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Principles of Instrumental
ConditioningFebruary 28, 2012
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What is Instrumental (Operant) Conditioning?
Response learning Use of consequences to modify the___________ of behavior
e.g., giving a child a candy bar after doinghis/her homework will cause the child to dohis/her homework more in the future
Sometimes referred to as _______-directed learning
Would you study if there was no benefit?
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Classical vs. Instrumental Conditioning
Classical Conditioning Behavior typicallyseen as involuntary andinflexible
Behavior said to beelicited by thestimulus
Necessarily involves
innate patterns ofbehavior (URs)
Behavior is a functionof what comes before it
InstrumentalConditioning
Behavior typicallyseen as voluntary and
flexible Behavior said to beemitted by theorganism
Often does not involveinnate patterns ofbehavior
Behavior is a function
of what comes after it
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Components of Instrumental Conditioning
Stimulus (S) Response (R) Consequence (C)
Lever (S) Press Lever (R) Obtain Food (C)
Potty Seat (S) Urinate (R) Praise (C)
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Thorndikes Reinforcement Theory
Law of Effect
Positive consequencesstrengthen behavior
Negative consequencesweaken behavior
Type of Consequence
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Law of EffectReward Learning
Reward Learning Behavior results inpresence of good outcome Behavior increases infrequency Commonly referred to as
positive reinforcement
Examples Rat presses a lever andreceives food; this willincrease the frequency oflever pressing Child receives more TVtime if he/she does his/herhomework; this will increasethe frequency of doinghomework
Type of Consequence
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Law of EffectPunishment
Punishment Behavior results in a badoutcome Behavior decreases infrequency Commonly referred to as
positive punishment
Examples Rat presses a lever andreceives footshock; this willdecrease the frequency oflever pressing Child gets smacked ifhe/she hits another kid; thiswill decrease the frequencyof hitting other children
Type of Consequence
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Law of EffectAvoidance Learning
Avoidance Learning Behavior preventsoccurrence of bad outcome Behavior increases infrequency Commonly referred to as
negative reinforcement
Examples Rat presses a lever to turnoff footshock; this willincrease the frequency oflever pressing Child cleans up room toeliminate terrible odor; thiswill increase the frequencyof cleaning up room
Type of Consequence
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Law of EffectOmission Training
Omission Training Behavior preventsoccurrence of good outcome Behavior decreases infrequency Commonly referred to as
negative punishment
Examples Rat fights with a cagemateand its water is removed;this will decrease thefrequency of fighting Child hits another kid andgets video games takenaway; this will decrease thefrequency of hitting otherchildren
Type of Consequence
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Positive vs. Negative
Positive Situation in which a biologically significant
event is________following a response
Negative
Situation in which a biologically significantevent is__________ following a response
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Reinforcement vs. Punishment
Reinforcement Situation in which a relation between a response
and a biologically significant event leads to an___________in the response
Reward learning (positive reinforcement) Avoidance learning (negative reinforcement)
Punishment
Situation in which a relation between a responseand a biologically significant event leads to a_____________ in the response
Punishment (positive punishment)
Omission training (negative punishment)
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JA96Fba-WHk
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A Closer Look at Reinforcement
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Skinner Box
Free-operantparadigm
Animal being testedcould operate theapparatus freely,whenever it chose to doso
Source of operantconditioning
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Shaping
Emergence ofbehaviors that do notusually exist throughthe reinforcement of
successiveapproximations ofthose behaviors
Examples
lever pressing for food
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Shaping Videos
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4TyYX5C8uuI
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4TyYX5C8uuIhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4TyYX5C8uuIhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4TyYX5C8uuIhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4TyYX5C8uuI8/2/2019 Instrumental Conditioning 1 Blanks
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Chaining
Technique in which organisms aregradually trained to execute complicatedsequences of discrete responses, each ofwhich may in itself require shaping
Examples Skinner trained a rat to (1) pull a string that
released a marble, (2) then to pick up themarble, (3) carry it to a tube, and (4) drop itinside the tube
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Types of Reinforcers
____________ reinforcers Stimuli that reinforce behavior because of their
intrinsic properties
Food, sex, water
Clark Hull Famous for his drive reduction theory, claiming that organismsdrive to obtain primary reinforcers and that learning reflects theinnate, biological need to reduce these drives
Conditioned (_____________) reinforcers Stimuli that reinforce behavior because of their
association with a primary reinforcer
e.g. Money, dolphin whistle
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