Instrumental Conditioning 1 Blanks

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Principles of Instrumental

ConditioningFebruary 28, 2012


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What is Instrumental (Operant) Conditioning?

Response learning Use of consequences to modify the___________ of behavior

e.g., giving a child a candy bar after doinghis/her homework will cause the child to dohis/her homework more in the future

Sometimes referred to as _______-directed learning

Would you study if there was no benefit?


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Classical vs. Instrumental Conditioning

Classical Conditioning Behavior typicallyseen as involuntary andinflexible

Behavior said to beelicited by thestimulus

Necessarily involves

innate patterns ofbehavior (URs)

Behavior is a functionof what comes before it

InstrumentalConditioning

Behavior typicallyseen as voluntary and

flexible Behavior said to beemitted by theorganism

Often does not involveinnate patterns ofbehavior

Behavior is a function

of what comes after it


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Components of Instrumental Conditioning

Stimulus (S) Response (R) Consequence (C)

Lever (S) Press Lever (R) Obtain Food (C)

Potty Seat (S) Urinate (R) Praise (C)


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Thorndikes Reinforcement Theory

Law of Effect

Positive consequencesstrengthen behavior

Negative consequencesweaken behavior

Type of Consequence


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Law of EffectReward Learning

Reward Learning Behavior results inpresence of good outcome Behavior increases infrequency Commonly referred to as

positive reinforcement

Examples Rat presses a lever andreceives food; this willincrease the frequency oflever pressing Child receives more TVtime if he/she does his/herhomework; this will increasethe frequency of doinghomework

Type of Consequence


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Law of EffectPunishment

Punishment Behavior results in a badoutcome Behavior decreases infrequency Commonly referred to as

positive punishment

Examples Rat presses a lever andreceives footshock; this willdecrease the frequency oflever pressing Child gets smacked ifhe/she hits another kid; thiswill decrease the frequencyof hitting other children

Type of Consequence


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Law of EffectAvoidance Learning

Avoidance Learning Behavior preventsoccurrence of bad outcome Behavior increases infrequency Commonly referred to as

negative reinforcement

Examples Rat presses a lever to turnoff footshock; this willincrease the frequency oflever pressing Child cleans up room toeliminate terrible odor; thiswill increase the frequencyof cleaning up room

Type of Consequence


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Law of EffectOmission Training

Omission Training Behavior preventsoccurrence of good outcome Behavior decreases infrequency Commonly referred to as

negative punishment

Examples Rat fights with a cagemateand its water is removed;this will decrease thefrequency of fighting Child hits another kid andgets video games takenaway; this will decrease thefrequency of hitting otherchildren

Type of Consequence


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Positive vs. Negative

Positive Situation in which a biologically significant

event is________following a response

Negative

Situation in which a biologically significantevent is__________ following a response


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Reinforcement vs. Punishment

Reinforcement Situation in which a relation between a response

and a biologically significant event leads to an___________in the response

Reward learning (positive reinforcement) Avoidance learning (negative reinforcement)

Punishment

Situation in which a relation between a responseand a biologically significant event leads to a_____________ in the response

Punishment (positive punishment)

Omission training (negative punishment)


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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JA96Fba-WHk


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A Closer Look at Reinforcement


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Skinner Box

Free-operantparadigm

Animal being testedcould operate theapparatus freely,whenever it chose to doso

Source of operantconditioning


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Shaping

Emergence ofbehaviors that do notusually exist throughthe reinforcement of

successiveapproximations ofthose behaviors

Examples

lever pressing for food


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Shaping Videos

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4TyYX5C8uuI
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4TyYX5C8uuIhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4TyYX5C8uuIhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4TyYX5C8uuIhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4TyYX5C8uuI


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Chaining

Technique in which organisms aregradually trained to execute complicatedsequences of discrete responses, each ofwhich may in itself require shaping

Examples Skinner trained a rat to (1) pull a string that

released a marble, (2) then to pick up themarble, (3) carry it to a tube, and (4) drop itinside the tube


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Types of Reinforcers

____________ reinforcers Stimuli that reinforce behavior because of their

intrinsic properties

Food, sex, water

Clark Hull Famous for his drive reduction theory, claiming that organismsdrive to obtain primary reinforcers and that learning reflects theinnate, biological need to reduce these drives

Conditioned (_____________) reinforcers Stimuli that reinforce behavior because of their

association with a primary reinforcer

e.g. Money, dolphin whistle

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