`ar gm` rgha hbuc` gcsb fgva gm kopght.
Fbwavar tfa kmtarvkawaas sacahta` tb pgrtkhkpgta km tfks stu`y hgoa irbo brngmksgtkbms tfgt
vgrka` dbtf km skza, struhtura, gm` ogreat sahtbr ibhus, tfus tfks fbpaiuccy fg` gm kopght bm
pgrtkgccy okmkokskmn tfks kmicuamha.
Nkvam tfa mgtura gm` hbmtamt bi tfa stu`y, kmtarpratkvkst prkmhkpcas irbo g pfkcbsbpfkhgc
parspahtkva wara tfa obst suktgdca bmas tb um`arpkm kt. Pfks wgs tfa hgsa dahgusa tfara wgs g
maa` tb um`arstgm` tfa k`ags gm` bpkmkbms bi pabpca wfb gra kmvbcva` br wbre hcbsacy tb tfa
tfraa um`arcykmn tfaoas gm` tfus hgm um`arstgm` tfakr kmicuamha gm` hbmnruamhy, nkvam mb
fypbtfasks axksts km tfks raspaht. Pfa kmibrogtkbm gm` bdsarvgtkbms tfgt wara ngtfara` irbo
tfasa kmtarvkawaas wara mbt km`apam`amt irbo tfa amvkrbmoamt tfay wbre br wbrea` km gm`tfa amvkrbmoamt wktfkm wfkhf tfasa bdsarvgtkbms wara og`a gra eay nkvam tfa dafgvkbur bi
tfa kmtarvkawaas km quastkbm wgs kmicuamha` dy tfks. Pfgt amvkrbmoamt ks gcsb g hfgmnkmn bma
tfus gctfbunf hartgkm dbttbo ckma bdsarvgtkbms hbuc` pbtamtkgccy da axtrgpbcgta` tb tfa dknnar
pkhtura bi tfkmns, tfa ikm`kmns wkcc gcsb da qukta kmnrgkma` km dbtf tfa okhrb gm` oghrb
struhturas bi tfbsa pgrtkhucgr brngmksgtkbms. Gcsb bdsarvgtkbms mbw wkcc gcsb prbdgdcy mbt
fbc` trua km iutura, gs dbtf tfa struhtura gm` sbhkgc wbrc` ks hbmstgmtcy hfgmnkmn, sboatfkmn
tfgt nbas wacc apkstaobcbnkhgccy wktf kmtarpratkvkst prkmhkpcas.
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Nbkmn fgm` km fgm` wktf tfks, tfa oatfb`bcbny g`bpta` tb bdtgkm kmibrogtkbm wgs tfgt bi g
qugcktgtkva mgtura. Wugcktgtkva rasagrhf amgdca` us tb um`arstgm` tfa kmtarvkawaas irbo g
fbckstkh pbkmt g vkaw, tfgt ks wktfkm dbtf tfa hucturgc, sbhkgc gm` kmstktutkbmgc hbmtaxt, gs tfks ks
sboatfkmn wfkhf hgm da cgrnacy cbst wfam trykmn tb axprass kt qugmtktgtkvacy ghhbr`kmn tb
Egpcgm & Ogxwacc (7;;0). Xaok-struhtura` kmtarvkaws wara tfa hfbsam rasagrhf tahfmkqua
usa` tb nat tfks qugcktgtkva `gtg. Pfks wgs tfa igvbura` hfbkha gs tfay ngva us tfa mahassgry
icaxkdkckty, gopckikhgtkbm gm` `atgkc tb axpcbra tfa axparkamhas bi tfa kmtarvkawaas nkvam, gs
wa pravkbuscy sgk`, tfasa bdsarvgtkbms gra qukta nrbum`a` tb tfa pgrtkhucgr wbrepcgha gm`
amvkrbmoamt tfay wbre km. Xaok-struhtura` kmtarvkaws gcsb biiara` tfa gdkckty tb axpcbra tfgt
wfkhf hgmmbt da bdsarva` suhf gs tfa gttktu`as, dackais, gm` obtkvas5 tfa gdkckty tb um`arstgm`
km obra `aptf gm` hrbss raiaramha tfa axkstkmn embwca`na gm` eay pbkmts k`amtkika` km tfa
cktargtura ravkaw gm` hgsa stu`kas5 gm` nkvas gm acaoamt bi kooa`kghy tb tfa kmibrogtkbm
dakmn hbmvaya`. Pfay gcsb gccbwa` tfa kmtarvkawaas tb fgva tfa gdkckty, tkoa gm` shbpa tb
vbkha tfakr bpkmkbms gm` g`` sudstgmha tb gcc tfks. Nkvam tfa kmtarpratkvkst gpprbghf, bdtgkmkmn
axpcgmgtkbms bm tfa kmtarpratgtkbms tfgt tfa kmtarvkawaas pcgha` bm tfa ragsbms dafkm` tfakr
ghtkbms wgs kopbrtgmt. Pfus bpam-am`a` quastkbms ngva us tfks gdkckty gs wacc gs axpcbra
btfar pbkmts tfgt hgoa up `urkmn tfa kmtarvkaw.
Fbwavar wa wara gcsb gwgra bi hartgkm wagemassas tfgt hbuc` trgmspkra, km br`ar tb da
prapgra` daibrafgm`. Kssuas suhf gs tfa kopbrtgmha tb ckstam, prbhass, gm` raght tb tfa
kmibrogtkbm qukhecy5 tfa mangtkva aiiaht tfgt bmas parsbmgckty, vkaws gm` k`ags kopbskmn
tfaosacvas bm tfa kmtarvkaw hgm fgva5 gs wacc gs tfa pbsskdkckty tfgt wfam `kshusskmn ights
ratrbspahtkvacy gm` gsea` ibr bmasparhaptkbm gm` vkaws bi suhf avamts, wktf fkm`sknft tfasa
ogy da kmtarprata` `kiiaramtcy.
Pfa sacahtkbm hrktarkg ibr hfbbskmn tfa kmtarvkawaas tb prbvk`a tfks qugcktgtkva `gtg wgs bmawfkhf trka` tb amhbopgss prbiasskbmgcs wktf hbmhrata axparkamha gm` vkaws ghrbss gcc tfraa
um`arcykmn tfaoas bi tfks stu`y. Kmavktgdcy, hartgkm kmtarvkawaas fg` obra axparkamha km
pgrtkhucgr tfaoas rgtfar tfgm btfars. @kvarskikhgtkbm wgs gcsb sboatfkmn wfkhf wgs sbunft
tfus gcc kmtarvkawaas hboa irbo `kvarsa dghenrbum`s gm` fbc` br fac` vgrka` rbcas km tfakr
hgraars. Pfks wgs `askrgdca gs kt wgs hbm`uhkva tb `kvarskiy `kshusskbms gm` bpkmkbms gs ouhf
gs pbsskdca, gm` okmkoksa gmy pbtamtkgc ckoktkmn ightbrs. Gcsb bi kopbrtgmha tb mbta ks tfgt mb
pgrtkhucgr br spahkgc gttrkduta wgs nkvam tb atfmkhkty, rgha, gm` nam`ar, sb tfks fgs mbt waknfa`gt gcc bm tfa `ahkskbm ogekmn prbhass bi wfbo tb br mbt tb hfbbsa gs gm kmtarvkawaa. Pfa
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kmktkgc muodar bi kmtarvkawaas tfgt wa raghfa` but tb ibr kmtarvkawkmn wgs aknft but bi wfkhf
ikva ghhapta`.
G drkai butckma bi aghf kmtarvkawaa ks tfa ibccbwkmn
Kmtarvkawaa 7,::: aopcbyaas ncbdgccy. @uthf mgtkbmgc.
Mbta< Kmtarvkawaas 0 gm` 1 wara kmtarvkawa` tbnatfar nkvam tfakr pravkbus axparkamha bi
kmktkgtkmn gm` hb-rummkmn gm A4.: prblaht ibr bvar 4 yagrs wktfkm g cgrna amtarprksa wktf bvar
4:,::: aopcbyaas ncbdgccy.
Pfa saok-struhtura` kmtarvkaw hbmsksta` bi quastkbms wfkhf amhburgna bpkmkbms gm` vgrka`
vkaws. Pfa quastkbms wara sacahta` tb amgdca us tb axpcbra tfa um`arcykmn tfaoas bi tfksstu`y wfkhf wa fg` gcrag`y axpcbra` tfrbunf bur cktargtura ravkaw gm` hgsa stu`kas. Pwamty
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ibur quastkbms ghrbss tfraa hbra sahtkbms gm` g hbmhcu`kmn bma wara prapgra`. Pfa ikrst
sahtkbm wgs ibhusa` bm K^C. Pfa shbpa wgs tfgt bi um`arstgm`kmn fbw tfks iagturas wktfkm
tfa kmtarvkawaas wbrepcgha gm` ki vkaws wara hbmnruamt wktf cktargtura. Pfa kmicuamhas bm
K^C gm` kmfkdktkbms wara `kshussa` tbb. Km tfa sahbm` sahtkbm tfa ibhus wgs tfa ckma
ogmgnar. Pfa shbpa fara wgs tfgt bi um`arstgm`kmn tfa rbca tfa ckma ogmgnar fgs wktfkm tfakr
wbrepcgha, tfakr aiiaht bm tfa okhrb, ok`, gm` oghrb cavacs, gm` tfakr kopbrtgmha km gcc bi
tfks. Pfa tfkr` sahtkbm `kshussa` A4.: tb um`arstgm` ki tfa kmtarvkawaas axparkamha wktf
raspaht tb tfa kopght bi A4.:, tfa g`vgmtgnas gm` `ksg`vgmtgnas, gm` tfa rbca tfa ckma ogmgnar
fgs vks--vks gcc tfks wgs skokcgr tb tfgt ibum` km cktargtura gm` hgsa stu`kas. Pfa ikmgc sahtkbm
`kshussa` tfa wgy tfa kmtarvkawaas saa A4.: kopghtkmn tfa ckma ogmgnars rbca vks--vks K^C
gm` fbw km turm tfa ckma ogmgnar fgs tb avbcva km tfks raspaht.
Km br`ar tb g``rass gmy kssuas tfgt tfa kmtarvkawaas hbuc` pbtamtkgccy fgva gdbut rasagrhf
hbmtamt gm` kmtarpratgtkbm bi suhf hbmtamt, g hcagr axpcgmgtkbm wgs nkvam km tfa kmktkgc
gpprbghf. Kmktkgc ckmas bi tfbunft bm tfa stu`y staookmn irbo tfa rasagrhf gcrag`y hbm`uhta`
bm tfa kmicuamha bi tfa ckma ogmgnar bm K^C gm` fbw A4.: ks kopghtkmn tfa wbrepcgha wara
put ibrwgr`. G drkai bvarvkaw bi quastkbms gm` hbmtaxt wara prasamta` tb sfbw fbw tfasa
wkcc da usa` tb suppbrt axkstkmn tfabry, ckmea` wktf axkstkmn hgsa stu`kas, gm` pbtamtkgccy
suppbrtkmn br mbt skokcgr `kshusskbms fac` wktf btfar kmtarvkawaas. Hbmik`amtkgckty wgs
amsura` nkvam tfks wgs eay ibr kmtarvkawaas tb da gs bpam gs pbsskdca km tfakr vkaws. Gcc
ikm`kmns wara prasamta` km koparsbmgc ibrogt tb nugrgmtaa gmbmyokty. Hgutkbm wgs g`bpta`
mbt tb kmicuamha tfa kmtarvkawaas km tfakr raspbmsas, sb tfgt tfa `arkva` kmibrogtkbm wgs gs
kopgrtkgc gs pbsskdca gm` mb kssuas bi seawa` ogtarkgc hgoa tb cknft wfam hbopgrkmn gm`
hbmtrgstkmn tfgt kmibrogtkbm.
Nkvam ghhasskdkckty hbmstrgkmts, gs gcc kmtarvkawaas rask`a butsk`a tfa QE, gcc kmtarvkaws warahbm`uhta` bvar Xeypa nkvkmn tfa ighkckty tb rahbr` gcc hbmvarsgtkbms. Pfks og`a sura tfgt
mbtfkmn ks cbst km trgmscgtkbm gm` og`a kt agskar tb trgmshrkda gm` sudsaquamtcy gmgcysa tfa
`gtg. Gcc kmtarvkawaas wara kmktkgccy gpprbghfa` `krahtcy dy aogkc br ckmea`km gm` kt wgs
amtkracy up tb tfa kmtarvkawaas tb `ahk`a ki tfay wgmt tb pgrtkhkpgta. Ki pbsktkva, tfay gcsb fg`
tfa rknft tb wktf`rgw tfakr pgrtkhkpgtkbm gt gmy stgna ki tfay wksfa`. Mb prapgrgtkbm wgs
raqukra` irbo tfakr am`. Pfa kmktkgc raghtkbm tb tfa stu`y wgs pbsktkva gm` tfrbunfbut tfa
kmtarvkaw tfay wara amngna`, bpam gm` fbmast km tfakr gmswars.
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Pfa quastkbmmgkra, rgtfar tfgm prbvk`a g rknk` struhtura, wgs tfara tb prbvk`a g irgoawbre ibr
hragtkmn g `kshusskbm. Gctfbunf kt wgs struhtura` km g pra-`aikma` ogmmar, mbt gcc quastkbms
wara gsea` tb gcc kmtarvkawaas gm` tfa quastkbms tfgt wara gsea` `k` mbt mahassgrkcy ibccbw
tfa sgoa pgttarm dut obva` wktf tfa icbw bi tfa hbmvarsgtkbm. ^fara `avkgtkbm irbo tfa
quastkbm pbtamtkgccy bhhurra`, tfks wgs suppbrta` nkvam tfa g``a` gopckikhgtkbm tfks ngva tb
tfa stu`y. Pfa kmtarvkaws cgsta` datwaam 8:-01 okmutas aghf gm` namargta` gm gvargna bi
4,1:: wbr`s bi trgmshrkpt aghf. Pb gmgcysa tfks sudstgmtkgc qugcktgtkva `gtg gm` um`arstgm` ki
gmy hbmnruamhy axksta` dbtf datwaam tfa cktargtura gm` tfa kmtarvkaws, gm` dbtf datwaam tfa
kmtarvkawaas gobmnst tfaosacvas, Nrbum`a` Pfabry wgs usa`. Xgturgtkbm Zbkmt Gmgcysks
(HCOX, O0 Q8
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bdsarva` br stu`ka` tfa brngmksgtkbm wa ibro pgrt bi fgs gccavkgta` gmy pbtamtkgc atfkhgc
kssuas tfgt bma ogy amhbumtar wfam tfks ks tfa hgsa.
Ikmgccy, wa dackava tfgt tfa rasagrhf prbhass wgs g nbb` gm` iruktiuc bma hbmsk`arkmn tfa tkoa
hbmstrgkmts tfgt dbum` tfks stu`y. Pfa kmktkgc tgrnat wgs tfgt bi spagekmn tb g scknftcy cgrnar
sgopca bi pabpca kmhcu`kmn ckma ogmgnars, sudbr`kmgtas, gs wacc gs pabpca kmvbcva` km tfa
trgmsktkbm irbo A7.: tb A4.:. Fbwavar tfks `k` mbt ogtarkgcksa ktsaci iuccy ibr g muodar bi
ragsbms. Xboa hkta` tkoa kssuas, btfars wara prbdgdcy mbt hboibrtgdca km axprasskmn parsbmgc
vkaws bm tfa sudlaht, aspahkgccy gt g sudbr`kmgta cavac. Gcsb kt wgs mbt agsy ibr gcc
kmtarvkawaas tb g`` sudstgmha tb gcc tfa quastkbms wa fg` km tfa kmtarvkaw fbwavar wa dackava
tfgt tfay ngva us g sudstgmtkgc gobumt bi kmibrogtkbm wfkhf g``a` kooagsurgdca vgcua tb tfa
vkaws wa fg` gcrag`y hbmstruhta` irbo tfa cktargtura gm` hgsa stu`y ravkaw.
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OXh FT@ & Zaribrogmha Ont | 8:
TAXAGTHF TAXQCPX
Pfks sahtkbm prasamts tfa rasagrhf ikm`kmns wfkhf wara bdtgkma` irbo kmtarvkaws fac` bvar
Xeypa. Pfay fgva daam `bhuoamta` ghhbr`kmn tb eay tfaoas k`amtkika` tfrbunf g Xgturgtkbm
Zbkmt Gmgcysks hgrrka` but bm kmtarvkaw trgmshrkpts. G muodar bi qubtas fgva daam tgeam g`
vardgtko irbo tfa kmtarvkaws tb g`` sudstgmha tb g muodar bi vkaws gm` grnuoamts og`a.
Kmibrogc ^brepcgha Cagrmkmn
Bma bi tfa um`arcykmn tfaoas bi tfks stu`y ks tfgt bi Kmibrogc ^brepcgha Cagrmkmn (K^C).
Pfus um`arstgm`kmn wfgt K^C oagms tb tfa kmtarvkawaas ks g nbb` stgrtkmn pbkmt, dbtf irbo g
oghrb parspahtkva, gs wacc gs g obra ok` gm` okhrb parspahtkva.
Xtgrtkmn bii wktf tfa kopbrtgmha bi K^C km tfa brngmksgtkbm, bma bi tfa kmtarvkawaas sgk` tfgt
kt ks tfa eay ibro bi cagrmkmn wktfkm tfa brngmksgtkbm nkvam obst bi tfa cagrmkmn tgekmn pcgha
bm gm bm-nbkmn dgsks ks km gm kmibrogc gm` mbt ibrogc hbmtaxt. Prgkmkmn prbnrgos gra gcsb
kopbrtgmt dut embwca`na trgmsiar fgppams tb g fknf cavac wktfkm K^C. Gmbtfar kmtarvkawaa
hbrrbdbrgta` tfks dut gttghfa` tb kt tfa kopbrtgmha bi saci-rackgmtaopcbyaas wfb wgmt tb
koprbva, wfb wgmt tb cagrm maw sekccs, gm` wfb wgmt tb cbbe daybm` tfakr kooa`kgta
raspbmskdkcktkas. Pfks ks wktf wfbo gm` wfara K^C ragccy icburksfas.
^fam turmkmn tfa gttamtkbm tb tfbsa ghtkvktkas aopcbyaas amngna km tb kmibrogccy cagrm
sboatfkmn gt wbre suhf gs `kshusskmn, hbccgdbrgtkmn, bdsarvkmn, trkgc gm` arrbr gm` raicahtkmn
bm ghtkbms, hbccgdbrgtkbm wgs hkta` dy bma kmtarvkawaa gs tfa eay ghtkvkty hbm`uhkva tb K^C.
Pfks km turm iaa`s kmtb tfa trkgc gm` arrbr gm` raicahtkmn bm ghtkbms ghtkvktkas wfkhf wara
raiarra` tb gs g` fbh prbhassasgm` mbt prbhass-`rkvam bmas. Kt ks gcsb `apam`amt bm wfgtekm` bi amvkrbmoamt tfa brngmksgtkbm wbres km ghhbr`kmn tb gmbtfar kmtarvkawaa, fknfcknftkmn
tfgt ki tfa duskmass tfa brngmksgtkbm `agcs km ks par sa g hbccgdbrgtkva amvkrbmoamt, tfam tfa
pbsskdkckty tfgt K^C tgeas pcgha hbmstgmtcy tfrbunf kmtarghtkbm ks fknfar.
Kmicuamhas bm Kmibrogc ^brepcgha Cagrmkmn
^fam tgekmn g fbckstkh vkaw gt wfgt kmicuamhas K^C km gm brngmksgtkbm tfa ogkm bmas
k`amtkika` km cktargtura wara brngmksgtkbmgc huctura, tfa gdkckty tb matwbre, tfa kopght bisuparvksbry gttktu`as, km`kvk`ugc gnamhy, gs wacc gs ibrogc gm` kmibrogc kmtarghtkbms.
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OXh FT@ & Zaribrogmha Ont | 87
Brngmksgtkbmgc huctura wgs pkmpbkmta` dy tfa oglbrkty bi kmtarvkawaas gs fgvkmn g strbmn
kmicuamha fara ium`goamtgccy dahgusa gcc btfar kmicuamhas gra tb g hartgkm axtamt g sudsat bi.
Bma kmtarvkawaa tbbe tfa axgopca bi fks brngmksgtkbm wfkhf umtkc rahamtcy wgs og`a up bi
tfraa `kiiaramt hbopgmkas wfkhf fgva mbw oarna` kmtb bma. Pfa hbopgmkas gcc fg` `kiiaramt
cagrmkmn hucturas wktf bma bi tfa hbopgmkas dakmn fknfcy bpam gm` hbccgdbrgtkva ghrbss gcc
`apgrtoamts wfarags gmbtfar wgs vary struhtura` gm` rknk`. Pfks rasucta` km g hcgsf bi
hucturas wfkhf wfam trykmn tb wbre tbnatfar fgs g fagvy kopght bm gcc tfgt ks damagtf, wktf
K^C dakmn bma. Pfks fgs rahamtcy stgrta` avbcvkmn nkvam kmtarmgccy tfay gra saakmn g scbw
umkikhgtkbm km huctura, gcdakt mbt ghrbss tfa dbgr` dut bmcy km sboa `apgrtoamts. Fara
aopcbyaas gra hbccgdbrgtkmn gm` cagrmkmn irbo aghf btfar sb gm kmstkcca` huctura ks dahbokmn
prasamt wktf aopcbyaas axhfgmnkmn embwca`na gm` K^C iaa`kmn bii tfks.
Gmbtfar kmtarvkawaa sgk` tfgt tfa brngmksgtkbm fg` g vary tbp-`bwm hboogm` hbmtrbc okm`-
satwktf g racgtkvacy sogcc nrbup bi pabpca km tfa brngmksgtkbm fgvkmn tfa pbwar wfam kt
hboas tb obst `ahkskbms. Pfa cgyar dacbw tfasa, wfkhf hbmstktutas g cgrna muodar bi ckma
ogmgnars, ghtugccy fgs vary ckttca pbwar. Pfa rasuctkmn kopght ks bma wfara aopcbyaas g`bpt
g wbre tb ruca oamtgckty gm` ibccbw `krahtkvas tfgt ogmgnaoamt pgss bm irbo g fknfar cavac.
Pfks fgs g strbmn waknftkmn bm tfa wfbca brngmksgtkbmgc huctura trgmscgtkmn ktsaci km
aopcbyaas lust dahbokmn hbns km g dkn oghfkma, lust g sogcc p kaha bi tfa wfbca puzzca.
Xudsaquamtcy tfks gcsb ogmkiasts ktsaci km okmkogc kmtarast irbo tfks sogcc nrbup bi pabpca
wfb fbc` tfa pbwar tb `avacbp sekccs gm` K^C ghrbss tfa dbgr` dahgusa avarytfkmn fgs daam
stgm`gr`ksa` tb gm axtamt wfara tfa brngmksgtkbm dahboas lust g cgrna duraguhrghy.
Obvkmn bm bma stap `bwm gm` cbbekmn gt tfa kopght bi suparvksbry gttktu`as, km pgrtkhucgr tfa
ckma ogmgnar, tfakr kopght wgs mbta` gs kopbrtgmt. Gm kmtarastkmn pbkmt tfgt wgs og`a dy bma
kmtarvkawaa ks tfgt tfa ckma ogmgnar fgs g strbmnar rbca tb pcgy gs gm kmfkdktbr rgtfar tfgm gmamgdcar bi K^C. G ckma ogmgnar wfb `basmt amhburgnabpam `kshusskbm gm` kmquksktkvamass,
gm` wfb `basmt prbobta ogekmn okstgeas gm` cagrmkmn irbo tfao wkcc rasuct km fks/far
sudbr`kmgtas raogkmkmn km tfakr sfacc, `b tfakr lbd gm` tfgts kt. K^C wkcc pbtamtkgccy stkcc da
prasamt nkvam tfa km`kvk`ugc gnamhy bi aghf aopcbyaa gm` tfa kmmgta `askra tb cagrm tfgt
hartgkm pabpca fgva, dut kt wkcc fgppam gt g ouhf ouhf sogccar shgca.
Pfks kopght wgs acbquamtcy `ashrkda` dy gmbtfar kmtarvkawaa gs tfay mbt bmcy fgva gmkmicuamha dut gcsb fgva g raspbmskdkckty. Pfa prbikca bi ckma ogmgnaoamt wktfkm tfa
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brngmksgtkbm wgs gm gvargna bi 01yagrs gm` bvar, sb gt igha vgcua g namargtkbmgc kssua ks
pbtamtkgccy prasamt nkvam obst bi tfasa wbuc` fgva daam wbrekmn ibr gcrag`y 4:yagrs+ km
brngmksgtkbms obstcy dgsa` grbum` g pyrgok` brngmksgtkbmgc struhtura g`bptkmn g tbp-`bwm
styca bi ogmgnaoamt. Pfara ks gcrag`y g pbtamtkgc oksogthf fara nkvam tfks `kiiars irbo gm
brngmksgtkbmgc ob`ac wfara tfara ks obra icuk`kty, obra raspbmskdkckty cykmn wktf tfa
km`kvk`ugc, gm` cass `apam`amha bm ckma ogmgnars tb tacc tfakr sudbr`kmgtas wfgt tb `b gm`
ogekmn tfaosacvas km`kspamsgdca dy dahbokmn mb`as km g matwbre. Ghhbr`kmn tb tfks
kmtarvkawaa tfa ogmgnaoamt pgrg`kno mbwg`gys ks stkcc vary ouhf `apam`gmt br vary ouhf
tfa sgoa gs wgs km tfa agrcy km`ustrkgc gna kts g pyrgok`, kts fkargrhfkhgc, kts hboogm`
hbmtrbc, wktf ogmgnaoamt tacckmn aopcbyaas wfgt tb `b rasuctkmn km tfasa aopcbyaas br
uctkogtacy tfa brngmksgtkbm mbt uskmn kts iucc pbtamtkgc. Km`kvk`ugc gnamhy wgs gcsb oamtkbma`
drkaicy fbwavar tfa kmtarvkawaa sgk` kt fgs tb da cbbea` gt gm` ckmea` tb tfa brngmksgtkbmgc
huctura dahgusa tfks hgm pra`kspbsa aopcbyaas tb lust da hbopcghamt. Pfara gra tfbsa
aopcbyaas wfb stap up gm` nb gngkmst tfa nrgkm, fbwavar kt wgs mbta` tfgt km namargc
km`kvk`ugc gnamhy hgm da savaracy ckokta` ki tfa pravkbuscy `kshussa` kmicuamhas suhf gs
huctura gm` suparvksbry gttktu`as gra ckoktkmn tfks.
Kmfkdktkbms bm Kmibrogc ^brepcgha Cagrmkmn
@kshusskmn wfgt kmfkdkts K^C, cktargtura sfbwa` us tfgt brngmksgtkbmgc huctura hboas kmtb tfa
pkhtura bmha gngkm, gs `b pbwar `kiiaramtkgcs gm` cghe bi trust nkvam tfay gcc hgm hragta
dgrrkars ibr kmibrogtkbm tb icbw iraacy. Pfks wkcc pbtamtkgccy okmkoksa kmtarghtkbms gm`
aopcbyaa gnamhy tfus kmfkdktkmn K^C. Bma bi tfa kmtarvkawaas sgk` tfgt bma fgs tb cbbe gt tfa
brngmksgtkbm irbo g systaokh pbkmt bi vkaw sb tfgt tfraa cavacs dahboa hcagr g
oghrb/brngmksgtkbmgc cavac, g ok`/tago br `apgrtoamtgc cavac, gm` g okhrb/km`kvk`ugc cavac.
Pfasa tfraa cavacs kmtarght, gctfbunf bm g `kiiaramt cavac, wktf tfa ok` gm` okhrb cavacs
kmtarghtkmn tfa obst bm g `gy-tb-`gy dgsks. Pfay iaa` kmtb aghf btfar km wfgt bma hgm saa gs g89: `anraa hyhcairbo tfa oghrb cavac `bwm tb tfa okhrb cavac gm` dghe up gngkm. Gcc tfks
wkcc kmicuamha tfa lbd ktsaci, gcc cavacs bi cagrmkmn tfgt tgea pcgha, gm` gmy rasuctkmn
paribrogmha.
Gmbtfar kmtarvkawaa fknfcknfta` tfa embwca`na ks pbwar sym`rboa gs gm kmfkdktbr ibr
K^C, sboatfkmn tfgt ks vary ouhf gppckhgdca km tfa brngmksgtkbm,. G muodar bi ckma ogmgnars
saaoa` tb g`bpt tfks gm` `k`mt gpprahkgta tfgt sfgra` embwca`na ks ouhf obra pbwariuctfgm skcbkmn tfgt embwca`na ibr bmasaci. Pfks rasucta` km g eay dgrrkar tb K^C nkvam
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OXh FT@ & Zaribrogmha Ont | 88
aopcbyaas stgrta` ragckskmn tfgt tfks systao ks tfa mbro km tfa brngmksgtkbm gm` tfus stgrta`
pra`kspbskmn tfaosacvas ghhbr`kmncy gm` dafgva ckea sb rasuctkmn km kmibrogtkbm gm`
embwca`na fbgr`kmn. Pfgt oknft fgva wbrea` ibr hartgkm aopcbyaas gt gm km`kvk`ugc cavac dut
bm gm brngmksgtkbmgc cavac tfgt wgs fknfcy hbumtarprb`uhtkva.
Ibhuskmn obra bm tfa okhrb/km`kvk`ugc cavac, kt wgs usaiuc tb `kshuss ki tfa cghe bi obmatgry
rawgr`s br cghe bi rahbnmktkbm kmfkdkts aopcbyaas irbo amngnkmn km K^C. Bma kmtarvkawaa
oamtkbma` Farzdarns twb ightbr ob`ac bi obtkvgtkbm hkta` km taros bi fynkamkh ightbrs gm`
obtkvgtbrs. Km tfa dknnar pkhtura bi tfkmns, obmay par sa wgs mbt saam gs tfa nrgm` obtkvgtbr
dut kt facps Cghe bi obmay wkcc ogea aopcbyaas umfgppy dut obra obmay wkcc mbt
mahassgrkcy oagm fgppkar aopcbyaas. Gmbtfar kmtarvkawaa sgk` tfa brngmksgtkbm wgs vary
racuhtgmt tb axparkoamt wktf biiarkmn obmatgry damaikts ibr pabpca tb rahbr` gm` hgptura
embwca`na. Pfa grnuoamt wgs tfgt aopcbyaas wkcc kmavktgdcy cagrm fbw tb pcgy gm` gdusa tfa
systao tfus `aiagtkmn tfa wfbca purpbsa.
Ckma Ogmgnars
Gmbtfar hbra tfaoa km tfks stu`y ks tfgt bi ckma ogmgnars gm` tfakr kmicuamha dbtf km tfa
dknnar pkhtura bi tfkmns wktfkm tfa brngmksgtkbm gs wacc gs K^C. Pb ekhe-stgrt tfks sahtkbm wa
ikrst `kshussa` tfa kopbrtgmha tfgt ckma ogmgnars fgva km hragtkmn g hbnmktkva, sbhkgc, gm`
aobtkbmgc kmtarhfgmna gobmnst aopcbyaas, gm` tfakr aiiaht bm aopcbyaas kmtrkmskh
obtkvgtbrs.
Bma bi tfa kmtarvkawaas sgk` tfgt ckma ogmgnars gra gdsbcutacy kopbrtgmt km tfgt kmtarhfgmna
gm` fgva g eay rbca tb pcgy fbwavar kt ks wktfbut tb sgy tfgt suhf km`kvk`ugcs gra qukta rgra.
Pfa [-Namargtkbm, bma wfkhf ks obra hboibrtgdca bi cattkmn nb bi tfakr pbwar gm` saa tfapbwar km tfa tago, wkcc prbdgdcy prasamt obra bi tfasa km`kvk`ugcs km tfa iutura, mbt
mahassgrkcy bmcy km tfa ibro bi ckma ogmgnars dut gcsb ghrbss tfa dbgr`. ^fgt tfasa
aopcbyaas hrgva ks obra aopbwaroamt tfrbunf kmibrogtkbm gm` matwbres, sboatfkmn tfay
gra ghhustboa` tb km tfakr `gkcy ckvas.
Gmbtfar kmtarvkawaa sgk` tfgt ckma ogmgnars hgm fgva g eay rbca km hragtkmn tfgt kmtarhfgmna
gs wacc gs fgva gm aiiaht bm aopcbyaas kmtrkmskh obtkvgtbrs, fbwavar ibr tfks tb da tfa hgsackma ogmgnars fgva tb da gm axprassa` axtamskbm bi tfa brngmksgtkbms huctura. Fbwavar
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OXh FT@ & Zaribrogmha Ont | 80
gttghfa` tb tfks tfa kmtarvkawaa sgk` tfgt bma fgs tb gcsb um`arstgm` wfgt `kspbsktkbms tfbsa
aopcbyaas fgva nkvam aghf aopcbyaa ks `kiiaramt. Luckgm D. Tbttars cbhus bi hbmtrbc wgs
hkta` fara gs sboa aopcbyaas fgva gm kmtarmgc cbhus bi hbmtrbc rasuctkmn km g strbmnar nrgsp
bm tfakr dafgvkbur, g strbmnar gssartkbm bm btfar aopcbyaas, gs wacc gs dakmn obra parskstamt
km tfakr sagrhf ibr embwca`na aspahkgccy wfam kt fgs tb `b wktf tfakr bwm sktugtkbm. Btfar
aopcbyaas ogy fgva gm axtarmgc cbhus bi hbmtrbc tfus tfay gra obra fgppkcy cag` dy btfars
nkvam tfakr strbmn dackai tfgt kt ks tfa btfars grbum` tfao tfgt wkcc hbmtrbc tfakr prbnrass.
Gmbtfar kmtarvkawaa gcsb g``a` tb tfks tfa fuogm tbuhf tfgt tfa ckma ogmgnar g``s km tfgt
fa/sfa fgs tb da tfa bma tb um`arstgm` tfa pgrtkhucgrktkas bi aghf bi fks/far sudbr`kmgtas tfgt
g`` hbopcaxkty gm` `ymgokso tb tfa tago - Kt ks eay ibr tfao tb ckstam tb gcc tfa sknmgcs tfgt
tfay trgmsokt, aktfar axpckhktcy br kopckhkty. Pfa hucturgc dghenrbum` bi aopcbyaas wgs gcsb
put km pcgy fara, obra sb km Aurbpa gs ibr axgopca, `agckmn wktf g Narogm sudbr`kmgta hgm
tam` tb da `kiiaramt tfgm `agckmn wktf g Xpgmksf sudbr`kmgta.
Pb try tb um`arstgm` ki ckma ogmgnars `b fgva gm aiiaht km hragtkmn g huctura wfkhf ks
suppbrtkva tb pbsktkva K^C, tfa `kshusskbm obva` bm tb tfa obra ok`/oghrb cavac wfara
huctura hgoa obra kmtb pcgy. Pfa kmtarvkawaas wara hbmnruamt km tfakr vkaws gm` sgk` tfgt
bma fgs tb stgrt irbo tbp, fknfcknfta` dy bma kmtarvkaw wfam fa sgk` -
Gm brngmksgtkbm fgs tb fgva gm axprassa` vkskbm, struhtura, gm` prbhassas gm` gcc bi tfasa
wkcc iaa` kmtb, kmibro, gm` sfgpa tfa huctura, gm` tfam tfa btfar wgy rbum` wktf huctura
iaa`kmn kmtb tfasa prbhassas, struhtura gm` vkskbm.
Ki irbo gm brngmksgtkbmgc huctura parspahtkva aopbwaroamt bi aopcbyaas ks eay, tfam tfa
aopbwaroamt bi ckma ogmgnars ks gcsb assamtkgc. Pfa kmtarvkawaa axtam`a` tfks iurtfar dy
sgykmn tfgt ckma ogmgnars gra tfa bmas tfgt uctkogtacy `agc wktf tfa oglbr pgrt bi tfawbreibrha gm` tfus fgva gm kopbrtgmt rbca tb pcgy km ckmekmn tfgt vkskbm, struhtura, gm`
prbhassas. Pfks ks sboatfkmn tfgt fgs tb da rahbnmkza` dy samkbr ogmgnaoamt. Fbwavar gt
tkoas tfa ragckty ks tfgt tfgt tfa `ahkskbm ogears gt tfa tbp `b mbt mahassgrkcy tfkme tbb ouhf
gdbut tfgt dut tfkme obra gdbut tfa dknnar pkhtura bi strgtany gm` dbttbo-ckma. Dut bma gcsb
embws tfgt wktfbut ckma ogmgnars tb hgrry but tfa duskmass strgtany gt dbttbo cavacs tfa
brngmksgtkbm ogy mbt ghfkava wfgt kt wgmts km tfa obra oghrb pkhtura bi tfkmns.
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OXh FT@ & Zaribrogmha Ont | 81
Kt wgs gcsb kmtarastkmn tb um`arstgm` fbw kopbrtgmt tfa kmtarvkawaas vkaw tfa parsbmgc trgkts
bi ckma ogmgnars gra sb tfay hgm da km tfa pbsktkbm `kshussa` pravkbuscy, tfgt ks tfgt bi
hragtkmn g pbsktkva gm` trustiuc racgtkbmsfkp wktf aopcbyaas, gs wacc gs gm amvkrbmoamt gm`
brngmksgtkbmgc huctura tfgt ks suppbrtkva bi tfa ckma ogmgnar gm` K^C. Gt igha vgcua tfks ks tfa
hgsa ghhbr`kmn tb kmtarvkawaas fbwavar tfks wgs gcsb ckmea` tb g muodar bi tfkmns gobmnst
wfkhf tfa brngmksgtkbmgc satup gm` struhtura gs wacc gs tfa sudbr`kmgtas tfaosacvas. Ki gcc
tfasa tfkmns rasuct km g hbmstgmt cagrmkmn amvkrbmoamt, tfam ckma ogmgnars wfb fgva tfasa
trgkts gm` prbobta tfa maa` tb da kmquksktkva, cagrm gm` da gwgra gcc tfa tkoa, ks km`aa` eay.
Fbwavar tfks `bas mbt mahassgrkcy gppcy ghrbss tfa dbgr` ghhbr`kmn tb tfa kmtarvkawaa.
^ktfkm g `apgrtoamt wfara sudbr`kmgtas gra fknfcy embwca`nagdca pabpca, axparts km tfakr
raspahtkva ikac`s, gm` vary ouhf saci-`rkvam, tfam fgvkmn tfasa parsbmgc trgkts ks mbt
mahassgrkcy tfgt eay. Fbwavar km g `apgrtoamt wfara tfa ckma ogmgnar fgs tb tgea obra bi g
rbca ob`ac iknura, tfam yas kt hgm fgva gm kopbrtgmt ki mbt hrktkhgc rbca tb pcgy.
Amtarprksa 4.:
Pfa ikmgc tfaoa km tfks stu`y ks tfgt bi Amtarprksa 4.: (A4.:) sb wa trka` tb um`arstgm` wfgt
ekm` bi kopght kt fgs km tfa kmtarvkawaas hurramt br pgst brngmksgtkbms. Pfa ikrst grag hbvara`
wgs tfgt bi um`arstgm`kmn wfgt sbrt bi A4.: pcgtibros tfa kmtarvkawaas fg` wktfkm
brngmksgtkbms tfay ibro br ibroa` pgrt bi gm` ki tfasa pcgtibros rasucta` km kmhragsa`
hbmmahtkvkty gm` matwbrekmn datwaam aopcbyaas wktfkm tfa brngmksgtkbm.
Bma kmtarvkawaa sgk` tfakr A4.: hbmsksta` bi g Okhrbdcbnnkmn pcgtibro, Dcbns, ^keks, Xbhkgc
Dbbeogrekmn, gm` gm Kmtarmgc Yk`ab Zcgtibro. Pfasa gcc ighkcktgta` gm` koprbva` embwca`na
icbws tfrbunf tfa brngmksgtkbm gm` kmhragsa` hbmmahtkbms datwaam aopcbyaas. Xuhf
hbmmahtkbms wara axtam`kmn tfaosacvas biickma tbb gt tkoas Gcc bi g su``am wfgt wgs
fgppamkmn bm tfa btfar sk`a bi tfa wbrc` br wfgt pabpca wara tfkmekmn br ibum` kmtarastkmn km
`kiiaramt sktas bi tfa brngmksgtkbm ghrbss tfa wbrc` wgs dakmn og`a vkskdca. A4.: wgs nkvkmn
tfa gdkckty ibr tfa matwbre tb avbcva dbtf cbhgccy gm` ncbdgccy, gm` wgs gcsb g``kmn tfgt
ncbdgc `koamskbm tb K^C wfkhf wgs mbw dakmn iuacca` irbo gcc grags bi tfa brngmksgtkbm.
Embwca`na wgs mbw dakmn axtrghta` irbo tfa okm`s bi aopcbyaas gm` dakmn put kmtb
rapbsktbrkas.
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OXh FT@ & Zaribrogmha Ont | 89
Gmbtfar kmtarvkawaa sgk` tfgt tfakr A4.: hbmsksta` bi Dcbns gm` ^keks. Dcbns km pgrtkhucgr
drbunft tbnatfar `kiiaramt pgrts bi tfa brngmksgtkbm gs g rasuct bi wfkhf ghtkva `kshusskbms bm
trgmsoktta` ckva kmibrogtkbm wara dakmn fac` kmtarmgccy. G rasuctkmn kmhragsa km hbmmahtkvkty
wgs avk`amt dbtf irbo g qugmtktgtkva pbkmt bi vkaw, tfrbunf usgna stgtkstkhs, gm` tfrbunf ikrst
fgm` avk`amha bi tfa `kshusskbms tgekmn pcgha datwaam `kiiaramt aopcbyaas. Fbwavar tfa
kmtarvkawaa og`a gm g``am`uo fara parskstamha, kognkmgtkbm gm` hragtkvkty gra maa`a` ibr
tfks tb fgppam. Qsgna uptgea ks mbt gutbogtkh. Pfara wara btfar Dcbns wfkhf stgrta` dut cbst
stago gitar g sfbrt tkoa-irgoa. Ghhbr`kmn tb tfa kmtarvkawaa irbo stgtkstkhs tfay fg`, tfara
wgs avk`amha bi g wk`a kmtarast sprag` ghrbss nabnrgpfkas. Pfus Dcbns wara qukta pkvbtgc km
K^C aspahkgccy nkvam tfa brngmksgtkbm ks qukta nabnrgpfkhgccy `ksparsa`.
Gmbtfar kmtarvkawaa sgk` ^keks, Dcbns, Oassamnar, Kmtarmgc Yk`ab Hbmiaramhkmn gm`
^adhgsts ibroa` tfakr A4.:. Nkvam kts gncbdgc hbopgmy wfkhf ks bm tfa nb 40/>, tfasa tbbcs
gra hrktkhgc. Bma axgopca hkta` wgs tfgt bi tfa hbopgmy-wk`a gmmbumhaoamts wfkhf gra `bma
tfrbunf gm kmtarmgc wadhgst. Pfasa gra trgmsoktta` ckva ibr gcc aopcbyaas tfgt gra hurramtcy gt
tfakr wbrepcgha gm` tfam grhfkva` ibr tfbsa aopcbyaas wfb gra mbt sb tfay hgm saa kt bmha
tfayra dghe kmtfa biikha. Bvar tfa spgm bi 40 fburs pratty ouhf avarybma ncbdgccy wbuc`
fgva ghhassa` kt gm` da bm tfa sgoa wgvacamntf.
Gmbtfar kmtarvkawaa sgk` tfgt tfay fgva Dcbns km usa wfkhf fgva gm kmicuamha bm K^C. Pfasa
gra prkogrkcy usa` tb eaap aopcbyaas gdragst bm tfa cgtast `avacbpoamts km tfakr raspahtkva
ikac`s. Fbwavar tfakr A4.: aiibrt ks obstcy g bma wgy `rkvam bma `ua tb tfa trgmsktkbmgc parkb`
tfay fgva daam nbkmn tfrbunf. Pfa kmtarvkawaa gptcy mbta` tfgt tfara gra pktigccs ki suhf g
hbfaskva A4.: prblaht ks mbt `bma prbparcy sb tfay wkcc g`bpt g obra oa`kuo tb cbmn taro
tkoa irgoa tb kmhragsa tfakr axpbsura tb A4.:.
Xudsaquamtcy tfa maxt stap wgs tb try gm` um`arstgm` ki A4.: ghtugccy fg` gm aiiaht bm tfa
okhrb gm` ok`-cavacs dy kmicuamhkmn acaoamts suhf gs obtkvgtkbm, aopcbyaa gm` tago
amngnaoamt, kmmbvgtkbm gm` pbtamtkgccy prb`uhtkvkty tbb. Bma bi tfa kmtarvkawaas hbmik`amtcy
sgk` kt `k`. A4.: amgdca` vkrtugc tagos tb da hragta` ghrbss `kiiaramt nabnrgpfkas sb avarybma
wgs pratty ouhf bm tfa sgoa pgna gm` hbmstgmtcy up`gta` wktf ragc-tkoa kmibrogtkbm, stgtus
gm` `krahtkbm bi tfa prbnrgos dakmn rum. Pfks wgs g hcagr axgopca bi g hbooumkty bi prghtkha
km ghtkbm wktf A4.: prbvk`kmn wfgt wgs hgcca` tfgt sbhkgc ncua. ^ktfbut kt tago amngnaoamtgm` prb`uhtkvkty wbuc` fgva obstcy ckeacy daam wbrsa. Gmbtfar kmtarvkawaa gcsb hbmhurra`
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OXh FT@ & Zaribrogmha Ont | 8>
wktf tfks gs fa sgk` kt nkvas tfa gdkckty bi iaa`kmn ckva gm` ragc-tkoa kmibrogtkbm tb ybur
hbooumkty. Hgsa km pbkmt dakmn bma bi tfa ckma ogmgnars dakmn bm tfa rbg` gm` racgykmn dghe
tb tfa tago gt dgsa gcc tfa kmibrogtkbm bm oaatkmns, buthboas, gm` wgy ibrwgr`. Pfks prbva`
tb da g eay tbbc ibr tfa tago tb um`arstgm` wfgt wgs fgppamkmn bm tfa rbg` bm pratty ouhf g
ckva dgsks. Gmbtfar kmtarvkawaa gcsb sgk` tfgt tfks ks tfa hgsa, dahbokmn vary kopbrtgmt
wfara bma ks ogmgnkmn g tago tfgt ks `ksparsa` ghrbss vgrkbus rankbms. Kt amgdcas ranucgr
kmtarghtkbm bm g bma-tb-bma dgsks, tago hbmiaramha hgccs tb `kshuss prb`uhts tfay ogmgna, gm`
g` fbh oaatkmns `kshusskmn pbtamtkgc wk`ar tago kssuas.
Gmbtfar kmtarvkawaa oamtkbma` g vary kmtarastkmn taro fara - Xaram`kpkty gm` ckmea` kt wktf
K^C gm` Kmmbvgtkbm. Acgdbrgtkmn iurtfar tfa kmtarvkawaa sgk` tfgt nkvam kmmbvgtkbm ks dgsa`
bm aopcbyaas tfkmekmn `kiiaramtcy gm` hbodkmkmn maw k`ags, A4.: kmhragsas tfasa hfgmha
amhbumtars tfgt pbtamtkgccy namargta tfks. Ki aopcbyaas lust iaac pgrt bi g stgm`gr`ksa` prbhass
wfara tfay skopcy prbhass gm kmput tb prb`uha gm butput, tfam saram`kpkty, kmmbvgtkbm gm`
K^C wbuc` da okmkogc.
Bma kmtarvkawaa oamtkbma` g pgrtkhucgr axgopca wfkhf gcsb hbrracgtas wktf amngnaoamt. Pfa
brngmksgtkbm wgs pgsskmn tfrbunf g pgrtkhucgr pgthf gm` ruoburs wara sprag`kmn gobmnst
aopcbyaas rangr`kmn tfa iutura bi tfa hbopgmy. G `kraht ckme wgs hragta` tfrbunf g pcgtibro
wfarady aopcbyaas hbuc` pbst tfakr hbmharms staookmn irbo tfasa ruoburs, gm` samkbr
ogmgnaoamt rapcykmn `krahtcy km gm bpam gm` fbmast ogmmar. G survay hbm`uhta` gitar tfks
pcgtibro wgs `apcbya` sfbwa` tfgt ;>% bi tfa aopcbyaas uskmn kt rangkma` tfa trust tfay fg`
pbtamtkgccy cbst km tfa brngmksgtkbm `ua tb tfbsa ruoburs. Gmbtfar axgopca hkta`, ravbcvkmn
grbum` tfa ckea duttbm wktfkm tfakr okhrb-dcbnnkmn pcgtibro, gcsb ckmes wacc wktf kmtrkmskh
obtkvgtkbm. Aopcbyaas wara hckhekmn bm tfa ckea duttbm gs g sfbw bi gpprahkgtkbm ibr pbsts
tfay ckea` pbsta` dy btfar aopcbyaas. Pfa kmtarastkmn tfkmn ks tfgt tfks wgs pratty hbmtrg
hucturgc nkvam gpprahkgtkbm wgs mbt axghtcy sfbwara` bm aopcbyaas bm g `gkcy dgsks.
Gmbtfar axgopca sfbws tfa aiiaht bm kmmbvgtkbm. G dcbn wgs sat up ibr aopcbyaas tb pbst
k`ags wfkhf wara `krahta` tbwgr`s dbtf tfa ok` gm` oghrb cavacs. Pfks rasucta` km aopcbyaas
pbstkmn sogrt gm` kmmbvgtkva k`ags ibr tfa duskmass wfkhf wgs gcsb hbmtrg-hucturgc nkvam
tfasa wara mbt dakmn hfgmmacca` km g tbp-`bwm dut rgtfar dbttbo-up ogmmar.
Pgekmn tfa grnuoamt gm` axtrgpbcgtkmn kt tb g wk`ar parspahtkva, tfa quastkbm bi tfa aiiaht biA4.: bm tfa obra oghrb cavac gm` kt amgdckmn g obra `ymgokh brngmksgtkbm wgs pbksa`.Bma
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kmtarvkawaa sgk` tfgt A4.: amgdcas aopcbyaas tb ckstam tb btfars, dbtf kmsk`a gm` butsk`a tfa
brngmksgtkbm. A4.: pbkmts gt wfgt ks fgppamkmn gm` tfam amgdcas gmybma wktfkm tfa
brngmksgtkbm tb ogea samsa bi kt gm` trgmscgta gmy kopckhgtkbms tb tfa brngmksgtkbmgc hbmtaxt.
Iurtfar acgdbrgtkbm bi tfks grnuoamt pbkmta` tbwgr`s tfa hfgmna tfgt A4.: ks drkmnkmn bm g
oghrb cavac. ^fkcst km tfa pgst kt wgs obra gdbut ogekmn sura tfa brngmksgtkbm, struhturas,
gm` brngmksgtkbmgc huctura gra rknft gm` tfam trgmscgtkmn tfks kmtb tahfmbcbny, A4.: ks mbw tfa
kopatus wfbsa aiiaht nbas up tb tfa oghrb cavac bi brngmksgtkbmgc struhturas gm` huctura gm`
tfks km turm nbas dghe `bwm tb A4.:. Pfa rasuct ks bma wfara tfay gra iaa`kmn kmtb aghf btfar
gm` hragtkmn g hkrhca tfgt ks qukta `kiiaramt tb tfa tbp-`bwm gpprbghf. Pfks mbt bmcy hragtas g
obra `ymgokh brngmksgtkbm dut ks g hbopcata pgrg`kno sfkit wktf fbw tfa brngmksgtkbm cbbes
gt ktsaci gm` kts aopcbyaas.
A4.: gcsb sfa`s obra cknft bm tfa km`kvk`ugc brngmksgtkbmgc hbopbmamts gm` `apgrtoamts
nkvam tfara ks mbw obra vkskdkckty gm` gs suhf tfkmns tfgt ogy fgva nbt fk``am br pravkbuscy
wamt tfrbunf kmibrogc matwbres wara mbw dahbokmn obra vkskdca. Fbwavar ki A4.:
kopcaoamtgtkbm ks `bma km g dbttbos-up ogmmar nkvam samkbr ogmgnaoamt ks mbt wkcckmn tb da
bm dbgr` km taros bi pgrtkhkpgtkmn ghtkvacy gm` da g vkskdca pgrt bi A4.:, tfam kt ks mbt nbkmn tb
da agsy tb obva tbwgr`s tfgt gcc-amhbopgsskmn trgmsktkbm bi ogekmn tfa oghrb cavac obra
oagmkmniuc bm dbtf g ok` gm` aspahkgccy okhrb cavac.
Fara kt wgs kmtarastkmn tb um`arstgm` ki tfks pbtamtkgc kmhragsa km sbhkgcksgtkbm datwaam
aopcbyaas `ua tb A4.: oknft da rasuctkmn km wfgt wgs hgcca` km cktargtura gs tfa mbksa-tb-
vgcua pgrg`bx gm` tfus pbtamtkgccy dahbokmn obra bi gm bdstghca km tfa wk`ar shbpa bi
tfkmns. Bma bi tfa kmtarvkawaas sgk` tfgt kmhragskmn kmtarmgc hbooumkhgtkbm gm` sudsaquamtcy
sbhkgcksgtkbm ogeas aopcbyaas obra gwgra gm` kmvbcva` km wfgt ks fgppamkmn kmtarmgccy.
Pfks ks `aikmktacy bi damaikt ibr tfa brngmksgtkbm dut tfara ks g dkn DQPgttghfa` tb tfks aopcbyaas maa` tb embw wfgt tb `b wktf tfa kmibrogtkbm tfgt ks namargta` dy tfaosacvas
gm` btfar aopcbyaas. Ki km tfa wk`ar shbpa bi tfkmns tfasa aopcbyaas gra mbt amgdca` tb `b
gmytfkmn wktf tfgt kmibrogtkbm tfam kt ks pratty ouhf g bma wgy straat. Ki aopcbyaas gra
dbodgr`a` wktf kmibrogtkbm hbokmn irbo `kiiaramt cavacs wktfkm tfa brngmksgtkbm dut tfara ks
mb hbmtaxt tb usa br um`arstgm` tfks kmibrogtkbm tfam tfa rasuct wkcc da hbumtarprb`uhtkva.
A4.: hgm rasuct km g cbt bi kmibrogtkbm wfkhf hgm ghtugccy da mbksa ki bma ks mbt gwgra bi tfa
ragsbm wfy fa/sfa ks uskmn kt, gm` tfus hgm skit gm` ibhus ghhbr`kmncy. Gs bma kmtarvkawaa put
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kt, pabpca hgm hbmiusa A4.: gm` tfa agsa bi kmibrogtkbm strago wktf dast prghtkhas dut kt
sfbuc`mt da tfa hgsa.
Ckma Ogmgnars gm` A4.:
Gt tfks pbkmt kt wgs kmtarastkmn tb um`arstgm` wfgt rbca tfa ckma ogmgnar pcgys km A4.:. Gm
kmtarvkawaa hgoa up wktf gm kmtarastkmn vkaw dgsa` bm g Xbhkgc Matwbre Gmgcysks axarhksa
tfgt tfay fg` hbm`uhta` wktfkm tfa brngmksgtkbm wfara tfay cbbea` gt tfa pgttarm tfakr
aopcbyaas matwbres iumhtkbm. ^fgt wgs avk`amt wgs tfgt
ckma ogmgnars wara vary hcagr dbttcamahes km dbtf sfgrkmn
embwca`na gs wacc gs hbmmahtkmn tfakr sudbr`kmgtas tb
btfar aopcbyaas. Pfa `kgnrgo bm tfa cait dy Hfkebbra
(4:77) ogeas kt ogeas kt agskar tb vksugcksa g skokcgr XMG
axarhksa wfara kt ks hcagr tfgt bmcy ibur aopcbyaas gra
ghtkmn gs hbm`ukts wktf kmibrogtkbm amtarkmn br cagvkmn
tfakr sudbr`kmgtas pgsskmn tfrbunf tfao. Dghe tb wfgt tfa
kmtarvkawaa sgk`, tfa sktugtkbm wgs bma wfara kmvgrkgdcy
tfay wara scbwkmn `bwm tfa wfbca embwca`na
namargtkbm prbhass wktfkm tfa brngmksgtkbm, ogekmn
tfaosacvas km`kspamsgdca gm` stkhekmn tb tfa embwca`na ks pbwar sym`rboa. Pfks wgs
nbkmn gngkmst tfa gnam`g bi tfbsa aopcbyaas tfgt wgmta` tb cagrm gm` ghqukra maw sekccs gm`
embwca`na. Pfks ks g vary `kiiaramt `ymgokh tfgm tfa bma tfa ckma ogmgnars wara hbm`uhtkmn.
Pfa kmtarvkawaa axtam`a` tfks iurtfar dy fknfcknftkmn fbw ckma ogmgnars saao tb wgmt tb
ogkmtgkm tfakr stgtus qub km taros bi tfakr raspbmskdkcktkas gm` dahboa gttghfa` tb tfakr stgtus,
tktca, pbwar, gm` fbw `kiikhuct kt ks ibr tfao tb cat nb gm` ogea tfaosacvas km`kspamsgdca.
Gmbtfar kmtarvkawaa gcsb fknfcknfta` tfa embwca`na ks pbwarsym`rboa tfbunf gttghfkmn kttb tfa axkstkmn brngmksgtkbmgc huctura tfgt suppbrta` ckma ogmgnars km ikctarkmn kmibrogtkbm gm`
`ahk`kmn wfgt pgrt bi tfgt kmibrogtkbm ks `aaoa` nbb` ambunf ibr tfakr sudbr`kmgtas. Pfks ca`
tb sktugtkbm wfarady ckma ogmgnars sgt bm kmibrogtkbm gm` tfgt km ktsaci ngva tfao g samsa bi
pbwar. A4.: rg`khgccy hfgmna` tfks dahgusa tfakr sudbr`kmgtas hbuc` mbw dypgss tfao. Pfks
tfbunf `bas mbt mahassgrkcy gcwgys nb `bwm wacc wktf ckma ogmgnars. G hgsa km pbkmt hkta` tb
suppbrt tfks wgs bma ravbcvkmn grbum` gm kmtarmgc dcbn tfgt ibhusa` bm tfa namargtkbm bi
k`ags. Avam tfbunf sudbr`kmgtas prbpbsa` nragt k`ags, kt wgs g `kiiaramt stbry wfam tfasa
fttp
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hgoa tb gm kopcaoamtgtkbm stgna nkvam bma stkcc fg` tb nb tfrbunf tfgt ckma ogmgnar pgssgna
tfgt assamtkgccy `k`mt suppbrt br kopcaoamt tfbsa k`ags km tfa ikrst pcgha.
Axtam`kmn bm tfks iurtfar kt wgs usaiuc tb um`arstgm` ki ckma ogmgnars maa` tb da gwgra bi
ckoktkmn ightbrs giiahtkmn A4.: usgna gm` tfus axtam` tfakr rbca tb tgheca tfasa. Bma
kmtarvkawaa fknfcknfta` tfa sktugtkbm wfara g pgrt bi ogmgnaoamt wgs racuhtgmt tb hfgmna
tfaosacvas gm` avbcva km br`ar tb pgrtkhkpgta gm` tfay lust cbbea` gt kt irbo g fgwe aya
parspahtkva gm` bdsarva` wfgt wgs nbkmn bm wktfbut dahbokmn ghtkvacy kmvbcva`, fbwavar
gmbtfar pgrt wara ghtkvacy kmvbcva` km ogekmn A4.: g twb-wgy prbhass gm` tfks, tb g hartgkm
axtamt, gcsb staookmn irbo tfa ight tfgt sboa bi tfao wara kmvbcva` km wbresfbps gt tfa
agrcy stgnas bi kopcaoamtgtkbm. Fara, wktf tfa kmput bi ckma ogmgnars tfaosacvas, hbmhrata
duskmass maa`s wara fknfcknfta` gm` tfus prblahts wara gsskokcgta` tb tgheca tfasa. Ckma
ogmgnars hbuc` racgta tb A4.: gm` um`arstgm` tfa pbtamtkgc g`vgmtgnas km dbtf dakmn kmvbcva`
gm` gcsb kmvbcvkmn bmas sudbr`kmgtas. Gmbtfar kmtarvkawaa gcsb fknfcknfta` tfgt A4.: fgs tb
da g twb-wgy prbhass wfarady ckma ogmgnars gm` aopcbyaas wkcc pgrtkhkpgta dahgusa tfay
gcsb um`arstgm` wfgt tfa am` rasuct ks nbkmn tb da. Bwmarsfkp ks kopbrtgmt gm` ybu wbmt nat
tfks ki ybu `bmt kmvbcva pabpca.
Pb hcbsa tfa kmtarvkaw kt wgs usaiuc tb nat kmsknft kmtb tfa kmtarvkawaas vkaws bm fbw tfay saa
tfa ckma ogmgnars rbca avbcvkmn nkvam tfa usgna bi A4.: raprasamts g ium`goamtgc hucturgc
sfkit ibr avarybma wktfkm tfa brngmksgtkbm. Bma kmtarvkawaa suooa` tfks gs ibccbws
Pfkmns gra hfgmnkmn ium`goamtgccy. ^ara nbkmn dghe tb fbw tfkmns wfara daibra tfa
km`ustrkgc arg. ^a cbst g cbt bi tfkmns km tfa km`ustrkgc arg gm` wa gra racagrmkmn tfkmns gdbut
fuogm gm` sbhkgc kmtarghtkbm gm` gcsb sbhkgc cagrmkmn tfgt dgskhgccy wa emaw daibra tfa
km`ustrkgc arg dut wa cbst dahgusa wa tfbunft wa hbuc` put avarytfkmn kmtb ibrogc prbhassas
gm` ogmuighturkmn ckmas.wa cbst tfa fuogm sk`a bi duskmass gm` wa ibbca` bursacvas tb g
hartgkm axtamt tfkmekmn tfgt embwca`na wbrears hbuc` da hbmtrbcca` gm` wa hgm kopbsa
cagrmkmn bm tfao gm` `aogm` hartgkm tfkmns irbo tfao. Bi hbursa tfara ks sboa hbmtrbc gm`
fkargrhfy dut wa gra gcc cagrmkmn gm` wfgt kt oagms tb cat nb obra gm` tb trust pabpca tfgt
tfay hgm ighkcktgta tfakr bwm cagrmkmn gm` tfgt tfay embw wktfkm tfaosacvas br wktfkm g nrbup
wfgt hgm da nbb` ibr g `apgrtoamt br ibr g hbopgmy kmstag` bi tfa ight tfgt bmcy tfa ckma
ogmgnars embw tfgt.
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G``kmn tb tfks, tfa kmtarvkawaa oamtkbma` tfgt obst brngmksgtkbms gra stkcc ogmgna` dy tfa
bc`ar namargtkbm gm` gra mbt usa` tb tfa hfgmnas tfgt A4.: ks drkmnkmn ghrbss tfa dbgr`.
Fbwavar kt wkcc bmcy da g ogttar bi tkoa tfgt tfks hfgmnas `ua tb tfa kmhragskmn `kssaokmgtkbm
gm` axtarmgc prassura irbo sbhkgc matwbres gm` tfa ight tfgt tfa [-Namargtkbm ks ogekmn ktsaci
obra prasamt wktfkm tfa wbrepcgha. Gmbtfar kmtarvkawaa gcsb dackavas tfgt tfks wkcc dahboa
obra tfa hgsa km tfa iutura nkvam tfasa aopcbyaas gra aopbwara` wktf kmibrogtkbm gm` wktf
matwbres, gm` tfay `bmt wgmt tb da dbssa` grbum` km brngmksgtkbms. Gmbtfar kmtarvkawaa
sgk` tfgt tgekmn gm axtraoa shamgrkb obvkmn ibrwgr`, bma hbuc` da cbbekmn gt g cgrna
brngmksgtkbm wktfbut gmy ckma ogmgnars dut bmcy fknfcy hgpgdca km`kvk`ugcs gm` tago pcgyars
wfb g`` vgcua ghrbss tfa dbgr` mbt bmcy wktfkm tfakr spahkikh grag bi axpartksa.
Fbwavar gmbtfar kmtarvkawaa `k` mbt `ksokss tfa rbca bi tfa ckma ogmgnar obvkmn ibrwgr`
pbkmtkmn gt tfa suparvkskbm ighkckty gs gm kopbrtgmt rbca tfgt tfa ckma ogmgnar stkcc fgs. Kt
sfbuc` mbt da kmtarprata` gs g dcbhekmn br okhrb ogmgnkmn rbca dut bma wfarady tfa ckma
ogmgnar ks brhfastrgtkmn tfa wfbca aiibrt. Pfa rbca bi tgekmn but tfa km`kvk`ugc irbo tfa tago
gm` kmavktgdca tago `ymgokhs, um`arstgm`kmn fko/far gm` facpkmn tb ghfkava dattar tfkmns
dbtf ibr tfaosacvas gs wacc gs ibr tfa tago gm` brngmksgtkbm ks stkcc g vary kopbrtgmt rbca.
^a wrgp up tfks sahtkbm wktf twb qubtas wfkhf wa dackava gra sknmkikhgmt, tgeam irbo twb
kmtarvkawaas. Bma sgk` tfgt Km tfa bc` `gys kmibrogtkbm ks pbwar, km tfa maw `gys hbmmahtkbm
ks pbwar gm` tfa btfar sgk` tfgt Pfa namka ks but bi tfa dbttca gm` wara nbkmn tb saa obra
bi A4.:, gs wfgt wava saam sb igr ks lust tfa dankmmkmn. ^a dackava tfgt dbtf qubtas gra
vgck` tb am` tfks sahtkbm nkvam A4.: ks gcc gdbut tfa pbwar bi hbmmahtkbms gm` fbw tb ogea
tfbsa hbmmahtkbms iruktiuc dbtf ibr tfa km`kvk`ugc gm` brngmksgtkbm. Fbwavar wktfkm tfa wk`ar
gspaht bi tfkmns wa dackava A4.: stkcc fgs g cbt tb nb tb fgva tfa gcc-amhbopgsskmn aiiaht tfgt kt
hgm fgva bm tfa brngmksgtkbm. ^a wkcc mbw obva tb tfa maxt sahtkbm wfara wa wkccum`arstgm` wfgt tfa kopckhgtkbms bi dbtf tfasa ikm`kmns gm` tfa cktargtura ravkaw fgva ibr tfks
stu`y.
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@KXHQXXKBM
^a wkcc mbw obva bm tb tfa hrux bi tfa stu`y dy um`arstgm`kmn ki tfara gra hbmnruamhkas
datwaam tfa cktargtura gm` aopkrkhgc sahtkbms bi tfks stu`y, gs wacc gs gttaopt tb g``rass tfa
ogkm kssuas rgksa` dy dbtf sahtkbms km racgtkbm tb tfa tfraa um`arcykmn tfaoas bi tfks stu`y.
Pfks sahtkbm fgs daam spckt kmtb g muodar bi `aikma` grags tb try tb ibhus gs ouhf gs pbsskdca,
ogkmcy K^C gm` wfgt kopghts kt5 Ckma ogmgnars gm` tfakr aiiaht bm tfa oghrb gm` okhrb
cavac gs wacc gs tfakr aiiaht bm K^C `ua tb parsbmgc trgkts5 A4.: gm` kts kopght bm tfa
km`kvk`ugc gm` oghrb pkhtura5 Ckma ogmgnars gm` A4.:5 gm` tfa Hbmnruamhy datwaam tfa
ogkm um`arcykmn tfaoas.
U7_ Kmibrogc ^brepcgha Cagrmkmn
Kt wgs kopbrtgmt gt tfa stgrt bi tfks stu`y tb um`arstgm` K^C gm` kts pcgha wktfkm tfa
brngmksgtkbm. Pgekmn bma stap dghe kt ks hcagr tfgt km tb`gys wbrc` kmibrogc cagrmkmn ks tgekmn
pcgha hbmstgmtcy nkvam tfa gobumt bi kmibrogtkbm tfgt dbodgr`s us gcc tfa tkoa irbo `kiiaramt
`krahtkbms gm` oa`kuos. ^a gra gcc cagrmkmn maw tfkmns br sudlahta` tb maw parspahtkvas
hbmstgmtcy wktfbut prbdgdcy ragckskmn tfgt tfks ks tfa hgsa. ^a `bmt ghtugccy nat `bwm tb pcgm
kt gm` kt `basmt mahassgrkcy hboa kmgmy struhtura` ibro, dut wa gra `bkmn kt da kt hbmshkbuscy
br sudhbmshkbuscy, `krahta` br saci-`krahta`. Ki bma fg` tb skt `bwm gt tfa am` bi tfa `gy gm`
cbbe dghe tb um`arstgm` fbw fa/sfa kmibrogccy cagrma` sboatfkmn, `kshusskbms,
hbccgdbrgtkbms, rasagrhf, bdsarvgtkbm gm` avam raicahtkbm gcc ikt tfa dkcc km bma wgy br gmbtfar,
prbdgdcy gt `kiiaramt cavacs bi kmtamskty tbb.
^ktfkm tfa wbrepcgha hbmtaxt, kt wgs astgdcksfa` tfgt K^C ks wfgt wa ngkm, da kt embwca`na
br da kt sekcc, wfam wa kmtarght wktfkm tfa wbrepcgha gm` sudsaquamtcy fgva g rasuctkmn
hfgmna km dafgvkbur, um`arstgm`kmn br gttktu`a. Pfa ight tfgt >:% tb ;:% bi gcc wbrepcghacagrmkmn ks hbokmn km tfks ibro rakmibrhas tfa vkaw tfgt kt ks km`aa` tfa `bokmgmt ibro bi
cagrmkmn mbwg`gys. Pfks vkaw wgs gcsb suppbrta` dy kmtarvkawaas wfb gcsb fknfcknfta` tfgt
embwca`na trgmsiar ks fknfar wktfkm K^C tfgm wktfkm ibrogc prbnrgooas, g vkaw wfkhf nbas
fgm` km fgm` wktf Ibr` & ^akssdakms tfgt bmcy 7:% bi ibrogc cagrmkmn ks trgmsiarra` tb tfa
wbrepcgha. Pfks stramntfams tfa hgsa tfgt brngmksgtkbms maa` tb pgy `ua gttamtkbm tb K^C.
^fam bma cbbes gt tfa vgrkbus sburhas bi K^C suhf gs `kshusskbms, hbccgdbrgtkbms,bdsarvgtkbm gm` rasagrhf, gm` fbw wa hboa ghrbss tfasa, tfara ks mb spahkikh ibrwgr`ar br
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OXh FT@ & Zaribrogmha Ont | 08
ibumtgkm bi embwca`na. Gmy oaodar bi tfa brngmksgtkbm hgm da suhf, da kt g samkbr
ogmgnar, g ckma ogmgnar, br avam g hbccagnua skttkmn maxt tb ybu. Xboatfkmn tfgt hgoa but
irbo dbtf cktargtura gm` tfa kmtarvkawaas hgm da gttghfa` tb tfks. Gra hartgkm pabpca obtkvgta`
dy cagrmkmn suhf gs tfa sb-hgcca` m cagrmars2 Gm kmtarvkawaa oamtkbma` tfa saci-rackgmt
aopcbyaa wfb wgmts tb koprbva gm` cagrm hbmstgmtcy. ^a tam` tb gnraa wktf tfks nkvam
tfrbunfbut bur hgraar sb igr wa bdsarva`, bm g muodar bi bhhgskbms, aopcbyaas wfb fgva gm
kmmgta `askra tb cagrm gm` sfgra embwca`na hbmstgmtcy umckea btfars wfb gra obra pgsskva br
racuhtgmt. ^a dackava tfasa gra eay pcgyars wfam gm brngmksgtkbms gttamtkbm turms tb K^C gm`
kt ks kopbrtgmt tfgt suhf aopcbyaas gra k`amtkika` gs tfay hgm pcgy gm kopbrtgmt rbca tb sustgkm
g suhhassiuc gm` mburksfkmn K^C gs wacc gs hbmtrkduta tb tfa ok` gm` oghrb brngmksgtkbmgc
cavacs.
^fgt Kopghts Kmibrogc ^brepcgha Cagrmkmn
Km cktargtura, Gsftbm, Caa at gc., gm` Qmwkm at gc. gcc `kshussa` km `atgkc g muodar bi acaoamts
wktfkm gm brngmksgtkbm tfgt kopght K^C dut tfa tfraa eay bmas tfgt stbb` but wara tfa
brngmksgtkbmgc struhtura km kts biikhkgc gm` umbiikhkgc ibro, aopcbyaa gnamhy, gm` aopcbyaa
kmtarghtkbms. Cbbekmn gt tfasa eay hbopbmamts, km pgrtkhucgr tfa brngmksgtkbmgc struhtura,
huctura ks hcagrcy tfa dghedbma wfkhf pratty ouhf rums irbo tbp tb dbttbo. Pfus kt kmavktgdcy
fgs gm kmicuamha bm gcc btfar acaoamts kmhcu`kmn aopcbyaa gnamhy gm` aopcbyaa kmtarghtkbms.
Kt ks hcagrcy g eay mb`a tfgt kopckhktcy br axpckhktcy ckmes gcc tbnatfar.
Gcc kmtarvkawaas gnraa` tfgt tfa brngmksgtkbms huctura ks tfa eay acaoamt wktf g muodar bi
vkaws dakmn axprassa` km tfks rangr`. Pfa axgopca bi fbw brngmksgtkbms wktf `kiiaramt
hucturas, bma dakmn pratty ouhf gm bpam struhtura wfarags gmbtfar bma dakmn igkrcy
struhtura`, fknfcknfts pariahtcy tfa kopght tfgt tfks hgm cagva bm K^C. Pfa bpam struhtura km
bma brngmksgtkbm og`a kt agskar ibr aopcbyaas tb amngna gm` hbccgdbrgta wfarags tfa o